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Type: Prelims Only

  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Goa’s Konsachem Festival and St. Bartholomew’s Feast

    Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Konsachem Festival

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Konsachem

    Central Idea

    • In Goa, August marks the formation of new rice grains, celebrated through the festival of Konsachem.

    Konsachem Festival and Its Traditions

    • Background: Konsachem, observed by Goan Hindus and Catholics, honors the new rice grains, known as konxeo in Konkani.
    • Shared Rituals: The first harvested rice sheaves are taken for blessings – to deities by Hindus and to saints by Catholics.
    • Catholic Celebrations: For Goan Catholics, the festival peaks on August 24, the Feast Day of St. Bartholomew, one of Jesus Christ’s 12 Apostles.
    • Observances: The celebration includes a procession, ritual cutting of grain, and a thanksgiving mass, with offerings made to St. Bartholomew.

    Bartholomew’s Legacy and Christian Faith in India

    • Missionary Journey: Bartholomew is believed to have landed in Kallianpur and preached along the Konkan coast, reaching as far as Karachi.
    • Lesser-Known Apostles: While St. Thomas’s mission in Kerala and Tamil Nadu is well-documented, St. Bartholomew’s contributions in India are less known but significant.
    • Martyrdom and Influence: He is revered for his martyrdom in Azerbaijan and his role in the Christianization of Armenia and Georgia.
    • Pre-Portuguese Christian Origins: Research by scholars underscores Christianity’s roots in India dating back to the Apostles, reinforcing its integral place in Indian faith traditions.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Self-pollination in Field Pansy Flower  

    Prelims OnlySpecies | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Climatic Change

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Field Pansy Flower

    Mains level: NA

    Field Pansy Flower

    Central Idea

    • Researchers have found that a flower species in Paris, the field pansy (Viola arvensis), is evolving rapidly, exhibiting reduced nectar production and smaller flower sizes.
    • This study aims to understand the impact of these evolutionary changes on plant-pollinator interactions.

    Changing Nature of Field Pansy

    • Decreased Nectar and Size: The wild pansy variety in Paris showed a 20% reduction in nectar production and a 10% decrease in flower size.
    • Comparative Analysis: Scientists compared current flower growth with seeds from 20-30 years ago, observing notable changes.
    • Adaptation to Pollinator Decline: The evolution towards self-pollination in field pansies is attributed to the decreasing availability of insect pollinators.
    • Experimental Design: The study employed the “resurrection ecology” method, planting seeds from the 1990s and 2000s alongside their 2021 descendants.

    Implications of Self-Pollination and Evolutionary Shifts

    • Contrast with Angiosperm Convention: The move towards self-pollination deviates from the typical reliance of angiosperms on insects for pollination.
    • Long-Term Coevolution: The traditional plant-insect relationship, involving nectar production for pollination, has evolved over 100 million years.
    • Genetic Analysis: Population genetics analysis revealed a 27% increase in selfing rates, with consistent trait shifts across studied populations.

    Concerns and Potential Consequences

    • Short-Term Benefits, Long-Term Risks: While self-pollination may offer short-term advantages, it poses long-term survival threats to plants amid environmental changes.
    • Feedback Loop Risks: Reduced nectar production could lead to further declines in pollinator populations, creating a detrimental eco-evolutionary feedback loop.
    • Network Degradation: The study highlights the degradation of plant-pollinator networks, as observed in previous research.

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  • Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

    RBI reports reduced risk of Stagflation in India

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Stagflation

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    stagflation

    Central Idea

    • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) officials have reported a decreased risk of stagflation in India, now estimated at 1%, down from 3% in August

    What is Stagflation?

    Details
    Definition   An economic condition characterized by stagnant growth, high unemployment, and high inflation.
    Indian context Fluctuating growth rates; periods of slowdown have raised concerns about stagnation.
    Inflation Dynamics in India Historically high at times, often driven by rising food and fuel prices.
    Supply Shocks Vulnerable to global oil price fluctuations and agricultural supply shocks (e.g., monsoon variability).
    Past Episodes Elevated stagflation risks were noted during the Asian Crisis, Global Financial Crisis, taper tantrum, and COVID-19 pandemic.

    Methodology for Assessing Stagflation

    • Two-Pronged Approach: RBI assessment utilized two methods: analyzing periods of low economic growth with high inflation, and employing ‘at-risk’ frameworks, namely “Inflation at Risk” (IaR) and “Growth at Risk” (GaR), using quantile regression.
    • Determinants of Stagflation: Key factors identified include supply-side shocks, commodity price spikes, tighter financial conditions, and currency depreciation.

    Key Risk Factors for India

    • Financial Conditions and Rupee Depreciation: Financial conditions and the depreciation of the rupee against the U.S. dollar are significant risk factors for stagflation in India.
    • Empirical Evidence: The integrated IaR and GaR frameworks corroborate these findings, although the impact of crude oil prices on domestic fuel prices has limited predictive power for stagflation.
    • Global Concerns: Post-pandemic, higher commodity prices and the U.S. dollar’s appreciation raised global stagflation concerns.

    Back2Basics: Economic Conditions: Definitions and Concepts

    Explanation
    Depression A sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity.

    Characterized by significant decline in GDP, high unemployment, low spending, and reduced industrial output.
    Deflation A general fall in the price level of goods and services over some time, indicating negative inflation rates.
    Disinflation A decrease in the rate of inflation, i.e., a slowdown in the rate at which prices increase.

    Example: Inflation rate falling from 8% to 6%.
    Reflation Economic measures, such as increasing money supply or reducing taxes, aimed at stimulating the economy to reach its long-term growth trend after a downturn.
    Skewflation A situation where the price of some items rises significantly while others remain stable.

    Example: Seasonal rise in the price of onions while other prices are stable.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-ASEAN

    Review of ASEAN- India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITGA)

    ExplainedPrelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITGA)

    Mains level: Not Much

    asean

    Central Idea

    • India seeks to modernize the ASEAN India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITGA) to reduce the significant trade deficit with ASEAN nations in February 2023 with a target to complete the revamp by 2025.

    About ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITGA)

    Details
    Signing Date August 13, 2009, w.e.f. January 1, 2010.
    Objectives Eliminate tariffs and liberalize trade in goods.

    Facilitate economic integration between ASEAN and India.
    Key Features Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of tariffs

    Measures to facilitate trade and customs efficiency
    Member Countries ASEAN Members: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam and India.
    Economic Impact Growth in trade between India and ASEAN countries – Diversification of trade basket.
    Recent Developments Discussions on reviewing and upgrading the agreement.
    Challenges Concerns over trade imbalances.

    Potential impact on certain domestic industries in India.
    Strategic Significance Part of India’s “Act East” policy.

    Step towards broader regional economic integration.

    Need for review

    • Significant Trade Partner: ASEAN countries, including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia, accounted for 11.3% of India’s global trade in 2022-23.
    • Existing Trade Imbalance: The current trade deficit with ASEAN stands at $43.57 billion, a substantial increase from $7.5 billion per annum when the pact was first implemented.
    • Trade Statistics: In 2022-23, India’s exports to ASEAN were valued at $44 billion against imports of $87.57 billion.
    • Rebalancing Trade: The primary goal is to address the disproportionate benefits that have favored ASEAN since the agreement’s implementation in 2010.
    • Modernization of the Agreement: The focus is on updating the FTA to reflect current global trade dynamics and include new elements like product-specific rules and trade remedies.

    Key Areas of Negotiation

    • Rules of Origin (ROO): Modifications in ROO are planned to increase market access for Indian products and prevent the rerouting of goods, particularly from China, through ASEAN countries.
    • Trade Remedies: A new chapter on trade remedies will aim to protect domestic industries from unfair trade practices and import surges.
    • Exclusion of New Areas: The agreement will not expand to cover additional areas like labor, environment, MSMEs, or gender to avoid complicating the pact.

    Challenges and Industry Perspectives

    • Need for Concessions: While India seeks to balance the trade deficit, concessions may be necessary to ensure mutual benefits.
    • Sectoral Focus: Industries such as chemicals, plastics, minerals, leather, textiles, and gems and jewellery are identified for potential growth in exports.

    Conclusion

    • Strategic Approach: India’s efforts to modernize the AITGA reflect a strategic approach to enhance trade relations while protecting domestic interests.
    • Balancing Act: The challenge lies in negotiating terms that benefit both India and ASEAN members, fostering a more equitable trading environment.
    • Long-Term Implications: Successful negotiations could significantly impact India’s trade dynamics, potentially reducing the trade deficit and strengthening economic ties with ASEAN nations.

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  • Disinvestment in India

    India’s Disinvestment Strategy amidst upcoming Elections

    ExplainedPrelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Disinvestment

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Central Idea

    • India’s disinvestment process, primarily focusing on minority stake sales rather than full privatisation, is expected to fall short of its fiscal year 2024 target.
    • The government’s cautious approach, influenced by the upcoming general elections, has led to a slowdown in the privatisation of major public sector undertakings (PSUs).

    Disinvestment Performance and Targets

    • Past Achievements: Over the past decade, disinvestment has generated over ₹4.20 lakh crore, but the current fiscal year’s target appears challenging.
    • FY24 Target: The government set a disinvestment goal of ₹51,000 crore for FY24, a reduction from the previous year’s estimate.
    • Major PSUs on Hold: Plans for the privatisation of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd (BPCL), Shipping Corporation of India (SCI), and CONCOR have been deferred.
    • Progress So Far: Approximately ₹10,049 crore, or 20% of the budgeted amount, has been raised through IPOs and OFS.
    • Pipeline Projects: Strategic sales of CPSEs like SCI, NMDC Steel Ltd, BEML, HLL Lifecare, and IDBI Bank are planned but face delays due to various procedural hurdles.

    Factors Influencing Disinvestment

    • Political Considerations: Strategic disinvestment decisions are being influenced by the upcoming elections, leading to a cautious approach.
    • Challenges in Strategic Sales: The sale process involves multiple stakeholders and complex procedures, making it a lengthy affair.
    • Public and Political Resistance: Certain sectors, particularly defence and shipping, face opposition to privatisation, causing delays and policy reassessments.
    • Economic Think Tank Views: Observers note a recent slowdown in PSU stake sales, attributed to regulatory processes, global economic volatility, and shifting government priorities.

    Historical Context and Government Policy

    • Post-2014 Strategy: Since 2014, the government has revived its disinvestment policy, focusing on stake sales and listing of PSEs on the stock market.
    • Union Budget 2023-24: The disinvestment target for FY24 is the lowest in seven years, with the government yet to meet the target for 2022-23.
    • Reasons for Disinvestment: The government undertakes disinvestment to reduce fiscal burdens, finance deficits, invest in development, and retire debt.
    • Types of Disinvestment: The process includes minority disinvestment, majority divestment, and complete privatisation, managed by the Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM).

    Recent Disinvestment Performance

    • Meeting Targets: The government has met its disinvestment targets only twice since 2014.
    • Challenges in Execution: Strategic sales have been complicated by various factors, including market volatility and political opposition.

    Future of Disinvestment in 2023-24

    • No New Additions: The government plans to continue with the already announced privatisation of state-owned companies without adding new ones.
    • Challenges and Vision: Observers suggest that disinvestment should align with the government’s long-term vision for privatisation and sectoral presence, rather than being driven solely by revenue needs.

    Conclusion

    • Strategic Policy Shifts: The government’s disinvestment strategy is evolving, balancing between raising revenues and managing political and public sentiments.
    • Impact of Upcoming Elections: With general elections approaching, the focus on disinvestment might shift, impacting the progress and priorities of stake sales.

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    Nematocysts in Aquatic Ecosystems

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: S&T – Applications In Everyday Life

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Nematocysts

    Mains level: NA

    Central Idea

    • Evolution has crafted unique defense mechanisms in the animal kingdom, one of which is the nematocyst.

    Understanding Nematocysts

    • Structural Composition: A nematocyst comprises a capsule with a coiled tubule and a toxin-filled bulbous structure.
    • Rapid Deployment: Upon stimulation, the nematocyst ejects its tubule at an incredibly high acceleration, comparable to a bullet’s speed.
    • Fastest Biological Mechanisms: This ejection process is among the quickest in the animal kingdom.
    • Found in: Nematocysts are particularly prevalent in jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydras, serving as effective tools for hunting and protection.

    Role in Cnidarians’ Survival

    • Cnidarians and Cnidocytes: Cnidarians, a group of animals characterized by cnidocytes (specialized cells), heavily rely on nematocysts for feeding and defense.
    • Activation Process: Contact with potential prey triggers sensory structures on cnidocytes, leading to the nematocyst’s release and subsequent prey immobilization or toxin injection.

    Diversity of Toxins in Nematocysts

    • Variety of Effects: Nematocyst toxins can be paralytic, halting prey movement, or cytolytic, breaking down cells.
    • Strategic Use: Cnidarians often employ a mix of toxins to enhance the effectiveness of their predatory and defensive actions.
    • Contribution to Cnidarians’ Success: The complexity and efficiency of nematocysts play a vital role in the survival and dominance of cnidarians in aquatic habitats.
    • Formidable Aquatic Predators: The presence of nematocysts makes cnidarians formidable entities in their ecosystems.

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  • US policy wise : Visa, Free Trade and WTO

    Project PRAYAS to help Indian youth migrate abroad

    IOCRPrelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Important International Institutions

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Project PRAYAS

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Central Idea

    • The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) introduced Project PRAYAS (Promoting Regular & Assisted Migration for Youth and Skilled Professionals) to facilitate secure and regular migration for Indian workers and students.

    What is Project PRAYAS?

    Details
    Project Name Project PRAYAS
    Introduced By International Organization for Migration (IOM)
    Partnership Ministry of External Affairs, India
    Objective To facilitate secure and regular migration for Indian workers and students
    Key Focus Enhancing coordination between state and central governments

    Addressing India’s growing role in international migration

    Providing policy recommendations for migration governance
    IOM’s Role Promoting humane and orderly migration as a United Nations agency
    Significance Represents a consolidation of state-level efforts for well-managed international migration
    Focus Areas and Activities Conducting comprehensive studies on migration trends

    Launching awareness programs for safe and orderly migration processes

    Back2Basics: International Organisation for Migration (IOM)

    Details
    Establishment 1951
    Initial Purpose To assist in the resettlement of people displaced by World War II
    Current Role Providing services and advice on migration to governments and migrants, including various displaced persons
    Type Intergovernmental Organization
    Membership 173 member states, 8 observer states
    Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
    Key Objectives Promote humane and orderly migration Emergency response

    Link migration with development Health and support for migrants

    Facilitate managed labor migration Counter human trafficking
    UN Relationship Became a related organization of the United Nations in 2016
    India and IOM India has been a member of IOM since 1992.

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  • The Crisis In The Middle East

    Bab El-Mandeb: A Strategic Choke Point

    Prelims Onlyworld map | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Bab El-Mandeb

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Bab El-Mandeb

    Central Idea

    • The war between Israel and Hamas in October raised concerns about Hezbollah’s involvement, but the focus shifted when the Houthis in Yemen expanded the conflict to the Red Sea.
    • Despite tensions, Hezbollah and Israel avoided full-scale war, with Israel concentrating on Gaza.

    Houthi Involvement and Shift in Tactics

    • Initial Actions: The Houthis, aligned with Iran, initially targeted Israel in solidarity with Palestinians, using drones and missiles, which were intercepted.
    • Change in Strategy: Later, they shifted focus to attacking commercial ships in the Red Sea, threatening global shipping routes.

    Understanding the Houthis

    • Background: The Houthis, known formally as Ansar Allah, are a Shia militia group in Yemen, named after their late leaders Badr al-Din al-Houthi and Hussein al-Houthi.
    • Iranian Support: They receive direct support from Iran and have significant military capabilities, including drones and ballistic missiles.

    Strategic Importance of Bab el-Mandeb Strait

    • Geographical Significance: The Strait of Bab el-Mandeb is a crucial maritime chokepoint, connecting the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean.
    • Impact on Global Shipping: Houthi actions near the strait have led to a significant decrease in Red Sea traffic and increased shipping costs.

    Global and Regional Consequences

    • Effect on Israel: Israel’s southern port traffic, particularly in Eilat, has been severely impacted.
    • Broader Trade Implications: Approximately 12% of global maritime trade passes through the strait. Disruptions here could exacerbate inflationary pressures worldwide.
    • Alternative Routes: Shipping companies are rerouting around Africa, significantly increasing travel time and costs.

    International Response

    • US Naval Task Force: The U.S. has established a naval force to counter the Houthi threat.
    • Arab World’s Stance: Many Red Sea countries, including Egypt, have not joined the U.S. task force, reflecting regional discontent with U.S. policies.
    • Potential Offensive Measures: The U.S. has not ruled out bombing Houthi targets in response to continued attacks on shipping lanes.

    Conclusion

    • Continued Houthi Threat: The Houthis vow to persist in their actions as long as Israel’s conflict with Gaza continues.
    • Challenges for Global Trade: The situation underscores the fragility of global shipping routes and the potential for regional conflicts to have far-reaching economic impacts.
    • Need for Diplomatic Solutions: This complex scenario highlights the importance of diplomatic efforts to resolve regional tensions and protect vital maritime trade routes.

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  • Textile Sector – Cotton, Jute, Wool, Silk, Handloom, etc.

    India’s Textile Crisis amid Rising MMF Fabric Imports

    ExplainedPrelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: NA

    Mains level: India's textile sector

    Central Idea

    • Major textile hubs in India, including Ludhiana, Surat, and Erode, are grappling with the surge in imports of man-made fibre (MMF) fabrics, impacting a sector worth about $60 billion.
    • Fabric processors and weavers across these hubs express concerns over the influx of cheaper imports, primarily from China, affecting their businesses.

    Impact of Imported MMF Fabrics

    • Market Dominance: Imported fabrics, especially from China, are increasingly found in Indian markets, leading to unsold stocks and production cuts by local weavers.
    • Price Disparity: Indian weavers face competition from cheaper imported yarns, compelling them to import materials like viscose yarn from China to remain competitive.

    Statistical Overview of MMF Fabric Imports

    • Doubling of Imports: In the last three years, MMF fabric imports have doubled, with a significant portion being knitted synthetic fabrics.
    • Import Data: Daily imports from China increased from 325 tonnes in 2019-2020 to 887 tonnes in the April-June quarter of the current fiscal year, with a notable drop in average value per kg.

    Under-Invoicing and Quality Control Issues

    • Under-Invoicing Concerns: The practice of under-invoicing imported finished fabrics poses a major challenge, leading to calls for stricter customs regulations.
    • Quality Control Orders (QCOs): The government’s introduction of QCOs on MMF fibres and products, requiring BIS certification, has impacted the entire value chain.

    Consequences for Local Industry and Global Trade

    • Operational Capacity: The downstream industry is reportedly operating at only 70% capacity due to these challenges.
    • Export Decline: Exports of man-made yarn, fabrics, and made-ups have seen a year-on-year decline.
    • Global MMF Trade: India’s share in global MMF trade was 2.7% in 2019, with fabrics and yarn being major export components.

    Industry Perspectives and Government Policies

    • Innovation Gap: Industry experts highlight a lack of innovation in MMF products in India compared to countries like China, Thailand, and Korea.
    • Impact of QCOs: The introduction of QCOs, particularly at the fibre stage, is criticized for disrupting the industry, with calls for implementing quality controls at the garment stage instead.
    • Challenges for MSMEs: Small and medium enterprises face financial strain due to declining orders, high prices, and increased operational costs.
    • GST Issues and Financial Relief Demands
      • GST Refund Delays: The introduction of GST led to higher taxes on MMF fibre and yarn, with delayed refunds causing financial burdens for weavers.
      • Refund Controversy: Weavers contend that they are owed significant refunds due to the inverted duty structure, with the government potentially owing around ₹1,000 crore to the sector.

    Conclusion

    • Need for Strategic Measures: Addressing the challenges in India’s textile industry requires a balanced approach, considering both domestic capabilities and global market dynamics.
    • Government’s Role: Effective policy measures, including rationalizing import duties and quality controls, are essential to support the industry and enhance its competitiveness.
    • Future Outlook: The textile sector’s resilience and adaptability will be key in overcoming these challenges and capitalizing on potential opportunities in the global market.

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  • Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

    Time Measurement and Role of Ujjain in Ancient Astronomy

    Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Prime Meridian, Ujjain

    Mains level: NA

    ujjain

    Central Idea

    • The newly elected Madhya Pradesh CM asserted that Ujjain, was the reference for world time 300 years ago, before the Prime Meridian shifted to Paris and then Greenwich.
    • For UPSC aspirants, understanding these nuances is essential for a comprehensive grasp of India’s scientific heritage and its global context.

    Time Measurement and Ujjain’s Role

    • Ujjain’s Central Meridian: Before Greenwich’s establishment in 1884, Ujjain was the central meridian for time in India, influencing Hindu almanac calculations.
    • Vedshala Observatory: The Vedshala or Government Jiwaji Observatory in Ujjain offers insights into ancient Indian timekeeping methods.

    Ujjain’s Geographical and Astronomical Significance

    • Surya Siddhanta’s Contributions: This 4th-century astronomical treatise positions Ujjain at the intersection of the zero meridian of longitude and the Tropic of Cancer, highlighting its global importance.
    • Astronomical Landmarks: Ujjain’s location on the Tropic of Cancer, intersecting significant temples, underscores its historical and religious significance in Hindu cosmogony.

    Legacy of Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II and the Vedshala

    • Observatory’s Origins: Built between 1725-1730 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, the Vedshala was inspired by the observatory in Samarkand and predates those in Jaipur, Delhi, Mathura, and Varanasi.
    • Motivation for Construction: Jai Singh’s initiative to educate the country in astronomy was sparked by a debate in the Mughal court over astronomical calculations.

    Ujjain’s Astronomical Heritage and Contributions

    • Center for Ancient Astronomy: Ujjain was a hub for astronomical and mathematical studies, home to scholars like Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskaracharya.
    • Vikram Samvat Calendar: King Vikramaditya’s establishment of the Vikram Samvat calendar around 58–56 B.C. further cements Ujjain’s historical importance.

    Exploring the Vedshala’s Instruments and Functions

    • Yantras and Their Uses: The observatory houses various instruments (yantras) for measuring time, celestial altitudes, planetary motions, and eclipses.
    • Unique Instruments: The Shankhu Yantra, Samrat Yantra, Digansha Yantra, Nadi Valay Yantra, and Bhitti Yantra demonstrate the sophistication of ancient Indian astronomical tools.
    • Taramandel Shows: The observatory also features a planetarium offering educational shows about celestial bodies.

    Ongoing Astronomical Research and Preservation

    • Renovation and Continuation of Studies: Maharaja Madhav Rao Scindia of Gwalior renovated the observatory in 1923, ensuring the continuation of astronomical research.
    • Annual Ephemeris Publication: The observatory publishes an ephemeris, detailing the daily positions and movements of planets.

    Conclusion

    • Balancing Historical Pride and Scientific Accuracy: While appreciating Ujjain’s rich astronomical heritage, it’s crucial to distinguish between historical significance and contemporary scientific standards.
    • Insights for UPSC Aspirants: Understanding Ujjain’s role in ancient timekeeping and astronomy offers UPSC aspirants a nuanced perspective on India’s scientific contributions and cultural heritage.
    • Enduring Legacy: Ujjain’s astronomical legacy, exemplified by the Vedshala Observatory, continues to be a testament to India’s historical advancements in science and time measurement.

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  • Judicial Reforms

    Tribunals cannot direct Government to frame policy: SC

    Prelims OnlySC Judgements | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Statutory, Regulatory & Various Quasi-Judicial Bodies

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Tribunals

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Central Idea

    • The Supreme Court clarified that tribunals, bound by their governing legislations, cannot compel the government to formulate policy.
    • It emphasized the separation of powers, stating that policy-making is outside the judiciary’s domain, including quasi-judicial bodies like tribunals.

    What are Tribunals?

    Details
    Nature Judicial or quasi-judicial institutions established by law
    Purpose Provide faster adjudication compared to traditional courts

    Offer expertise on specific subject matters
    Functions Adjudicating disputes

    Determining rights between parties

    Making administrative decisions

    Reviewing existing administrative decisions
    Constitutional Recognition 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 introduced Articles 323-A and 323-B in the Constitution
    Article 323A Empowers Parliament to constitute administrative Tribunals for public service matters
    Article 323B Allows Parliament or state legislatures to constitute tribunals for specific subjects like taxation, land reforms
    Composition Comprises expert (technical) members and judicial members
    Expert Members Selected from various fields, including central government departments
    Judicial Members Persons with a judicial background, such as High Court judges or eligible lawyers
    Supreme Court’s Stance Technical members not required if tribunal’s aim is expeditious disposal of matters

    Case in Focus: Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) and Policy Direction

    • Specific Case Reviewed: The Bench addressed whether the AFT could direct the government to create a policy for appointing the Judge Advocate General (Air).
    • General Observation: It has been consistently observed that courts cannot mandate the government to enact legislation or develop a policy.

    Judicial Analysis and Reasoning

    • Justice Karol’s Observations: Justice Sanjay Karol noted that the AFT, with powers akin to a civil court, lacks the authority of the Supreme Court or High Courts.
    • High Courts’ Limitations: Even High Courts, under Article 226 of the Constitution, cannot order the government or its departments to establish specific policies.
    • Government’s Prerogative: The judgment reinforced that policy creation, especially concerning defense personnel services or their regularization, is exclusively the government’s responsibility.

    Implications of the Judgment

    • Tribunals’ Restricted Powers: Tribunals must operate within the confines of their governing legislation and lack the jurisdiction to influence policy formation.
    • Judiciary’s Role in Policy Matters: The judgment highlights the judiciary’s limited role in policy-making, even in cases where fundamental rights might be at stake.
    • Separation of Powers: This ruling underscores the principle of separation of powers, delineating the distinct functions of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

    Conclusion

    • Respecting Institutional Boundaries: The judgment serves as a reminder of the importance of respecting the boundaries and roles of different government institutions in a democratic setup.
    • Broader Implications: This decision has significant implications for how tribunals and courts interact with policy-making processes, emphasizing judicial restraint and adherence to the constitutional framework.

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  • Explained: Creating new Districts

    ExplainedPrelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Districts in India

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Central Idea

    • Amid reports that Odisha may create a few more districts before the end of the year, the Orissa High Court has directed the government not to issue any final order in this regard without its permission.

    Districts in India

    • Historical Background: Districts, as local administrative units, are a legacy from the British Raj era.
    • Administrative Hierarchy: Positioned below the state and territory level, districts are crucial in India’s local governance structure.
    • Leadership and Responsibilities: A Deputy Commissioner or Collector, often from the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), heads a district, overseeing administration and maintaining law and order.
    • Subdivision of Districts: Districts are further divided into smaller units like tehsils, talukas, or mandals, varying by region.

    Mechanics of Creating New Districts

    • State Government’s Prerogative: The authority to create, modify, or abolish districts lies with State governments, executed via executive orders or state assembly legislation.
    • Preferred Methodology: States typically opt for the executive route, issuing official gazette notifications for these changes.

    Central Government’s Role in District Reconfiguration

    • Limited Involvement: The Central government’s role is minimal in district reformation, primarily concerning name changes.
    • Procedure for Name Changes: For renaming districts or railway stations, State governments seek clearances from central entities like the Home Ministry, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Intelligence Bureau, Department of Posts, Geographical Survey of India, and the Railway Ministry.

    Trends in District Formation

    • Increase in Numbers: India’s district count has risen from 593 in 2011 to 718, as per the Government of India’s Know India website.
    • Factors Influencing Growth: This increase includes new districts formed between 2001-2011 and the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in 2014.

    Rationale behind Creating New Districts

    • Benefits: Districts gain from government investments in local administration and development.
    • Infrastructure and Economic Development: New districts see enhanced infrastructure, attracting investments and boosting economic activities and employment.

    Challenges in District Formation

    • Limitations and Costs: The financial burden of establishing administrative infrastructure restricts rampant district creation.
    • Resource Allocation: The process involves setting up offices and deploying officers and public servants, impacting the state’s budget.

    Way Forward

    • Community Engagement: Involving local populations in the decision-making process is vital to align district formation with their aspirations and needs.
    • Conflict Resolution and Inclusive Growth: This approach can help mitigate conflicts and ensure decisions contribute to the inclusive growth of the state and nation.

    Back2Basics: History of Districts in India

    Details
    Early Administration Initiated by the British East India Company post-Battle of Plassey (1757) and Battle of Buxar (1764)
    Collectorate System Introduced by Warren Hastings in 1772; District Collector as key revenue, judicial, and administrative authority
    Transition to Crown Rule Post-1857 Revolt, direct British Crown rule led to formalization of district system
    Role of District Collector Central figure in district administration, responsible for revenue, law, and order
    Revenue Systems Implementation of Zamindari, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari systems for land revenue collection
    Survey and Settlement Extensive land surveys for revenue assessment
    Judicial Functions Initially, Collectors (District Magistrate) handled judicial roles; later, separate judicial offices were established
    Law Enforcement Establishment of modern police system with districts as key units
    Impact on Indian Society Centralized control, introduction of bureaucracy
    Post-Independence Legacy Retained district system with evolved role of District Collector

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  • North-East India – Security and Developmental Issues

    Lapses in the implementation of PM-DevINE Scheme

    Prelims OnlySchemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: PM-DevINE Scheme

    Mains level: Not Much

    Central Idea

    • Only about 10% of the funds under the Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East Region (PM-DevINE) have been sanctioned.

    About PM-DevINE Scheme

    Details
    Genesis of PM-DevINE – Introduced in Union Budget 2022-23

    – Approved by the Cabinet on 12th October 2022
    Funding 100% Central funding
    Implementing Ministry Ministry of Development of North-East Region
    Objectives – Infrastructure Development in line with PM GatiShakti

    – Supporting Social Development Projects

    – Empowering Youth and Women in the NER
    Project Implementation State-wise, project-wise list of projects approved for FY 2022-23, tailored to specific state needs

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Evolution of Passports in the Context of ‘Dunki’

    Prelims Only | | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Evolution of Passports

    Mains level: NA

    Passports

    Central Idea

    • A recent Bollywood movie ‘Dunki’ addresses the complex issue of immigration.
    • The term “donkey journey” in the title refers to the perilous routes taken by people lacking legal permits or financial means to immigrate.
    • The film highlights that the current system of visas and passports is a relatively recent development, dating back about 70 years.

    Historical Perspective on Passports

    • Early Forms of Passports: Passports, serving as identity proofs and travel permits, have existed in various forms for centuries.
    • Biblical Reference: The Book of Nehemiah mentions King Artaxerxes of ancient Persia providing letters for safe passage, akin to modern passports.
    • European Documentation: In France and the United Kingdom, systems similar to modern passports were in place well before the French Revolution of 1789.

    The French Passport System

    • Internal and Overseas Passports: France required internal passports for domestic travel and overseas passports for foreign trips.
    • State Control and Regulation: The system was also used to regulate skilled workers and prevent the entry of potential troublemakers.

    Emergence of Modern Passports

    • Shift in India: Before World War I, India did not issue passports, but the British government introduced mandatory passports under the Defence of India Act (1914 to 1918).
    • Global Changes Post-World Wars: The need for secure borders during the World Wars led to a global shift in the perception and use of passports.
    • British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act: This 1914 Act in Britain consolidated laws related to citizenship and introduced modern passport features.

    Standardization and Regulation

    • League of Nations’ Involvement: In 1920, the League of Nations aimed to standardize passport systems, with the British model becoming widely adopted.
    • US Immigration Laws and Passports: The US introduced passport laws in the 1920s, coinciding with immigration restrictions from Asia.

    Public Reception and Cultural Impact

    • Personal Discomfort: In the US and UK, some people found the detailed physical descriptions and identity verification in passports intrusive.
    • Media Attention: The requirement for prominent individuals, including President Woodrow Wilson, to have passports garnered significant media interest.

    Conclusion

    • Beyond Wartime Necessity: Initially intended as a wartime tool, passports have become an integral part of modern citizenship and international travel.
    • Continued Evolution: The history of passports, as explored in ‘Dunki’, reflects the ongoing evolution of identity verification and border control in response to global socio-political changes.

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  • Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

    National Mathematics Day: Remembering the legacy of Srinivasa Ramanujan

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920)

    Mains level: NA

    Ramanujan

    Central Idea

    • December 22, Ramanujan’s birthday, was declared National Mathematics Day in India by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2012, in recognition of his contributions to the field.

    Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920)

    • Early life: Srinivasa Ramanujan, born on December 22, 1887, in Erode, Tamil Nadu, exhibited extraordinary mathematical abilities from a very young age.
    • Mathematical Mastery by 14: By age 14, Ramanujan had mastered advanced mathematics, excelling in exams and exploring complex topics.
    • Difficulties in Other Subjects: His singular focus on mathematics led to poor grades in other subjects, hindering his academic progress.
    • Scholarship Loss and Hardships: After losing a scholarship at Government College in Kumbakonam due to his academic struggles, Ramanujan faced financial difficulties and limited job opportunities.

    Rise in Mathematical Circles

    • Recognition in Madras: By 1910, Ramanujan had gained recognition in Madras’s mathematical circles for his independent work.
    • Clerical Job and Research: In 1912, he secured a clerical position at the Madras Port Trust, which afforded him time for mathematical research.
    • Collaboration with GH Hardy: In 1913, Ramanujan began a correspondence with British mathematician GH Hardy, leading to an invitation to Cambridge University.

    Collaboration and Achievements in Cambridge

    • Journey to Britain: Ramanujan arrived in Britain in 1914 and joined Trinity College, Cambridge.
    • Work with Hardy and Littlewood: Collaborating with Hardy and JE Littlewood, Ramanujan made significant contributions despite his lack of formal higher education.
    • Prestigious Honors: He was elected to the London Mathematical Society in 1917 and became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1918, one of the youngest Fellows in its history.

    Health Struggles and Return to India

    • Declining Health: Ramanujan’s health worsened in the cold British climate, leading to a diagnosis of tuberculosis.
    • Final Years: He returned to India in 1919 and passed away on April 26, 1920, at the age of 32.

    Ramanujan’s Enduring Mathematical Legacy

    • High Praise from Hardy: GH Hardy ranked Ramanujan’s natural mathematical talent alongside greats like Euler and Jacobi.
    • Bruce C Berndt’s Analysis: American mathematician Bruce C Berndt extensively studied Ramanujan’s notebooks, emphasizing the depth of his contributions.
    • Impact on Number Theory: Ramanujan’s work, particularly on the partition function, has had a lasting impact on number theory.
    • Broad Contributions: His expertise included areas like continued fractions, Riemann series, elliptic integrals, hypergeometric series, and the zeta function.
    • Legacy of Unpublished Works: Ramanujan left behind notebooks filled with unpublished results that continued to inspire mathematicians for decades.

    Try this question from CSP 2016:

    A recent movie titled “The Man Who Knew Infinity” is based on the biography of-

    (a) S. Ramanujan

    (b) S. Chandrasekhar

    (c) S. N. Bose

    (d) C. V. Raman

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”de88ndt1ka” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

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  • Global Geological And Climatic Events

    What are Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)?

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Polar Stratospheric Clouds

    Mains level: NA

    Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)

    Central Idea

    • Residents in the Arctic have witnessed an extraordinary atmospheric display of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).

    Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)

    Details
    Formation and Location Form in the polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000–25,000 meters; common over Antarctica and the Arctic.
    Temperature Conditions Require extremely cold temperatures, typically below −78°C (−108°F).
    Types Type I: Composed of water and nitric acid.

    Type II: Made almost entirely of water ice.
    Role in Ozone Depletion Facilitate chemical reactions that produce chlorine and bromine compounds, leading to ozone destruction.
    Appearance Iridescent, shimmering pastel colors, leading to their nickname “nacreous” or “mother-of-pearl” clouds.
    Observation Visible during twilight, illuminated from below by the Sun.
    Research and Monitoring Studied for impact on ozone depletion and climate change; monitored via satellites and ground stations.
    Environmental Concern Linked to human-made chemicals like CFCs; subject to international regulation like the Montreal Protocol.
    Climate Change Connection Research ongoing into how climate change might affect PSCs’ frequency and distribution.
    Discovery and Study History Observed since the 19th century; their role in ozone depletion understood in the 1980s.

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  • Global Geological And Climatic Events

    Volcanic Eruption in Iceland

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Eyjafjallajokull Eruption

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Iceland

    Central Idea

    • A volcanic eruption occurred near Iceland’s capital between SĂ˝lingarfell and Hagafell, near the town of Grindavik on the Reykjanes Peninsula.

    Iceland: ‘Land of Fire and Ice’

    • Geographical Location: Iceland is situated just south of the Arctic Circle in the North Atlantic Ocean.
    • Tectonic Setting: The country lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, marking the boundary between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates.
    • Unique Landscape: Iceland’s landscape features geysers, glaciers, mountains, volcanoes, and lava fields, housing 33 active volcanoes – the highest number in Europe.
    • Historical Settlement: The first human settlement in Iceland dates back to 874 by Norsemen from Scandinavia, leading to the founding of Reykjavik.

    Recent Volcanic Activity on the Reykjanes Peninsula

    • Historical Dormancy: The Reykjanes Peninsula had not experienced volcanic eruptions for 800 years until recently.
    • Recent Eruptions: The current eruption is the fourth in less than three years on the peninsula, indicating a potential new era of volcanic activity.
    • Eyjafjallajokull Eruption: The last major volcanic event in Iceland that gained global attention was the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull.
    • Eruption Timeline and Impact: The volcano erupted twice in March and April 2010, spreading an ash cloud across continents and disrupting air traffic on the North Atlantic route for six days – the longest disruption since World War II.

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Vipassana: the Ancient Buddhist Meditation Practice

    Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Vipassana

    Mains level: NA

    Central Idea

    • A political leader is set to attend a 10-day Vipassana meditation retreat in Punjab, skipping a summons by the Enforcement Directorate.

    About Vipassana

    Details
    Meaning “To see things as they really are”
    Origin Rooted in Buddhism, attributed to Gautama Buddha, rediscovered and refined by him over 2,500 years ago.
    Historical Roots Preserved in Theravada Buddhism, especially in Myanmar; based on teachings in the “Satipatthana Sutta.”
    Technique Mindfulness or insight meditation focusing on the interconnection between mind and body through physical sensations.
    Practice Observing natural breath and bodily sensations, understanding their impermanent nature, typically taught in 10-day retreats.
    Goal Self-transformation through self-observation, leading to improved mental clarity and insight.
    Non-Sectarian Taught as a universal practice, suitable for all backgrounds.
    Global Spread Popularized globally by S.N. Goenka and others in the 20th century.
    Retreats Offered worldwide, often free of charge, funded by donations.
    Scientific Research Studies show benefits in stress reduction, mental health, and treatment of substance abuse.
    Code of Discipline Includes abstaining from killing, stealing, sexual activity, false speech, and intoxicants during courses.

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  • Indian Air Force Updates

    SAMAR Air Defence System

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: SAMAR Air Defence System

    Mains level: NA

    samar

    Central Idea

    • In a major success for its in-house design and development efforts, the Indian Air Force has successfully testfired its SAMAR air defence missile system.

    About SAMAR Air Defence System

    Details
    Full Name Surface to Air Missile for Assured Retaliation (SAMAR)
    Type Short-range air-defence system
    Developed By A unit under the IAF’s Maintenance Command
    Range 10–12 km
    Target Low-flying aerial targets
    Speed Missiles operating at a speed range of 2 to 2.5 Mach
    Key Features – Uses existing inventory of Vympel R-73E missiles

    – Twin-turret launch platform

    – Capable of single and salvo modes
    Role in Defence Supplementing IAF’s Akash and SPYDER systems, replacing older systems like Pechora and OSA-AK
    Deployment Not specified

    https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/world-news/indian-missile-shield-against-potential-threats-from-pak-china-iaf-samar-system-in-action-101702815648038.html

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  • Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

    Prehistoric Andriamamelo Cave Art in Madagascar

    Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Andriamamelo Cave

    Mains level: Read the attached story

    Andriamamelo Cave

    Central Idea

    • Unique prehistoric rock art has been found in the Andriamamelo Cave in western Madagascar, marking a first for the island.
    • It reveals pictorial art with nature, human-like, and animal-like figures.

    Andriamamelo Cave Art: Key Features

    • Beyond Basic Symbols: Previously, Madagascar’s rock art mainly featured basic symbols. The new findings depict more complex scenes and figures.
    • Egyptian Religious Motifs: Some scenes bear a resemblance to motifs from Egypt’s Ptolemaic period (300-30 BCE). Major images hint at Egyptian deities like Horus, Thoth, Ma`at, and Anubis.
    • Ethiopian and Afro-Arab Connections: Symbols and writings suggest cultural links to the Ethiopian and Afro-Arab worlds.
    • Borneo Cave Art Style: The art shares similarities with a two-millennia-old cave art style from Borneo.
    • Depiction of Extinct Animals: The art may depict at least three extinct animals of Madagascar, including a giant sloth lemur, elephant birds, and a giant tortoise.
    • Mysterious M-Figures: The ubiquitous M-shaped symbol matches the Amharic alphabet’s “hawt” and is linked to the concept of the “breath of life” in some Austronesian languages.
    • Absence of Modern and Religious Symbols: The art lacks Christian, Muslim, Hindu symbols, and modern motifs, indicating its ancient origins.

    Dating Challenges and Speculations

    • Difficulty in Dating: Direct dating of the cave art is challenging due to the inorganic nature of the black pigment.
    • Estimated Age: The presence of extinct animals and absence of modern symbols suggest the art could be around 2,000 years old.
    • Potential Historical Evidence: The art might provide insights into who colonized Madagascar and when.

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