Prelims Only – Page 13

Nagaland’s King Chilli Festival

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Intellectual Property Rights

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Naga King Chilli

Why in the News?

The village of Seiyhama in Nagaland hosted the 3rd edition of the Naga King Chilli Festival, celebrating the importance of the Naga king chilli, one of the world’s hottest chillies.

About Naga King Chilli

The Naga King Chilli, also known as Raja Mircha or Bhut Jolokia, is one of the world’s hottest chillies, with heat levels exceeding 1 million Scoville Heat Units (SHU).
It is primarily grown in the Northeast Indian states of Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh.
In 2006, it was certified by the Guinness World Records as the hottest chilli in the world, a title it held for several years.
In 2008, it received a GI tag, recognizing its unique origin and significance in the global spice market.
The chilli has a heat range of 800,000 to 1,041,427 SHU, making it significantly hotter than common chillies like the jalapeño, which has a SHU of 2,500 to 8,000.
Benefits offered:
- Rich in capsaicin, it is known for its pain-relieving properties and potential health benefits, such as boosting metabolism, promoting heart health, and relieving pain and inflammation.
- Traditionally, the chilli has been used to preserve food in Nagaland’s hot, humid climate, helping to extend the shelf life of food and reduce waste.

Cultivation:

- The chilli is grown in bamboo groves using ancient cultivation methods.
- Farming begins in December or January, with peak harvests in August and September.
- Approximately 150 households in Seiyhama village, Nagaland, cultivate the Naga King Chilli, with the annual harvest reaching 14,000 kg, valued at ₹70 lakh.

PYQ:

[2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status?

1. Banaras Brocades and Sarees

2. Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma

3. Tirupathi Laddu

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc.

[pib] Pest-Control Pheromone Dispenser

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Pest-Control Pheromone Dispenser

Why in the News?

A new sustainable pheromone dispenser has been developed through a collaborative research project by scientists from Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) and ICAR–National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR–NBAIR).

What is the Pest-Control Pheromone Dispenser?

	Details
What is it?	A device designed to release pheromones that alter the behaviour of pests, primarily used in agriculture to control infestations and prevent crop damage.
Developed By	A collaborative project by scientists from Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru, and ICAR–National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR–NBAIR), India.
How it Works	Releases synthetic pheromones that mimic natural insect signals. Attracts pests to traps or disrupts mating cycles, preventing infestations.
Technology	Uses mesoporous silica matrix technology for controlled release. Ensures consistent pheromone release, independent of external factors like temperature.
Benefits	Cost-effective: Fewer replacements of pheromones reduce overall costs. Labor-saving: Longer intervals between replacements lower labor requirements. Environmentally friendly: Reduces chemical pesticide use, promoting sustainable agriculture. Increased efficacy: Stable release rate ensures effective pest control over extended periods.
Scalability	Suitable for both small-scale farms and large industrial agricultural operations, making it highly scalable.

PYQ:

[2018] With reference to the Genetically Modified mustard (GM mustard) developed in India, consider the following statements:

1. GM mustard has the genes of a soil bacterium that give the plant the property of pest-resistance to a wide variety of pests.

2. GM mustard has the genes that allow the plant cross-pollination and hybridization.

3. GM mustard has been developed jointly by the IARI and Punjab Agricultural University.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

Square Kilometer Array (SKA) becomes partially functional

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Project

Why in the News?

The Square Kilometer Array (SKA), the world’s largest radio telescope, has carried out its first observations, marking a major milestone.

About Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Project:

	Details
Project Overview	SKA is a global project aimed at building the world’s largest radio telescope network to explore the universe, galaxies, dark matter, and extraterrestrial life.
Construction Phases	Two phases: SKA-Mid in South Africa operates in higher frequency ranges. SKA-Low in Australia operates in lower frequency ranges. Phase 1 (SKA- Mid) began in December 2022. Full operations expected by 2029.
Headquarters	Jodrell Bank Observatory, UK
Site Locations	Telescope arrays in Australia (low-frequency) and South Africa (mid-frequency).
Design and Features	197 parabolic radio antennae in South Africa 131,072 low-frequency antennae in Australia These are capable of detecting faint radio signals from vast distances.
Global Consortium	16 member countries, including Australia, South Africa, India, China, Japan, and several European nations.
India’s Role	India’s Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (NCRA, TIFR) is a key partner SKA India consortium (20+ institutions) involved in software, signal processing, and digital hardware development
Key Technologies	Advanced interferometer system using wave interference for data collection.
Scientific Objectives	Explore galaxies at the edge of the universe Study the ‘Dark Ages’ and phenomena like dark matter and dark energy Search for extraterrestrial life
Frequency Range	Operates between 50 MHz to 15.4 GHz
Global Collaboration	Key collaboration among India, Australia, South Africa, Italy, and other member nations for data generation, analysis, and installation of antennas.

PYQ:

[2022] Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race?

[2015] In the context of modern scientific research, consider the following statements about ‘IceCube’, a particle detector located at South Pole, which was recently in the news:

1. It is the world’s largest neutrino detector, encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice.

2. It is a powerful telescope to search for dark matter

3. It is buried deep in the ice.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3 only

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Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

White Revolution 2.0

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Economics Of Animal-Rearing

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: White Revolution 2.0

Why in the News?

The Ministry of Cooperation unveiled White Revolution 2.0, focusing on empowering women farmers and creating job opportunities in the dairy cooperative sector.

What is White Revolution 2.0?

	Details
Objective	Transforming India’s dairy sector by empowering women farmers, increasing milk production, and modernizing dairy infrastructure.
Target	Increase procurement from the current 660 lakh litres per day to 1,000 lakh litres per day.
Funding	• Initial funding of ₹40,000 per Multi-Purpose Primary Agricultural Credit Society (PACS) by National Dairy Development Board. • Total outlay of ₹70,125 crore with full government budgetary support.
Provisions and Features	1. Women Empowerment: Focus on empowering women in the dairy sector and strengthening women’s cooperatives. 2. Increase in Milk Procurement: Aims to raise procurement by 50% over the next five years. 3. Cooperative Infrastructure: 100,000 new and existing cooperative societies (district cooperative societies and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies) to be set up or enhanced. 4. RuPay Kisan Credit Cards: Nationwide rollout for dairy farmers, with micro-ATMs at cooperative societies. 5. Computerisation of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies: 67,930 Primary Agricultural Credit Societies will be computerised for better management.
Significance	1. Women Empowerment: Creates leadership opportunities for women in dairy, promoting gender equality. 2. Boost to Rural Economy: Strengthening cooperatives and milk procurement will improve rural livelihoods. 3. Improved Infrastructure: Modern technology, micro-ATMs, and computerisation will increase efficiency. 4. Job Creation: Expanding cooperatives and modern practices will generate jobs for 130 million farmers. 5. Malnutrition Reduction: Enhances dairy quality to combat malnutrition. 6. Cooperative Modernisation: Focus on Artificial Intelligence and advanced technologies. 7. Dairy Exports Boost: Improved production and quality to enhance India’s dairy exports.

PYQ:

[2017] Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India?

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Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:
Prelims level: Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM); Naegleria fowleri.
Why in the News?
- - This year, Kerala faced a sudden surge in Amoebic Meningoencephalitis cases, caused by free-living amoebae (FLA) found in freshwater ponds, lakes, and rivers.
- Kerala also saw a diverse range of amoebic infections, caused by Naegleria fowleri, Vermamoeba vermiforis, and Acanthamoeba.
What is Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)?
- PAM is caused by the Naegleria fowleri, often referred to as the “brain-eating amoeba“. It destroys brain tissue, causing severe swelling and is fatal in most cases.
  - An amoeba is a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods.
  - Higher temperatures of up to 115°F (46°C) are conducive to its growth and it can survive for short periods in warm environments.
- The amoeba enters the body through the nose, typically during activities like swimming, and travels to the brain, causing severe damage.
- PAM is also non-communicable.
- Symptoms: Headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, hallucinations, and coma.
  - According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people with PAM die within 1 to 18 days after symptoms begin. It usually leads to coma and death after 5 days.
Diagnosis and Treatment:
- Currently, there are no established effective treatments for PAM.
- Diagnosis involves PCR tests of cerebrospinal fluid, though detection can be challenging due to the rarity of PAM.
- Treatment follows CDC guidelines, including miltefosine, Azithromycin, and Amphotericin B, with miltefosine recently procured by the State Health Department from Germany.
  - Medical interventions typically involve a combination of drugs, including amphotericin B, azithromycin, fluconazole, rifampin, miltefosine, and dexamethasone.
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Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

100 Years of Harappan Civilization

Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Important sites of Indus valley Civilization

Why in the News?

It has been 100 years since the discovery of the Harappan Civilization, announced by John Marshall on September 20, 1924.

Harappa: Remains of a Civilization

The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE, with earlier settlements dating back to 3200 BCE.
The origins of this civilisation are traced back to Mehrgarh in Balochistan, which dates to 7000 BCE.
It is considered one of the three earliest civilizations, alongside Egypt and Mesopotamia.
The civilization covered over 1.5 million sq. km, stretching across modern-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

Remains of the civilization include:
- Well-planned cities with a grid layout, intersecting streets, and fortified structures.
- Advanced drainage systems with underground sewers and covered drains, showing a strong emphasis on hygiene.
- Granaries, warehouses, and dockyards, indicating the presence of structured trade and food storage mechanisms.
- The discovery of seals made of steatite, often engraved with animals and an un-deciphered script, suggesting a sophisticated administrative system.
- Craftsmanship in pottery, bead-making, terracotta figurines, metal artefacts, and weaving.
- Water management systems such as reservoirs, wells, and baths, indicating an advanced understanding of hydraulic engineering.

The Discoverers:

Two ASI archaeologists were credited with the discovery:
- Daya Ram Sahni excavated Harappa in 1921-22, discovering seals, pottery, and beads.
- Rakhal Das Banerji began excavating Mohenjo-daro in 1922, finding similar items such as seals and copper objects.
John Marshall noticed the similarity between the objects found at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, despite the sites being 640 km apart.

About the Mohenjo-daro Site:

Mohenjo-daro is one of the largest cities of the Harappan Civilization, located in the Sindh province of Pakistan, discovered in 1922 by Rakhal Das Banerji.
The city represents one of the finest examples of ancient urban planning:
- Great Bath: A large, centrally located structure thought to be used for ritual bathing or religious ceremonies. It is considered one of the earliest public water tanks in history.
- Granaries: Massive storage facilities near the citadel suggest an organized system of storing food for the community.
- Citadel and Lower Town: The city was divided into a raised citadel for the ruling elite and a lower town for common people. Both areas had well-planned streets and residential complexes.
- Drainage Systems: Mohenjo-daro featured covered drainage systems with individual toilets connected to the drainage network, showcasing an impressive public sanitation system.
- Residential Buildings: Homes were built from uniform mud bricks, with courtyards and bathrooms, and were often multi-storied. The use of standardised brick sizes (ratio 1:2:4) and cubic weights showed their high degree of organisation.
Artefacts found at Mohenjo-daro include:
- Seals with animal motifs and the un-deciphered Harappan script, believed to have been used for administrative or trade purposes.
- Pottery and tools made of bronze and copper.
- Terracotta figurines, jewellery, and toys that reflect a highly developed artistic culture.
- Weights and measures based on a uniform standard, indicating the use of a standardized economic system.
The city’s streets were aligned north-south and east-west, cutting at right angles, allowing for efficient transportation, including bullock carts.
Mohenjo-daro is believed to have had trade links with Mesopotamia, as suggested by artefacts with Mesopotamian connections.

PYQ:

[2013] Which of the following characterizes/characterize the people of Indus Valley Civilization?

1. They possessed great palaces and temples.

2. They worshipped both male and female deities.

3. They employed horse-drawn chariots in warfare.

Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below.

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(d) None of the statements given above is correct

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Global Geological And Climatic Events

Why Earth will temporarily get a ‘Mini-Moon’ in September?

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Salient Features Of World’S Physical Geography

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Mini-Moon, Asteroid 2024 PT5,

Why in the News?

In a rare celestial event, Earth’s gravitational field will witness a small asteroid, 2024 PT5, creating a “mini-moon” for two months.

What is Mini-Moon?

A mini-moon is a small asteroid temporarily captured by Earth’s gravitational field, orbiting the planet for a short period before escaping back into space.
Unlike Earth’s permanent moon, mini-moons only stay for a few months to a few years before being ejected from orbit.
Mini-moons are a rare occurrence because most asteroids either pass by Earth or burn up in the atmosphere rather than being captured by Earth’s gravity.
Mini-moons are usually small, often just a few meters in diameter.
- For example, 2024 PT5 is only about 33 feet (10 meters) in length.
They are hard to detect and are usually discovered using advanced telescopic surveys like NASA’s Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS).

Significance of Mini-Moons

Mini-moons offer scientists a unique opportunity to study near-Earth objects, enhancing our understanding of asteroids’ behavior and composition.
Mini-moons could contain valuable minerals or water, making them potential targets for future space missions to extract resources.
Studying mini-moons helps scientists learn more about Earth’s gravitational influence and how it interacts with space objects.

PYQ:

[2011] What is the difference between asteroids and comets?

Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are formed of frozen gases held together by rocky and metallic material.
Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury.
Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Indian Army Updates

[pib] A poem on ‘National War Memorial’ and a chapter on ‘Veer Abdul Hameed’ included in NCERT

Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: National War Memorial, Abdul Hameed (PVC)

Why in the News?

A poem on National War Memorial and a chapter about Veer Abdul Hameed (PVC) introduced by the Ministries of Defence and Education has been included in the NCERT Class VI curriculum.

About National War Memorial

The National War Memorial was unveiled on 25th February 2019 to honor Indian soldiers who sacrificed their lives in conflicts with Pakistan, China, 1961 Goa war and Operation Pawan.
The monument is designed in a C-hexagon layout, with names of the fallen soldiers inscribed on its walls.
It was designed by Yogesh Chandrasan of WeBe Design Lab.
Key features include the Amar Chakra (Circle of Immortality) with the ‘Eternal Flame’ symbolizing the nation’s commitment to remembering the soldiers.
The Veerta Chakra showcases six bronze murals depicting acts of bravery.
The Rakshak Chakra symbolizes protection with trees representing troops safeguarding the nation.
Tyag Chakra (Circle of Sacrifice) features concentric granite walls honoring the soldiers who have died since Independence.
The memorial also features busts of 21 soldiers who have received the Param Vir Chakra, India’s highest gallantry award.

Who was Veer Abdul Hameed?

Abdul Hamid was a soldier in the 4th Grenadiers of the Indian Army.
He fought in the Battle of Asal Uttar during the 1965 India-Pakistan war, which took place near the India-Pakistan border in Punjab.
On 10th September 1965, he destroyed 3 Pakistani tanks and damaged a 4th near Chima village. He was killed during the battle.
For his exceptional bravery, he was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India’s highest military honour.
A war memorial now stands at the site of his death, featuring a captured Pakistani Patton tank as a tribute to his courage.

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ISRO Missions and Discoveries

TRISHNA Mission

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: TRISHNA Mission

Why in the News?

Philippe Baptiste, head of the French Space Agency, talked about the joint India-France “TRISHNA Mission.”

TRISHNA Mission:

	Details
Overview	A joint Indo-French Earth observation satellite project developed by ISRO and CNES (French Space Agency). Acronym for *“Thermal infraRed Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural resource Assessment” (TRISHNA Mission)***
Launch Year	Targeted for 2026.
Mission Lifespan	Designed for a 5-year operational life.
Primary Objectives	• Monitor water and energy budgets of the continental biosphere. • Assess evapotranspiration for efficient water management. • Improve agricultural water productivity and assist in irrigation water management. • Provide high-resolution observations of water quality in coastal and inland waters. • Assess urban heat islands and detect heat anomalies.
Payloads	• Thermal Infrared (TIR) Payload: Provided by CNES, this sensor maps surface temperature and emissivity in high resolution. • Visible-Near Infrared-Short Wave Infrared (VNIR-SWIR) Payload: Developed by ISRO, this sensor uses seven spectral bands for detailed mapping of surface reflectance.
Orbit and Spatial Resolution	• TRISHNA will operate in a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 761 km. • Spatial resolution: 57 meters for land and coastal areas, 1 km for ocean and polar regions.
Application and Significance	• Supports water resource management, agriculture, and urban planning through precise data on water stress, crop productivity, and urban heat islands. • Enhances climate resilience by tracking droughts, evapotranspiration, and permafrost changes. • Contributes to global environmental initiatives like GEOGLAM and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by providing key agricultural and climate variables.

PYQ:

[2016] Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development?

[2010] In the context of space technology, what is “Bhuvan”, recently in the news?

(a) A mini satellite launched by ISRO for promoting the distance education in India

(b) The name given to the next Moon Impact Probe, for Chandrayaan-II

(d) A space telescope developed by India

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Global Geological And Climatic Events

The Volcanic Island of Rapa Nui

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Salient Features Of World’S Physical Geography

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Rapa Nui Island, Moai statues

Rapa Nui

Why in the News?

The Volcanic Island of Rapa Nui (also known as Easter Island) has always been mysterious due to its harsh geography and iconic Moai statues.

About Rapa Nui Island

	Details
Location	• Situated in the *southeastern Pacific Ocean, Rapa Nui is part of Polynesia and a territory of Chile. • One of the most remote islands, about 3,500 km from Chile*.
Size	• Covers an area of 160 sq. km.
Geographical details	• The island has a volcanic origin, featuring lava-covered terrain and rocky soil. • Notable volcanoes include Terevaka, Poike, and Rano Kau. • Tropical climate with average temperatures ranging between 18°C and 28°C. • Rainfall occurs mostly in the winter months.
Moai Statues	• Famous for over 900 *moai* statues, some as tall as 40 ft and weighing 75 tonnes. • These statues were built between the 13th and 16th centuries to honor revered ancestors. • Carved from volcanic rock and transported across great distances.
Discovery	• Discovered by European sailors on Easter Sunday, 1722, which gave it the name Easter Island. • The island had been settled centuries earlier by Polynesian explorers who navigated thousands of kilometers of ocean.
Significance of New Findings	• Recent studies, including the use of AI analysis of satellite images, have debunked earlier theories of ecological collapse. • Genetic studies show Native American ancestry before European contact, indicating earlier interactions with South America.

PYQ:

[2018] Consider the following statements:

1. The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory.

2. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.

3. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3

(d) 1 and 3

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ISRO Missions and Discoveries

Chandrayaan-4, Venus orbiter gets approval from Cabinet

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Chandrayaan 4, Venus Orbiter Mission

Why in the News?

The Union Cabinet approved the expansion of the Chandrayaan-4 mission, Venus Orbiter Mission (Shukrayaan Misison), Gaganyaan, the development of India’s first space station (the Bharatiya Antariksh Station), and NextGen launch vehicles.

About Chandrayaan-4 Mission

Chandrayaan-4 is the fourth mission in India’s Chandrayaan program (2003).
The mission is currently under conceptualisation and expected to launch around 2027.
Aims: To develop technology for a successful moon landing and ensure a safe return to Earth.
The mission will be launched in two phases onboard two LVM3 rockets.
It will collect lunar samples for analysis on Earth.

About Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM)

The VOM, also called Shukrayaan-1, is an upcoming ISRO mission targeting a 2028 launch.
The mission aims to study Venus’ surface, atmosphere, volcanic activity, and solar wind interactions with its ionosphere.
It will have a mission duration of 4 years.
The spacecraft will operate in an elliptical orbit, with distances of 60,000 km at apoapsis and 500 km at periapsis.
Its payload has a capacity of 100 kg, is powered by 500 watts, and will feature Indian and international instruments for comprehensive analysis.
For the mission’s payload and technology, collaborations with NASA, CNES (France), and Russia have been established.

PYQ:

[2016] The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO:

is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission
made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA
made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Fertilizer Sector reforms – NBS, bio-fertilizers, Neem coating, etc.

Ammonium Nitrate imports cause concern

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Ammonium Nitrate

Why in the News?

Ammonium Nitrate (AN) imports from Russia have sharply increased affecting domestic fertilizer companies in India.
- The import of Ammonium Nitrate is concerning due to increased dependence on foreign supply, price disparity impacting domestic industries, and potential risks to national energy and security.

What is Ammonium Nitrate?

Ammonium Nitrate (NH₄NO₃) is a nitrogen-rich, white, crystalline chemical compound.
It is soluble in water and commonly used in various industries.
Uses:
- It is widely used as a fertilizer in agriculture.
- It serves as a component for anaesthetic gases and cold packs.
- It is also a key ingredient in commercial explosives used for mining and construction.
Ammonium nitrate is classified as an oxidizing substance under Grade 5.1 by the United Nations.
India’s Regulations:
- AN is regulated under The Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2012, and its manufacture or use requires a license.
- The Explosives Act, 1884 defines ammonium nitrate as any compound with more than 45% AN by weight.
- Storage Restrictions: Storing large quantities of AN in populated areas is illegal in India.
- For manufacturing, companies need an industrial license under the Industrial Development and Regulation Act, 1951.

Why is it a Cause of Concern?

Ammonium Nitrate is a primary component in explosive mixtures like ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil).
Though not explosive on its own, it becomes highly dangerous when mixed with detonators like RDX or TNT.
It has been used in Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) by terrorist groups.
Accidents involving AN, like the Beirut port explosion in 2020, have raised serious concerns about its storage and handling.
Its widespread use in fertilizers leads to concerns about environmental impact, especially when mishandled.
Improper storage in populated areas can result in devastating accidents, which is why stringent regulations are in place to control its use, storage, and transport.

PYQ:

[2015] What can be the impact of excessive/inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture?

1. Proliferation of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in soil can occur.

2. Increase in the acidity of soil can take place.

3. Leaching of nitrate to the ground-water can occur.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Climate Change Negotiations – UNFCCC, COP, Other Conventions and Protocols

COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: COP29

Why in the News?

COP29 is set to be hosted by Azerbaijan from November 11 to 22. It has a central focus on finalising a agreement on Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF) particularly for the post-2025 period.

Proposals by Azerbaijan:

Azerbaijan has included key proposals in the COP29 Action Agenda, such as:

Increasing global energy storage capacity by six times by 2030.
Promoting a global market for green hydrogen.
Ensuring the carbon footprint from digitisation and data centres is kept to a minimum.

About the Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF):

The CFAF will be capitalised with contributions from fossil fuel producing countries
It will be headquartered with its secretariat in Baku, Azerbaijan.
It will rely on voluntary contributions from fossil-fuel producing countries and companies.
Azerbaijan, a major petroleum economy, will make the first contribution to kickstart the fund.
Fossil-fuel producing countries and companies will have the option to make annual contributions, either as a fixed sum or based on production volumes.
The funds will be divided equally:
- 50% will go toward climate projects in developing countries.
- 50% will support developing nations in implementing national climate action plans.
The fund will become operational once it reaches a minimum corpus of $1 billion.
At least 10 countries must commit to being shareholders for the fund to start.
20% of the revenues generated from investments will be deposited in a Rapid Response Funding Facility (2R2F) providing highly concessional and grant-based support.

What did Paris Agreement of 2015 said on Climate Finance?

Under the Paris Agreement (2015), developed countries are obligated to raise at least $100 billion annually to aid developing nations in their fight against climate change.
- This amount is expected to increase after 2025.
Negotiations have been slow, and countries are still debating the quantum of finance that industrialised nations should provide.

PYQ:

[2016] With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct?

The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN, and it will go into effect in 2017.
It aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2ºC or even 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels.
Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Section 2 of the Indian Flag Code (2002)

Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Indian Flag Code

Why in the News?

The Bihar Police arrested some miscreants for waving India’s national flag with distorted Ashok Chakra/Dhammachakra.

Significance of Ashok Chakra:

Symbolism: Represents righteousness, justice, and the path of virtue, urging citizens to uphold moral values.
Legacy of Dhamma: Reflects Emperor Ashoka’s principles of peace, non-violence, and welfare, after his embrace of Buddhism.
Compassion for all: Derived from the Dhammachakra, it represents the Buddhist philosophy of ethical living and compassion.
Unity and Progress: The circular design symbolizes unity and continuous development, emphasizing national harmony and forward movement.

About Flag Code of India, 2002:

	Details
Objective	To regulate the display, usage, and respect for the Indian National Flag by citizens, organizations, and the government.
Basisi	Article 51 ‘A’ contained in Part IV A i.e. Fundamental Duties asks: To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem in clause (a).
Structure	The Flag Code is divided into three parts: Part I: General provisions related to the display of the national flag by all. Part II: Display of the flag by government bodies. Part III: Display of the flag by public, private organizations, and educational institutions.
Material of Flag	The national flag should be made of hand-spun and hand-woven wool, cotton, silk, or khadi bunting. However, polyester and machine-made flags were allowed under amendments in 2021.
Prohibitions (Section 2.2)	Not be used as a drapery, costume, or uniform. Not be used for commercial purposes or as a receptacle.
Display Guidelines (Section 2.1)	Must be hoisted respectfully, always ensuring that the saffron band is on top when displayed vertically. Should never touch the ground or be used as decoration.
Amendments	In 2022, rules were amended to allow the national flag to be flown both during the day and night, as long as it is hoisted in a dignified manner.
Penalties	Disrespect or misuse of the national flag is punishable under the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.

PYQ:

[2008] What is the number of spokes in the Dharmachakra in the National Flag of India?

(a) 16

(b) 18

(d) 24

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Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

How good are Modern Telescopes?

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Telescopes

Why in the News?

Modern telescopes, both on Earth and in space, expand our understanding of the universe by gathering and focusing light from distant celestial bodies, revealing cosmic secrets.

Modern Telescopes: Everything you need to know

Primary Functions and Features
Purpose	• Telescopes serve as windows into space, revealing distant celestial bodies and helping explore the universe. • Their primary function is to gather more light than the human eye can, making faint objects visible.
Types	1. Reflecting Telescopes: • Use mirrors to focus light and create images. • Most common in large observatories due to the use of parabolic mirrors, which prevent light scattering and offer clear images. 2. Refracting Telescopes: • Use lenses to bend and focus light (Concave and Convex lenses used) • Limited by lens size, with a maximum of about 1 meter (e.g., Yerkes Observatory). Large lenses may sag, distorting the image.
Primary purpose	• Telescopes are designed to *collect more light than the human eye*. • The light-gathering ability is proportional to the size of the aperture (opening). • Example: A small 70mm telescope collects 118 times more light than the human eye.
Features of Telescopes
Brightness and Magnitude	• Celestial objects’ brightness is measured in apparent magnitude (lower numbers = brighter). • Examples: Sun (-26.78), Venus (-4.92), Sirius (-1.46), Andromeda Galaxy (+3.44). • Small telescopes can detect objects with magnitudes up to +11.2, which are 100 times fainter than what the human eye can see.
Resolution and Detail	• The resolution of a telescope determines how much detail it can show. • A small telescope can resolve details 1.47 arcseconds apart (40 times more detail than the human eye, which resolves details 60 arcseconds apart).
Why are Telescopes set up on Mountains?
Mountaintop benefits	• High-altitude observatories are set up to reduce atmospheric distortion, which affects image quality (e.g., stars twinkling). • Space telescopes, like Hubble, are entirely above the atmosphere and provide clear, undistorted images.
Adaptive Optics	• Ground-based telescopes use adaptive optics to correct atmospheric distortions. • Lasers create artificial stars, and the telescope adjusts its mirrors to reduce twinkling.
About the New Segmented Mirrors
Overcoming Mirror Limitations	• Large mirrors (over 8.5 meters) can sag under their own weight. • Segmented mirrors solve this by using smaller sections to create larger, effective mirrors (e.g., Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) with a 39.3-meter aperture).
Notable Telescopes	• Large Binocular Telescope (LBT): Two 8.4-meter mirrors, combined aperture of 11.9 meters. • Extremely Large Telescope (ELT): Under construction in Chile, it will have a 39.3-meter aperture. • Subaru Telescope (Hawaii): Captured objects with a magnitude of +27.7, 100 million times fainter than what the human eye can see.

PYQ:

[2015] In the context of modern scientific research, consider the following statements about ‘IceCube’, a particle detector located at South Pole, which was recently in the news:

1. It is the world’s largest neutrino detector, encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice.

2. It is a powerful telescope to search for dark matter

3. It is buried deep in the ice.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3 only

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Oil and Gas Sector – HELP, Open Acreage Policy, etc.

Government scraps Windfall Tax on Crude Oil

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Windfall Tax

Why in the News?

The Government of India has scrapped the windfall tax on crude oil, which was previously set at ₹1,850 per tonne.

What is Windfall Tax?

	Details
Definition	A higher tax levied on companies that earn unexpected and extraordinary profits due to external factors.
Purpose	To capture a portion of excess profits from industries benefiting from global price surges, such as oil.
Imposition in India	Imposed as a Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED) on crude oil production and exports of diesel, petrol, and aviation turbine fuel (ATF).
Dynamic Tax Rate	Revised every 15 days based on international oil prices in the preceding fortnight.
First Imposed	July 1, 2022, during the Russia-Ukraine conflict and post-COVID recovery.
Application	Applies to domestically produced crude oil and exports of diesel, petrol, and ATF.
Reasons for Imposing	Sharp rise in global oil prices due to external factors like the Russia-Ukraine war. Capture supernormal profits of energy companies for public welfare.
Benefits	Generates revenue for public welfare schemes. Ensures fair distribution of profits from market volatility. Stabilizes fuel prices during inflation or supply chain disruptions.

India’s Crude Oil Trade:

India is the 3rd largest oil consumer globally, following the US and China.
The country relies on imports for 85% of its oil needs, with this dependence expected to increase due to declining domestic production.
Russia has become India’s top oil supplier, with imports surging to 1.53 million barrels per day (bpd) in January 2024.
Russia (1st) > Iraq (2nd) > Saudi Arabia (3rd)> UAE (4th) – Crude oil export to India

PYQ:

[2020] The term ‘West Texas Intermediate’, sometimes found in news, refers to a grade of:

(a) Crude oil

(b) Bullion

(d) Uranium

[2017] Petroleum refineries are not necessarily located nearer to crude oil producing areas, particularly in many of the developing countries. Explain its implications. (250 words)

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BRICS Summits

Turkey bids to join BRICS

Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: BRICS-11, New members of BRICS

Why in the News?

Turkey has officially applied to join the BRICS group after Russia supported its entry. Russia is set to hold the BRICS Summit in Kazan from October 22 to 24, 2024.
- Malaysia and Thailand had also expressed their interest in joining the expanded BRICS group of emerging economies.

Turkey’s Geopolitical Position:

Joining BRICS could signify Turkey’s foreign policy shift, possibly distancing the country further from its long-standing ambition to join the European Union (EU).
Turkey has faced Western criticism for its purchase of Russian S-400 defence systems, its ties with Russia, and its stance on sanctions.
- Ankara is positioning itself as a middle power that can balance relationships between the West and the Global South.

What is BRICS?

	Details
Members	BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)
Origin	Coined by economist Jim O’Neill in 2001 as BRIC, formalised as BRICS in 2010
Formation	First meeting of BRIC Foreign Ministers in 2006. South Africa was invited to join BRIC in December 2010
Global share of BRICS	Population: 41% GDP: 24% Global trade: 16%
Chairmanship	Rotated annually among members, following sequence B-R-I-C-S
India’s Hosting	Hosted the 2021 BRICS Summit
Key Initiatives	New Development Bank (NDB) established in 2014: Approved 70 infrastructure and sustainable development projects Contingent Reserve Arrangement signed in 2014: Aims to forestall short-term balance of payments pressures and strengthen financial stability Customs agreements signed for trade facilitation BRICS Remote Sensing Satellite Constellation initiated in 2021: Involves six existing satellites developed by members
Expansion	Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates joined as new full members on January 1, 2024. Argentina refused to join the BRICS group in 2024 Malaysia, Thailand and Turkey have bid for its membership.

PYQ:

[2014] With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements:

1. The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.

2. South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

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Start-up Ecosystem In India

[pib] BHASKAR Platform for India’s Startup Ecosystem

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: BHASKAR Platform

Why in the News?

The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, has launched the BHASKAR platform.

About BHASKAR Platform

	Details
Platform Name	Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry (BHASKAR)
Launched By	Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Objective	To strengthen India’s startup ecosystem by centralizing resources and facilitating collaboration
Target Audience	Startups, investors, mentors, service providers, and government bodies
Key Features	Networking and Collaboration: Connects startups, investors, and mentors, enabling interaction across sectors. Centralized Access to Resources: Provides instant access to critical tools, knowledge, and resources for startups, enhancing decision-making and growth. Personalized BHASKAR IDs: Each stakeholder (startup, investor, mentor) receives a unique ID for tailored interactions and services. Enhanced Discoverability: Users can easily search and find relevant resources, collaborators, and opportunities using powerful search features. Access to Funding Opportunities: Facilitates connections between startups and potential investors for funding. Global Outreach: Supports cross-border collaborations and fosters India’s global presence in the innovation ecosystem.
Impact	Promotes innovation, entrepreneurship, and job creation Enhances India’s status as a global leader in startups

Growth of the Startup Ecosystem

As of May 2023, India boasts over 99,000 officially recognized startups, making it the third-largest startup ecosystem globally. This growth reflects an increase from 84,012 startups in 2022 and a notable rise from just 452 in 2016.
The ecosystem has also produced 108 unicorns, startups valued at over $1 billion, collectively worth approximately $340.80 billion

PYQ:

[2015] “Success of ‘Make in India’ program depends on the success of ‘Skill India’ programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments.

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Wildlife Conservation Efforts

Cheetah Action Plan (CAP)

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Cheetah Action Plan (CAP)

Cheetah

Why in the News?

The Cheetah Action Plan (CAP) which aimed to introduce African cheetahs into India’s Open Natural Ecosystems (ONEs), is completing its two years.

About Cheetah:

The cheetah is a fast-running big cat, and there are two types of Cheetahs globally:
- African (savannahs, arid mountains, and hilly deserts)
- Asiatic (desert and semi-desert areas only in Iran)
Cheetahs live in three main groups: females with cubs, male coalitions, and solitary males. They hunt during the day, preferring dawn and dusk.
The global cheetah population was 6,500 mature individuals (IUCN, 2021).
IUCN Status: Vulnerable (Globally) and Critically Endangered (Asiatic Cheetah)

Cheetah Reintroduction in India:

In India, cheetahs disappeared in the early 1950s due to hunting and the loss of their habitat.
Cheetahs (i.e. Southeast African Cheetah) from Namibia were reintroduced in Kuno National Park(MP) under the Project Cheetah.
This area was deemed a habitat parallel to Maasai Mara (National Park) in Kenya, suitable for cheetahs.

Current Issues:

Despite the initial excitement, all of these cheetahs remain in captivity at Kuno.
Unfortunately, no cheetahs are currently roaming freely in the wild, raising concerns about the success of the reintroduction efforts.

What is Project Cheetah?

Aim: To conserve threatened species and restore ecosystem functions. It is spearheaded by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
The plan involves partnering with other countries to conserve cheetahs, enhancing conservation and eco-tourism in India’s dry forests.
The population should reach Kuno National Park’s capacity in 15 years, needing sustained support.
Sunset Clause: The concept of a sunset clause in the context of Project Cheetah refers to the long-term criteria (at least 30-40 years) for establishing a viable cheetah population in India.

PYQ:

[2012] Consider the following: (2012)

Black-necked crane
Cheetah
Flying squirrel
Snow leopard

Which of the above are naturally found in India?

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Global Geological And Climatic Events

Typhoon Yagi

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Disaster Management

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

Prelims level: Typhoon Yagi

Why in the News?

India has launched Operation Sadbhav to provide humanitarian assistance to Southeast Asian countries affected by Typhoon Yagi, including Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar.

Typhoon Yagi: Origin and Impact

Typhoon Yagi began as a tropical storm in the western Philippine Sea on September 1, 2024.
- Yagi, which means goat or the constellation of Capricornus in Japanese.
It made landfall in the Philippines but intensified again due to warm waters in the South China Sea, reaching Category 3 winds by September 4.
Yagi further strengthened to a Category 5 typhoon with peak winds of 260 kmph, making it one of only four Category 5 storms recorded in the South China Sea.
Although downgraded to a tropical depression, it continued to bring heavy rains and floods to Myanmar and other areas.

What are Typhoons?

A Typhoon is a type of tropical cyclone that forms in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, particularly affecting East Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Oceania.
They are characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and can cause severe flooding, storm surges, and damage to infrastructure.

Key Features of Typhoons:

Formation Region: Typhoons form in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, primarily between 100°E and 180°E.
Wind Speed: To be classified as a typhoon, sustained winds must exceed 119 km/h.
Structure: Like hurricanes, typhoons have a central eye (calm area) surrounded by a violent eyewall where the strongest winds and heaviest rains occur.
Season: Typhoons typically occur from May to October, with a peak from August to September.

Global Terminology:

Typhoon: Northwest Pacific Ocean.
Hurricane: North Atlantic, Central and Eastern North Pacific Oceans.
Cyclone: South Pacific and Indian Ocean.

PYQ:

[2020] Consider the following statements:

1. Jet streams occur in the Northern Hemisphere only.

2. Only some cyclones develop an eye.

3. The temperature inside the eye of a cyclone is nearly 10ºC lesser than that of the surroundings.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1 and 3 only

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Type: Prelims Only

Why in the News?

About Naga King Chilli

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What is the Pest-Control Pheromone Dispenser?

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Project:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What is White Revolution 2.0?

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What is Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)?

Diagnosis and Treatment:

Why in the News?

Harappa: Remains of a Civilization

The Discoverers:

About the Mohenjo-daro Site:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What is Mini-Moon?

Significance of Mini-Moons

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About National War Memorial

Who was Veer Abdul Hameed?

Why in the News?

TRISHNA Mission:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About Rapa Nui Island

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About Chandrayaan-4 Mission

About Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM)

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What is Ammonium Nitrate?

Why is it a Cause of Concern?

PYQ:

Why in the News?

Proposals by Azerbaijan:

About the Climate Finance Action Fund (CFAF):

What did Paris Agreement of 2015 said on Climate Finance?

PYQ:

Why in the News?

Significance of Ashok Chakra:

About Flag Code of India, 2002:

PYQ:

Why in the News?

Modern Telescopes: Everything you need to know

Primary Functions and Features

Features of Telescopes

Why are Telescopes set up on Mountains?

About the New Segmented Mirrors

PYQ:

Why in the News?

What is Windfall Tax?

India’s Crude Oil Trade:

PYQ:

Turkey’s Geopolitical Position:

What is BRICS?

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About BHASKAR Platform

Growth of the Startup Ecosystem

PYQ:

Why in the News?

About Cheetah:

Cheetah Reintroduction in India:

Current Issues:

What is Project Cheetah?

PYQ:

Why in the News?

Typhoon Yagi: Origin and Impact

What are Typhoons?

Key Features of Typhoons:

Global Terminology: