Civilsdaily

Subject: Trivia

  • [pib] ANUBHAV AWARDS, 2024

    Why in the News?

    The Minister of State for Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions has conferred the Anubhav Awards 2024.

    ANUBHAV Awards

    Details
    Purpose To recognize the contributions of retired officials to nation-building and document the administrative history of India through their written narratives.
    Portal Launch Launched in March 2015.
    Organizing Body Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions, Department of Pension & Pensioners’ Welfare.
    Objectives – Create a database of significant suggestions and work experiences.
    – Utilize the experience of retiring employees for nation-building.
    – Enable Ministries/Departments to consider useful and replicable suggestions.
    Criteria Retiring Central Government employees and pensioners, who can submit their Anubhav write-ups 8 months prior to retirement and up to 1 year post-retirement.
    Award Process Write-ups are assessed by the concerned Ministries/Departments, published, and then shortlisted for the Anubhav Awards and Jury Certificates.
    Awards and Recognition – ANUBHAV Awardees: Receive a medal, certificate, and a prize of ₹10,000.
    – Jury Certificate Winners: Receive a medal and a certificate.

     

    PYQ:

    [2021] Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards :​

    1. Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.​

    2. Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.​

    3. The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.​

    Which of the above statements are not correct?​

    (a) 1 and 2 only ​

    (b) 2 and 3 only​

    (c) 1 and 3 only ​

    (d) 1, 2 and 3​

  • Sighting of Peru’s uncontacted Mashko Piro people

    Why in the News?

    An NGO has released rare photographs of the Mashco Piro tribespeople, one of the world’s 100-odd uncontacted tribes.

    Who are the Mashko Piro people?

    • The Mashco Piro tribe, possibly numbering over 750, are nomadic hunter-gatherers.
    • They live in the Amazon jungles of the Madre de Dios Region, near Peru’s border with Brazil and Bolivia.
    • Almost all uncontacted tribes, including the Mashco Piro, live in the jungles of the Amazon and Southeast Asia.
    • The Mashco-Piro speak a dialect of the Piro language.
    • The tribe is highly reclusive and only occasionally contacts the Yine people, another native group.

    Threats from the logging activities

    • Logging companies has been allotted 53,000 hectares in the Madre de Dios forests to extract cedar and mahogany.
    • The Mashco Piro have expressed their disapproval of the logging companies through the Yine people, reporting feelings of pressure and upset due to company assaults.

    Historical Context:

    • The Mashco Piro’s territory was invaded during Peru’s rubber boom in the 1880s, resulting in displacement, enslavement, and mass killings.
    • Survivors moved further upstream on the Manu River and have lived in isolation since then.

    Protective measures from the Government

    • In 2002, the Peruvian government established the Madre de Dios Territorial Reserve to protect the Mashco Piro’s territory.
    • However, large parts of their traditional lands lie outside the reserve and have been sold as logging concessions.
    • The Peruvian government has forbidden all contact with the Mashco Piro to prevent the spread of diseases to which the tribe has no immunity.
    • As logging companies encroach on their territories, the Mashco Piro have nowhere left to go.

    PYQ:

    [2016] Consider the following pairs:

    Community sometimes in the affairs of mentioned in the news

    1. Kurd : Bangladesh
    2. Madhesi : Nepal
    3. Rohingya : Myanmar

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 and 2

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 2 and 3

    (d) 3 only

  • The story of the American Declaration of Independence   

    Why in the news? 

    July 4 commemorates the 248th Independence Day of the United States, celebrating the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the foundational document that established the US as a union of states freed from British rule.

    Why did the colonists want Independence from Britain?

    • Lack of Representation: Colonists were discontented with British policies that imposed taxes and laws without colonial representation in the British Parliament, which they viewed as unjust and oppressive.
    • Policy Shifts: After the French and Indian War, Britain ended its policy of salutary neglect and imposed stricter controls on the colonies, including prohibitions on westward expansion and new taxes through acts like the Stamp Act and Tea Act.
    • Ideas of Freedom: Influenced by Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality, colonists began to articulate grievances against monarchical rule and asserted their natural rights to self-governance.
    • Resistance Movements: Events like the Boston Tea Party symbolized widespread resistance to British taxation and policies, galvanizing colonial unity and determination for independence.
    • Armed Conflict: The escalation from protests and boycotts to armed conflict (beginning in 1775) underscored the colonies’ resolve to break away from British control and establish their own governance.

    What happened in the lead up to American independence?

    • Formation of Continental Congress: Colonists formed the Continental Congress to coordinate resistance efforts and explore avenues for negotiation with Britain, which ultimately failed due to British refusal to grant representation.
    • Boycotts and Protests: Colonists attempted economic boycotts of British goods and engaged in protests against oppressive British policies, marking a period of growing dissent and opposition.
    • Outbreak of War: By 1775, clashes between colonial militias and British troops erupted into open warfare, solidifying the shift from grievances to armed struggle for independence.
    • Declaration of Independence: The Continental Congress formally declared the colonies’ independence on July 2, 1776, followed by the adoption and signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.
    • Continental Army and Allies: The colonies secured military support and alliances, crucially from France, which helped sustain their war effort against British forces.

    How was the Declaration of Independence formulated?

    • Committee of Five: A committee including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston was appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence.
    • Thomas Jefferson’s Role: Jefferson, primarily responsible for drafting, drew on Enlightenment philosophy and his earlier writings to articulate the principles of natural rights and grievances against British tyranny.
    • Drafting Process: The committee reviewed Jefferson’s draft, incorporating edits and revisions suggested by Adams, Franklin, and others before presenting the final version to the Continental Congress.
    • Adoption and Signing: On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence, which was signed by 56 delegates representing the thirteen colonies, solidifying their break from British rule.
    • Legacy of equality and rights as a foundation: The Declaration’s proclamation of equality and rights laid the foundation for American ideals of democracy and independence, shaping the course of American history and inspiring similar movements worldwide.

    Conclusion: The Declaration of Independence, adopted on July 4, 1776, marked a pivotal moment as the American colonies asserted their sovereignty, based on Enlightenment ideals, igniting a global pursuit of liberty and democratic principles.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q American Revolution was an economic revolt against mercantilism. Substantiate. (UPSC IAS/2013)

  • Chin-Kuki-Zo Tribes: Backdrop of Ethnic Conflict in Manipur

    Why in the news?

    Manipur CM took it to social media where he alleged an “unnatural growth” in the population of the “Chin-Kuki-Zo” tribes in the state, posing a perceived threat to indigenous communities and national security.

    About Chin-Kuki-Zo Tribes

    Chin Tribe Kuki Tribe Zo Tribe
    Ethnic Composition Major ethnic group in Myanmar’s Chin State; known for distinct customs and language. Heterogeneous group in Northeast India; recognized for diverse subtribes. Diverse ethnic group in Northeast India, Myanmar, and parts of Bangladesh.
    Geographical Distribution Primarily in Myanmar’s Chin State; significant populations in Indian states like Mizoram. Mainly in Northeast India; also found in Chin State, Myanmar. Inhabits Northeast India, particularly Mizoram and Manipur; also in parts of Myanmar and Bangladesh.
    Language Chin language, part of Kuki-Chin subgroup of Tibeto-Burman family. Kuki-Chin languages; various dialects with distinct variations. Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages; different dialects within Tibeto-Burman family.
    Culture and Traditions Vibrant music, dance, festivals; celebrates Chin National Day. Rich oral traditions, folk music; celebrates festivals like Chavang Kut. Rich oral literature, vibrant festivals; celebrates Chapchar Kut and Mim Kut.
    Livelihood Historically practiced subsistence agriculture; now diversified livelihoods. Historically practiced shifting (Jhum) cultivation; now engaged in various occupations. Historically practiced shifting (Jhum) cultivation; now diverse livelihood patterns.
    Religion Predominantly Christianity with some traditional animistic beliefs. Predominantly Christianity with traditional animistic practices. Predominantly Christianity with remnants of traditional beliefs.
    Socio-Political Organization Advocates for cultural identity and rights; e.g., Chin National Front. Promotes Kuki identity; active organizations like Kuki National Organization. Promotes Zo identity; e.g., Zomi Council and Mizo Zirlai Pawl.

    Issues with their migration

    The Chin-Kuki-Zo tribes in Manipur are contributing to the conflict in the state due to various factors.

    • There have been longstanding demands from various tribal groups for greater recognition of their ethnic identity and autonomy within Manipur.
    • Land ownership and control are significant issues among the Chin-Kuki-Zo tribes in Manipur.
    [2016]  Consider the following pairs: (2016)

    Community sometimes  mentioned in the news In the affairs of
    1. Kurd Bangladesh
    2. Madhesi Nepal
    3. Rohingya Myanmar

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 and 2
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 2 and 3
    (d) 3 only

  • Why do we celebrate Women’s Day on March 8?

    women

    In the news

    • March 8 marks International Women’s Day (IWD), a global observance celebrating the social, economic, cultural, and political achievements of women.
    • Rooted in historical movements for women’s rights, IWD serves as a reminder of the ongoing struggle for gender equality.

    Try this PYQ from CSE Mains 2019:

    Q. What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space?

    International Women’s Day: It’s Origin

    • First National Woman’s Day: The precursor to IWD dates back to February 28, 1909, when the Socialist Party of America designated this day to honour the 1908 garment workers’ strike in New York City, where women demanded better working conditions and voting rights.
    • First Wave Feminism: These protests were part of the broader First Wave Feminist movement, advocating for women’s suffrage, equal pay, and fundamental rights.
    • Global Initiatives: The call for an International Women’s Day gained momentum at the Second International Conference of Working Women in 1910, where Clara Zetkin proposed the idea of a global day of celebration to press for women’s demands.

    Historical Milestones

    • Russian Influence: March 8 gained prominence globally due to protests by Russian women on February 23, 1917 (according to the Julian calendar), demanding an end to war and food shortages. This date aligned with March 8 on the Gregorian calendar, becoming the symbolic date for IWD celebrations.
    • Role in Russian Revolution: Women’s participation in the 1917 protests played a pivotal role in galvanizing public opinion against the monarchy, ultimately leading to the Russian Revolution and the establishment of a communist state.
    • Global Recognition: Over the years, IWD has garnered international recognition, with governments and organizations commemorating the day to honor women’s contributions to society and advocate for gender equality.

    Evolution and Contemporary Significance

    • Continued Advocacy: Despite progress, challenges persist, necessitating ongoing advocacy for women’s rights and gender equality.
    • Global Celebration: IWD serves as a platform to celebrate women’s achievements and address areas needing improvement, such as leadership representation and gender-based violence.
    • Policy and Recognition: Governments and organizations worldwide recognize IWD’s importance, with initiatives like Women’s History Month emphasizing women’s contributions throughout history.
    • Ongoing Struggle: The fight for gender equality continues, reaffirming the significance of IWD as a rallying point for collective action and solidarity.

    Conclusion

    • International Women’s Day is a testament to women’s resilience and activism throughout history.
    • From its grassroots origins to its global recognition today, IWD embodies the progress made and the challenges that remain in achieving gender parity.
    • As the world celebrates the achievements of women past, present, and future, IWD serves as a beacon of hope and a call to action for a more inclusive and equitable world.

  • The clear message in the Court’s ‘no’ to electoral bonds

    Supreme Court strikes down Electoral Bonds Scheme as 'Unconstitutional'

    Central Idea:

    The Supreme Court’s recent decision to strike down India’s electoral bonds scheme marks a significant victory for transparency in democracy. The judgment highlights the importance of ensuring that political funding is transparent and accountable to the public.

    Key Highlights:

    • The Supreme Court’s ruling on February 15, 2024, declared the electoral bonds scheme unconstitutional due to its lack of transparency.
    • The scheme allowed undisclosed corporate funding of political parties, removing previous limits and potentially enabling influence peddling.
    • Amendments to the Reserve Bank of India Act and other laws to introduce electoral bonds were deemed arbitrary and violative of fundamental rights.
    • The court ordered the State Bank of India to cease issuing electoral bonds and mandated disclosure of all previously issued bonds to the Election Commission.
    • The judgment underscores the importance of judicial review in upholding democratic principles and protecting constitutional rights.

    Key Challenges:

    • The influence of money in elections remains a challenge, including the use of black money and bribery.
    • The lack of independent voting in India’s legislative process allows ruling parties to pass laws without sufficient scrutiny or consultation.
    • Political parties’ resistance to transparency raises concerns about their commitment to serving the public interest.

    Main Terms from the article:

    • Electoral bonds: Instruments for anonymous political donations introduced in India.
    • Transparency: Openness and accountability in political processes and decision-making.
    • Judicial review: The power of courts to assess the constitutionality of laws and government actions.
    • Fundamental rights: Constitutional protections for individual freedoms and equality.
    • Campaign funding: Financial support for political parties and candidates during elections.

    Important phrases for mains answer writing:

    • “Transparency is the basis of campaign funding.”
    • “The judgment restores transparency in political funding.”
    • “The ruling prevents undue influence on the government by corporate donors.”
    • “The power of judicial review is crucial for upholding democracy.”
    • “The price of democracy is eternal vigilance.”

    Quotes for value addition:

    • “The electoral bonds scheme was opaque.”
    • “The judgment prevents crony capitalism from influencing political parties.”
    • “The ruling party bypassed transparency with electoral bonds.”
    • “The power of judicial review is precious.”
    • “We need political parties, but it is up to us to ensure they work for the good of society.”

    Useful Statements:

    • “The Supreme Court’s decision reaffirms the principle that transparency is essential for democracy.”
    • “The ruling highlights the need for robust mechanisms to prevent undue influence on political processes.”
    • “Public scrutiny and vigilance are vital for holding political parties accountable.”
    • “The judgment sets a precedent for upholding constitutional rights in electoral matters.”
    • “Citizens’ engagement is crucial for ensuring that political parties serve the interests of the nation.”

    Examples and References:

    • The case of electoral bonds exemplifies the tension between transparency and political expediency in India’s democracy.
    • Similar challenges with campaign finance transparency have been observed in other democracies worldwide.
    • Instances of corporate influence on policy-making underscore the importance of regulating political funding.
    • Civil society organizations and activists have played a critical role in advocating for transparency in political funding.
    • Past instances of electoral malpractice highlight the need for stronger legal safeguards against undue influence.

    Facts and Data:

    • The Supreme Court’s ruling was issued on February 15, 2024.
    • Electoral bonds were introduced as a means of anonymous political funding.
    • Amendments to various laws facilitated the implementation of the electoral bonds scheme.
    • The Election Commission of India raised concerns about the potential misuse of electoral bonds.
    • The judgment requires the State Bank of India to disclose all previously issued electoral bonds to the Election Commission by March 6, 2024.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The electoral bonds scheme represented a departure from established norms of transparency in political funding.
    • The Supreme Court’s decision underscores the judiciary’s role in upholding democratic principles and constitutional rights.
    • The ruling highlights the challenges of balancing political expediency with the need for transparency and accountability.
    • Political parties’ resistance to transparency raises questions about their commitment to democratic values.
    • The judgment sets a precedent for future legal challenges to electoral practices that undermine transparency and accountability.

    Way Forward:

    • Strengthening legal safeguards to ensure transparency and accountability in political funding.
    • Promoting civic engagement and public awareness to hold political parties accountable.
    • Enhancing mechanisms for independent oversight and regulation of campaign finance.
    • Encouraging broader political reforms to address systemic issues of corruption and undue influence.
    • Emphasizing the importance of upholding democratic principles and constitutional rights in electoral matters

  • M Venkaiah Naidu writes: L K Advani, a leader who never craved power

    Advani's last hurrah? | Mint

    Central Idea:

    The article praises Lal Krishna Advani’s significant contributions to Indian public life, emphasizing his role in promoting Indian civilizational values, correcting historical distortions, and fostering national unity. It highlights his quiet yet effective leadership, dedication to a new India, and his instrumental role in the formation and growth of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The author commends the government’s decision to confer the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, on Advani.

    Key Highlights:

    • Advani’s life mission focused on promoting the glory of Indian thought and building a modern, united nation.
    • His extensive travels and yatras played a crucial role in shaping public opinion on critical issues.
    • Instrumental in founding the BJP, Advani, along with Atal Bihari Vajpayee, contributed to the party’s remarkable rise.
    • Advani’s commitment to a new India, drawing strength from its past and rising to its potential, is highlighted.
    • He vehemently opposed historical distortions, pseudo-secularism, and advocated for the right spirit of secularism and nationalism.

    Key Challenges: The article does not explicitly mention challenges. However, it may be inferred that Advani faced challenges in steering Indian thought away from historical distortions and in promoting a vision of nationalism that unifies all Indians.

    Key Terms/Phrases:

    • Bharat Ratna: India’s highest civilian award.
    • Yatras: Extensive travels or journeys for a specific purpose, often used in the context of political or religious outreach.
    • BJP: Bharatiya Janata Party, a prominent political party in India.
    • Pseudo-secularism: The article criticizes false narratives and distortions in presenting the concept of secularism.
    • Rath Yatra: A chariot procession, referring to Advani’s national movement in 1990.
    • Ram Mandir: Refers to the recently consecrated temple dedicated to Lord Ram.

    Key Quotes/Statements:

    • “Advaniji emerged as one of the leading voices of India during the 70 years of his public life.”
    • “His life’s mission has been to create awareness about the glory of Indian thought and build a modern united nation.”
    • “He spared no effort to correct historical distortions and insults to the idea of India.”
    • “Advaniji is more a man of deeds and less of words.”

    Key Examples and References:

    • Advani’s role in launching a Rath Yatra from Somnath in 1990.
    • The successful partnership between Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee in founding and expanding the BJP.
    • Reference to the recently consecrated Ram Mandir and Advani’s contribution to unleashing the power of nationalism.

    Key Facts/Data:

    • Advani’s public life spanning 70 years.
    • The BJP’s parliamentary performance in 1984 and its subsequent rise to a national political force.
    • Advani’s role as the Home Minister and efforts to fortify internal security.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article presents a positive and appreciative view of Advani’s contributions, emphasizing his commitment to Indian values, secularism, and nationalism. It portrays him as a quiet yet effective leader, focusing on tangible results. The author applauds the government’s decision to confer the Bharat Ratna on Advani.

    Way Forward:

    The article does not explicitly suggest a way forward. However, it implies that Advani’s legacy will endure through the principles and morals he upheld, the leaders he mentored, and the impact of his contributions on shaping the idea of India.

  • Lesson from ’12th fail’: In a just society, UPSC obsession would be cruelty. We celebrate it

    12th Fail (2023) - IMDb

    Central Idea:

    The article focus into Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s film, “12th Fail,” capturing the struggles of real-life IPS officer Manoj Kumar Sharma in the competitive UPSC examinations. It highlights the unexpected yet impactful body language of the lead actor, Vikrant Massey, and underscores the film’s exploration of conformity and authenticity in the civil services interview process.

    Key Highlights:

    • Portrayal of Manoj Kumar Sharma’s internal journey in the UPSC examinations.
    • Emphasis on Vikrant Massey’s skill in conveying character emotions through body language.
    • Crucial moments, including the character’s nervousness and a supportive letter from his girlfriend.
    • Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s focus on the significance of staying honest and true to oneself in achieving success.

    Key Challenges:

    • Illustration of challenges faced by candidates in the competitive UPSC examination process.
    • Pressure to conform to societal expectations during interviews.
    • Realities of a low success rate and the potential absence of a happy ending for many candidates.

    Key Terms:

    • UPSC: Union Public Service Commission, responsible for civil service examinations in India.
    • IPS: Indian Police Service.
    • Body language: Non-verbal communication through gestures, postures, and facial expressions.

    Key Phrases:

    • “Internal journey”: Emphasizes the character’s emotional and psychological struggles.
    • “Unfairness of the system”: Highlights challenges of conforming in the competitive examination process.
    • “Without oxygen”: Metaphorically describes the character’s journey to success without significant support.

    Key Quotes:

    • “He has to win by not being himself, by not revealing too much of himself.”
    • “When someone sees you for who you are, they also see you for who you want to be.”
    • “The crucial thing about this film is to show that you can make it big while staying honest.”

    Anecdotes:

    • Manoj Kumar Sharma’s nervousness and struggle with formal attire on the day of the final interview.
    • The pivotal moment when he reads a supportive letter from his girlfriend, providing strength to be true to himself.

    Key Statements:

    • “The real job, as is for most great acting, is internal.”
    • “In a just society, the competitive UPSC process would be seen as cruel.”

    Key Examples and References:

    • Vikrant Massey’s portrayal of Manoj Kumar Sharma’s transformation through body language.
    • Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s emphasis on honesty and integrity in the pursuit of success.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article critically examines societal pressures and challenges in the pursuit of government civil service jobs, advocating for authenticity in success.

    Way Forward:

    Encourages a shift in societal perspectives, promoting a more just and empathetic approach to the challenges faced by candidates in competitive exams, without sacrificing one’s true self.

  • How Imroz’s love built Amrita Pritam, as a woman and a poet

    51 Amrita pritam ideas in 2023 | amrita pritam, gulzar quotes, zindagi quotes

    Who is amrita pritam?
    • Amrita Pritam (1919–2005) was a renowned Indian poet and writer, hailed as one of the leading literary figures in the Punjabi language and Hindi literature. She is best known for her poignant poetry, which often explored themes of love, loss, and the socio-political issues of her time. Amrita Pritam’s notable works include “Ajj aakhaan Waris Shah nu” (Today I invoke Waris Shah), a poem expressing the anguish of the partition of India in 1947.
    • She received several literary awards, including the Sahitya Akademi Award, the Jnanpith Award, and the Padma Vibhushan, one of the highest civilian honors in India. Amrita Pritam’s writing, characterized by its emotional depth and social consciousness, left a lasting impact on Indian literature.

    Central idea 

    The central idea revolves around the enduring 45-year relationship between Amrita Pritam and Imroz, marked by deep respect and devotion. Imroz’s recent passing is seen as a second loss of Amrita, emphasizing their inseparable connection and the profound impact of supportive relationships in shaping artistic legacies. The narrative explores unconventional expressions of love, challenges societal norms, and highlights the importance of understanding and preserving unique bonds between artists.

    Key Highlights:

    • The 45-year-long relationship between Amrita Pritam and Imroz is marked by deep respect, admiration, and devotion.
    • Imroz’s preferred term for Amrita was “Madam,” reflecting his acknowledgment of her seniority.
    • Amrita’s enduring presence is attributed not only to her literary work but also to Imroz’s reflections on her after his recent passing at 97.

    Key Challenges:

    • The loss of Imroz feels like losing Amrita again, emphasizing the inseparable connection between the two artists.
    • The challenge lies in preserving and understanding the unique bond that shaped Amrita Pritam’s identity and creativity.

    Key Phrases:

    • “Too empty an expression”: Imroz’s perspective on not using the term ‘love’ with Amrita, opting for deeper connections.
    • “Lost Amrita all over again”: Imroz’s passing is seen as a second loss of Amrita, underlining their inseparable connection.

    Key Quotes:

    • “We never used the term ‘love’ or that we loved each other. It was too empty an expression.” – Imroz’s perspective on the depth of their connection.
    • “While passing through your poem, I fear that I’m stepping onto Imroz’s wet canvas.” – Gulzar’s tribute, expressing the intertwining of poetry and art.

    Key Statements:

    • Amrita’s courageous exploration of sexuality and self-realization was groundbreaking in Indian literature.
    • Imroz’s unwavering support and understanding of Amrita’s complex relationships contributed to their enduring bond.

    Key Examples and References:

    • Amrita’s relationship with poet Sahir Ludhianvi and Imroz’s dignified response to her affections.
    • Imroz’s role in supporting Amrita during her last years, caring for her children and her ailing husband.

    Key Facts:

    • Imroz, born Indarjeet Singh, was an illustrator for the Urdu magazine Shama before meeting Amrita.
    • Amrita Pritam passed away in 2005, but her legacy lives on through her extensive body of work.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The relationship between Amrita and Imroz challenges societal norms, with Imroz providing unwavering support and understanding.
    • The loss of Imroz is seen as a profound impact, suggesting that their connection was vital in preserving Amrita’s legacy.

    Way Forward:

    • The challenge lies in understanding and preserving the unique bond between artists like Amrita and Imroz for future generations.
    • Recognition of the profound impact of supportive relationships in shaping artists and their work.

  • Pratap Bhanu Mehta writes on abrogation of Article 370 being upheld: Has SC established a dangerous precedent for federalism?

     

    Three days before its fourth anniversary, Supreme Court will commence hearings on abrogation of J&K's special status – The Leaflet

    Central idea 

    The Supreme Court’s validation of the abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir signifies a legal triumph for the Modi government’s approach. The judgment navigates historical complexities, raises questions about federalism, and introduces the need for honest political reconciliation in the region. The Court’s nuanced stance prompts reflections on the balance between integration and preserving regional identity.

    Key Highlights:

    • Supreme Court’s Validation: The judgment upholding the abrogation of Article 370 is considered a significant legal victory for the Narendra Modi government, emphasizing its unwavering approach to Jammu and Kashmir.
    • Historical Ambiguities: The decision reflects on historical ambiguities, procedural intricacies, and legal complexities, asserting that no such considerations should impede the government’s vision of Jammu and Kashmir’s relationship with the Indian Union.
    • Political History Evaluation: Public perception of this judgment hinges on the unfolding of political history. Is it viewed as another instance of Jammu and Kashmir’s betrayal now officially endorsed by the Supreme Court? Does it set potentially precarious precedents for federalism and the credibility of the judiciary?
    • Integration or Half Measures?: The judgment prompts questions about whether this marks the final and complete integration of the state into India’s constitutional scheme or an improvement on the previous half measures, given the special status and autonomy that Article 370 was intended to provide.
    • Valley’s Response: The sullen silence in the Valley is being closely observed. Is it indicative of a final acceptance, a subdued victory, or an opportunity, as suggested by Justice Kaul, to set Kashmir on the path of truth and reconciliation?

    Key Challenges:

    • Federalism and Judiciary’s Authority: A critical challenge lies in the Court’s avoidance of addressing the novel degradation of Indian federalism represented by the downgrading of Jammu and Kashmir to a Union Territory. This non-engagement poses questions about the judiciary’s commitment to upholding constitutional principles.
    • Conjuring Tricks and Constitutional Amendments: The judgment’s acceptance of open-ended promises for restoring statehood at an unspecified future date raises concerns about potential constitutional amendments through backdoor methods, challenging the integrity of the process.

    Key Terms and Phrases:

    • Article 370’s Transitory Nature: The Court’s emphasis on Article 370 being transitory, justifying its abrogation without the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly’s consent.
    • Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019: The Act that led to the downgrading of J&K to a Union Territory, a significant departure from the state’s historical status.
    • J&K Legislative Assembly: The absence of the requirement for the assembly’s consent raises questions about the democratic process and representation.
    • Union Territory: The transformation of J&K into a Union Territory, a move that alters its political and administrative status within the Indian Union.

    Key Quotes:

    • “The whole of the Constitution of India applies to Jammu and Kashmir. But not yet.” – The Court’s statement encapsulating a performative aspect that delays full application.

    Key Statements:

    • The Court’s avoidance of addressing the degradation of Indian federalism could undermine its authority and the principles it stands for.
    • Justice Kaul’s call for a Truth and Reconciliation Commission underscores the need for an honest reckoning with the complex history of Jammu and Kashmir.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • Article 370’s gradual attenuation since the 1960s, leading to the question of whether its abrogation was a logical progression.
    • The reorganisation of J&K, creating a new precedent and introducing complexities in its political identity.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The Court’s focus on procedural aspects and historical context while sidestepping federalism concerns creates a nuanced perspective on its role in interpreting constitutional provisions.
    • The judicial acceptance of open-ended promises raises questions about the accountability of the government’s actions and the potential misuse of constitutional powers.

    Way Forward:

    • Honest political reconciliation is deemed essential in the absence of a political force capable of fostering genuine dialogue and resolution.
    • The evolving landscape of Indian politics and the Court’s role in navigating constitutional challenges, ensuring a delicate balance between integration and preserving regional identity.

  • Ethics and Compensation in Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS)

    chis

    Central Idea

    • A recent paper from August 2023 discusses the ethical and financial aspects of Controlled Human Infection Studies (CHIS), where participants are deliberately infected with pathogens.
    • The paper argues that $20,000 for a six-month hepatitis C virus challenge study in the U.S. is reasonable, based on participant experiences and responses from potential participants.

    Ethical Considerations in CHIS

    • Contentious Issues: One major ethical concern in CHIS is the potential for disproportionate payment, which could be seen as an inducement for participation.
    • ICMR’s Bioethics Unit Stance: Emphasizes altruism in CHIS participation, suggesting compensation should cover lost wages, incidental expenses, time, and effort.

    Views on Altruism and Compensation

    • Jake D Eberts’ Perspective: Disagrees with the ICMR’s emphasis on altruism, arguing that monetary motivation, if accompanied by informed consent and risk understanding, isn’t inherently negative.
    • Compensation in Past Studies: Eberts received $7,350 for a Shigella study and less than $5,000 for a Zika study. He advocates for higher compensation in CHIS in the U.S.

    Compensation Models and Ethical Frameworks

    • Dr. Anna Durbin and Dr. Wilbur H. Chen’s Approaches: Compensation based on time, specimen collection, and regional study pay standards. Dr. Chen uses a Wage-Payment model, aligning compensation with unskilled labor wages in somewhat risky jobs.
    • Compensation Calculation: For the Shigella study, compensation totaled $7,350, based on various factors like visit duration, risk level, and activities completed.

    Differing Opinions on CHIS Compensation

    • Paul Zimmer-Harwood’s Experience: Participated in malaria and COVID-19 CHIS, with compensation based on study duration, visits, and inconvenience, not risk.
    • COVID-19 CHIS Concerns: Dr. Chen questions the rationale for COVID-19 CHIS, citing the absence of effective therapies and the risk of Long COVID.

    Participant Perspectives and Decisions

    • Paul’s Decision-Making: Chose to participate in the COVID-19 CHIS due to low perceived risk, previous infection, and vaccination status. Compensation was higher but proportional to study demands.
    • Risk Assessment: Paul viewed the risks as acceptable compared to the potential scientific contributions, emphasizing that his decision was informed and measured.

    Conclusion

    • Complex Ethical Landscape: CHIS presents a nuanced ethical landscape where compensation, risk, and participant motivation must be carefully balanced.
    • Importance of Informed Consent: Ensuring participants are fully informed and understand the risks is crucial in maintaining ethical standards in CHIS.

  • Vaishali Rameshbabu: India’s New Chess Grandmaster

    Grandmaster

    Central Idea

    • Grandmaster Title: Indian chess player Vaishali Rameshbabu ( Pragnananda’s sister) has achieved the Grandmaster title by crossing 2,500 FIDE ranking points at the IV El Llobregat Open in Spain.
    • Significance: She becomes only the third Indian woman player to earn this title, joining the ranks of Koneru Humpy and Harika Dronavalli.

    Understanding the Grandmaster Title

    • Highest Chess Honor: The Grandmaster title is the pinnacle of achievement in chess, awarded by the International Chess Federation (FIDE).
    • Prestige: It signifies recognition as one of the world’s most talented chess players, proven in highly competitive environments.

    Other Recognized Chess Titles

    • FIDE Titles: Besides Grandmaster, FIDE awards seven other titles, including International Master (IM), FIDE Master (FM), Candidate Master (CM), Woman Grandmaster (WGM), Woman International Master (WIM), Woman FIDE Master (WFM), and Woman Candidate Master (WCM).
    • Lifetime Validity: All FIDE titles, including the Grandmaster title, are valid for life, barring revocation due to offenses like cheating.

    History and Criteria of Grandmaster Title

    • Origins: The term ‘grandmaster’ dates back about a century and was formalized by FIDE in 1950.
    • Initial Awardees: The first batch of Grandmaster titles in 1950 included 27 players, such as then-world champion Mikhail Botvinnik.
    • Current Criteria: To achieve the Grandmaster title, a player must reach a FIDE Classical or Standard rating of 2,500 and earn three Grandmaster norms.
    • Grandmaster Norms: These norms are based on stringent rules regarding tournament performance, including a performance rating of 2,600 or higher in a FIDE tournament with specific conditions.

    Vaishali Rameshbabu’s Path to Grandmaster

    • Performance: Vaishali’s achievement of the Grandmaster title is a testament to her exceptional performance in international chess tournaments.
    • Representation: Her success adds to India’s growing reputation as a powerhouse in the global chess community.

     

  • The impact of violence on a child’s mind

    Gaza's terrified children all too aware Israel's bombs steal their joy | Gaza News | Al Jazeera

    Central idea

    The article emphasizes the profound psychological impact of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on children, drawing insights from educational thinkers like Maria Montessori and Elias Canetti. It highlights challenges such as potential long-term repercussions, the failure of current education systems, and the need for inclusive educational initiatives.

    Key Highlights:

    • Montessori’s Perspective: Maria Montessori’s insights on the impact of childhood experiences, particularly exposure to violence, on the cycle of revenge and its contribution to the root causes of war.
    • Canetti’s Argument: Elias Canetti’s exploration of the child’s mind, emphasizing the development of revengeful thoughts from violent experiences and its potential evolution into adult rebellion.
    • Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The psychological aftermath of Israel’s assault on Gaza, with a focus on the predicted impact on Palestinian children, especially adolescents, facing forced displacement and an uncertain future.
    • Educational Philosophies: Montessori’s pedagogic philosophy linking childhood experiences to major societal issues and the inter-war movement’s attempt to use education to combat the culture of war.

    Key Challenges:

    • Psychological Impact: Predicted long-term psychological repercussions on Palestinian children due to the trauma of conflict, displacement, and loss of childhood.
    • Failure of Education Systems: Critique of current education systems worldwide for lacking the energy and focus needed to mitigate the political impact of dangerous ideologies and nurture peace.
    • Historical Hostilities: The perpetuation of divisive ideas through education, contributing to the reinforcement of historical hostilities in contiguously located hostile nations.
    • Political Ignorance: Leaders’ disregard for educational messages promoting peace, as exemplified by Israel’s leaders ignoring Montessori’s insights amid conflict.

    Key Examples discussed in article for your value addition in answers:

    • Reference to Maria Montessori’s classics, including “The Secret of Childhood” and “The Absorbent Mind.”
    • Collection of Montessori’s war and peace lectures during the 1930s in the book titled “Education and Peace.”
    • Elias Canetti’s insights in “Crowds and Power,” highlighting the impact of violence on the child’s mind and the development of revengeful thoughts.
    • Montessori and Rabindranath Tagore’s involvement in an inter-war movement using education to combat the culture of war.

    Key Terms and Phrases:

    • Cycle of Revenge: Montessori’s concept that a child’s encounter with violence sets off a cycle of revenge, identified as a root cause of war.
    • Resistance to Social Norms: Canetti’s notion that violence experienced in childhood can lead to adult resistance, transforming into rebellion.
    • Culture of War: The inter-war movement’s initiative, involving educators like Montessori and Tagore, aimed at using education to combat the culture of war.
    • Impact of Dangerous Ideologies: Critique of education’s perceived inability to reverse the political impact of ideologies contributing to conflict.

    Critical Analysis:

    • Educational Potential: Acknowledgment of education’s potential to mitigate the impact of violent imagery, coupled with frustration over the perceived lack of energy in current education systems.
    • Global Disappointment with Education: Growing disappointment with education’s ability to nurture basic good sense, exemplified by the failure to prevent conflicts in Russia, Israel, and the U.S.
    • Focus on Politics: Critique of current discussions about the future of Gaza, primarily focused on politics, with a call to include considerations for the future of education in the region.
    • Reinforcement of Divisive Ideas: Observation that education often reinforces and perpetuates divisive ideas, preparing the adult mind to accept such ideas as the only way forward.

    Way Forward:

    • Inclusive Educational Initiatives: Emphasis on inclusive educational initiatives to combat the culture of war and break the cycle of historical influences on children’s minds.
    • Integration of Philosophical Perspectives: Advocacy for integrating educational and philosophical perspectives to pave the way for a more peaceful future, particularly in conflict-ridden regions.
    • Global Reassessment of Education: Urgent need for a global reassessment of education’s power to inculcate basic good sense and contribute to peace-building.
    • Educational Focus in Political Discussions: Call to include discussions about the future of education alongside political considerations in conflict-ridden regions like Gaza and Israel.

  • Ben Gurion Canal Project: Joining Red Sea with Mediterranean

    Ben Gurion Canal Project

    Central Idea

    • Israel’s aspirations to gain full control over the Gaza Strip and eliminate Hamas may be linked to an ambitious economic opportunity—the creation of the Ben Gurion Canal Project.

    Ben Gurion Canal Project

    • Vision: Named after Israel’s founding father, David Ben-Gurion, the Ben Gurion Canal Project remains an ambitious infrastructure proposal.
    • Route: It envisions cutting a canal through the Negev Desert to connect the Gulf of Aqaba with the Eastern Mediterranean, challenging Egypt’s dominance over the Suez Canal.
    • History: A declassified 1963 US government memorandum explored the idea of using nuclear explosives for digging the canal.
    • Need: It would offer an alternative route to connect Europe and Asia, bypassing the Suez Canal.
    • Transformational Impact: If realized, this project could reshape global trade dynamics by breaking Egypt’s monopoly over the shortest trade route.

    Bypassing the Suez

    • Historical Significance: The Suez Canal, opened in 1869, revolutionized global maritime trade by reducing travel distances between Europe and Asia.
    • Congestion Issues: Despite expansion efforts, the Suez Canal remains congested, causing significant delays and economic losses.
    • Political Conflicts: Egypt’s control over the canal has led to conflicts and wars, impacting global geopolitics.

    Logistical and Political Challenges

    • Complexity and Cost: Building the Ben Gurion Canal is a massive and costly endeavour, potentially exceeding $100 billion.
    • Route Length: The proposed canal route is over 100 km longer than the Suez Canal, primarily due to terrain limitations.
    • Security Concerns: Constant military threats, such as Hamas rockets or Israeli attacks, would pose a significant challenge to the canal’s operation.

  • MS Swaminathan: Father of the Green Revolution

    Swaminathan

    What’s the news?

    • Monkomb Sambasivan Swaminathan, the legendary agricultural scientist widely regarded as the Father of the Green Revolution, passed away at the age of 98 on September 28. His contributions to agriculture in the 1960s and ’70s transformed India’s farming landscape, ushering in an era of food security.

    Central idea

    • The passing of MS Swaminathan marks the end of an era in Indian agriculture. His unwavering commitment to the welfare of farmers and his pioneering efforts in the Green Revolution have left an indomitable legacy. This op-ed is dedicated to the father of the Green Revolution.

    Early life and education

    • Born on August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu
    • Initially, I aimed for a career in the civil services and even cleared the civil services examination.
    • He switched to agriculture due to his passion, inspired by the Quit India Movement and the Bengal famine of 1942–43.
    • He enrolled in the Agriculture College in Coimbatore to pursue his interest in agriculture.

    Diverse Roles in Agriculture

    • Swaminathan held various significant positions related to agriculture, both in India and abroad.
    • His roles included Independent Chairman of the Food and Agricultural Organization Council (1981–85), President of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1984–90), and President of the World Wide Fund for Nature (India) from 1989–96.
    • He also served as the Director General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), among other positions.

    Swaminathan

    The Green Revolution: A Turning Point

    • Swaminathan’s mission was to transform Indian agriculture.
    • Introduced high-yielding crop varieties, improved irrigation facilities, and promoted fertilizer use.
    • Wheat production in India surged from 6 million tonnes in 1947 to 17 million tonnes between 1964 and 1968.
    • The Green Revolution bolstered India’s food security and reduced dependence on imports.

    Swaminathan’s Contributions to the Green Revolution

    • Swaminathan worked on enhancing crop varieties, particularly rice and wheat.
    • He pioneered the development of semi-dwarf wheat varieties to reduce lodging and boost yields.
    • Collaboration with Norman Borlaug resulted in the introduction of dwarfing genes into wheat varieties, leading to the “Wheat Revolution.”
    • Swaminathan recognized the challenges of the Green Revolution, including the displacement of local crop varieties, soil fertility conservation issues, and indiscriminate pesticide use.
    • He also noted the risks of overexploiting groundwater.

    Advocacy for Farmers

    • As the head of the National Commission on Farmers from 2004 to 2006, Swaminathan advocated for the welfare of farmers.
    • He recommended that the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for agricultural produce should be at least 50% more than the cost of production, ensuring fair compensation to farmers.

    Awards and recognition

    • Swaminathan was awarded the first World Food Prize Laureate in 1987 for his contributions to India’s wheat and rice production.
    • He received the Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan, two of India’s highest civilian honors.

    Conclusion

    • As we remember the Father of the Green Revolution, we must also reflect on the challenges that persist in Indian agriculture and work towards a sustainable and equitable future. Swaminathan’s vision and dedication will continue to inspire generations of agricultural scientists and policymakers in their pursuit of a food-secure India.

  • [pib] Nuakhai Festival

    Nuakhai

    Central Idea

    • The Prime Minister has greeted the people on the auspicious occasion of Nuakhai.

    About Nuakhai

    • Nuakhai, also known as Nuakhai Parab or Nuakhai Bhetghat, is alternatively referred to as Navakhai Parv in Chhattisgarh.
    • Nuakhai is predominantly an agricultural festival celebrated by tribal communities and Hindus residing in Western Odisha.
    • It is also observed in the adjacent regions of Simdega in Jharkhand, where the cultural influence of Western Odisha is prominent.
    • Nuakhai is observed to mark the arrival of the new rice harvest.
    • The term “nua” signifies new, and “khai” represents food, symbolizing the farmers’ possession of the freshly harvested rice.
    • This festival falls on the panchami tithi (the fifth day) of the lunar fortnight in the month of Bhadrapada (usually August- September).
    • It occurs the day following the Ganesh Chaturthi festival.

    Historical Roots

    • Nuakhai traces its origins back to ancient times, with its roots in the Pralambana Yajna, which involves harvesting the first crop and making a reverential offering to the mother goddess.
    • In its present form, the festival is linked to the time of the first Chauhan King Ramai Deva of Patnagarh in western Odisha.

    Course of Celebrations

    • Nuakhai festivities encompass a series of nine rituals commencing with Behrana and culminating in Juhar Bhet.
    1. Beheren: This marks the announcement of the scheduled meeting date.
    2. Nuakhai: The highlight of the celebration involves partaking in the freshly harvested crop after offering it to the deity, accompanied by lively dancing and singing.
    3. Juhar bhet: It involves seeking blessings from elders and exchanging gifts with them as a gesture of respect and affection.

  • Fediverse: Understanding Decentralized Social Networking

    fediverse

    Central Idea

    • Meta, the parent company for Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp, has launched Threads, a Twitter rival, which is set to become a part of the fediverse.
    • While Meta’s move has garnered attention, the company is yet to reveal its plans for utilizing the fediverse to build a decentralized social network.

    What is the Fediverse?

    • Network of Servers: The fediverse is a group of federated social networking services that operate on decentralized networks using open-source standards.
    • Third-Party Servers: It comprises a network of servers run by third parties, not controlled by any single entity. Social media platforms can utilize these servers to facilitate communication between their users.
    • Cross-Platform Communication: Users on social media platforms within the fediverse can seamlessly communicate with users of other platforms within the network, eliminating the need for separate accounts for each platform.
    • Media Platforms Using: Meta’s Threads is set to join the fediverse, along with other platforms like Pixelfed (photo-sharing), PeerTube (decentralized video-sharing), Lemmy, Diaspora, Movim, Prismo, WriteFreely, and more.

    Benefits of Using the Fediverse

    • Decentralized Nature: Social media platforms adopt the fediverse to leverage its decentralized nature, giving users more control over the content they view and interact with.
    • Cross-Platform Communications: The fediverse enables easier communication between users of different social media platforms within the network.
    • Data Portability: Users can freely transport their data to other platforms within the fediverse, ensuring greater flexibility and control over their online data.

    Challenges Hindering Wider Adoption

    • Scalability: Decentralized servers might face challenges in handling large amounts of traffic, leading to potential scalability issues.
    • Content Moderation: The decentralized nature of the fediverse poses difficulties in implementing and enforcing uniform content moderation policies across servers.
    • Data Privacy: Enforcing data privacy policies becomes more challenging since data posted on one server might not be deleted due to differing data deletion policies on other servers.

    The Fediverse’s Evolution

    • Long-standing Idea: The concept of the fediverse has been around for decades, with attempts made by companies like Google to embrace decentralized networks.
    • Emergence of Notable Platforms: Platforms like Identi.ca (founded in 2008) and Mastodon and Pleroma (emerged in 2016) have contributed to the development of the fediverse.
    • ActivityPub Protocol: In 2018, the W3 (World Wide Web Consortium) introduced the ActivityPub protocol, a commonly used protocol in applications within the fediverse.

  • Global Peace Index, 2023

    peace

    Central Idea: The 17th edition of the Global Peace Index (GPI), ranking 163 independent states and territories based on their level of peacefulness was released.

    What is Global Peace Index?

    • Released by: Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) since May 2009.
    • Extensive Coverage: The GPI covers 163 countries, representing 99.7% of the world’s population, utilizing 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators from reputable sources.
    • 3 Domains of Peace: The index measures peace across three domains: societal safety and security, ongoing domestic and international conflict, and militarization. These domains provide a holistic understanding of a country’s peacefulness.

    Rankings and Highlights

    • Most Peaceful Countries: Iceland continues to hold the title of the most peaceful country since 2008, followed by Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, and Austria.
    • Least Peaceful Countries: Afghanistan remains the least peaceful country for the eighth consecutive year, followed by Yemen, Syria, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
    • India’s Position: India has climbed two spots to the 126th position in the rankings. It experienced an improvement of 3.5% in peacefulness, attributed to reductions in violent crime, improved relations with neighboring countries, and decreased political instability.
    • Prominent Countries: Nepal, China, Sri Lanka, USA, and Pakistan have been ranked 79, 80, 107, 131, and 146, respectively.

    Global Peace Trends

    • Overall Deterioration: The 2023 report highlights a 0.42% deterioration in the average level of global peacefulness. This marks the thirteenth deterioration in the last fifteen years.
    • Improvements and Deteriorations: In 2022, 84 countries demonstrated improvements in peacefulness, while 79 countries experienced deteriorations.
    • Long-term Perspective: Over the past fifteen years, the global average score of peacefulness has deteriorated by five percent, indicating a decline in peace worldwide.

  • Heliopolis Memorial for Indian Soldiers

    heliopolis

    Central Idea

    • PM Modi will pay his respects at the Heliopolis (Port Tewfik) Memorial in the Heliopolis War Cemetery in Cairo, Egypt.
    • Here the names of nearly 4,000 Indian soldiers who fought in World War 1 in Egypt and Palestine are commemorated.

    Heliopolis Memorial

    • Unveiling and Destruction: The original Port Tewfik memorial unveiled in 1926 and later destroyed during the Israeli-Egyptian War of 1967.
    • New Memorial: A new memorial was erected in Heliopolis Commonwealth War Grave Cemetery in 1980, commemorating Indian soldiers who died in the First World War campaigns in Egypt and Palestine.
    • Inclusion of Names: The new memorial includes the names of Indian soldiers, unlike its predecessor.

    Role of the Indian Army in West Asia during World War 1

    • Significance of Indian Troops: Indian troops played a major role in securing the Suez Canal in Egypt and participating in campaigns in Palestine and Mesopotamia.
    • Battle of Haifa: Indian cavalry’s participation in the Battle of Haifa, commemorated by a war memorial in New Delhi.
    • Diverse Representation: The memorial commemorates numerous Indian regiments from the Indian Army and State Forces of princely states.
    • Princely States’ Contribution: Troops from princely states actively participated in various theatres of the war effort during World War 1.

    Prominent Indian Soldier Commemorated  

    • Risaldar Badlu Singh: Risaldar Badlu Singh, a brave soldier and Victoria Cross recipient, is commemorated at the memorial.
    • Selfless Sacrifice: Risaldar Badlu Singh displayed exceptional bravery and self-sacrifice during a charge against enemy positions.

     

  • In news: Guinness World Record

    Guinness yoga day

    Central Idea

    • Prime Minister Modi’s leadership of a yoga session at the UN headquarters on the 9th International Yoga Day resulted in the creation of a Guinness World Record for the largest participation of people from different nationalities in a yoga event.
    • This article explores the history, significance, and criticisms associated with Guinness World Records.

    Origin and Evolution of Guinness World Records

    • The idea for Guinness World Records originated from a pub argument in the 1950s, where Sir Hugh Beaver, the Managing Director of Guinness Brewery, sought a definitive answer to settle a debate.
    • In response to the need for settling contentious facts, Sir Hugh conceived the idea of a book providing comprehensive and authoritative records.
    • Two researchers, Norris and Ross McWhirter, were hired to compile the first edition of the Guinness Book of Records, which became an unexpected success.
    • Over time, the book expanded into an annual publication that updated existing records and set new ones.

    Scope and Coverage of Guinness World Records

    • Guinness World Records documents and lists a wide range of human achievements and extreme natural phenomena.
    • The organization currently maintains 62,252 active records, including the world’s tallest building (Burj Khalifa, Dubai) and the longest fingernails ever (Lee Redmond).
    • It has expanded its presence through television shows and a robust online platform, garnering a significant social media following.

    Making and Validating the Records

    • Guinness World Records has a global network of over 75 adjudicators responsible for determining record-breaking attempts.
    • An application process allows individuals to invite an adjudicator to witness and verify the record.
    • Specific criteria must be met, such as objective measurability, breakability, standardizability, verifiability, and being the best in the world.
    • In 2022, Guinness World Records received over 56,000 record enquiries from 171 countries, with more than 7,300 records approved.

    Criticisms and Policy Changes

    • Guinness World Records faced criticism for its business model, which involved creating records as publicity stunts for companies and individuals, attracting accusations of supporting risky activities.
    • Comedian John Oliver criticized the organization in 2019 for accepting money from authoritarian governments for vanity projects.
    • In response to the criticisms, Guinness World Records revised its policies and disqualified records causing harm to animals, endangering participants or spectators, or resulting in food waste.

    Back2Basics: Yoga

    • Origin: Yoga originated in ancient India and has its roots in Indian philosophy, spirituality, and culture.
    • Etymology: The word “yoga” is derived from the Sanskrit word “yuj,” which means “to join” or “to unite.” It signifies the union of mind, body, and spirit.
    • Historical References: Yoga-like practices were mentioned in the Rig-Veda, an ancient Hindu text dating back to approximately 1500 BCE. References to yoga can also be found in the Upanishads, which are philosophical texts from around 800 to 400 BCE.
    • Sage Patanjali: The sage Patanjali is considered the father of classical yoga. He compiled the Yoga Sutras, a foundational text that provides a systematic and philosophical framework for the practice of yoga. The Yoga Sutras were written around the 2nd century BCE.
    • Eight Limbs of Yoga: Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras outline the eight limbs or stages of yoga, known as Ashtanga Yoga. These limbs include ethical principles (yamas and niyamas), physical postures (asanas), breath control (pranayama), sense withdrawal (pratyahara), concentration (dharana), meditation (dhyana), and self-realization (samadhi).
    • Schools and Styles: There are various schools and styles of yoga, each with its own approach and emphasis. Some popular styles include Hatha, Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Iyengar, Bikram, Kundalini, and Yin yoga.