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Type: Prelims Only

  • Tiger Conservation Efforts – Project Tiger, etc.

    Similipal Tiger Reserve

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Similipal Tiger Reserve

    Why in the News?

    The Odisha government has translocated a female tiger from Maharashtra’s Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve to Similipal Tiger Reserve, the State’s largest, to enhance the genetic diversity of its tiger population.

    Similipal Tiger Reserve

    Why discuss this?

    • The All Odisha Tiger Estimation (AOTE-2023-24) says a total of 30 tigers were found in Odisha. Similipal has 27 of them.
    • A total of 13 adult tigers (seven females and six males) were found to be pseudo-melanistic in Similipal, and no other wild habitat in the world has pseudo-melanistic tigers.
      • Research indicates that a single mutation in the Transmembrane Aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep) gene causes Similipal’s black tigers to develop distinctive striped patterns.

    About Simlipal Tiger Reserve (STR):

    Details
    Location Located in the Mayurbhanj District, Northernmost part of Odisha, surrounded by high plateaus and hills.
    Highest Peak Twin peaks of Khairiburu and Meghashini, at 1515 meters above mean sea level.
    Designation Declared a Tiger Reserve in 1956; included in the Project Tiger national conservation program in 1973.
    UNESCO Recognition Included as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO in 2009.
    Terrain Mostly undulating and hilly, interspersed with open grasslands and wooded areas.
    Vegetation A mix of different forest types, predominantly Northern tropical moist deciduous and semi-evergreen patches.
    Tribal Communities Inhabited by various tribes including Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Bhatudi, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia, and Sahara.
    Flora Home to 1078 species of plants, including 94 species of orchids, with Sal being the dominant tree species.
    Fauna Diverse wildlife including Leopard, Gaur, Elephant, Langur, Barking and Spotted Deer, Sloth Bear, Mongoose, Flying Squirrel, Porcupine, Turtle, Monitor Lizard, Python, Sambar, Pangolin, etc.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?

    (a) Corbett

    (b) Ranthambore

    (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam

    (d) Sunderbans

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  • Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

    [pib] Raigad Fort

    Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Raigad Fort

    [pib] Raigad Fort

    Why in the News?

    The Raigad Fort is among 12 forts nominated for UNESCO World Heritage status under the title “Maratha Military Landscapes of India.”

    Why Raigad Fort is Nominated for UNESCO World Heritage?

    • Historical and Strategic Importance: Raigad Fort served as the capital of the Maratha Empire under Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, symbolizing Maratha resilience and independence.
    • Architectural Excellence: The fort showcases Maratha military architecture, with well-developed structures adapted to the hilly terrain.
    • Role in Maratha Legacy: As a hill fort, Raigad is emblematic of the Marathas’ unique fortification style, designed to withstand invasions and safeguard autonomy.
    • Icon of Maratha Heritage: Known as Durgaraj (King of Forts), Raigad stands as a tribute to Shivaji Maharaj’s leadership and legacy and has become a pilgrimage site for Shivbhakts.
    • Natural Defense and Innovation: The fort’s natural fortifications, steep escarpments, and strategic location atop an isolated hill embody military ingenuity and make it a model of Maratha defense architecture.

    History of Raigad Fort:

    Details
    Location   • Situated in the Sahyadri mountain range in Maharashtra, India.
    • Elevation of approximately 2,700 feet above sea level.
    • Surrounded by natural cliffs and 1,500-foot escarpments.
    Background • Originally known as Rairi.
    • Captured by Shivaji Maharaj in 1653 CE.
    • Crowned Chhatrapati on June 6, 1674 CE.
    • Served as the capital of the Maratha Empire until 1680 CE.
    Significance • Part of the “Maratha Military Landscapes of India” nomination for UNESCO World Heritage status.
    • Referred to as the “Gibraltar of the East” by Grant Duff.
    Architectural Highlights • Includes the Royal Complex with key structures like Ranivasa and Rajsadar.
    • Jagadishwar Mandir dedicated to Lord Shiva.
    • Samadhi (final resting place) of Shivaji Maharaj located nearby.
    Features • Accessible mainly through Naqqarkhana and Palkhi Darwaja.
    • Features well-designed drainage systems and secret chambers.
    Ecology • Surrounded by valleys shaped by the Kal and Gandhari rivers.
    • Supported limited agriculture and had a self-sustained ecosystem.
    Cultural Significance • Known as the Durgaraj (King of Forts), symbolizing Shivaji Maharaj’s legacy.
    • Hosts annual celebrations for Shivrajyabhishek and Punyatithi.

     

    PYQ:

    [2010] What was the immediate reason for Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India and fight the Third Battle of Panipat?

    (a) He wanted to avenge the expulsion by Marathas of his viceroy Timur Shah from Lahore

    (b) The frustrated governor of Jullundhar Adina Beg Khan invited him to invade Punjab

    (c) He wanted to punish Mughal administration for non-payment of the revenues of the Chahar Mahal (Gujarat, Aurangabad, Sialkot & Pasrur)

    (d) He wanted to annex all the fertile plains of Punjab up to the borders of Delhi to his kingdom

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    2024 Global Nature Conservation Index

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Nature Conservation Index

    Why in the News?

    India has been ranked 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI) 2024 with a score of 45.5 out of 100, placing it among the five worst performers alongside Kiribati (180), Turkey (179), Iraq (178), and Micronesia (177).

    Reasons for India’s Low Ranking:

    • High Rate of Land Conversion: 53% of India’s land is converted for urban, industrial, and agricultural purposes, contributing to deforestation and habitat fragmentation that severely impact biodiversity.
    • Soil Pollution: India’s sustainable nitrogen index is 0.77, indicating high levels of soil pollution primarily due to extensive pesticide use, threatening soil health and agricultural sustainability.
    • Minimal Marine Conservation: Only 0.2% of India’s national waterways are protected, with no protected areas in its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), highlighting limited efforts in marine biodiversity conservation.
    • Illegal Wildlife Trade: India ranks as the fourth-largest illegal wildlife trader globally, with an estimated annual trade value of £15 billion, putting added pressure on vulnerable wildlife species.

    About the Nature Conservation Index (NCI):

    Details
    Developed By Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
    Purpose To assess each country’s progress in balancing conservation and development through data-driven analysis.
    Aim To help governments, researchers, and organizations identify concerns and enhance conservation policies for long-term biodiversity protection.
    Launch Date Launched on October 24, 2024.
    Scope Ranks 180 countries based on their conservation efforts.
    Pillars of the Index • Managing Protected Areas
    • Addressing Threats Against Biodiversity
    • Nature and Conservation Governance
    • Future Trends in Natural Resource Management
    Significance Provides insights into conservation policies and practices, aiding in the global effort to protect biodiversity and promote sustainable development.

    Key highlights of the reports:

    • Finland, Norway, Switzerland, Costa Rica, and New Zealand ranked highest, showing strong conservation practices and governance.
    • Nations with advanced climate adaptation policies (e.g., Sweden and Denmark) are better positioned to mitigate biodiversity risks from climate change.
    • Despite Protected Areas, 46.9% of terrestrial and 67.5% of marine species are in decline worldwide.
    • High-density nations such as Bangladesh and the Netherlands face intense biodiversity pressures, driving them to implement urban greening and sustainable practices.

    PYQ:

    [2018] “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by:

    (a) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

    (b) The UNEP Secretariat

    (c) The UNFCCC Secretariat

    (d) The World Meteorological Organisation

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    [pib] Rashtriya Ekta Diwas

    Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Rashtriya Ekta Diwas

    Why in the News?

    The ‘Rashtriya Ekta Diwas’ (National Unity Day) the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, will be held on 31st October.

    About National Unity Day

    • National Unity Day is celebrated every year in India on 31 October since 2014.
    • It marks the birth anniversary of Vallabhbhai Patel who had a major role in the political integration of India.
      • 31 October is also celebrated as Rashtriya Sankalp Diwas or National Pledge Day as it marks the day of assassination of Indira Gandhi.

    Contributions made by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel:

    Details
    Who Was He? Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950) was an Indian independence activist, lawyer, and a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress.

    He served as India’s first Deputy PM and Home Minister.
    Role in the Freedom Struggle • Kheda Satyagraha (1918): Led a non-violent campaign against unjust land revenue tax during a famine.
    • Bardoli Satyagraha (1928): Organized protests against increased land revenue, earning the title “Sardar.”
    Integration of Princely States Played a crucial role in integrating over 565 princely states into the Indian Union post-independence using diplomatic skills and firm leadership.
    Establishment of All India Services Advocated for a unified administrative framework, establishing the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), known as India’s “steel frame.”
    Leadership in the Indian National Congress Served as President during the Karachi session in 1931, where significant resolutions on Fundamental Rights were passed.
    Constitutional Contributions Headed committees of the Constituent Assembly on Fundamental Rights and minority rights, contributing to the framing of the Indian Constitution.
    Promotion of National Unity Advocated “Ek Bharat, Shresth Bharat” (One India, Great India), emphasizing unity in diversity to build a cohesive nation.
    Social Reforms Worked against caste discrimination, untouchability, and alcohol consumption, promoting social justice and women’s rights.

     

    PYQ:

    [2011] What was the reason for Mahatma Gandhi to organize a satyagraha on behalf of the peasants of Kheda?

    1. The Administration did not suspend the land revenue collection in spite of a drought.

    2. The Administration proposed to introduce Permanent Settlement in Gujarat.

    Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 or 2

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  • Cyber Security – CERTs, Policy, etc

    What are the Digital Arrest Scams?

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Cyber Security

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Digital Arrest Scams

    digital arrest

    Why in the News?

    The Prime Minister in his recent broadcast of “Mann Ki Baat” warned about the ‘Digital Arrest’ scams in India.

    What is Digital Arrest?

    Details
    What are they? A fraudulent scheme where scammers impersonate law enforcement officials to extort money from victims under the false pretence of an arrest.
    Modus Operandi • Scammers use audio or video calls to intimidate victims.
    • Claim involvement in illegal activities (e.g., drugs, contraband).
    • Victims are kept under constant visual surveillance until demands are met.
    Common Tactics • Use of deepfake videos and fake arrest warrants.
    • Threats regarding family members being involved in crimes.
    • Fake claims about parcels containing illegal goods.
    Victim Impact Victims may face significant financial losses, emotional distress, and a sense of vulnerability due to the intimidation tactics employed by scammers.
    Recent Trends • Increase in reported cases; over 11 lakh complaints of financial cyber fraud in 2023.
    • Rising incidents attributed to the expansion of internet users.
    Prevention Measures • Awareness of scams and verification of callers’ identities.
    • Immediate disconnection of suspicious calls.
    • Reporting incidents to local police and cybercrime helplines.
    Legal Framework • Governed by the Information Technology Act, 2000.
    • Reports can be filed through the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (www.cybercrime.gov.in).

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents?

    1. Service providers

    2. Data centres

    3. Body corporate

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 2 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc.

    What is the Hasdeo Arand Forest?

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Hasdeo Arand Forest

    Why in the News?

    In Chhattisgarh’s Hasdeo Arand forest, tribals ambushed the police after tree-felling resumed for coal mining in the area.

    What is the Hasdeo Arand Forest?

    • Hasdeo Arand Forest is known as the “lungs of Chhattisgarh” due to its rich biodiversity.
    • It is the largest unfragmented forest in Central India with pristine Sal and teak forests.
    • It spans 1,879.6 sq km across the Sarguja, Korba, and Surajpur districts in Chhattisgarh.
      • The Hasdeo River runs through the forest.
    • It is home to nine protected species under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, including:
      • Elephants, leopards, sloth bears, Indian grey wolves, and Indian pangolins.
    • It supports 92 bird species, 25 mammals, 16 types of snakes, and serves as a corridor for elephants and tigers.
    • It hosts 640 plant species, including 128 medicinal plants and 40 timber-yielding species.

    Why are the People Protesting for its ‘Protection’?

    • Environmental Impact: Mining threatens to destroy the forest cover, impacting biodiversity and wildlife corridors.
    • Livelihood Concerns: Local communities depend on the forest for farming and forest produce.
    • Displacement Issues: Villagers report inadequate compensation and resettlement offers, which do not match the size of their current homes.
    • Alleged Forgery: Villagers allege that fake gram sabha resolutions were used to secure clearances for mining projects.
    • Demand for Cancellations: Activists want the Parsa coal block cancelled and assurances that the 1,995 sq km Lemru Reserve Forest will be protected from future mining.

    PYQ:

    [2012] A particular State in India has the following characteristics:

    1. It is located on the same latitude which passes through northern Rajasthan.

    2. It has over 70% of its area under forest cover.

    3. Over 12% of forest cover constitutes Protected Area Network in this State.

    Which one among the following States has all the above characteristics?

    (a) Arunachal Pradesh

    (b) Assam

    (c) Himachal Pradesh

    (d) Uttarakhand

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    How Tardigrades are able to resist high levels of radiation?

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Tardigrades

    Why in the News?

    • A team of researchers has discovered the genetic mechanisms that allow a newly identified tardigrades species—Hypsibius henanensis—to withstand high levels of radiation.

    About Tardigrades

    • Tardigrades, often called “water bears” or “moss piglets,” are tiny, water-dwelling microorganisms known for their remarkable ability to survive extreme conditions.
    • They can withstand environments that would be lethal for most life forms, including:
      • Extremely high and low temperatures (from near absolute zero to over 150°C),
      • High levels of radiation and vacuum conditions found in space,
      • Extreme dehydration (losing nearly all water in their bodies),
      • High pressures (up to six times that of the ocean’s deepest trenches).
    • This adaptability makes them a subject of interest for scientists, especially in understanding survival mechanisms in extreme conditions.

    How Tardigrades resist High Radiations?

    The researchers identified 2,801 genes involved in DNA repair. Three key factors contributing to radiation tolerance include:

    • DNA Repair Protein (TRID1): Enabled the species to repair double-strand DNA breaks due to radiation.
    • Gene Activation for Mitochondrial Proteins: Radiation exposure activated a gene that produced two proteins vital for mitochondrial synthesis and DNA repair.
    • Antioxidant Pigments (Betalains): These pigments neutralize harmful chemicals generated by radiation within cells.

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  • Civil Services Reforms

    [pib] Karmayogi Saptah

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Civil Service

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Mission Karmayogi

    Why in the News?

    Prime Minister recently launched the ‘Karmayogi Saptah’ – National Learning Week to strengthen individual and organizational capacity among civil servants.

    About Mission Karmayogi

    Details
    What is it? National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB)
    Objective • To prepare civil servants for the future by making them more creative, constructive, and innovative through transparency and technology.
    Launch Date • Launched on 2nd September 2020.
    Key Features • On-Site Learning: Complementing off-site learning with more focus on practical experience.
    • Integrated Government Online Training (iGOT) platform.
    Pillars of NPCSCB • Policy Framework
    • Institutional Framework
    • Competency Framework
    • Digital Learning Framework (iGOT-Karmayogi)
    • e-HRMS
    • Monitoring and Evaluation Framework.
    Target Audience • All civil servants (including contractual employees) across various ministries, departments, organizations, and agencies of the Union Government.
    iGOT-Karmayogi Features • My iGOT: Personalized training courses based on individual capacity-building needs.
    • Blended Programs: Combines offline classroom learning with online components for equitable access to training.
    • Curated Programs: Tailored learning paths designed for different ministries and training institutions.
    Vision for 2047 • Aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub and a supplier of skilled human resources by improving governance and civil service efficiency.
    Steering Bodies • Prime Minister’s Public Human Resources Council
    • Capacity Building Commission
    • Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for digital assets
    • Coordination Unit led by the Cabinet Secretary.
    Courses Offered • The iGOT platform offers over 1400 courses for personalized learning and skill development.
    Significance • Promotes a whole-of-government approach to foster collaboration, break bureaucratic silos, and prepare civil servants for modern governance challenges through continuous capacity building.

     

    How Karmayogi Saptah Aligns with Mission Karmayogi’s Goals?

    • Karmayogi Saptah promotes a culture of lifelong learning and continuous improvement, key pillars of Mission Karmayogi.
    • It emphasizes innovation and a citizen-first mindset, encouraging civil servants to engage with new ideas and feedback mechanisms.
    • By focusing on adapting to new technologies like AI, it aligns with Mission Karmayogi’s goal of a digitally proficient workforce.
    • It fosters collaboration across departments, supporting the mission’s aim to break silos and promote a “One Government” ethos.
    • Through individual and organizational development activities, the week contributes to creating a skilled, motivated workforce for a Viksit Bharat by 2047.

    PYQ:

    [2015] Consider the following statements:

    1. The Executive Power of the union of India is vested in the Prime Minister.

    2. The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Indian Navy Updates

    [pib] Exercise SIMBEX 2024

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Exercise SIMBEX 2024

    Why in the News?

    The 31st edition of the Singapore India Maritime Bilateral Exercise (SIMBEX) is being held at the Eastern Naval Command in Visakhapatnam.

    About Exercise SIMBEX:

    Details
    History
    • Initially known as Exercise Lion King.
    • The exercise has been held annually since 1994.
    Evolution Progressed from anti-submarine warfare to include maritime security, anti-air, and anti-surface warfare.
    Objectives • Strengthen strategic partnership between India and Singapore
    • Enhance interoperability and maritime domain awareness
    • Foster cooperation to tackle shared maritime challenges.
    Phases Harbour Phase:
    • Subject Matter Expert Exchanges (SMEEs) for knowledge sharing
    • Cross-deck visits and sports fixtures
    • Pre-sail briefings between both navies
    Sea Phase:
    • Advanced naval drills including live weapon firings
    • Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) training
    • Anti-surface and anti-air operations
    • Seamanship evolutions and tactical manoeuvres.
    Significance
    • SIMBEX-2019 was conducted in the South China Sea and involved various maritime combat exercises.
    • Recognized as the longest uninterrupted naval exercise that India conducts with any other country (Indian High Commission statement, 2019).

     

    PYQ:

    [2024] Which of the following statements about the Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023 is/ are correct?

    1. This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
    2. It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
    3. Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
    4. Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.

    Select the answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 1 and 4

    (c) 1 and 4

    (d) 2, 3 and 4

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  • Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

    National Manuscript Mission

    Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: National Manuscript Mission

    Why in the News?

    The Union Ministry of Culture is planning to revive and relaunch the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) and is considering the formation of an autonomous body to help preserve India’s ancient texts.

    Why Center is again re-evolving this scheme?

    • Currently, the NMM operates as part of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
    • The new entity, expected to be named the National Manuscripts Authority, will likely function as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.

    About the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM):

    • Formed in 2003 by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
    • It is managed by the National Archives of India.
    • Objective:
      • To document, conserve, digitize, and disseminate India’s manuscript heritage.
      • The mission has set up over 100 Manuscripts Resource Centres and Manuscripts Conservation Centres across India.
      • India has an estimated 10 million manuscripts, covering a range of themes, languages, scripts, and illustrations.
    • What is a Manuscript?
      • A manuscript is a handwritten document on materials like paper, bark, cloth, metal, or palm leaf.
      • These documents are at least 75 years old and hold scientific, historical, or aesthetic value.
      • Manuscripts primarily contain knowledge content, unlike historical records that provide direct historical information.

    Achievements and Challenges:

    • The NMM has documented metadata for 5.2 million manuscripts and digitized 300,000 titles, though only a third have been uploaded.
    • Concerns were raised over mismatches between digitized data and original manuscripts, requiring correction.
    • Of the 130,000 manuscripts uploaded, only 70,000 are accessible for viewing due to the absence of an access policy, which limits public availability, especially since 80% of manuscripts are privately owned.
    • NMM has conducted preventive and curative conservation of 9 crore folios over the past 21 years.

    PYQ:

    [2008] Recently, the manuscripts of which one of the following have been included in the UNESCO’s Memory of World Register? 

    (a) Abhidhamma Pitaka

    (b) Mahabharata

    (c) Ramayana

    (d) Rig-Veda

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  • Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

    21st National Livestock Census 2024, begins

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Economics Of Animal-Rearing

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Livestock Census

    Why in the News?

    The Centre has launched the 21st National Livestock Census (LC), the five-yearly exercise of counting the country’s livestock.

    Innovations in the 21st Livestock Census:

    • For the first time, data collection is being done via a mobile app, enhancing accuracy and timeliness.
    • The census will cover 15 species of animals (excluding poultry) such as cattle, buffalo, mithun, yak, sheep, goat, pig, camel, horse, donkey, and elephant.
    • Information on 219 Indigenous breeds and livestock holdings by pastoralists will also be recorded, along with data on the gender of individuals involved in livestock rearing.

    About Livestock Census (LC)

    • The Livestock Census (LC) is a nationwide survey conducted every 5 years to count all domesticated animals across households, enterprises, and institutions in rural and urban areas.
      • The National Livestock Census provides detailed data on the population, breeds, and distribution of livestock like cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, pigs, and others.
    • Conducted by the Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Dairying in collaboration with State/UT governments since 1919.
    • The 21st Livestock Census (2024) is the latest in the series and includes data collected using a dedicated mobile app for improved accuracy and real-time monitoring.

    Significance of the Livestock Census:

    • Policy Formulation: Helps the government develop policies for livestock sector growth, covering aspects like breed improvement, disease control, and feed management.
    • Rural Economy Support: Provides insights into the role of livestock in enhancing rural incomes, nutrition, and employment.
    • Livestock Development Programs: Data supports initiatives like the National Livestock Mission (NLM), which focuses on breed development, feed and fodder improvement, and innovation in livestock practices.
    • Indigenous Breed Conservation: Tracks indigenous livestock breeds to support breed-specific conservation and sustainable practices.

    Previous Census Observations in India:

    [1] 20th Livestock Census (2019):

    • Total Livestock Population: Recorded at 535.78 million, marking a 4.6% increase from the previous census in 2012.
    • Bovine Population: Counted at 302.79 million (includes cattle, buffalo, mithun, and yak).
    • Indigenous vs. Exotic Breeds:
      • Indigenous cattle population declined by 6%, indicating a shift toward crossbred and exotic breeds.
      • Exotic and crossbred cattle increased by 29.3%, driven by rising demand for high milk-yielding breeds.
    • Buffalo Population: Increased by 1% to 109.85 million, contributing significantly to India’s milk production.
    • Sheep and Goat Populations:
      • Sheep population rose by 14.1%, reaching 74.26 million.
      • Goat population grew by 10.1%, totaling 148.88 million.
    • Poultry Population: Experienced a substantial growth of 16.8%, with a total of 851.81 million birds, reflecting the expansion of commercial poultry farming.
    • Female Livestock Population: Increase in female cattle (18%) and female buffaloes (8%), underscoring the focus on dairy production.

    [2] 19th Livestock Census (2012):

    • Highlighted an increase in buffalo populations and decline in indigenous cattle.
    • Marked significant growth in poultry numbers, reflecting changing agricultural and economic patterns.

    PYQ:

    [2015] Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India.

    [2012] Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’?
    (a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops
    (b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field
    (c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together
    (d) None of the above

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  • Global Geological And Climatic Events

    Cyclone Dana

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Tropical Cyclone, Landfall

    Why in the News?

    West Bengal and Odisha experienced heavy rainfall as Tropical Cyclone Dana is anticipated to make landfall later tonight.

    What are Cyclones?

    • Cyclones are wind systems rotating inwardly towards an area of low atmospheric pressure. They are categorised into Tropical (Temperature-induced) and Temperate (extra-tropical) cyclones (airmass-induced).
    • Formation Conditions: Tropical cyclones originate in warm regions, requiring conditions such as
    1. Warm sea surface (> 27°C),
    2. Coriolis Force,
    3. Pre-existing low-pressure systems,
    4. Small vertical wind speed differences, and
    5. Upper air divergence.

    Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones:

    • They form over warm water bodies due to energy derived from the condensation of warm water within cumulonimbus clouds.
    • Wind rotation is influenced by the Coriolis force, resulting in anti-clockwise rotation in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
    • By 30° latitude, the diminished warmth halts cyclone activity.

    What is the “Landfall” of a Cyclone?

    • Landfall occurs when a tropical cyclone moves from the sea onto the land.
    • As per the IMD, a cyclone makes landfall when the centre of the storm, or its eye, crosses the coast.
    • Landfall should not be confused with a “direct hit”, where the eyewall (area of high winds) hits land but the eye of the cyclone remains offshore.
    • According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a cyclone’s strongest winds may still impact land even if the centre of the storm does not reach the coast.

    How long does a Cyclone Landfall last?

    • The duration of landfall typically lasts a few hours, depending on the wind speed and size of the storm.
    • For cyclone Dana, the landfall process is expected to last five to six hours with wind speeds around 125 km/h, impacting a wide region.
    • Cyclones usually weaken after landfall as they lose their moisture supply and experience increased surface friction.
    • While landfall is often the most destructive phase of a cyclone, it also signals the beginning of the cyclone’s dissipation.

    PYQ:

    [2015] In the South Atlantic and South Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the main reason behind this?

    (a) Sea Surface temperature are low

    (b) Inter Tropical Convergence Zone seldom occurs

    (c) Coriolis force is too weak

    (d) Absence of land in those regions

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Betelgeuse, one of the Brightest Stars predicted to Explode

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Betelgeuse

    Recent research has revealed a surprising finding about Betelgeuse (which was believed to explode): the star’s unusual brightening and dimming patterns may be influenced by an unseen companion star.

    Why in the News?

    Recent research has revealed a surprising finding about Betelgeuse (which was believed to explode): the star’s unusual brightening and dimming patterns may be influenced by an unseen companion star.

    About Betelgeuse

    • Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star in the Orion constellation, marking Orion’s left shoulder.
    • It is among the brightest and largest stars visible in the night sky, located about 650 light-years from Earth.
    • The star is nearing the end of its life, and when it dies, its explosion is expected to be visible during the day for several weeks.
    • Betelgeuse is vast, measuring more than 700 million miles (1.2 billion kilometers) in diameter.
    • Known for its periodic dimming and brightening, Betelgeuse has two distinct pulsation cycles:
      • A short-term cycle of about one year.
      • A longer six-year cycle called a long secondary period.
    • Researchers believe this longer cycle may be caused by Betelbuddy (an unseen companion star) moving through the dust surrounding Betelgeuse.

    Indicators and Scientific Evidence

    • Betelgeuse’s cyclic dimming and brightening patterns indicate it is nearing the end of its life.
    • Its massive size and expansion as a red supergiant suggest it is in a late stellar stage.
    • Cooling surface temperature and mass loss through stellar winds signal increasing instability.
    • Spectral analysis shows heavy elements in Betelgeuse’s layers, typical of late-stage fusion.
    • An unseen companion star, or “Betelbuddy,” may be influencing its brightness and internal structure.

    Potential Effects of Betelgeuse’s Supernova on Earth and Our Solar System

    • Betelgeuse’s supernova will likely be visible in daylight for weeks and brighter than the Moon at night.
    • At 650 light-years away, dangerous radiation would dissipate before reaching Earth, posing no harm.
    • Space missions and satellites may experience minor interference from increased cosmic rays.
    • The explosion will enrich the interstellar medium with heavy elements, contributing to new star formation.
    • The supernova will provide valuable scientific insights into stellar life cycles and cosmic element formation.

    PYQ:

    [2017] The terms ‘Event Horizon’, ‘Singularity’, ‘String Theory’ and ‘Standard Model’ are sometimes seen in the news in the context of:

    (a) Observation and understanding of the Universe

    (b) Study of the solar and the lunar eclipses

    (c) Placing satellites in the orbit of the Earth

    (d) Origin and evolution of living organisms on the Earth

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    [pib] 200 Years of Kittur Vijayotsava

    Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Kittur Rani Chennamma

    Why in the News?

    A commemorative postage stamp was released at the historic Kittur Rani Channamma Stage within the Kittur Fort premises to mark the 200th anniversary of Kittur Vijayotsava.

    About Kittur Rani Chennamma

    • Rani Chennamma was born in 1778 in Kakati, Belgaum (now Karnataka).
    • She was trained in horse riding, sword fighting, and archery from an early age.
    • She married Mallasarja Desai, the ruler of Kittur, a small principality in Karnataka.
    • The Kittur Uprising (1824):
      • The British East India Company refused to recognize her adopted son, Shivalingappa, as the rightful successor under the Doctrine of Lapse.
      • She declared war on the British in response to their annexation attempt.
      • In October 1824, she led the Kittur army against 20,000 British soldiers stationed near the Kittur Fort.
      • During the battle, British official John Thackery was killed, and the Company forces faced significant losses.
      • After initial resistance, British forces returned in December 1824 with a larger army.
      • Despite her courageous efforts, Rani Chennamma was captured along with her forces and imprisoned.
      • She was held captive in Bailhongal Fort, where she spent her remaining years. She died in captivity in 1829.

    Legacy and Significance

    • Rani Chennamma is celebrated as one of the first women in Indian history to lead an anti-colonial uprising.
    • She is revered as a symbol of courage, patriotism, and resistance against colonial oppression.
    • She is honored in Kannada folklore, particularly through lavani (folk songs) that celebrate her bravery and sacrifice.
    • Statues have been erected across Karnataka, including a prominent one in Bengaluru’s Parliament House.

    Doctrine of Lapse

    • Introduced by Lord Dalhousie in 1848, the Doctrine aimed at expanding British territories in India.
    • The policy was based on the principle that a princely state without a suitable heir should become part of the British Empire.
    • Applied to princely states where the ruler died without a natural or legally adopted male heir, enabling the British to annex those states.
    • The policy was seen as illegitimate by many Indian rulers and played a role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
    • Several states annexed due to this Doctrine, include Satara (1848), Jaitpur (1849), Sambalpur (1849), Udaipur (1850), Jhansi (1853), and Nagpur (1854).
    • Prior to the Doctrine of Lapse, princely states had a traditional practice of selecting an heir from a group of candidates known as bhajans.
    • The policy was abandoned in 1859, two years after the end of the Company Rule in India.

     

    PYQ:

    [2013] Defying the barriers of age, gender and religion, the Indian women became the torch bearer during the struggle for freedom in India. Discuss.

    [2014] What was/were the object/objects of Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858)?

    1. To disclaim any intention to annex Indian States
    2. To place the Indian administration under the British Crown
    3. To regulate East India Company’s trade with India

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code

    National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Statutory, Regulatory & Various Quasi-Judicial Bodies

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: NCLAT, NCLT

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court has overturned the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal’s (NCLAT) order that approved a deal between an edtech firm and the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) to settle an overdue payment.

    Three-Judge Bench Observations in Byju’s Case

    • The Supreme Court’s bench, led by CJI, noted that there were procedural lapses in the settlement process between Byju’s and the BCCI.
    • The settlement occurred without the approval of the Insolvency Resolution Professional (IRP), who was responsible for overseeing Byju’s affairs following his appointment by the NCLT.
    • The bench ruled that the NCLAT’s approval of the settlement, issued in August 2024, was invalid due to the lack of necessary approvals from the IRP.

    About National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT):

    Details
    Establishment Established on 1 June 2016 under the Companies Act, 2013.
    Purpose Serves as an appellate authority to hear appeals against orders of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT).
    Jurisdiction Hears appeals related to:
    – Decisions made by NCLT
    – Orders of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)
    – Orders from the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
    Appeals to Supreme Court Decisions of NCLAT can be appealed to the Supreme Court of India.
    Composition Comprises a Chairperson and other members appointed by the central government, with the Chairperson typically being a retired judge of the Supreme Court or High Court.
    Functions Reviews and adjudicates matters related to company law and insolvency, ensuring justice against NCLT orders.
    Location Headquartered in New Delhi.
    Significance Plays a critical role in corporate governance, maintaining transparency and accountability in the corporate sector.
    Relationship with NCLT NCLT acts as the adjudicating authority, while NCLAT provides a platform for appeals, ensuring a checks-and-balances system.
    Integration with IBC Supports the objectives of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, streamlining insolvency resolution processes.

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India.

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  • Air Pollution

    Lahore: The World’s most Polluted City

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: PM2.5, IQAir Report

    Why in the News?

    • Lahore was declared the world’s most polluted city by air quality monitor IQAir, with an Air Quality Index (AQI) of 394, considered hazardous by global standards.
      • Delhi ranks 2nd, recording an AQI of 204, also classified as “very unhealthy.”
      • Lahore’s AQI value exceeds the World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline by over 55.6 times.

    Primary Causes of Lahore’s Severe Air Pollution:

    • Stubble Burning: Farmers in Punjab (India and Pakistan) burn crop residue, especially after rice harvesting, during winter to prepare fields for wheat cultivation.
    • Vehicular Emissions: The rise in the number of vehicles in Lahore, along with the use of low-quality fuel, results in high levels of PM2.5 emissions, a major contributor to air pollution.
    • Industrial Pollution: Factories and brick kilns in and around Lahore emit harmful pollutants, including particulate matter, adding to the city’s poor air quality.
    • Geography and Weather Conditions: Lahore’s location in a low-lying region and its geography, surrounded by hills, leads to temperature inversion during the winter, trapping pollutants near the surface and preventing their natural dispersal.
    • Coal-Fired Power Plants: Large power plants, such as the 1320MW Sahiwal coal-fired power plant in Punjab, part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), emit sulphur and other pollutants, significantly contributing to smog and air pollution.

    Who Ranks the Most Polluted Cities of the World and How?

    • IQAir, a Swiss air quality monitoring company, ranks the most polluted cities based on real-time air quality data.
    • The rankings focus on the concentration of PM2.5 particles, which are small enough to penetrate the lungs and pose serious health risks.
    • Cities are ranked using the AQI scale (0-500), with AQI above 300 indicating hazardous pollution levels.
    • IQAir uses data from government agencies, monitoring stations, and low-cost sensors across various regions.
    • Real-time monitoring allows IQAir to provide up-to-date information about air pollution levels in cities around the world.
    • The data is compared with WHO standards, which recommend PM2.5 levels below 5 micrograms per cubic meter for healthy air quality.

    PYQ:

    [2021] Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve revised standards?

    [2015] Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three Mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious probelm in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so?

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  • Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

    Boeing 737’s ‘defective’ Rudder System

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: S&T – Applications In Everyday Life

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Rudder Rollout Guidance Actuator

    Boeing 737’s ‘defective’ Rudder System

    Why in the News?

    • Certain variants of the Boeing 737, equipped with a rollout guidance actuator, are being investigated due to concerns about a potential jammed or restricted rudder control system.

    What is a Rudder?

    • The rudder is like the steering tool for an airplane.
    • It’s part of the tail and helps the plane move left or right, similar to how a boat’s rudder steers on water.
    • It’s important for making turns, landing in windy conditions, and keeping the plane going straight, especially if one of the engines fails.

    What does a Rudder Rollout Guidance Actuator do?

    • It is a special device that helps the plane control its direction during landings when the plane is flying automatically with the autopilot.
    • It’s especially useful during landings in bad weather with poor visibility, making sure the plane stays on the correct path on its own.

    Why are certain Boeing 737 Planes being checked?

    • Some Boeing 737 planes are being inspected because of a possible problem with their rudder system, which helps steer the plane during landing.
    • An issue came up after a United Airlines flight in February 2024 had a situation where the rudder got stuck during landing, and the pilots had to work harder to control the plane.
    • Investigators found that a part called the rudder rollout guidance actuator might have moisture and corrosion problems, which can cause the rudder to jam.
    • This problem might affect a small number of Boeing 737 planes that use this system for automatic landings in bad weather.

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  • Port Infrastructure and Shipping Industry – Sagarmala Project, SDC, CEZ, etc.

    Bihar gets its first Dry Port in Bihta

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Bihta Inland Container Depot (ICD)

    Why in the News?

    • Bihar has inaugurated the state’s first dry port in Bihta, a town near Patna to boost the export of goods produced in Bihar.
      • The first export consignment from the Bihta ICD was leather shoes sent to Russia.

    What is it?

    • A dry port, also known as an inland container depot (ICD), is a logistics facility located away from a seaport or airport.
    • It provides facilities for cargo handling, storage, and transportation of goods, making it easier to manage exports and imports.
    • The first dry port in India was opened in Varanasi in 2018.
    • The dry port also acts as a bridge between the inland regions and international shipping routes through major gateway ports.

    About Bihta ICD

    • The Bihta Inland Container Depot (ICD), also known as Bihta dry port, is located in Bihta, a town near Patna, the capital of Bihar.
    • It operates under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP).
    • It is fully commissioned and approved by the Department of Revenue, under the Union Ministry of Finance.
    • It is managed by Pristine Magadh Infrastructure Private Limited in collaboration with the Bihar state industry department.
    • The Bihta ICD is well connected by railways to gateway ports across India, including:
      • Kolkata and Haldia in West Bengal.
      • Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
      • Nhava Sheva in Maharashtra.
      • Mundra in Gujarat.
    • It supports transportation of goods to and from eastern India, benefitting not just Bihar but also neighboring states like Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Odisha.

    PYQ:

    [2023] Consider the following pairs:

    Port Well known as
    1. Kamarajar Port: First major port in India registered as a company
    2. Mundra Port: Largest privately owned port in India
    3. Visakhapatnam Port: Largest container port in India

    How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    (a) Only one pair
    (b) Only two pairs
    (c) All three pairs
    (d) None of the pairs

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Moonlight Programme

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Moonlight Programme

    Why in the News?

    The European Space Agency (ESA) launched its Moonlight Lunar Communications and Navigation Services (LCNS) Programme.

    About Moonlight Programme

    Details
    Agency European Space Agency (ESA)
    Purpose To establish a communications and navigation infrastructure around the Moon to support future lunar missions by space agencies and private companies.
    Planned Missions Supports over 400 moon missions planned over the next 20 years.
    Satellite Constellation Deployment of 5 lunar satellites to provide communication and navigation services.
    Data Transfer Range Enables data transfer between Earth and the Moon over a distance of 400,000 km.
    First Satellite Lunar Pathfinder, a communications relay satellite built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd, is set to launch in 2026.
    Operational Timeline Initial services expected to begin by 2028, with full operational capability by 2030.
    Primary Focus Area Coverage around the Moon’s South Pole, an area of high interest due to favorable lighting conditions and potential water ice presence in permanently shadowed craters.
    Global Collaboration Collaboration with NASA and JAXA (Japanese Space Agency) as part of LunaNet for standardizing lunar mission communications and navigation.
    Significance – Enables over 400 lunar missions
    – Supports NASA’s Artemis programme
    – Provides continuous all-weather connectivity for lunar missions
    – Focuses on the South Pole for ice deposits
    – Reduces costs by sharing infrastructure
    – Technological advancements for Mars missions (MARCONI)
    Strategic Advantage Enhances ESA’s role in global lunar exploration and contributes to the future of commercial lunar activities.

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  • Roads, Highways, Cargo, Air-Cargo and Logistics infrastructure – Bharatmala, LEEP, SetuBharatam, etc.

    Z-Morh Tunnel Project

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Z-Morh Tunnel Project

    Why in the News?

    Some militants attacked workers building the Z-Morh tunnel on the Srinagar-Sonamarg highway, killing seven people.

    What is the Z-Morh Tunnel?

    • The Z-Morh tunnel is a 6.4-kilometer tunnel located near Gagangir village, connecting the Sonamarg health resort to Kangan town in the Ganderbal district of central Kashmir.
      • It is part of the larger Zojila tunnel project, which aims to provide year-round road connectivity between Srinagar and Ladakh.
    • It is part of the Srinagar-Sonamarg-Leh highway.
    • It is being constructed at an altitude of over 8,500 feet.
    • It derives its name from the Z-shaped road stretch where it is being built.
    • The project was originally conceived by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) in 2012.
    • A soft opening of the tunnel was held in February 2024, although the full inauguration has been delayed.

    Significance of the Z-Morh Tunnel

    • The tunnel provides all-weather road connectivity to the Sonamarg health resort, ensuring that the popular tourist destination remains accessible year-round.
    • It is essential for maintaining all-weather connectivity to Ladakh, a region of strategic importance for India, particularly due to the military presence along the border with Pakistan and China.
    • The tunnel is strategically important for the Indian Army, as it provides quick and safe access to forward areas in Ladakh, reducing the dependence on air transport for the movement of troops and supplies.
    • It will also reduce expenditure on air maintenance of forward locations, thereby increasing the lifespan of Indian Air Force aircraft.
    • The tunnel will boost economic growth by improving accessibility to Sonamarg, thereby supporting tourism in the region.

    PYQ:

    [2016] Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management.

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