Civilsdaily

Subject: Indian Society

  • Understanding the world of the informal waste picker

     

    High time to address occupational hazards of waste pickers

    Why is it in news?  

    • On March 1, International Waste Pickers Day, waste pickers across the world will pay homage to fellow pickers who were murdered in Colombia in 1992.

    Who are informal waste pickers?

    • The International Labour Organization defines the informal sector in waste management as ‘individuals or small and micro-enterprises that intervene in waste management without being registered and without being formally charged with providing waste management services’

    Background:

    • Informal waste pickers, often overlooked and marginalized, play a crucial but unseen role in India’s waste management systems. They are vital yet often forgotten members of the waste value chain ecosystem, deserving recognition and understanding.
    • These workers are the primary collectors of recyclable waste, playing a critical role in waste management and resource efficiency by collecting, sorting, trading and sometimes even reinserting discarded waste back into the economy.
    • Yet, they face systemic marginalisation due to non-recognition, non-representation, and exclusion from social security schemes and legal protection frameworks.

    What data shows?

    • While reliable estimates of informal waste pickers are difficult to come by, the Centre for Science and Environment reported that the informal waste economy employs about 5%–2% of the urban population globally.
    • Many are women, children and the elderly, who are often disabled, are the poorest of the urban poor, and face violence and sexual harassment often. The Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18 indicates that there are nearly 1.5 million waste pickers within India’s urban workforce, with half a million being women.

    Challenges Faced by Waste Pickers

    • Work Conditions: Waste pickers labor for 8 to 10 hours daily, collecting 60 kg to 90 kg of waste, often without safety equipment, exposing themselves to hazards.
    • Health Issues: They suffer from dermatological and respiratory problems, alongside regular injuries, due to their hazardous work conditions.
    • Socioeconomic Factors: Low income, irregular work, and harassment exacerbate their precarious livelihoods, compounded by their subordinate position in the caste hierarchy.

    Impact of Private Sector Participation in waste collection

    • Exclusion: Private sector involvement in waste management alienates waste pickers, depriving them of their rights and exacerbating their vulnerability.
    • Marginalization: As noted by the Alliance of Indian Waste Pickers (AIW) 2023 report, Private actors employ expensive machinery, marginalizing informal waste pickers by offering competitive rates to waste generators, forcing them into hazardous scavenging activities.
    • Loss of Rights: Private players and municipal authorities often cordon off dump sites, further limiting waste pickers’ access and exacerbating their vulnerability.

    Importance of Waste Pickers in Plastic Management

    • Global Contribution: Waste pickers globally collect and recover up to 60% of all plastic waste, contributing significantly to its recycling efforts, as highlighted in the 2022 World Economic Forum report.
    • Underappreciated Role: Despite their crucial contribution to sustainable recycling, waste pickers’ work is undervalued, and they struggle to earn a decent livelihood.
    • Quantitative Impact: Reports by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Pew state that informal waste pickers collected 27 million metric tonnes of plastic waste in 2016 alone, representing 59% of all plastic material collected for recycling, thereby preventing it from ending up in landfills or oceans.
    • Relevance in India’s Context: In India, where per capita plastic waste generation is rising, waste pickers’ role becomes even more critical, especially considering that the country is among the top 12 responsible for 52% of the world’s mismanaged waste, as per a recent CPCB report.
    • Harnessing Traditional Knowledge: Waste pickers possess traditional knowledge about waste handling, which could significantly enhance the effectiveness of the EPR system if integrated properly.
    • Rethinking EPR Norms: In light of this, there is a need to reconsider the formulation of EPR norms to ensure the inclusion and empowerment of millions of informal waste pickers within the new legal framework.

    Understanding Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)

    • Objective: EPR aims to enhance plastic waste management by transferring the responsibility of waste management from municipal authorities to commercial waste producers.
    • Promises of EPR: EPR holds the potential for social inclusion for waste pickers and other informal grassroots actors by promoting accountability among commercial waste producers.

    Analysis of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Guidelines

    • Stakeholder Identification: The EPR guidelines in India recognize various stakeholders, including the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), producers, brand owners, industry, industry associations, civil society organizations, and citizens.
    • Uncertainty Regarding Inclusion: It remains unclear whether these stakeholders include informal waste pickers or their representing organizations, raising questions about the extent of their involvement in the EPR framework.
    • Discrepancies with Solid Waste Management Rules 2016: While the Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 mandate the inclusion of waste pickers in municipal solid waste management systems, informal waste pickers are evidently missing in the prioritization within the EPR guidelines.
    • Omission in EPR Guidelines 2022: The EPR Guidelines 2022, published by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, have blatantly ignored the role of informal waste pickers in waste management and recycling, further exacerbating their exclusion from the formal waste management framework.

    Challenges in Implementation

    • Redirection of Waste: Despite its promises, EPR often redirects waste away from the informal sector, posing a threat of large-scale displacement for informal waste pickers.
    • Concerns Raised by WIEGO: Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) have noted the potential negative impacts of EPR on informal waste pickers, highlighting the need for careful consideration and mitigation of such effects.

    In conclusion, acknowledging waste pickers’ crucial role in plastic recycling is imperative for sustainable waste management. Efforts should focus on integrating them into formal systems like the Extended Producer Responsibility mechanism while addressing their socio-economic vulnerabilities for a more equitable and environmentally sound future.

     

  • Donor Gametes are Allowed: New Rule on Surrogacy

    gamete

    Introduction

    • The Central government’s recent modifications to the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022 reflect a significant shift in the legal landscape surrounding surrogacy practices in India.
    • These amendments address critical issues concerning gamete usage and access to surrogacy procedures.

    Why discuss this?

    • Judicial Scrutiny: The Supreme Court’s involvement stems from petitions challenging the March 2023 ban on donor gametes for surrogacy, prompting the Centre to reconsider its stance.
    • Public Outcry: The judiciary’s intervention follows public outcry and legal challenges from women affected by the previous rules, emphasizing the urgency of addressing surrogacy regulations.

    Key Amendments on Gametes Usage

    • Gamete Flexibility: The amended rules allow couples certified with medical conditions to use donor gametes for surrogacy, provided at least one gamete originates from the intending couple.
    • Single Women’s Directive: Single women, including widows and divorcees, are mandated to use self-eggs and donor sperm for surrogacy, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards.
    • Certification Criteria: The District Medical Board may certify the need for donor gametes based on the medical condition of either spouse in the intending couple, facilitating access to surrogacy using donor gametes.

    About Altruistic Surrogacy and ART

    • Definition: Altruistic surrogacy prohibits monetary compensation to the surrogate beyond medical expenses and insurance coverage, fostering ethical practices.
    • ART Regulation 2021: The Act integrates Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) governance through the establishment of the National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Board, ensuring effective implementation and oversight.

    Evolution of Surrogacy Rules and Amendments

    • Ministry Initiative: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare introduced the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022, focusing on clinic standards and personnel qualifications.
    • Clinical Requirements: The rules specify staffing criteria and essential equipment, enhancing operational standards across registered surrogacy clinics.
    • Medical Necessity: Surrogacy is permitted in cases of uterine abnormalities, failed IVF attempts, unexplained pregnancy losses, and pregnancy impossibility due to illness, ensuring access for couples facing diverse challenges.

    Key Provisions of Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022

    • Clinic Composition: Registered clinics must employ qualified professionals, including gynecologists, anesthetists, embryologists, and counselors, ensuring comprehensive care.
    • Gynecologist Qualifications: Gynecologists must possess relevant post-graduate qualifications and experience in ART procedures, ensuring competency in assisted reproduction techniques.
    • Insurance Coverage: Mandatory health insurance for surrogate mothers safeguards their well-being during and after pregnancy, reflecting a commitment to maternal health.
    • Affidavit Requirement: Intending couples must provide a legal guarantee of compliance with surrogacy regulations, ensuring accountability and adherence to legal standards.
    • Embryo Implantation Limit: Strict guidelines limit embryo implantation to minimize health risks and ethical concerns, prioritizing the well-being of both surrogate mothers and unborn children.
    • Abortion Protocol: Surrogate mothers’ rights are protected through adherence to established abortion procedures, respecting their autonomy and ensuring medical safety.

    Tap to read more about:

    Exemptions under Surrogacy Law

  • With Open Book Exams, India goes back to its traditional roots — and closer to being a vishwaguru

     

    As CBSE Proposes Open Book Exams For Classes 9-12, Parents Express Concern

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the recent reforms in India’s education system, particularly the introduction of open-book exams by the CBSE and the shift towards a more holistic approach to learning as outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) of 2022. It reflects on the historical origins of education in India, the impact of the pandemic on traditional learning methods, and the need for a more dynamic and flexible educational framework.

     

    Key Highlights:

    • Historical perspective on education in India, tracing back to ancient gurukuls and traditional learning methodologies.
    • The influence of colonial education policies and the subsequent need for modernization.
    • Challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the limitations of traditional classroom-based learning and the disparities in access to education.
    • The National Education Policy of 2022 and its emphasis on holistic development and a more flexible curriculum.
    • Introduction of open-book exams and biannual examinations by the CBSE as part of efforts to reform the examination-oriented approach and promote continuous assessment.

     

    Key Challenges:

    • Mindset shift required among educators, students, and parents to adapt to new learning methodologies and assessment formats.
    • Ensuring equitable access to education and technology, especially for students from marginalized communities.
    • Overcoming resistance to change and traditional beliefs about the value of memorization-based exams.
    • Implementation challenges, including training of teachers, development of appropriate study materials, and assessment methods for open-book exams.
    • Balancing the need for continuous assessment with the demands of a standardized examination system.

    Pradhan Mantri Ujjawala Yojana (PMUY) - Apply Online Now

     

    Main Terms:

    • Open-book exams
    • Holistic development
    • National Education Policy (NEP)
    • Gurukuls
    • Continuous assessment
    • Colonial education
    • Biannual examinations

     

    Important Phrases:

    • “Paradigm shift in education”
    • “Dynamic and flexible educational framework”
    • “Holistic learning approach”
    • “Continuous assessment over memorization”
    • “Equitable access to education”
    • “Adapting to new learning methodologies”
    • “Overcoming resistance to change”

     

    Quotes:

    • “The journey of education is an ever-evolving one.”
    • “Change while staying true to the essence of holistic learning.”
    • “Reclaiming the honour of being a ‘vishwaguru.’”

     

    Anecdotes:

    • The contrast between traditional gurukuls and modern-day classrooms.
    • Personal experiences of students navigating the challenges of the pandemic and adapting to online learning.

     

    Useful Statements:

    • “The pandemic revealed the limitations of traditional classroom-based learning.”
    • “The NEP emphasizes a shift towards holistic development and flexible learning methodologies.”
    • “Open-book exams offer students a chance for continuous assessment and learning from mistakes.”

     

    Examples and References:

    • Examples of successful implementation of open-book exams in other educational systems.
    • Reference to the Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE) report on learning outcomes during the pandemic.

     

    Facts and Data:

    • Introduction of open-book exams and biannual examinations by the CBSE.
    • Statistics on learning outcomes and access to education during the pandemic from the UDISE report.

     

    Critical Analysis:

    • Evaluation of the benefits and challenges of open-book exams in promoting critical thinking and reducing exam-related stress.
    • Discussion on the need for ongoing teacher training and infrastructure development to support the implementation of new educational policies.

     

    Way Forward:

    • Emphasize the importance of adapting to changing educational paradigms while preserving the essence of traditional learning.
    • Invest in teacher training, technology infrastructure, and curriculum development to support holistic education.
    • Foster collaboration between educators, policymakers, and communities to ensure equitable access to quality education for all students.

  • Story of ASHAs: Navigating Challenges in Public Health

     

    Introduction

    • ASHAs, or Accredited Social Health Activists, have emerged as pivotal figures in India’s public health landscape, embodying the promise of compassionate care and community advocacy.

    Who are the ASHA workers?

    • Inception: Established in 2002 in Chhattisgarh, ASHAs were envisioned as community health workers, modeled after the ‘Mitanins’, to bridge the gap between the health system and local populations. Initiated in 2005-06 as part of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM); Expanded to urban settings since 2013 via the National Urban Health Mission.
    • Number: Around 10.4 lakhs employed across India. The highest numbers are in populous states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
    • Geographical Distribution: One ASHA per 1,000 people in rural areas, adjusted to one per habitation in tribal, hilly, and desert regions.
    • Global Recognition: Awarded by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013.
    • Functions and Responsibilities: Register newborns, pregnant women, and deaths; accompany patients to health centers; distribute medicines; conduct immunization drives; and report health statistics.

    Criteria for selection of ASHA worker:

    • For Rural:
      • The prospective candidate must be a married, widowed or divorced female resident of the village she’s applying to work at.
      • Must be aged between 25 and 45 years.
      • Candidates must be literate. Preference is given to those with a 10th pass certificate. There are several interviews at the Anganwadi, block and district levels. The health committees maintain a thorough selection process.
    • For Urban:
      • The prospective candidates must be female residents of vulnerable clusters or slums within an urban setup.
      • This slum or cluster must be identified by the City or District Health Society as priority zones for ASHA healthcare workers. The candidate should preferably be married, widowed, separated or divorced.
      • Must be aged between 25 and 45 years.
      • Candidates must be literate and must have fluency in the native language of the community.

    Challenges Faced by ASHAs

    [1] Work Challenges

    • Overwork and Underpayment: ASHAs endure a “triple shift,” balancing household responsibilities, community outreach, and health center duties, often without adequate compensation or rest.
    • Systemic Inequities: ASHAs experience power imbalances along gender and caste lines, compounded by their status as “volunteers,” leading to economic, physical, and psychological vulnerabilities.
    • Social Stigma: Despite their crucial role in improving health outcomes, ASHAs often face social stigma and discrimination within their communities, hindering their effectiveness and well-being.

    [2] Occupational Hazards

    • Physical Strain: Irregular meals, inadequate sleep, and exposure to extreme weather conditions contribute to health issues like malnutrition, anaemia, and non-communicable diseases among ASHAs.
    • Mental Health Challenges: The demanding nature of their work and limited social support expose ASHAs to high levels of stress, anxiety, and burnout, affecting their overall well-being and job satisfaction.
    • Safety Concerns: ASHAs, particularly those working in remote or conflict-affected areas, face risks of harassment, violence, and assault while performing their duties, highlighting the need for enhanced security measures and support systems.

    [3] Social and Economic Implications

    • Economic Precarity: ASHAs’ honorariums serve as primary family income, yet delays in payment and out-of-pocket expenses exacerbate financial strain, perpetuating cycles of poverty and dependence.
    • Gendered Burden: ASHAs, predominantly women, often bear the brunt of caregiving responsibilities within their households, leading to gender disparities in workload distribution and access to resources.
    • Empowerment and Agency: Despite facing numerous challenges, ASHAs demonstrate resilience and agency in advocating for their rights, mobilizing communities, and demanding policy reforms to improve their working conditions and livelihoods.

    Advocacy and Policy Recommendations

    • Recognition and Fair Compensation: Advocate for institutional recognition, fair wages, and improved working conditions for ASHAs, aiming for them to become government employees with access to social security benefits and maternity support.
    • Capacity Building: Support initiatives aimed at enhancing ASHA skills, knowledge, and confidence through targeted training and skill development programs.
    • Community Engagement: Encourage local communities to recognize and appreciate the contributions of ASHAs, fostering stronger support, trust, and collaboration.
    • Safety Measures: Enhance safety protocols and support systems for ASHAs, especially those working in remote or conflict-affected areas, to minimize risks of harassment, violence, and assault.
    • Address Systemic Barriers: Tackle gender and caste-based inequalities experienced by ASHAs, promoting equal opportunities and access to resources.
    • Financial Security: Ensure timely payments and reduce out-of-pocket expenses for ASHAs, mitigating financial strain and perpetual cycles of poverty.

    Conclusion

    • The plight of ASHAs reflects broader structural injustices within India’s healthcare sector, underscoring the urgent need for policy reforms and systemic support.
    • As frontline warriors in public health, ASHAs deserve equitable treatment, recognition, and protection, essential for advancing both individual well-being and community health outcomes.
    • Through collective advocacy, empowerment, and solidarity, ASHAs can continue to drive positive change and make lasting contributions to public health in India.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:

    With reference to the National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of ASHA, a trained community health worker?

    1. Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care checkups
    2. Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy
    3. Providing information on nutrition and immunization
    4. Conducting the delivery of the baby

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 2 and 4 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Post your answers here.

  • Electoral season and restructuring the health system

     

    Healthcare Reforms in India: A Compelling Need Today - India CSR

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the importance of health reform in India, highlighting the necessity for political parties to prioritize it in their manifestos. It emphasizes the need to strengthen primary healthcare systems, citing successful examples from other countries like Thailand, and proposes comprehensive reforms to address India’s healthcare challenges.

    Key Highlights:

    • Manifestos serve as important documents reflecting political parties’ priorities and commitments.
    • Both BJP and Congress manifestos in 2014 and 2019 highlighted the importance of revamping the primary healthcare system, but with differing perspectives on healthcare delivery.
    • Past initiatives like the National Rural Health Mission under the UPA and policy continuity under the NDA have made incremental progress but haven’t addressed fundamental healthcare system flaws.
    • Comparison with countries like Thailand and Turkey underscores India’s need for more ambitious and effective healthcare reforms.
    • The focus should shift towards strengthening primary and secondary healthcare infrastructure to address the majority of health needs effectively.
    • Successful reform examples emphasize deliberate planning, strong local capacity building, and a focus on community outcomes.
    • Challenges include political will, overcoming preoccupation with high-end hospitals, and implementing synchronized reforms at the grassroots level.

    Key Challenges:

    • Political reluctance to prioritize primary healthcare over high-end hospital infrastructure.
    • Resistance to reforming entrenched healthcare delivery models and governance structures.
    • Capacity building and resource allocation at the district level to implement reforms effectively.
    • Varying levels of capability across states necessitate tailored approaches to reform implementation.
    • Addressing lifestyle factors contributing to disease incidence and out-of-pocket healthcare expenses.
    • Overcoming market failures and governance challenges in healthcare service provision.

    Main Terms or key terms for answer writing:

    • Primary healthcare
    • Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
    • Health reform
    • Public-private partnerships (PPP)
    • Human resources for health
    • Social health insurance
    • Medical curriculum reform
    • Decentralization
    • Operational flexibilities
    • Accountability framework

    Important Phrases for quality answers:

    • “Reforming the very architecture of the health system”
    • “Building a system ‘fit for purpose’”
    • “Operational flexibilities within a proactive, accountability framework”
    • “Imagination to design the process of reform”
    • “Infusion of new institutional and organizational capacities”
    • “Reducing demand for hospitalization”
    • “Out-of-pocket expenditures”

    Quotes that you can use for essay writing:

    • “Manifestos are useful documents… enabling people to hold the elected party accountable.”
    • “India’s strategy for UHC has hinged on purchasing services from a private sector operating on the inflationary a fee for service model…”
    • “Can our political parties commit themselves to such a process in their manifestos? Or, is that a big ask?”

    Useful Statements:

    • “Twenty years is a long time… Thailand… achieved significant outcomes within half the time span.”
    • “India has a long way to go… States such as Bihar still have one doctor serving per 20,000 population.”
    • “Successful examples of such reform processes show deliberate intent executed to a plan.”

    Examples and References for value addition in your mains answer:

    • Thailand’s Universal Health Coverage implementation in 2000.
    • Turkey’s Health Transformation Program in 2003.
    • India’s National Rural Health Mission and National Medical Commission establishment.

    Facts and Data:

    • India’s maternal mortality is three times more than the global average.
    • 95% of ailments and disease reduction can be handled at the primary and secondary level.
    • India’s public spending on healthcare has hovered around an average of 1.2% of GDP.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article provides a critical analysis of past healthcare initiatives in India, highlighting their incremental nature and failure to address fundamental system flaws. It underscores the importance of prioritizing primary healthcare and comprehensive reform to achieve equitable, effective healthcare delivery.

    Way Forward:

    • Prioritize strengthening primary healthcare infrastructure.
    • Implement comprehensive healthcare reforms addressing governance, human resources, and service delivery.
    • Tailor reform strategies to suit varying state capabilities.
    • Shift focus towards community outcomes and accountability.
    • Address lifestyle factors contributing to healthcare burden.
    • Overcome political reluctance and vested interests to achieve meaningful reform.

    Answer the following question and write your answer in comment box 

    How can India learn from successful healthcare reform initiatives in other countries like Thailand and Turkey to address its own healthcare challenges effectively?

     

  • Examining Maintenance Rights of Divorced Muslim Women

    Introduction

    • The Supreme Court’s scrutiny of maintenance entitlements for divorced Muslim women under Section 125 of the CrPC reignites the discourse on the supremacy of secular laws versus personal laws.
    • The ongoing case underscores the need for judicial clarity in navigating the intersection of religious rights and gender equality.

    Maintenance Entitlements: Evolution  

    • Section 125 of CrPC codified to provide maintenance for destitute family members.
    • It includes divorced spouses, without religious distinction, subject to the Magistrate’s discretion.

    Exception for Muslim Women

    • Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986: Introduced to address perceived conflicts with religious law post the Shah Bano case, offering maintenance during iddat and extending till remarriage.
    • Judicial Pronouncements: Varied interpretations emerged post Danial Latifi v. Union of India (2001), with courts affirming both CrPC and 1986 Act remedies for divorced Muslim women.

    Case Background

    • Dispute Synopsis: Originating from a challenge by a Muslim man against a Telangana High Court directive for interim maintenance to his divorced wife under CrPC Section 125.
    • Legal Argument: Husband contends 1986 Act supersedes CrPC provisions, citing jurisdictional overlap and prior payment during iddat, while wife asserts her right to CrPC maintenance.

    Court Proceedings and Observations

    • Interpretive Dilemma: Supreme Court underscores the non-obstante clause of the 1986 Act, preserving alternative remedies under CrPC.
    • Constitutional Imperatives: Justices emphasize constitutional guarantees of equality, rejecting the notion of legislative intent to bar Muslim women from CrPC relief.
    • Precedential Insight: Recent High Court decisions affirm divorced Muslim women’s right to CrPC maintenance, notwithstanding iddat completion or khula pronouncement.

    Judgments Referenced in the Input

    • Danial Latifi v. Union Of India (2001): Upheld the constitutional validity of the 1986 Act, extending maintenance rights to divorced Muslim women till remarriage, albeit limited to the iddat period.
    • Arshiya Rizvi v. State of U.P. and Anr (2022): Allahabad High Court reaffirmed divorced Muslim women’s entitlement to CrPC maintenance post iddat, ensuring continued financial support.
    • Razia v. State of U.P. (2022): Further reiterated by the Allahabad High Court, emphasizing the availability of CrPC remedies beyond iddat completion.
    • Shakila Khatun v. State of U.P (2023): High Court upheld divorced Muslim women’s right to seek CrPC maintenance, irrespective of religious personal laws.

    Injustice Caused to Muslim Women

    • Limited maintenance: The 1986 law offers limited maintenance only during the iddat period and extends till remarriage.
    • Burden of personal laws: Unlike divorced women from other communities who can seek maintenance under Section 125 of the CrPC without limitations, Muslim women face restrictions imposed by personal laws.
    • Financial crisis: This results in inconsistent and inadequate financial support for divorced Muslim women, undermining their economic security and perpetuating gender inequality.
    • Unequal treatment: The injustice lies in the unequal treatment of Muslim women under the law, depriving them of the same level of protection and support afforded to women from other communities in matters of divorce and maintenance.

    Implications and Future Trajectory

    • Judicial Deliberation: Pending verdict poised to shape the landscape of maintenance entitlements, balancing religious autonomy with gender justice.
    • Policy Implications: Clarification sought on legislative intent vis-à-vis CrPC and 1986 Act, crucial for uniform application and equitable access to justice.
    • Societal Impact: The outcome resonates beyond legal corridors, reflecting evolving societal norms and rights consciousness among marginalized communities.

    Way Forward

    • Dialogue and Engagement: Foster open dialogue between religious leaders, legal experts, policymakers, and the Muslim community to understand concerns and perspectives.
    • Legal Reforms: Consider amending existing laws or introducing new legislation to balance religious autonomy with gender justice, especially in provisions related to maintenance for divorced Muslim women.
    • Sensitivity Training: Provide training to legal professionals on handling cases involving Muslim women with cultural competence and understanding of Islamic law while upholding equality principles.
    • Alternative Dispute Resolution: Encourage the use of mediation and arbitration within Islamic law to resolve family disputes, including matters of maintenance, fairly and amicably.
    • Consultation and Collaboration: Include Muslim women in decision-making processes and policy formulation through consultation, ensuring their voices are heard and perspectives considered.
    • Respect for Diversity: Acknowledge diversity within the Muslim community, avoiding generalizations, and upholding principles of pluralism and tolerance in addressing women’s rights issues.

    Conclusion

    • The apex court’s forthcoming ruling holds the potential to bridge legal schisms and affirm the rights of marginalized segments, reinforcing the constitutional ethos of equality and justice for all.

    Try this Question from CS Mains:

    Q.1) Do you think marriage as a sacrament is losing its value in Modern India? (2023)

    Q.2) What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of secularism? (2019)

    Post your opinions here.

  • Nearly 50% of Pregnancies in India are High-Risk

    Introduction

    • Presenting findings from a recent comprehensive study conducted by researchers at the ICMR’s National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (NIRRCH) in Mumbai.
    • Utilizing data extracted from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-2021), the study offers a nuanced understanding of the prevalence and determinants of high-risk pregnancies among Indian women.

    Pregnancy Issues: Key Statistics

    • The study encompasses data from nearly 24,000 pregnant women across India.
    • Prevalence of high-risk pregnancies stands at a staggering 49.4%.
    • Northeastern states, including Meghalaya (67.8%), Manipur (66.7%), and Mizoram (62.5%), alongside Telangana (60.3%), exhibit the highest prevalence rates.
    • Meghalaya records the highest frequency of multiple high-risk factors at 33%.
    • Regional disparities in risk factors underscore the imperative for tailored interventions to address local challenges effectively.

    Methodology used

    • Data Analysis Approach: Employing unit-level data sourced from the Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) program, the study meticulously scrutinizes the prevalence of high-risk pregnancies among women aged 15-49.
    • Primary Risk Factors: The study identifies short birth spacing, adverse birth outcomes, and caesarean deliveries as primary contributors to the incidence of high-risk pregnancies.

    Major Risks Identified

    • Maternal Risks: Critical maternal factors such as age, height, body mass index (BMI), and gestational weight gain emerge as pivotal determinants of pregnancy-related risks.
    • Lifestyle and Birth Outcome Risks: Lifestyle choices including tobacco use, alcohol consumption, along with previous birth outcomes significantly influence the likelihood of high-risk pregnancies.
    • Educational Disparities: Pregnant women with limited formal education are disproportionately affected, exhibiting heightened prevalence rates of multiple high-risk factors compared to their educated counterparts.
    • Temporal Patterns: Notably, high-risk factors tend to escalate during the third trimester, emphasizing the critical need for vigilant monitoring and timely interventions.

    Major Government Interventions

    • Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) (2011): Provides free delivery, including Cesarean section, and essential healthcare services to pregnant women in public health institutions.
    • Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) (2016): Ensures quality antenatal care and high-risk pregnancy detection on the 9th of every month.
    • LaQshya Initiative (2011): Aims to improve the quality of care in labor rooms and maternity operation theatres, promoting Respectful Maternity Care.
    • Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) (2016): The program aims to provide assured, comprehensive and quality antenatal care, free of cost, universally to all pregnant women on the 9th of every month.
    • Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan (SUMAN): Aims to provide assured, dignified, and quality healthcare at no cost for every woman and newborn visiting public health facilities.
    • Anaemia Mukt Bharat (2018): Launched with a 6x6x6 strategy to reduce anaemia prevalence among children, adolescents, and women in the reproductive age group.

    Way Forward  

    • Tailored Interventions: Develop region-specific interventions targeting areas with high prevalence rates, addressing local challenges effectively.
    • Strengthened Antenatal Care: Ensure access to quality antenatal care services, particularly for women at risk, through initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan.
    • Capacity Building: Invest in training healthcare professionals to identify and manage high-risk pregnancies effectively, improving maternal and child health outcomes.
    • Integration of Initiatives: Foster coordination and integration among existing government initiatives like Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram, Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, and Anaemia Mukt Bharat for holistic maternal care.

    Conclusion

    • The study advocates for a comprehensive approach aimed at mitigating the prevalence of high-risk pregnancies, safeguarding maternal and child health, and promoting equitable access to healthcare across diverse socio-economic strata.

  • A ruling that gives primary school teaching a new slate

    Bratya Basu | Teachers' Eligibility Test exam: Education minister trashes report of question paper leak - Telegraph India

    Central Idea:

    The central idea of the article revolves around the recent Supreme Court ruling in India, which upheld the necessity of specialized qualifications for primary school teaching, emphasizing the significance of Diploma in Education (DEd), Diploma in Elementary Education (DElEd), or Bachelor of Elementary Education (BElEd) degrees over Bachelor of Education (B.Ed). The article highlights the implications of this decision on recruitment policies and the quality of primary education in the country.

    Key Highlights:

    • Different Requirements for Primary Teaching: Teaching young children in primary grades requires specialized skills in foundational literacy and numeracy, which cannot be adequately addressed by the B.Ed degree, designed for teaching older students. The Right to Education Act underscores the importance of appropriate qualifications for primary school teachers.
    • Discrepancies in Qualifications: Despite regulations, there are discrepancies in the qualifications of primary school teachers, with a significant portion holding B.Ed degrees instead of the required DEd, DElEd, or BElEd qualifications.
    • Challenges in Quality: The quality of teacher education programs varies, with government-funded institutions generally performing better than self-financed ones. Concerns exist regarding low mean scores, especially in mathematics, indicating a need for improvement in pedagogical content knowledge.
    • Government Support and Innovation: There is a call for government support and innovation in primary teacher education, including the expansion of successful programs like BElEd and the Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP).

    Key Challenges:

    • Discrepancies in Qualifications: The prevalence of B.Ed holders in primary teaching roles highlights the challenge of aligning qualifications with the specific requirements of primary education.
    • Quality Disparities: Disparities in the quality of teacher education programs, particularly between government-funded and self-financed institutions, pose a challenge to ensuring consistently high standards of teacher preparation.
    • Limited Government Focus: The article criticizes the government’s focus on higher education faculty development rather than primary teacher preparation, potentially neglecting the crucial foundation of education.

    Main Terms:

    • Bachelor of Education (B.Ed)
    • Diploma in Education (DEd)
    • Diploma in Elementary Education (DElEd)
    • Bachelor of Elementary Education (BElEd)
    • Right to Education Act
    • Teacher Eligibility Test (TET)
    • District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs)
    • Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP)

    Important Phrases:

    • Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN)
    • Teacher Eligibility Test (TET)
    • District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs)
    • Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP)
    • Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers & Teaching

    Quotes:

    • “Teaching these competencies has to be learnt by prospective primary schoolteachers, through specialized teacher education for this stage.”
    • “Almost all of us have forgotten how we learned to read or manipulate the number system.”
    • “Better students seem to prefer government-funded institutions.”
    • “The decision to become a teacher can also occur at different stages.”

    Examples and References:

    • The State of Teachers, Teaching and Teacher Education Report.
    • Analysis of Teachers Eligibility Test (TET) data from a particular state.
    • The success of programs like BElEd offered by Delhi University.
    • The announcement of the Integrated Teacher Education Programme (ITEP) and the Scheme of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers & Teaching.

    Facts and Data:

    • 90% of teachers have some form of professional qualification.
    • Only 46% of teachers teaching primary grades have the DElEd (or equivalent) qualification.
    • 22% of primary school teachers in private schools have B.Ed degrees.
    • 4% of students enrolled in DElEd already have a B.Ed.
    • Only 14% of qualifying candidates in TET had a mean score of 60% or above.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article effectively critiques the discrepancy between qualifications and the requirements of primary education, highlighting the need for specialized training in foundational literacy and numeracy. It addresses disparities in teacher education quality and government focus, advocating for greater attention to primary teacher preparation. However, it could delve further into the socio-economic factors influencing qualification choices and explore potential solutions in more detail.

    Way Forward:

    • Strengthening government support for primary teacher education programs.
    • Expanding successful models like BElEd and ITEP.
    • Addressing quality disparities between institutions.
    • Implementing section-wise qualifying cut-off marks in TET.
    • Providing pathways for professional development for B.Ed holders aiming for primary teaching roles.

  • Derek O’Brien writes: How BJP government’s Data Fails Rekha, Kavita, and Mohan

    What is an Interim Budget - Oneindia News

    Central Idea:

    The article critiques the recent interim budget session of Parliament, highlighting the discrepancy between the government’s rhetoric and the lived realities of everyday Indians. Through the stories of Rekha, Kavita, and Mohan, it exposes the failure of government schemes like Ayushman Bharat, food subsidies, and employment initiatives to address the fundamental issues facing citizens.

    Key Highlights:

    • The government’s self-aggrandizing adjectives during the budget session are criticized for being unsubstantiated by facts.
    • The article delves into the lives of ordinary Indians to reveal the truth behind government data.
    • Through scenarios, it demonstrates how government schemes often fail to provide adequate healthcare, nutrition, and employment opportunities.
    • The suspension of a senior professor behind a damning health report raises questions about intellectual honesty regarding data.
    • The Global Hunger Index ranking and reports from international organizations highlight India’s challenges in food security.
    • Unemployment rates and the plight of educated youth like Mohan illustrate the failures in job creation and protection.

    Key Challenges:

    • Inadequate investment in healthcare, leading to poor quality and inaccessible services for millions.
    • Subsidized food options lack nutritional value, exacerbating hunger and malnutrition.
    • Job scarcity and lack of protection for workers, pushing individuals to precarious employment or even dangerous situations abroad.
    • Discrepancies between government claims and ground realities, highlighting issues of transparency and accountability.

    Main Terms:

    • Ayushman Bharat scheme
    • NFHS (National Family Health Survey)
    • Global Hunger Index
    • Gig economy
    • Unemployment rate
    • Food subsidies

    Important Phrases:

    • “Data stored with government hospitals under the Ayushman Bharat scheme is riddled with errors.”
    • “The suspension of the IIPS Director shortly after the release of the NFHS report.”
    • “India ranked out of countries in the Global Hunger Index.”
    • “Mohan finds himself among the percent of graduates under years of age who are unemployed.”
    • “A packet of rice costs more while dal costs more than before.”

    Quotes:

    • “The voices of Kavita, Rekha, and Mohan did not find a place in the Prime Minister’s marathon monologue in Parliament.”
    • “Every youth believes that they can cement their job position with hard work and skills.”
    • “Reality gets worse for Indian women like Rekha.”
    • “Three out of four Indians cannot afford a healthy diet.”

    Anecdotes:

    • Rekha’s struggle to access healthcare at a government hospital.
    • Kavita’s dilemma between subsidized but low-nutrient food and higher quality groceries.
    • Mohan’s choice between unemployment at home or precarious work abroad.

    Useful Statements:

    • “The numbers either misidentify the dead, incorrectly record surgery details or entirely leave out beneficiaries from the list.”
    • “Half the country does not turn to government facilities in their time of need.”
    • “A job in a war zone is his only option.”
    • “Mohan has not found employment for months.”

    Examples and References:

    • Global Hunger Index ranking (India ranked out of countries).
    • NFHS data highlighting issues in healthcare access.
    • Mohan’s situation exemplifying unemployment among educated youth.

    Facts and Data:

    • India invests only percent of GDP in healthcare.
    • Three out of four Indians cannot afford a healthy diet.
    • percent of graduates under years of age are unemployed.
    • A packet of rice costs more, while dal costs more than before.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article effectively exposes the gap between government rhetoric and ground realities, emphasizing the human impact of policy failures. By presenting concrete examples and data, it challenges the narrative of progress touted by the government. The suspension of the IIPS Director adds weight to concerns about data integrity and transparency. However, the article could benefit from more analysis on systemic issues contributing to these failures, such as corruption and inadequate social welfare policies.

    Way Forward:

    • Increase investment in healthcare to improve accessibility and quality of services.
    • Reform food subsidy programs to ensure nutritious options for all citizens.
    • Create more employment opportunities through targeted policies and investments in key sectors.
    • Enhance transparency and accountability in data collection and reporting to address systemic issues.
    • Prioritize the voices and needs of ordinary citizens in policymaking process

  • Gender Disparities: Big Blindspot in India’s Health Policy

    Introduction

    • Despite comprising nearly half of India’s health workforce, women face significant barriers in reaching leadership positions within the healthcare sector, highlighting deep-rooted gender disparities in health policy and decision-making.

    Understanding the Gender Gap

    • Data revelations: Official data reveals that while women make up almost 50% of health workers in India, only 18% occupy leadership roles across various health panels, committees, hospitals, and ministries.
    • Impact of Gender Disparity: The over-representation of men at the top of the health pyramid perpetuates inequalities in decision-making and policymaking, leading to skewed health systems that fail to address the diverse needs of the population.

    Insights from Research

    • Diversity Gaps: Recent research highlights the prevalence of diversity gaps in India’s National Health Committees, with an “over-concentration” of men, doctors, individuals from urban areas, and bureaucrats. This centralization of power risks excluding diverse perspectives and experiences, hindering the development of inclusive health policies.
    • Impact on Policy Formulation: The lack of gender diversity in health committees affects policy outcomes, as decisions are often made from a narrow lens, overlooking the nuanced needs of marginalized groups. For instance, the absence of women in decision-making bodies may lead to inadequate consideration of gender-specific health issues such as access to nutritious food for women.

    Challenges Faced by Women

    • Professional Barriers: Women encounter various obstacles in advancing their careers in the health sector, including limited opportunities for promotion, unequal pay, and cultural expectations regarding gender roles.
    • Underrepresentation in Leadership: Women are significantly underrepresented in medical leadership positions, both within health committees and healthcare institutions, further perpetuating gender disparities in decision-making and policy formulation.

    Recommendations for Change

    • Policy Interventions: Affirmative policies, such as reserving seats for women and marginalized groups in health committees, can help address gender disparities and promote inclusive decision-making.
    • Structural Reforms: Structural changes within healthcare institutions, such as promoting flexible working arrangements and providing dedicated resources for women leaders, are essential to breaking down barriers to gender equality in leadership.
    • Community Engagement: Involving directly affected communities in policy-making processes can ensure that health policies are responsive to the needs and priorities of the population, fostering greater inclusivity and accountability.

    Conclusion

    • Achieving gender equality in health leadership requires concerted efforts to address systemic barriers and promote inclusive decision-making.
    • By prioritizing diversity and inclusivity in health policy, India can build more responsive and equitable health systems that serve the needs of all its citizens.

  • Too many IITs, unrealistic expectations

    Introduction  

    • New Campus: IIT Madras Zanzibar, inaugurated recently, gained widespread attention following a mention by Amitabh Bachchan on the game show Kaun Banega Crorepati.
    • Significance: The establishment of an IIT campus outside India raises questions about the implications and challenges of operating an IIT beyond national borders.

    Historical Context of IITs

    • Founding Principles: The IITs were established with a focus on contributing to the nation’s human resource development, emphasizing their Indian identity and commitment to national service.
    • Technological Geography: Envisioned as institutions of “Indianness,” the IITs symbolize a united India driven by technological advancements, as outlined in the Nalini Ranjan Sarkar Committee’s Report.

    Expansion of the IIT System

    • Origins and Growth: Initially comprising five institutions, the IIT system expanded over the years to include 23 IITs across the country, with varying degrees of foreign collaboration.
    • Evolution: While initially focused on technology and engineering, the IITs have evolved to include humanities and social sciences, aligning with the objectives outlined in the National Education Policy of 2020.

    Challenges and Realities

    • Institutional Characteristics: The IITs differ from traditional universities in terms of discipline range and size, primarily focusing on undergraduate education and gradually incorporating post-graduate offerings.
    • Academic Rigor and Selectivity: Renowned for their academic excellence, the IITs attract top-tier students and faculty, maintaining rigorous standards despite challenges in faculty recruitment and retention.
    • Regional Presence: The proliferation of IITs across the country, including in smaller towns, raises concerns about maintaining quality standards and infrastructure outside major urban centers.

    Adapting to Changing Realities

    • Quality Assurance: Ensuring the quality and relevance of IIT education requires strategic planning and resource allocation, particularly in the face of faculty shortages and infrastructure constraints.
    • Internationalization Efforts: Collaborative initiatives with global universities and enhanced recruitment of foreign faculty can bolster the international reputation and competitiveness of the IITs.
    • Funding and Sustainability: Sustainable funding models, both from government sources and alumni philanthropy, are crucial to preserving the integrity and excellence of the IITs amidst expansion and globalization.

    Recommendations for the Future

    • Strategic Focus: Prioritizing excellence over expansion, consolidating resources, and strategically locating IIT campuses can ensure sustained quality and relevance.
    • Global Engagement: Strengthening international collaborations and student exchange programs while maintaining the essence of Indian identity can enhance the global standing of the IITs.
    • Sustainable Growth: Balancing growth with quality assurance measures and fostering regional connections can address challenges associated with overexpansion and ensure long-term sustainability.

    Conclusion

    • Preserving Excellence: Upholding the legacy of academic excellence and national service while adapting to changing educational landscapes is essential for the continued success of the IITs.
    • Strategic Vision: A strategic and sustainable approach to growth, internationalization, and quality assurance is imperative to maintain the IITs’ position as India’s premier institutions of higher learning.
    • Collective Responsibility: Collaboration among stakeholders, including government, academia, industry, and alumni, is crucial to safeguarding the integrity and reputation of the IITs for generations to come.

  • A demand that could hamper gender equality

    Two Indian Companies Are Now Endorsing Paid 'Menstrual Leave' For All Their Women Employees

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the complex issue of providing paid leave for menstruation, highlighting its potential impact on gender equality and societal perceptions of menstruation. It argues against the implementation of blanket policies, advocating instead for tailored support and inclusivity on a case-by-case basis.

    Key Highlights:

    • Sabrimala Temple Issue: Highlights the struggle against discriminatory practices related to menstruation, emphasizing the need for gender equality.
    • Global Gender Gap: Discusses the widening gender gap globally and its implications on workforce participation and leadership roles for women.
    • Challenges in Implementing Paid Menstrual Leave: Raises concerns about exacerbating gender inequality, social stigma, and potential misuse of leave policies.
    • Case of Japan: Explores the experience of Japan with unpaid menstrual leave and its limited uptake, alongside persisting gender disparities in the workforce.
    • Enforcement Challenges: Cites instances of intrusive enforcement methods and underscores the need for sensitive implementation strategies.
    • Ongoing Struggles for Gender Equality: Highlights various arenas where women continue to fight for equal treatment, including combat roles and pay parity.

    Key Challenges:

    • Social Stigma: Addressing societal taboos and perceptions surrounding menstruation.
    • Gender Equality: Balancing the need for menstrual support with potential impacts on women’s workforce participation and leadership opportunities.
    • Implementation Issues: Ensuring fair and non-intrusive enforcement of leave policies without perpetuating discrimination or abuse.
    • Cultural Sensitivity: Acknowledging diverse experiences and cultural contexts surrounding menstruation.
    • Policy Effectiveness: Assessing the efficacy of paid menstrual leave in addressing menstrual health needs while advancing gender equality.

    Main Terms:

    • Menstruation
    • Gender Gap
    • Paid Leave
    • Gender Equality
    • Social Stigma
    • Workforce Participation

    Important Phrases:

    • “Period shaming”
    • “Blanket biological disadvantage”
    • “Tailoring support”
    • “Inclusivity on a case-by-case basis”
    • “Sensitive implementation strategies”

    Lettering Menstrual Leave In the Constitution

    Did you know?

    • The menstrual cycle can be affected by external factors such as stress, changes in temperature and altitude, and even exposure to certain chemicals and toxins.
    • This can cause changes in the length of the cycle, the intensity of bleeding, and the severity of symptoms.
    • There is also a small percentage of women who experience menorrhagia, which is an excessive bleeding during menstruation. This can be caused by hormonal imbalances, fibroids, endometriosis, and other underlying medical conditions.

    Quotes:

    • “Menstruation is not a disease, but a natural phenomenon.”
    • “Granting special status to menstruation would validate social stigma.”
    • “Recognizing the diverse nature of menstrual experiences is essential.”
    • “Women in Japan are less likely to be employed and often paid lesser.”
    • “Women continue to fight for equal treatment in various arenas.”

    Anecdotes:

    • Sabrimala Temple issue highlighting the struggle against discriminatory practices.
    • Instances of intrusive enforcement methods in Bhuj and Muzzaffarnagar schools.
    • Limited uptake of unpaid menstrual leave in Japan despite its availability for decades.

    Useful Statements:

    • “Paid leave for menstruation could unintentionally widen the gender gap.”
    • “Tailoring support on a case-by-case basis promotes inclusivity and addresses individual needs.”
    • “Sensitive implementation strategies are crucial to prevent discrimination and abuse.”

    Examples and References:

    • Sabrimala Temple issue
    • Global Gender Gap Report 2021
    • Case of Japan and its gender disparities in the workforce
    • Incidents in Bhuj and Muzzaffarnagar schools
    • Ongoing struggles for gender equality in combat roles and pay parity

    Facts and Data:

    • The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2021.
    • National Family Health Survey (NFHS) report highlighting menstrual health challenges in India.
    • Low uptake of menstrual leave in Japan, with only 0.9% of women availing it.
    • Gender disparities in Japan’s workforce despite higher education levels among women.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article offers a nuanced perspective on the debate surrounding paid menstrual leave, highlighting both its potential benefits and challenges. It critically examines the implications of such policies on gender equality, social stigma, and workforce dynamics, emphasizing the importance of context-sensitive approaches.

    Way Forward:

    • Awareness and Education: Promote awareness and education to combat social stigma and misconceptions surrounding menstruation.
    • Tailored Support: Advocate for tailored support and accommodations for individuals experiencing menstrual challenges, rather than blanket policies.
    • Sensitive Implementation: Develop sensitive implementation strategies to ensure fair and non-discriminatory enforcement of leave policies.
    • Continued Advocacy: Continue advocating for gender equality in all spheres, including combat roles and pay parity, to address systemic inequalities.

  • APAAR: One Nation, One Student ID Initiative  

    apaar

    Central Idea

    • About 25 crore Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR) have been created, Union Education Minister informed at a national conference on ‘APAAR: One Nation One Student ID Card.’

    What is APAAR?

    • What is it? : APAAR serves as a unique identification system for all students across India, commencing from early childhood.
    • Lifelong Student ID: Every student is assigned a lifelong 12-digit ID, simplifying the tracking of academic progress from pre-primary education through higher education.
    • Gateway to Digilocker: APAAR functions as a gateway to Digilocker, a digital repository where students can securely store crucial documents, including exam results and report cards, for convenient access during future endeavours such as higher education or job applications.

    How does APAAR ID function?

    • Unique Identification: Each individual receives a unique APAAR ID, linked to the Academic Bank Credit (ABC), a digital repository housing a student’s earned credits throughout their academic journey.
    • Seamless Data Transfer: When students change schools, whether within the state or to another state, their data in the ABC is seamlessly transferred to the new school by sharing the APAAR ID, eliminating the need for physical document submission.
    • All-Inclusive Repository: APAAR allows students to store certificates and credits from both formal and informal learning experiences, with digital certification from authorized institutions.

    Rationale behind APAAR

    • Streamlined Education: APAAR’s introduction aims to streamline education processes, reducing the burden on students to carry physical documents.
    • NEP 2020 Initiative: This initiative was launched as part of the National Education Policy 2020 by the Ministry of Education.
    • Empowering State Governments: APAAR empowers state governments to monitor literacy rates, dropout rates, and educational improvements effectively.
    • Combatting Fraud: It seeks to combat fraud and the proliferation of duplicate educational certificates by providing a single, reliable reference for educational institutions, ensuring authenticity through first-party verification.

    How to get an APAAR ID?

    • Registration Process: To enrol for APAAR, students provide basic details such as name, age, date of birth, gender, and a photograph, all of which are verified using their Aadhar number.
    • Aadhar Authentication: The Aadhaar number is used solely for verification purposes to match the name and date of birth, with no sharing of this data during registration.
    • Parental Consent for Minors: For minors, parental consent is mandatory for using the student’s Aadhar number for authentication with UIDAI.
    • Voluntary Registration: Registration for creating an APAAR ID is voluntary, not mandatory.

    Concerns surrounding APAAR

    • Data Security Concerns: Parents and students express concerns about sharing their Aadhar details, fearing potential leaks of personal information to external parties.
    • Government Assurance: The government assures that shared information will remain confidential and will only be disclosed to entities engaged in educational activities, including UDISE+ (Unified District Information System for Education Plus), scholarships, academic record maintenance, educational institutions, and recruitment agencies.
    • Data Control: Students retain the option to cease sharing their information with these entities at any time, with a halt in data processing. However, previously processed data remains unaffected if consent is withdrawn.

  • A global alliance to bridge the gender equity gap

    India scripts breakthrough at Davos on global gender equality; Minister Irani stitches mega alliance

    Central Idea:

    The article highlights India’s commitment to gender equity and equality, emphasizing initiatives taken by both the government and industry to advance women’s empowerment. It discusses key achievements, challenges, and the launch of the ‘Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality’ to drive inclusive development globally.

    Key Highlights:

    • India’s dedication to equality and inclusion as pillars of development, evidenced by initiatives like the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration and the Women’s Reservation Bill.
    • Increase in female participation in various sectors, including politics, education, and entrepreneurship.
    • Launch of the ‘Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality’ at the World Economic Forum, aiming to accelerate socio-economic progress on a global scale.
    • India’s leadership in areas such as ed-tech, healthcare, and entrepreneurship, reflected in the Alliance’s goals.
    • The Alliance’s partnership with stakeholders like the CII, Ministry of Women and Child Development, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, along with support from the World Economic Forum.

    Key Challenges:

    • Addressing persistent gender disparities in various sectors despite progress.
    • Ensuring effective implementation of policies and initiatives to promote gender equity.
    • Overcoming societal and cultural barriers that hinder women’s advancement.
    • Mobilizing resources and sustaining momentum for inclusive development efforts.
    • Encouraging broader global participation and collaboration to drive meaningful change.

    Main Terms:

    • Gender equity: Fair treatment and opportunities for all genders.
    • Gender equality: Equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities for all genders.
    • Women’s empowerment: Enhancing women’s ability to access resources and participate fully in society.
    • Inclusive development: Economic growth that benefits all segments of society, including marginalized groups.
    • Stakeholders: Individuals or organizations with an interest or concern in a particular issue or initiative.

    Important Phrases:

    • “Women-led development”: Development initiatives driven by and focused on women’s empowerment.
    • “Mainstreaming gender equality”: Integrating gender considerations into all aspects of policymaking and development efforts.
    • “Shared direction”: Collaborative approach towards addressing gender-related challenges and promoting inclusion.
    • “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”: Indian philosophy emphasizing the interconnectedness of all beings and the world.
    • “Sabka Saath, Sabka Prayaas, Sabka Vikaas”: Indian motto promoting inclusive development for all.

    Quotes:

    • “Equality and inclusion are the cornerstones of India’s development journey.”
    • “The enthusiasm around the We-Lead Lounge… saw global interest and curiosity.”
    • “India’s abiding commitment to ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam – One Earth, One Family, One Future’.”

    Anecdotes:

    • Success stories in space exploration, sports, entrepreneurship, and UN peacekeeping operations highlight India’s achievements and influence.
    • The We-Lead Lounge at Davos served as a platform for meaningful discussions on inclusive development.

    Useful Statements:

    • “The Alliance for Global Good – Gender Equity and Equality aims to drive collective actions to augment women empowerment.”
    • “India’s leadership in areas such as ed-tech and healthcare makes it a key contributor to global development efforts.”
    • “Industry has an opportunity to invest in proven programs and initiatives to advance gender inclusion in the workspace.”

    Examples and References:

    • Passage of the Women’s Reservation Bill and increased female labor force participation rates.
    • Participation of over nine crore women in self-help groups in rural India.
    • India’s digital prowess and leadership in healthcare, highlighted through initiatives like the Alliance for Global Good.

    Facts and Data:

    • Increase in India’s female labor force participation rate from 23.3% in 2017-18 to 37% in 2022-23.
    • Allocation of nearly $27 billion under the gender budget in 2023-24.
    • Female enrollment in STEM courses at 43%.
    • Participation of over nine crore women in self-help groups in rural India.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The article showcases India’s progress in promoting gender equity but also acknowledges ongoing challenges.
    • It emphasizes the importance of collaboration between government, industry, and other stakeholders to drive meaningful change.
    • While highlighting achievements, it also recognizes the need for sustained efforts to address persistent gender disparities.

    Way Forward:

    • Strengthening implementation of policies and initiatives aimed at promoting gender equity and inclusion.
    • Continued investment in programs and initiatives to support women’s empowerment across various sectors.
    • Enhancing global collaboration and partnerships to drive inclusive development efforts.
    • Addressing societal and cultural barriers through awareness campaigns and education.
    • Monitoring and evaluation of progress to ensure accountability and sustainability in gender-related initiatives.

  • Launched on International Day For Girls and Women in Science, will SWATI break old habits?

    Govt launches online portal on women in science and technology

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the efforts of Indian science academies to address the gender gap in STEM fields, focusing on initiatives such as the launch of the SWATI portal. It highlights the evolution of these efforts, challenges faced, and the need for more inclusive and effective strategies.

    Key Highlights:

    • Launch of SWATI portal by Indian science academies to create a database of women in science.
    • Evolution of initiatives starting from the INSA report in 2004, highlighting discrimination and proposing solutions.
    • Efforts like Lilavati’s Daughters compendium and national conferences to address gender gap issues.
    • Gendered perceptions uncovered by sociologists and scientists regarding women leaving academia.
    • Critique of initiatives focusing solely on “fixing” women instead of addressing systemic issues.
    • Newer policies like GATI charter and STIP 2020 adopting more progressive language and inclusive approaches.
    • Concerns about the effectiveness and sustainability of new initiatives like SWATI.

    Key Challenges:

    • Deep-rooted discrimination based on gender, caste, transgender identity, and disability.
    • Lack of accountability for addressing systemic issues within the scientific community.
    • Need for rules and laws to ensure gender equity and address unique challenges faced by marginalized groups.
    • Risk of new initiatives losing momentum and failing to deliver on promises.

    Main Terms:

    • Gender gap: Disparity between men and women in STEM fields.
    • Discrimination: Unfair treatment based on gender, caste, or other factors.
    • Gender equity: Fair treatment regardless of gender.
    • Inclusive policies: Strategies that consider diverse identities and experiences.
    • STEM: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.

    Important Phrases:

    • “Gender gap in STEM”
    • “Discrimination in the workplace”
    • “Systemic issues”
    • “Inclusive group”
    • “Gendered perceptions”

    SWATI' Portal- Empowering women in STEMM |ForumIAS

    Quotes:

    • “It is the females who need to be ‘fixed.’”
    • “Equity is not just a women’s issue.”

    Anecdotes:

    • Launch of SWATI portal on International Day for Girls and Women in Science.
    • Announcement of promises by then Science and Technology Minister Kapil Sibal at a national conference in 2008.

    Useful Statements:

    • “Initiatives focusing solely on ‘fixing’ women overlook systemic issues.”
    • “Newer policies like GATI charter and STIP 2020 adopt more progressive language.”

    Examples and References:

    • Indian National Science Academy (INSA) report in 2004.
    • Lilavati’s Daughters compendium by the Indian Academy of Sciences (IASc).
    • Launch of SWATI portal in 2024.

    Facts and Data:

    • Collaboration between scientists and social scientists in the INSA report in 2004.
    • Survey of about 800 scientists revealing gendered perceptions in academia.
    • Announcement of promises for women scientists by Kapil Sibal in 2008.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article provides a comprehensive overview of efforts to address the gender gap in Indian STEM fields, highlighting both progress made and persistent challenges. It critiques initiatives that focus solely on individual women without addressing systemic issues and emphasizes the need for more inclusive and effective strategies.

    Way Forward:

    • Implement and monitor policies that address discrimination and promote gender equity.
    • Engage diverse stakeholders, including marginalized groups, in policy development and implementation.
    • Ensure transparency and accountability in initiatives like SWATI to maintain momentum and effectiveness.
    • Foster a culture of inclusivity and support within the scientific community to retain and empower women in STEM.

  • ASHA and Anganwadi Workers/Helpers in Ayushman Bharat Scheme

    asha

    Introduction

    • Following the Centre’s decision to extend health coverage under the Ayushman Bharat Scheme to Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and Anganwadi workers and helpers, the Health Ministry has initiated the process of enrollment.
    • The Health Ministry has received Aadhaar details of 23 lakh Anganwadi workers and helpers and over three lakh ASHA workers from various states.

    About Ayushman Bharat Scheme

    Details
    Launch 2018, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)
    Aim Achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by providing promotive, preventive, curative, palliative, and rehabilitative care.
    Funding Centrally Sponsored Scheme (expenditure shared between Central and State governments)
    Coverage Targets over 10 crore families (approximately 50 crore beneficiaries) based on SECC (Socio-Economic Caste Census)
    Implementing Agency National Health Authority (NHA)
    Components
    1. Health and Wellness Centres (HWC) providing primary care services.
    2. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) offering health cover of Rs. 5 lakhs per family per year.
    Coverage Details
    • Covers secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.
    • Includes pre-hospitalization and post-hospitalization expenses.
    • No restrictions on family size, age, or gender.
    Portability of Benefits Benefits are portable across the country, allowing cashless treatment at any empanelled public or private hospital in India.
    Digital Overture Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM): Launched in 2021 to provide Unique Digital Health IDs (UHID) for all Indian citizens, facilitating electronic access to health records.

    Significance of ASHA Program

    • Workforce: As of December 31, 2023, there were over 13 lakh Anganwadi workers and over 10 lakh Anganwadi helpers in the country, along with 9.83 lakh ASHAs in position.
    • Program Scale: India’s ASHA program is recognized as the world’s largest community volunteer program, operating across 35 states and union territories.
    • Role of ASHAs: The ASHA program serves as a vital component of community healthcare, facilitating access to care and playing a crucial role in the prevention and management of COVID-19.
    • Contribution Acknowledged: ASHAs have been recognized for their substantial contribution to improving access to care for communities and are integral to various community platforms under the National Health Mission.

    Ayushman Bharat Scheme Impact

    • Beneficiary Coverage: Currently, 55 crore individuals corresponding to 12 crore families are covered under the Ayushman Bharat scheme, with some states/UTs expanding the beneficiary base at their own cost.
    • Enrollment and Hospital Admissions: The government has issued approximately 28.45 crore Ayushman cards, authorizing over 6.11 crore hospital admissions amounting to ₹78,188 crores.
    • Hospital Empanelment: A total of 26,901 hospitals, including 11,813 private hospitals, have been empanelled under AB-PMJAY to provide healthcare services to scheme beneficiaries.
    • Gender Equity: The scheme ensures gender equity in access to healthcare services, with women accounting for approximately 49% of Ayushman cards created and 48% of total authorized hospital admissions.

    Back2Basics:

    [1] Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA)

    Details
    Launch Year 2005-06 as part of the National Rural Health Mission.

    Later extended to urban areas with the National Urban Health Mission in 2013.
    Program Scope Largest community health worker program globally, serving as health care facilitators, service providers, and health awareness generators.
    Number of ASHAs Over 10.52 Lakh ASHAs across all states/UTs (except Goa) as of June 2022.
    Role Provide maternal and child health services, family planning, and services under National Disease Control Programme.
    Service Population Serve populations of approximately 1,000 in rural areas and 2,000 in urban areas, with local adjustments based on workload.
    Selection Criteria
    • Primarily women residents of the village, preferably aged 25 to 45.
    • Literacy preferred and relaxed standards for tribal, hilly, or desert areas.
    Employment Classification Considered honorary/volunteer positions rather than government workers.

     

    [2] Anganwadi Programme

    Details
    Initiation
    • Started by the Government of India in 1975
    • Part of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
    Objective To combat child hunger and malnutrition
    Implementation Centrally sponsored scheme implemented by States/UTs
    Services Provided
    1. Supplementary nutrition
    2. Pre-school non-formal education
    3. Immunization
    4. Health check-up
    5. Nutrition and health education
    6. Referral services
    Beneficiaries Identified based on Aadhaar

  • How coaching culture lets children down

    Kota: From Coaching Hub To Suicide Cluster - Rediff.com

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the detrimental effects of the booming coaching industry on students’ mental health, educational values, and overall well-being. It emphasizes the need for a shift in focus towards holistic education and the nurturing of students’ inner needs.

    Key Highlights:

    • Concerns regarding the negative impact of the coaching industry on students’ welfare, leading to suicides and academic disengagement.
    • Rise of coaching centres catering to various competitive exams, resulting in students abandoning traditional schooling.
    • Lack of policy support for students beyond school, allowing coaching centres to become dominant in shaping students’ education.
    • The importance of addressing mental health, learning, and understanding in education, as highlighted in the National Education Policy.
    • Critique of the coaching culture for neglecting essential aspects such as sleep, social interaction, and identity development.
    • Emphasis on the role of education in understanding and catering to the diverse needs and aspirations of students.
    • Advocacy for a shared vision where student well-being is prioritized over mere academic achievement.

    Key Challenges:

    • Balancing the pressure for academic success with the need for holistic development.
    • Overcoming the entrenched influence of coaching centres on students and parents.
    • Realigning educational priorities to focus on mental health and emotional well-being.
    • Addressing societal expectations that contribute to stress and false expectations among students.
    • Encouraging collaboration between schools, parents, and policymakers to foster a supportive educational environment.

    Main Terms:

    • Coaching industry
    • Competitive exams (e.g., NEET, JEE, CUET)
    • Mental health
    • Holistic education
    • National Education Policy
    • Identity development
    • Academic pressure
    • Emotional stability
    • Well-being
    • Co-agency

    Important Phrases:

    • “Children are not machines”
    • “The role of education”
    • “True education is value imparting”
    • “Learning is a process”
    • “Obsession with coaching”
    • “Holistic development”

    Quotes:

    • “Children are walking away from classroom teaching into coaching centres, often with parental support.”
    • “The obsession with coaching will never be able to validate and strengthen new ideas, approaches, and research, required for human flourishing.”
    • “Students go to school to become purposeful, reflective, and responsible.”

    Useful Statements:

    • “If coaching centres are going to be the foundation of these years, then the youth of today will become directionless.”
    • “Children suffer from anxiety and are unable to cope.”
    • “As a country, we need a shared vision, where well-being is the goal of education and co-agency is a guiding light.”

    Examples and References:

    • Rise of coaching centres like Kota, which have become parallel systems to traditional schooling.
    • Concerns about students opting for dummy schools to focus solely on coaching, neglecting the value of classroom education.

    Facts and Data:

    • The coaching industry generates Rs 6,000 crore annually and is growing at a rate of 7-10% per year.
    • Instances of student suicides linked to academic pressure and coaching culture.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article effectively critiques the dominance of the coaching industry and highlights the need for a more holistic approach to education. It exposes the negative consequences of prioritizing academic achievement over students’ mental health and overall well-being. However, it could provide more concrete suggestions for addressing these issues and overcoming the challenges posed by the coaching culture.

    Way Forward:

    • Implement guidelines and regulations for coaching centres to ensure student welfare.
    • Strengthen support systems for students beyond academics, focusing on mental health and emotional development.
    • Promote collaboration between schools, parents, and policymakers to create a nurturing educational environment.
    • Encourage a shift in societal attitudes towards education, valuing holistic development over narrow academic success.

  • Uttarakhand UCC is an attempt to control young people’s sexuality

    Uniform Civil Code (UCC): In Uttarakhand

    Central Idea:

    The enactment of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand marks a significant milestone in India, yet it has sparked controversy due to provisions requiring the registration of live-in relationships. This move, while aiming to address concerns over crimes against live-in couples, has raised questions about privacy, personal liberty, and the sanctity of informal relationships.

    Key Highlights:

    • Uttarakhand becomes the first state to implement a Uniform Civil Code under Article 44 of the Constitution.
    • The UCC applies uniformly across religions, excluding tribal populations.
    • Controversial provisions mandate the registration of live-in relationships, blurring the line between informal unions and formal marriages.
    • Critics argue that such provisions infringe upon personal freedom and privacy rights.
    • The law requires partners to register their relationship with the registrar and imposes penalties for non-compliance.
    • The Code extends maintenance rights to women deserted by their live-in partners, similar to married women.
    • Children born in live-in relationships are recognized as legitimate under the proposed law.
    • The UCC applies to Uttarakhand residents both within the state and elsewhere in India.

    Key Challenges:

    • Lack of sufficient discussion and debate in the state legislature and among communities.
    • Potential infringement on individual privacy and personal liberty.
    • Criminalization of non-registration and stringent penalties may discourage young couples from opting for live-in relationships.
    • Misuse of provisions by the registrar and societal interference.
    • Potential infantilization of adult women and erosion of the purpose of informal unions.

    Main Terms:

    • Uniform Civil Code (UCC): A set of laws aimed at standardizing personal laws across different religious communities in India.
    • Live-in Relationship: Cohabitation between partners without formal marriage.
    • Registration: Formal documentation of a live-in relationship with the registrar.
    • Maintenance: Financial support provided by one partner to another after separation or desertion.
    • Legitimate Child: A child born to parents in a legally recognized relationship.
    • Summary Inquiry: An expedited investigation conducted by the registrar to validate live-in relationships.

    Important Phrases:

    • “Relationship in the nature of marriage”: Describes the criteria for a live-in relationship under the UCC.
    • “Deserted by her live-in partner”: Refers to the condition for claiming maintenance under the proposed law.
    • “Summary inquiry”: Procedure conducted by the registrar to validate live-in relationships.

    Quotes:

    • “Concerns over heinous crimes among live-in couples” – State official citing the rationale behind registration provisions.
    • “Protection of youngsters is also important” – Official highlighting the intention to safeguard individuals, particularly women.
    • “When women in relationships ‘in the nature of marriage’ complain of domestic violence, they are entitled to claim maintenance” – Highlighting existing legal provisions for protection.

    Anecdotes:

    • Reports of incidents influencing public opinion during expert committee consultations.
    • Concerns raised by parents and elders during public consultations regarding the need for legal protection.

    Useful Statements:

    • The registration requirement may erode the autonomy of individuals in choosing their relationship structures.
    • Existing legal frameworks, such as the Domestic Violence Act, already provide protection for individuals in live-in relationships.
    • The provision for summary inquiries by registrars raises concerns about potential misuse and infringement on privacy rights.

    Examples and References:

    • Instances of crimes against live-in couples cited as driving factors behind registration provisions.
    • Comparisons drawn between the UCC’s treatment of live-in relationships and existing marriage laws.

    Facts and Data:

    • Uttarakhand is the first state to enact a Uniform Civil Code.
    • Penalties for non-registration and desertion in live-in relationships include fines and imprisonment.
    • The UCC extends maintenance rights to women in live-in relationships.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The UCC’s registration requirements may contradict the essence of informal unions and infringe upon personal liberties.
    • Concerns over misuse of provisions by authorities and societal interference raise questions about the law’s effectiveness and fairness.
    • The proposed UCC may fail to address the root causes of crimes against live-in couples and could deter individuals from opting for such relationships.

    Way Forward:

    • Engage in comprehensive discussions and debates to address concerns and refine provisions of the UCC.
    • Ensure that laws prioritize individual freedoms while providing necessary protections.
    • Consider alternative approaches to addressing crimes against live-in couples, focusing on prevention and support mechanisms rather than punitive measures.

    In conclusion, while the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code in Uttarakhand signifies progress towards legal standardization, provisions regarding the registration of live-in relationships raise complex issues regarding privacy, personal liberty, and the sanctity of informal unions. It is imperative to address these concerns through informed dialogue and thoughtful policymaking to strike a balance between protection and individual autonomy.

  • Is Polygamy more prevalent among Muslims?

    Introduction

    Polygamy in India

    • In India, polygamy is allowed for Muslims under the Muslim Personal Law Application Act (Shariat) of 1937, as construed by the All India Muslim Personal Law Board.
    • Polygamy is recognized as a religious practice within the Muslim community, and Muslims have the legal right to enter into polygamous marriages.

    Uttarakhand Law: Monogamy Extension to Muslim Community

    • Extension of Monogamy Rule: The UCC extends the rule of monogamy to the Muslim community.
    • Marriage Conditions: It mandates that neither party entering into marriage should have a living spouse at the time of marriage.
    • Alignment with Existing Laws: This aligns with the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, signifying a departure from previous allowances under Muslim personal law.

    polygamy

    Limitations in Data Assessment

    • Reliance on Census and NFHS: Government data primarily relies on the decadal census and the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), each with its constraints.
    • Census Inference: Census data indirectly infer polygamy from the disparity between the number of married men and women. According to the 2011 census, there are 28.65 crore married men in India, compared to 29.3 crore married women, suggesting a potential prevalence of polygamy or migration.
    • NFHS Insights: NFHS directly addresses polygamy through its survey questions but represents less than 1% of the total households in India, limiting its scope. The NFHS-5 data revealed polygamy rates highest among:
    1. Christians (2.1%)
    2. Muslims (1.9%) and
    3. Hindus (1.3%)
    • IIPS Study: According to a June 2022 study by the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), polygynous marriages decreased from 1.9% in 2005-06 to 1.4% in 2019-21 among the whole population. Buddhists, who reported a 3.8% incidence of polygyny in 2005-06, saw a sharp decline to 1.3% in 2019-21.

    Insights from Census and NFHS Data

    • Census Inference: Census data indirectly infer polygamy from the disparity between the number of married men and women.
    • NFHS Insights: NFHS directly addresses polygamy through its survey questions but represents less than 1% of the total households in India, limiting its scope.

    Laws in India banning Polygamy

    • Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: This act applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs and declares polygamous marriages as void. Section 11 of the act specifically states that a marriage is void if either party has a living spouse at the time of the marriage.
    • Special Marriage Act, 1954: This act allows individuals from different religions or those who do not wish to follow their respective religious laws to marry. Like the Hindu Marriage Act, it also prohibits polygamy under Section 4(1)(i).
    • Indian Penal Code, 1860: Sections 494 and 495 of the IPC deal with the offence of bigamy. Section 494 states that marrying again during the lifetime of one’s spouse is illegal and punishable, while Section 495 prescribes punishment for concealing a former marriage.

    Judicial Precedents against Polygamy

    • Parayankandiyal v. K. Devi & Others (1996): The Supreme Court concluded that monogamous relationships were the standard and ideology of Hindu society, which condemned polygamy. The court emphasized that polygamy was not allowed to become a part of Hindu culture due to the influence of religion.
    • State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali (1951): The Bombay High Court ruled that the Bombay (Prevention of Hindu Bigamy Marriage) Act, 1946 was not discriminatory. The Supreme Court later affirmed this decision, asserting that state legislatures have the authority to enact measures for public welfare and reforms, even if they conflict with Hindu religious practices.
    • Javed & Others v. State of Haryana & Others (2003): The Supreme Court clarified that under Article 25 of the Indian Constitution, freedom of religion is subject to social harmony, dignity, and wellness. While Muslim law allows for polygamous marriages, it is not compulsory, and the court emphasized that religious practices must align with constitutional principles.

    Why it should be banned?

    • Gender Inequality: It perpetuates unequal treatment of women, often treating them as property and denying them autonomy.
    • Exploitation: Polygamous marriages can involve coercion and exploitation, especially of vulnerable individuals.
    • Financial Burden: Supporting multiple spouses and children can lead to economic instability and poverty.
    • Emotional Impact: Polygamous relationships can cause jealousy, conflict, and emotional distress among spouses and children.
    • Social Cohesion: Polygamy can disrupt social harmony, fostering competition and resentment within communities.
    • Legal Challenges: Polygamous marriages pose legal complexities related to inheritance, custody, and other matters.
    • Health Risks: There are increased risks of domestic violence, sexually transmitted infections, and inadequate healthcare in polygamous households.

    Conclusion

    • Progressive Legislative Move: Passage of the UCC Bill in Uttarakhand signifies a progressive move towards legal uniformity in personal laws.
    • Data Collection Challenges: Assessment of polygamy prevalence underscores the need for comprehensive and accurate data collection methodologies.
    • Policy Implications: Addressing these challenges will be pivotal in formulating effective policies and fostering social cohesion in civil law.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2019:

    Which Article of the Constitution of India safeguards one’s right to marry the person of one’s choice?

    (a) Article 19
    (b) Article 21
    (c) Article 25
    (d) Article 29

     

    Post your answers here.

  • Mandal, Mandir, and now Market

     

    Mandal Commission: An Analysis. The promulgation of the Mandal… | by The Education Growth Summit | TEGS | Medium

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the three pivotal forces that shaped contemporary India – Mandal, Mandir, and Market, which were unleashed between August 1990 and August 1991. It highlights the significance of these forces in defining India’s trajectory and how they continue to influence the country’s politics, economy, and society today. Furthermore, it focuses on the forgotten legacy of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao, who played a crucial role in implementing economic reforms and reshaping India’s foreign policy during his tenure from 1991 to 1996. The article underscores the importance of trusting society over the state, the necessity of liberalization for welfare schemes, and the harmony embedded in Indian civilization, as exemplified by Narasimha Rao’s approach.

    Key Highlights:

    • Mandal, Mandir, and Market as defining forces in contemporary India.
    • Significance of the Ram temple movement and the Mandal Commission report.
    • P.V. Narasimha Rao’s pivotal role in liberalizing India’s economy and reorienting its foreign policy.
    • Lessons from Narasimha Rao’s leadership: trusting society, liberalization-led growth, and harmony in Indian civilization.

    Key Challenges:

    • Balancing economic liberalization with social welfare and inclusive growth.
    • Addressing religious and social tensions in a diverse society.
    • Overcoming political opposition and vested interests to implement reforms.

    Main Terms:

    • Mandal: Refers to the implementation of backward caste quotas in government jobs.
    • Mandir: Symbolizes the movement for the construction of a Ram temple in Ayodhya.
    • Market: Represents the liberalization of India’s economy, opening it up to globalization and private sector participation.
    • Bharat Ratna: India’s highest civilian honor.
    • Liberalization: The process of reducing government restrictions and regulations in the economy.
    • Globalization: Integration of economies and societies through international trade, investment, and technology.

    Important Phrases:

    • “Mandal, Mandir, and Market continue to define India.”
    • “Narasimha Rao actively plotted to open India’s economy to the world.”
    • “India grows best when politicians trust society rather than the state.”
    • “Liberalization-led growth is a precondition for welfare schemes.”
    • “Harnessing the harmony embedded in Indian civilization.”

    Quotes:

    • “India grows best when politicians trust society rather than the state.”
    • “My model is not Margaret Thatcher but Willy Brandt.”
    • “Why are there only Western examples being given where violence — on some pretext or the other — is the basic propensity.”

    Mandal Commission And Its Top 13 Interesting Facts | Background , Criticism, Procedure And Reccomendation, Janata Party | Indira Sawhney Case- 13angle

    Anecdotes:

    • L.K. Advani’s rath yatra from Somnath to Ayodhya symbolized BJP’s alignment with the Ram temple movement.
    • Narasimha Rao’s astute political maneuvering to implement economic reforms despite opposition from within his own party.

    Useful Statements:

    • “Narasimha Rao’s reforms were not confined to economics alone.”
    • “India grows best when politicians trust society rather than the state.”
    • “Liberalization-led growth is a precondition for welfare schemes.”

    Examples and References:

    • Implementation of backward caste quotas in government jobs following the Mandal Commission report.
    • L.K. Advani’s rath yatra as a symbol of BJP’s support for the Ram temple movement.
    • Narasimha Rao’s economic reforms leading to increased tax revenue, enabling government spending on welfare schemes.

    Facts and Data:

    • P.V. Narasimha Rao served as Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996.
    • The Ram temple movement gained momentum in the early 1980s.
    • Economic liberalization measures were initiated in mid-1991.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the forces that have shaped India’s trajectory since the early 1990s, focusing on both political and economic dimensions. It highlights the role of leaders like Narasimha Rao in driving significant reforms despite facing numerous challenges. However, it also acknowledges the shortcomings and failures of political leadership, particularly in handling religious and social tensions. The emphasis on trust in society, liberalization-led growth, and harmony reflects a nuanced understanding of India’s complex socio-political landscape.

    Way Forward:

    • Emphasize continued trust in society over excessive state intervention.
    • Prioritize economic liberalization to enable inclusive growth and welfare schemes.
    • Promote harmony and understanding among diverse religious and cultural communities.
    • Encourage political leadership to learn from past successes and failures to navigate future challenges effectively.