Civilsdaily

Subject: Indian Society

  • [5th August 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The psychology of extravagance

    [5th August 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The psychology of extravagance

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains:

    Q1 Critically discuss the objectives of Bhoodan and Gramdan movements initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave and their success.  (UPSC IAS/2013) 

    Q2 Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples.  (UPSC IAS/2021) 

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Reason behind the inequality in India ;

    Mentor comments: Inequality in India is characterized by significant disparities in wealth and income distribution. The richest 1% of the population owns over 58% of the nation’s wealth, while the bottom 50% holds merely 3%. Factors contributing to this inequality include caste, gender, and regional disparities. Women, for instance, earn 34% less than men and own only 2% of agricultural land despite comprising 42% of the agricultural workforce. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these inequalities, with the wealth of billionaires increasing while poverty deepened for many.

    Let’s learn!

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    Why in the News? 

    In their March 2024 study, “Income and Wealth Inequality in India, 1922-2023: The Rise of the Billionaire Raj,” economists Nitin Kumar Bharti, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, and Anmol Somanchi report that in 2022-23, the top 1% of the population held 22.6% of the total income and 40.1% of the total wealth in India.

    A case of gross disproportion as per study

    • Income and Wealth Distribution: In 2022-23, the top 1% of India’s population received 22.6% of national income and owned 40.1% of total wealth. This marks the highest levels of inequality recorded since 1961, indicating a stark concentration of wealth among the richest individuals, with the top 0.1% earning nearly 10% of national income.
    • Comparison with Historical Context: The report suggests that the current inequality levels are greater than those during the British colonial rule, with the top 10% of the population owning 65% of total wealth. In contrast, the bottom 50% holds only 6.4% of total wealth and earns 15% of national income.
    • Wealth of the Wealthy: The wealthiest 10,000 individuals possess an average of ₹22.6 billion, which is approximately 16,763 times the average wealth of an Indian.  
    • Start of inequality: The rise in inequality began in the 1980s with economic liberalization, accelerating after the 1991 reforms. The share of the bottom 50% in national income dropped significantly, while the income share of the top 10% increased dramatically during the same period.

    The reason behind the inequality: 

    • Economic Liberalization: The economic reforms initiated in the 1990s led to rapid growth in certain sectors, particularly in urban areas, while rural and less developed regions lagged behind.  
    • Lack of Inclusive Growth: Economic growth has not been inclusive, with benefits disproportionately favouring certain sectors and geographic regions. For instance, the service sector, which significantly contributes to GDP, is concentrated in a few states like Maharashtra and Karnataka.
    • High Unemployment and Underemployment: A lack of sufficient job creation and the prevalence of underemployment contribute to low productivity and income levels among the majority of the population
    • Caste and Gender Discrimination: Social stratification based on caste and gender continues to limit access to opportunities for marginalized groups. For example, upper castes hold a disproportionate share of wealth, while Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have significantly lower ownership of assets.
    • Educational Disparities: Access to quality education is uneven, with lower-income groups often lacking the resources to attain higher education, which is crucial for upward mobility. This educational gap perpetuates income inequality.
    • Regional Imbalances: Certain states in India are significantly more developed than others, leading to disparities in income and wealth distribution. For instance, five states own about 50% of the country’s total wealth, Maharashtra (17% of the country’s wealth share) Uttar Pradesh (11.6%), Kerala (7.4%), Tamil Nadu and Haryana

    Way forward

    • Redistribution of Wealth: The funds generated from increased taxation should be directed towards social programs that improve access to education, healthcare, and nutrition for lower-income groups. 
    • Invest in Rural Development: Need to focus on targeted investments in rural areas which can help bridge the gap between urban and rural economies.
    • Promote Quality Education and Skill Development: Expanding access to quality education and vocational training for marginalized communities can empower individuals and enhance their employability.

  • [pib] Update on Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA)

    Why in the News?

    • An Extended Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (E-PMSMA) strategy was launched to ensure quality Antenatal Care (ANC) for pregnant women.
      • The strategy focuses on individual tracking of high-risk pregnancies (HRP) and provision of additional PMSMA sessions beyond the 9th of every month.

    About High-Risk Pregnancy: 

    • A high-risk pregnancy involves greater risk of health complications for the mother, the foetus, or both, due to pre-existing medical conditions, conditions that develop during pregnancy, or foetal issues.
    • Common Factors:
      • Maternal Health Conditions: Pre-existing diabetes, hypertension, HIV, kidney disease, or conditions arising during pregnancy like gestational diabetes and preeclampsia.
      • Obstetric Factors: Previous caesarean section, history of preterm labor, multiple pregnancies, and congenital malformations.

    About Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA)

    Details
    About An initiative to provide quality antenatal care (ANC) to all pregnant women.
    Launch  October 2016
    Target Group All pregnant women, especially those in their second and third trimesters.
    Frequency Services provided on the 9th of every month at government health facilities.
    Objective Ensure safe motherhood by providing comprehensive and quality antenatal care universally.
    Key Functions
    • General Check-Up: Physical and clinical examinations by medical professionals.
    • Laboratory Investigations: Routine blood tests, urine tests, and other necessary laboratory investigations.
    • Ultrasound: Ultrasound examination to monitor foetal growth and development.
    • Counseling: Nutritional and lifestyle counseling to ensure a healthy pregnancy.
    • High-Risk Identification: Screening and identification of high-risk pregnancies and appropriate referrals for specialized care.
    Key Features
    • Free of Cost: All services under PMSMA are provided free of cost.
    • Fixed Day ANC Services: Antenatal care services are provided on a fixed day every month.
    • Lab Investigations: Basic investigations like Hb, urine albumin, RBS, malaria test, VDRL test, blood grouping, CBC, ESR, and USG.
    • Public-Private Partnership: Encourages participation of private sector healthcare providers in providing ANC services.
    • Incentives: Incentives for healthcare providers who participate in the program.
    Categorization of Pregnant Women 
    • Green Sticker – for women with no risk factor detected
    • Red Sticker – for women with high risk pregnancy
    • Blue Sticker – for women with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
    • Yellow Sticker – pregnancy with co-morbid conditions such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, STIs
    Benefits
    • Improved Maternal Health: Regular and comprehensive ANC helps in early detection and management of complications, improving maternal health outcomes.
    • Reduced Mortality Rates: Timely and quality care reduces maternal and infant mortality rates.
    • Health Education: Provides health education and counseling to pregnant women, promoting better health practices.
    • High-Risk Management: Identifies and manages high-risk pregnancies effectively, ensuring specialized care for those who need it.

    PYQ:

    [2024]  With reference to the ‘Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan’, consider the following statements:

    1. This scheme guarantees a minimum package of antenatal care services to women in their second and third trimesters of pregnancy and six months post-delivery health care service in any government health facility.

    2. Under this scheme, private sector health care providers of certain specialities can volunteer to provide services at nearby government health facilities.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • [1st August 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The global struggle for a pandemic treaty

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains:

    Q1 COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid the management of the pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020) 

    Q2 Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020) 

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Reasons behind the disagreement on the Pandemic Treaty;

    Mentor comments:  Despite extensive negotiations, 194 WHO member states failed to finalize a historic Pandemic Agreement to bolster global pandemic preparedness and reduce inequities highlighted by COVID-19. At the 77th World Health Assembly (May 27-June 1, 2024), two significant developments occurred. First, amendments to the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 were agreed upon, drawn from 300 global reform proposals. These amendments aim to improve response to Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEIC) and introduce a Pandemic Emergency (PE) category, ensuring equitable access to health products and financial support for developing countries, emphasizing solidarity and equity, and mandating a National IHR Authority.

    Let’s learn!

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    Why in the News? 

    The 77th World Health Assembly in May 2024 failed to finalize the treaty due to disagreements on key articles, particularly PABS, technology transfer, and the One Health approach.

    Background:

    • The COVID-19 pandemic exposed severe limitations in the International Health Regulations (IHR) and the WHO’s institutional capacities to effectively prevent, prepare for and respond to global health emergencies.
    • In light of the pandemic’s devastating global impact, many countries called for a stronger international framework to deal with future pandemics.
    • Responding to these calls, a special session of the World Health Assembly (WHA) in November 2021 agreed to establish an intergovernmental negotiating body (INB) to draft and negotiate a WHO convention, agreement or other international instrument on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response

    What is the Pandemic Treaty?

    • The Pandemic Treaty, also known as the International Treaty on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response, is a proposed international agreement currently being negotiated by the 194 member states of the World Health Organization (WHO). 

    Key Provisions

    • Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing (PABS): The treaty aims to establish a PABS system to ensure that genetic resources and pathogen samples shared from developing countries are reciprocated with corresponding benefits, such as vaccines and diagnostics.
    • Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property: The treaty seeks to address issues related to technology transfer, local production, and intellectual property rights to enhance the manufacturing capacities of low- and middle-income countries.
    • One Health Approach: The treaty emphasizes a holistic approach that recognizes the interconnections between human, animal, and environmental health, promoting coordinated public health measures across these domains.

    Reasons behind the disagreement

    • Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing (PABS): The PABS mechanism under Article 12  is a central point of contention, with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) advocating for guaranteed access to at least 20% of shared pandemic products. 
      • In contrast, many high-income countries argue that this percentage should be the maximum limit, with some refusing to agree to any fixed percentage.
    • Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property: Disagreements over technology transfer provisions are significant, with LMICs pushing for mandatory technology transfer and intellectual property waivers to enable local production of vaccines and treatments.
      • High-income countries prefer voluntary agreements, fearing that mandatory requirements could undermine their intellectual property rights.
    • One Health Approach: The One Health approach, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, has faced resistance from LMICs. They view it as an additional burden without adequate funding, while high-income countries strongly support it.
    • Geopolitical Discord: Geopolitical tensions and competing interests between higher- and lower-income countries have hindered progress in negotiations.  
    • Misinformation and Distrust: The negotiations have been affected by misinformation, skepticism, and distrust among member states. Some countries are concerned about the implications of the agreement on their national sovereignty and public health policies.
    • Urgency vs. Comprehensive Solutions: There is a tension between the urgency to finalize an agreement and the desire to address complex issues comprehensively. Some countries are pushing for quick resolutions, while others emphasize the need for thorough discussions to ensure long-term effectiveness.

    Way forward: 

    • Promote Inclusive Dialogue and Mutual Compromise: Need to facilitate continuous, transparent dialogue among all member states to address concerns and build trust. Encourage mutual compromise by balancing the interests of both high- and low-income countries, ensuring that all parties feel their needs and perspectives are being considered. 
    • Strengthen Financial and Technical Support for LMICs: Need to enhance financial and technical assistance for low- and middle-income countries to implement the proposed treaty provisions effectively.
  • [29th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Recasting care models for mental illness, homelessness

    [29th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Recasting care models for mental illness, homelessness

    PYQ Relevance:
    Mains:
    Q1 Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest?(UPSC IAS/2015) 
    Q2 What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in health sector? (UPSC IAS/2020) 

    Prelims: 
    Q  Doctors Without Borders (Medecins Sans Frontieres)’, often in the news, is:
    (a) a division of World Health Organization 
    (b) a non-governmental international organization 
    (c) an inter-governmental agency sponsored by European Union 
    (d) a specialized agency of the United Nations

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Challenges related to Homeless individuals;

    Mentor comments: Socio-normative representations of homeless persons living with mental illness (HPMI) often depict them as refuge seekers, leading to interventions focused on transferring them to mental hospitals or shelters. This perspective assumes that displacement from the streets is necessary due to associated risks, which, while valid, oversimplifies their complex realities. Such representations result in coercive measures that fail to recognise the agency of HPMI, perpetuating a cycle of institutionalization rather than fostering genuine community reintegration and support. Addressing these representations is crucial for developing more effective and respectful care strategies.

    Let’s learn!

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    Why in the News? 

    Homeless individuals with mental illness are often viewed as needing rescue, leading to their forced relocation to hospitals or shelters, despite the debatable risks of street living.

    Efforts at Integration

    • Collaborative Initiatives in India: The collaboration among various organizations, including the National Health Mission and local civil society groups, has facilitated access to emergency care and recovery centers (ECRCs) in district hospitals, improving support for homeless persons with mental illness (HPMI).
    • Breaking Down Asylum Models: The integration of services aims to dismantle the traditional asylum model, which often perpetuates negative stereotypes about mental illness, by providing more immediate and localized care.
    • Last-Mile Proximal Care: The establishment of ECRCs ensures that care reaches individuals in scattered geographies, addressing the immediate needs of those experiencing crises.
    • Transformative Care Models: The focus on smaller care units that are adequately staffed emphasizes personal attention and the management of comorbidities, which is essential for those facing prolonged adversities.

    Problems with institutional spaces:

    • Long-Term Custodial Care: Approximately 37% of individuals in state psychiatric facilities have long-term needs, with many having histories of homelessness. The median duration of stay is six years, indicating a reliance on institutional care rather than effective community reintegration.
      • According to the World Health Organization, mental disorders account for 10.6% of total disability among older adults.
    • Rigid Discharge Criteria: Discharge criteria for individuals in psychiatric facilities are often overly simplistic, leading to inadequate support for those transitioning back to community life.  
    • Isolation from Social Resources: Institutional settings create barriers to accessing social resources and community participation, leading to social isolation and a lower quality of life.
      • Mental Health America reports that over half (54.7%) of adults with mental illness do not receive treatment, often due to such barriers.
    • Ineffective Rehabilitation Models: Current rehabilitation models often default to custodial care, failing to promote innovative, community-based solutions.
      • Initiatives like Housing First and the ‘Home Again’ collaborative in India demonstrate the feasibility of comprehensive social and clinical care, yet traditional models continue to limit the potential for improved outcomes for individuals with mental health challenges.  

    Way forward: 

    • Shift from Paternalistic to Liberatory Strategies: The need to take social protection measures for homeless people with mental illness (HPMI) must transition from paternalistic interventions to liberatory-focused strategies that honour individual agency.
      • This includes implementing a modest monthly disability allowance of ₹1,500 to provide financial support while addressing bureaucratic barriers to accessing essential documentation like Aadhar and banking services.
    • Holistic and Imaginative Approaches: Supportive measures must be complemented by imaginative and holistic strategies that address structural issues such as discrimination, violence, and social segregation.  

  • A Budget that places health on the margins

    Why in the news?

    • With the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic behind us (though the World Health Organization warns the virus still lingers), the Union Budget shifted focus to economic growth levers like infrastructure and employment.
    • It was also hoped that recognizing population health as crucial for economic growth would lead to continued investment in strengthening health systems.
    A budget estimate refers to the initial allocation of funds designated for various programs, departments, or projects within a fiscal year. It represents the government’s expectations regarding how much money will be required to meet planned expenditures.

    In contrast, revised estimates come into play later in the fiscal year. After assessing the actual expenditures and needs after the first six months, the government may adjust the initial budget estimates based on how much of the allocated funds have been utilised and what additional resources may be necessary.

    Comparisons with Previous Years

    • Budgetary Estimates: The comparison of the Budget Estimates (BE) for health between 2023-24 and 2025-25, reveals minimal increases:
      • Overall Health Ministry Budget: 1.98% increase
      • National Health Mission (NHM): 1.16% increase
      • PMJAY: 1.4% increase
    • Overall Health Ministry budget: The present allocation made in the current Budget is deemed to be inadequate for expanding health coverage services and enhancing the impact of flagship health programs, particularly in light of rising non-communicable diseases and the goal of universal health coverage by 2030.
    • Misleading Comparisons: When we compare the Budget estimates with the previous Revised estimates (RE) the budgetary increase of nearly 12% is misleading, as the RE reflects actual spending rather than the program’s needs.

    Missed Opportunities

    • Health Workforce Development: While the budget mentioned an increase in new medical colleges, it failed to address the critical need for a multi-layered, multi-skilled health workforce.
    • Drug Pricing Mechanisms: Although customs duties were waived on three anti-cancer drugs. However, the budget missed the chance to implement price controls and pooled procurement strategies that could have lowered drug costs across both public and private healthcare sectors. Establishing such mechanisms could enhance the affordability and accessibility of essential medications.
    • Climate-Resilient Agriculture: While the budget committed to climate-resilient agriculture, which is crucial for food security, it did not sufficiently link these efforts to health outcomes, such as nutrition and public health, which are critical in the context of rising health challenges.

    Challenges to the Inclusivity of PMJAY

    • Limited Coverage of Middle Class: PMJAY primarily targets the bottom 40% of the population based on economic status, leaving the middle class without coverage.
    • Focus on Secondary and Tertiary Care: The program emphasizes secondary and tertiary healthcare, often neglecting primary care services. This approach limits comprehensive health coverage and fails to address preventive healthcare needs, which are crucial for achieving UHC.
    • Awareness and Accessibility Issues: There is a significant disparity in awareness and accessibility of PMJAY across states.
      • For example, awareness is notably higher in Tamil Nadu (80%) compared to Bihar (20%). 

    Way forward: 

    • Targeted Funding for Flagship Programs: Need to allocate a more substantial increase in the budget for the National Health Mission (NHM) and Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) to the eradication of non-communicable diseases, tuberculosis elimination by 2025.
    • Strengthen Primary Healthcare: Govt. should ensure adequate funding for primary healthcare services, which form the foundation for preventive and community health initiatives.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q The public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (2015)

  • For the social sector, it is old wine in an old bottle 

    Why in the News?

    Budget 2024 maintains the same approach as previous years regarding social sector allocations.

    Decreasing allocations in the Budget for social sector schemes

    • Education Sector: The allocations for school education increased by ₹5,000 crore and for higher education by ₹3,000 crore. The increased recoveries from fees and self-financing schemes suggest a shift towards cost recovery in educational institutions.
    • Health Sector: The allocation for the Department of Health and Family Welfare rose by only ₹1,500 crore.
      • Food Subsidy: There is a limited increase in food subsidies despite rising economic costs and the need to update coverage based on the latest population figures.
    • Shift in Approach: The government giving greater emphasis on cost-effectiveness and privatization in education and health, shifting focus towards contributory schemes like the Atal Pension Yojana.

    Social Sector Schemes in Budget 2024-25

    • Social Protection Schemes:
        • POSHAN Scheme: There is a slight increase from ₹11,600 crore to ₹12,467 crore, but still less than the actual expenditure in 2022-23.
        • Saksham Anganwadi Scheme: The allocation increased to ₹21,200 crore from ₹20,554 crore, but no increase in salaries for Anganwadi workers or honorarium for mid-day meal cooks.
    • Maternity and Social Assistance:
        • Samarthya Scheme: The budget reduced to ₹2,517 crore from ₹2,582 crore. The PMMVY scheme’s maternity benefits have remained unchanged since 2017.
        • NSAP: Allocation for social security pensions remains unchanged at ₹9,652 crore, reducing real coverage and value.

    Schemes for the Unemployed

        • The ‘Prime Minister’s Package for Employment and Skilling’ includes government-sponsored internships, formalization of jobs through incentives for EPFO enrolments, and skill-development programmes
        • An allocation of ₹2 lakh crore over five years for the employment package, linked to industry response

    Schemes for Street Vendors

      • The PM SVANidhi Scheme (PM Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi) aims to benefit over 50 Lakh street vendors across India
      • All lending institutions, including NBFCs, are participating in the scheme to provide affordable loans to street vendors

    Employment Challenges

    • Stagnant Wages and Dampened Demand: The Indian economy faces significant challenges with stagnant wages, which affect consumer demand. This stagnation can hinder overall economic growth and employment generation.
    • Reliance on the Private Sector for Job Creation: The government is increasingly looking to the private sector to address employment challenges.
      • Initiatives like the ‘Prime Minister’s Package for Employment and Skilling’ aim to incentivize private sector job creation through government-sponsored internships and skill development programs.
    • Limited Budgetary Allocations: The budgetary allocations for employment-related schemes are limited, with the entire employment package amounting to ₹2 lakh crore over five years.
    • Focus on Supply-Side Solutions: The current approach emphasizes supply-side measures to incentivize the private sector rather than addressing the underlying demand-side issues, such as low consumer spending and economic uncertainty.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Social Sector Investments: The government should significantly increase budget allocations for critical social sector schemes, particularly in education, health, and social protection.
    • Comprehensive Employment Strategy: Need to develop a holistic approach to employment that addresses both supply and demand-side issues.
  • [22nd July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Focus on female employment to counter unemployment

    [22nd July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Focus on female employment to counter unemployment

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains:

    Q1 Though women in post-independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women’s education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC IAS/2021) 
    Q2  Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are the requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (UPSC IAS/2016) 

    Prelims: 

    Which of the following gives ‘Global Gender Gap Index’ ranking to the countries of the world? (UPSC IAS/2017)
    a) World Economic Forum 
    b) UN Human Rights Council 
    c) UN Women 
    d) World Health Organization

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims:  Employment and Unemployment Trends;

    Mains: Women issues; Gender gap; Inequality;

    Mentor comments:  The gender gap refers to the disparities between men and women in various aspects of society, including economic, social, political, and cultural dimensions. It encompasses differences in outcomes, opportunities, and treatment based on gender. 

    As per the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) offers detailed data on employment, unemployment, and labour force participation. The latest PLFS report for 2022-23 shows a 3.3% unemployment rate for males and 2.9% for females. The Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy (CMIE) noted a rise in the unemployment rate to 8.1% in April 2024. The PLFS also recorded a labour force participation rate (LFPR) increase to 41.4% in June 2024, with improvements for both genders. 

    Let’s learn —

    Why in the News? 

    The Lokniti-CSDS survey cites job difficulty and inflation as key factors in the Lok Sabha Elections 2024 results. The India Employment Report (IER) 2024 notes unemployment rose to 5.8% by 2019.

    Present Employment and Unemployment Trends:

    • Unemployment Rates: Unemployment in India rose from just above 2% in 2000 and 2012 to 5.8% in 2019, but improved to 4.1% in 2022. Time-related underemployment remains high at 7.5%.
    • Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): LFPR fell from 61.6% in 2000 to 49.8% in 2018 but partially recovered to 55.2% in 2022. Female LFPR, however, saw significant improvement, especially in rural areas, rising from 24.6% in 2018 to 36.6% in 2022.

    Gender Disparities and Trends:

    • Female LFPR vs. Male LFPR: Female LFPR in India remains low compared to the global average of 53.4% (2019) and decreased from 38.9% in 2000 to 23.3% in 2018. However, there was a 12% increase in rural areas from 2018-22, contrasting with the modest rise in male LFPR.
    • Unpaid Family Labour: Females are more engaged in unpaid family labour (36.5% in 2022) compared to males (9.3%). The gender gap in unpaid family labour is significant, particularly in rural areas (31.4% difference) compared to urban areas (8.1% difference).

    Gendered Employment Preferences and Opportunities:

    • Traditional Occupations: Many women, especially in urban slums, prefer traditional home-based occupations (like bandhani and embroidery) due to their flexibility, despite the lower income. 
    • Barriers to Enterprise Development: Women face challenges in developing their own enterprises due to limited access to capital and restrictive social norms.
      • Collectivising through self-help groups (SHGs) and federations can offer new skills and market access, as demonstrated by the Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan (KMVS).

    The importance of market access:

    • Empowerment through Market Interaction: Access to markets enhances women’s empowerment by enabling them to navigate and circumvent traditional gender norms, increasing their economic independence and decision-making capabilities.
    • Reduction of Gender Norm Constraints: Market access allows women to bypass restrictive gender norms, such as prohibitions against certain types of labour, by facilitating the use of hired services and technology.
    • Economic and Family Benefits: Women’s increased participation in income-generating activities contributes to family income and welfare, improving their position within the family and reducing economic vulnerability.
    • Reduced Migration: Opportunities for women to engage in economic activities close to home reduce migration and dependency on male family members, leading to enhanced family welfare and stability.
    • Vibrant Water Markets and Agency: In regions with vibrant water markets, women’s ability to influence agricultural input purchases increases, contributing to greater agency and empowerment in decision-making.

    Way Forward: 

    • Focus on External Work Participation: Need to Prioritize creating opportunities for women to work outside the home to directly impact their empowerment.
    • Long-Term Strategy Required: The government should Implement long-term strategies to improve the work environment for women, including safety and basic facilities.
    • Mandate Workplace Facilities: By ensuring public policy mandates the availability of essential facilities (e.g., toilets and crèches) in small- and medium-sized manufacturing or business units.
    • Improve Female Labor Force Participation (LFPR): Enhancing female LFPR can lead to better overall employment rates and increased family income.

  • What is the gender gap in education?  

    Why in the news? 

    The 2024 World Economic Forum (WEF) report on global gender gaps has ranked India at 129 out of 146 economies, marking a decline of two positions from the previous year.

    Key Highlights by WEF Report:

    • Gender Parity Regression: India’s gender parity levels in educational attainment dipped in the 18th edition of the report, with a score of 0.964, down from a perfect 1.000 in the 17th edition.
      • This decline is attributed to a 17.2 percentage point gap between men’s and women’s literacy rates, causing India to rank 124th on this indicator.
    • Data Update and Period Variation: WEF’s Insight and Data Lead, Ricky Li, explained that the regression is due to updated data from UNESCO for the 2022 and 2023 periods, contrasting with the data from 2018, 2021, and 2022 used in the previous edition.
      • This emphasizes the impact of periodic updates and corresponding periods on the gender parity score.

    What do figures from the Unified District Information System for Education and the All India Survey on Higher Education indicate? 

    • Overall Enrolment and Gender Ratio: UDISE+ (2021-22) shows that girls constitute 48% of the school population, with enrolment increasing from 46.8% in preschool/kindergarten to 48.3% in higher secondary education.
    • Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education: AISHE (2021-22) reports that the GER for women in higher education is 28.5%, slightly higher than the male GER of 28.3%, indicating a positive trend in female participation in higher education.
    • Trends in Female Enrolment: Female enrolment has seen a 32% increase since 2014-15, demonstrating significant progress in higher education, despite challenges such as lower enrolment in STEM fields and regional disparities in secondary education access.

    Are girls more likely to complete secondary education when they have access to it? 

    • Yes, girls are more likely to complete secondary education when they have access to it. The data from UDISE+ (2021-22) shows that while there is a slight drop in the percentage of girls enrolled in secondary education (47.9%), those who do have access to secondary education are more likely to continue to higher secondary education, where the gender gap narrows again to 48.3%.
    • This trend indicates that providing access to secondary education facilities helps girls stay in school and complete their education.

    What needs to be done to ensure girls and boys, don’t drop out? (Way forward)

    • Addressing Socio-Cultural Barriers:  Raising awareness about social issues such as early marriage, which disproportionately affects girls, is essential. Collaborating with local authorities and community leaders to advocate for girls’ education can help mitigate these challenges
    • Community Involvement: Engaging parents and the community in the educational process can foster a supportive environment for students. This can include parent workshops, support groups, and regular communication about student progress.
    • Flexible Learning Options:  Offering flexible learning arrangements, such as part-time schooling or distance education, can accommodate students facing economic or personal challenges. This flexibility can help students balance their responsibilities while continuing their education.
    • Vocational Training and Skill Development: Incorporating vocational training programs into the school curriculum can equip students with practical skills that increase their employability. This can motivate students to stay in school as they see a direct link between education and future job opportunities

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. (2021)

  • Bhil Tribe have again demanded a separate ‘Bhil Pradesh’

    Why in the News?

    A large number of people from the Bhil tribe recently gathered at a rally in Rajasthan’s Mangarh Dham to raise the demand for an independent ‘Bhil state’.

    Background of the Bhil Pradesh Demand

    • The idea of a tribal state, comprising parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra, has been discussed previously.
    • The demand for a separate tribal state in western India was put forward by the Bharatiya Tribal Party (BTP) formed in 2017.
    • The Bhil community has been demanding that 49 districts be carved out of the four states to establish Bhil Pradesh.
    • The demand for Bhil Pradesh has been raised repeatedly since Independence.

    Historical Context

    • Bhil social reformer and spiritual leader Govind Guru first raised the demand for a separate state for tribals in 1913.
    • The demand followed the Mangarh massacre, where hundreds of Bhil tribals were killed by British forces.
    • The massacre took place six years before the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and is sometimes referred to as the “Adivasi Jallianwala”.

    Reasons for the Demand

    • Earlier, the tribal-majority regions were a single entity but were divided post-Independence.
    • According to the 2011 census, tribals comprise almost 14% of Rajasthan’s population.
    • Several Union governments have brought various laws and schemes for tribals but have been slow in implementation.

    Example of Implementation Issues

    • The Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, aimed to decentralize governance and empower gram sabhas in tribal areas.
    • The Rajasthan government adopted the law in 1999, but its rules were only formulated in 2011.
    • Many people, including local leaders, are still unaware of the law.

    PYQ:

    [2013] Consider the following pairs :

    Tribe: State

    1. Limboo Limbu : Sikkim

    2. Karbi : Himachal

    3. Dongaria Kondh : Odisha

    4. Bonda : Tamil Nadu

    Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 and 3 only

    (b) 2 and 4 only

    (c) 1, 3 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

  • On political representation of women  

    Why in the News?

    In the recently concluded general elections in the U.K., a record 263 women MPs, making up 40% of the total, have been elected to the House of Commons.

    Political representation of Women in the world: 

    Have women been fairly represented in Parliament in independent India?

    Women were granted the right to vote from the First General Elections in 1952, yet their representation in the Lok Sabha has been low.

    • Statistics about women’s representation: The women’s representation in Lok sabha in between of  1952 and 2004 was about ranged from 5% to 10%.
      • The percentage women’s representation had increased to 12% in 2014 and stands at 13.6% in the 18th Lok Sabha while in the Rajya Sabha (upper house), the figure is 13%.
    • Constitutional Amendments: The 73rd and 74th amendments in 1992/1993 provided one-third reservation for women in panchayats and municipalities, but similar reservations for the Lok Sabha and State assemblies have not been successful until recently.

    Note: The global average of 26.9% of women in National parliaments.

    Women’s Representation in State Legislatures:

    • No state has more than 20% women representation in its legislative assembly.
    • Chhattisgarh has the highest representation with 18% women MLAs.
    • Himachal Pradesh has just one woman MLA and Mizoram has none.

    Should political parties provide internal reservations to increase women’s political participation?

    • Globally, higher representation for women is achieved through voluntary or legislated compulsory quotas for candidates within political parties or reserved seats in parliament.
    • So, quotas within political parties offer more democratic choices to voters and flexibility in candidate selection. It means quota in Political parties could be the most important step to increase women’s representation in Parliament.
    • Some parties, like Naam Tamilar Katchi in Tamil Nadu, have adopted voluntary quotas (50% for women candidates), but such measures alone have not significantly improved overall representation.

    When will the 106th constitutional amendment be implemented?

    • The 106th Amendment Act provides for 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies, including the Delhi Legislative Assembly.
    • The reservation will come into effect after an exercise of delimitation is undertaken following the first census conducted after the commencement of the 106th Amendment Act.
    • The women’s reservation will be in operation for a period of 15 years from its commencement.

    Way Forward: 

    • Public Awareness and Advocacy: Need to conduct widespread awareness campaigns to highlight the importance of gender equality in political representation.
    • Capacity Building and Support Mechanisms: Need to implement comprehensive capacity-building programs aimed at empowering women politically. For example,provide training in leadership skills, campaign management, and legislative processes.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian Political Process.” Comment. (UPSC IAS/2019)

  • The case for a Caste Census 

    Why in the news? 

    The Census Act, 1948 ought to be revised to mandate the inclusion of caste enumeration as a regular part of the Census process, incorporating specific questions in the questionnaire to gather this data systematically, rather than leaving it subject to discretionary decisions by the Union executive.

    Why a Caste Census?

    • Social Relevance: Caste remains a significant social determinant in India, influencing access to opportunities, resources, and representation. A caste census is essential to understand and address caste-based inequalities and social stratification accurately.
    • Policy Formulation: Constitutionally mandated policies such as reservations in education, employment, and legislative bodies rely on caste-based data to ensure effective implementation. Detailed enumeration helps in identifying beneficiaries, preventing misclassification, and ensuring equitable distribution of benefits.
    • Administrative Precision: Detailed caste-wise data is crucial for administrative purposes, including planning and allocation of resources. It helps in targeting development programs and policies for specific caste groups based on their socio-economic status and needs.
    • Historical Context: India has a history of caste-based discrimination and marginalization. A caste census provides empirical evidence of existing disparities, enabling the government and civil society to design interventions aimed at promoting social justice and equality.

    The arguments against caste Census

    • Social Divisiveness: Critics argue that emphasizing caste through a census could perpetuate social divisions and caste identities. They fear that highlighting caste differences could exacerbate tensions and hinder national unity.
    • Administrative Complexity: Conducting a caste census is seen as administratively challenging due to the sheer number of caste groups in India, estimated to be thousands, many of which are region-specific. Critics argue that accurately enumerating and categorizing these castes could pose logistical difficulties and lead to inaccuracies.
    • Political Implications: There are concerns that caste-based data could be misused for electoral gains and political manoeuvring. Critics argue that caste enumeration might lead to demands for increased reservations and create further divisions along caste lines in political representation and decision-making processes.

    How an attempt at caste Census failed

    • Constitutional Mandate: The Constitution of India provides for reservations in education (Article 15(4)) and public employment (Article 16(4)) for OBCs. Enumerating OBCs in the Census is essential to effectively implement these constitutional provisions and ensure accurate representation.
    • Policy Implementation: Detailed caste-wise data is necessary for effective policy formulation and implementation related to reservations, social justice, and welfare schemes targeting OBC communities. It helps in identifying deserving beneficiaries and avoiding wrongful inclusions or exclusions.
    • Judicial Imperative: The Supreme Court of India, in various rulings like Indra Sawhney case (1992), has underscored the importance of accurate caste data for upholding reservation policies and ensuring social justice. The court has emphasized the need for periodically revising the OBC list based on updated census data.
    • Local Governance and Representation: Post the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution, which introduced reservations for OBCs in local bodies (panchayats and municipalities), accurate caste data at the local level is crucial for fair representation and effective governance.

    How an attempt at caste Census failed

    • Poor Design and Execution: The Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC)-2011, conducted through Union Ministries of Rural Development and Urban Development, lacked the expertise and experience needed for sociological surveys
    • Legal and Administrative Challenges: The SECC-2011 was not conducted under the Census Act, 1948, which meant it lacked the legal framework and procedural clarity required for a comprehensive census.

    Way forward: 

    • Amendment of Census Act: Amend the Census Act, 1948, to explicitly include caste as a parameter for enumeration. This legal revision will provide a clear mandate and framework for conducting a comprehensive caste Census, ensuring adherence to standardised procedures and data collection methodologies.
    • Expert Involvement and Public Consultation: Engage sociological and anthropological experts to develop a detailed list of caste categories specific to each state. Publish the draft list online for public review and feedback, facilitating transparency and accuracy in caste enumeration.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, the caste system cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment. (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • A case of people versus Population    

    Why in the news? 

    Since 1989, July 11 has been designated as World Population Day, marking the global population surpassing the five billion mark.

    About Malthus Theory of Population

    • Thomas Malthus’ Theory of Population, proposed in 1798, posited that population growth would outpace food production, leading to widespread famine and poverty.
    • He believed population grows exponentially while food production increases linearly. However, advancements in agriculture and technology have prevented the catastrophic outcomes he predicted.

    Present Scenario

    • Population Growth and Food Production: Despite significant population growth, currently estimated at 8.1 billion globally, advancements in technology and agriculture have enabled food production to keep pace. This disproves Malthus’ prediction of widespread famine due to population outstripping food supply.
    • India’s Demographics: India, the most populous nation with 1.44 billion people, has seen its annual population growth rate fall below 1%, with a total fertility rate (TFR) of 2, just below the replacement level. Economic growth has surged, with per capita GDP increasing sixfold from $400 to $2,400 over the past 27 years.
    • Poverty Reduction and Challenges: The percentage of Indians living below the poverty line has decreased from 43% to 11%. However, significant disparities persist, with certain states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand accounting for 83% of the nation’s poverty. Climate change remains a critical challenge, disproportionately affecting poorer populations.

    Changes in India

    • Population : Population Growth has Increased from 1 billion to 1.44 billion (44% increase). The Annual population growth rate decreased from nearly 2% to below 1%. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has declined from 3.4 to 2, below the replacement level of 2.1.
    • Economic Indicators: Per Capita GDP has rose sixfold from $400 to $2,400, signifying substantial economic growth. And percentage of people living below the multi-dimensional poverty line decreased from 43% to 11%.
    • Life Expectancy: Increased from 61 years to 70 years, indicating improvements in healthcare and living standards.

    Impact of Climate Change on Population

    • Increased Vulnerability of the Poor: Climate change disproportionately affects poorer populations in developing countries like India. Inadequate housing, infrastructure, and resources make these communities more susceptible to the adverse effects of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves.
    • Agricultural Disruption: Unpredictable weather patterns and extreme climate conditions disrupt agricultural productivity, leading to food insecurity. This particularly impacts rural populations who depend on farming for their livelihoods, exacerbating poverty and malnutrition.
    • Migration and Displacement: Climate change-induced events, such as rising sea levels and severe weather, force people to migrate from their homes. This internal displacement puts additional strain on urban areas and exacerbates existing social and economic challenges, leading to overcrowding and increased competition for resources.

    Agenda of Global South Population 

    • Economic Growth and Poverty Eradication: Developing nations in the Global South prioritize economic growth to reduce poverty and improve living standards. The focus is on sustainable development, ensuring that economic progress is not compromised while addressing the immediate needs of their populations. India’s aim to achieve zero poverty within the next decade exemplifies this priority.
    • Sustainable Development and Climate Responsibility: The Global South advocates for a balanced approach to climate change, emphasizing the need for developed countries (with higher historical emissions) to take greater responsibility. The G-20 New Delhi Declaration (2023) highlights the importance of the circular economy, resource efficiency, and extended producer responsibility in achieving sustainable development without hindering economic growth.

    A Pathway for the Most Populous Nation (Way Forward) 

    • Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: India must continue prioritizing economic growth to alleviate poverty and improve living standards while integrating sustainable practices. Emphasizing circular economy principles, resource efficiency, and extended producer responsibility can help decouple economic growth from environmental degradation.
    • Reducing Poverty and Inequality: Targeted efforts to address regional disparities and uplift impoverished populations are crucial. Programs focusing on education, healthcare, and infrastructure development, particularly in states with high poverty levels like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand, are essential to ensure inclusive growth.
    • Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: India should implement strategies to mitigate climate change impacts, such as investing in renewable energy, enhancing disaster resilience, and promoting sustainable agriculture. While striving for net-zero emissions by 2070, India must ensure that climate actions do not compromise its economic growth and poverty eradication goals.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the mains cause of population increase in India. (UPSC IAS/2015)

  • [11th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: India’s Demographic journey of hits and misses

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q) What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, of 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (UPSC IAS/2021)
    Q) Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail.  (UPSC IAS/2020)

    Prelims:
    India is regarded as a country With a “Demographic Dividend” This is due to (UPSC IAS/2011)
    (a) Its high population in the age group below 15 years.
    (b) Its high population in the age group of 15-64 years.
    (c) Its high population in the age group above 65 years.
    (d) Its high total population.

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: World Population Day; Demographic Dividend;

    Mains:  Demographic Dividend; Poverty; Mortality; Food Security;

    Mentor comment: Over the decades, the world has seen significant demographic changes, with declining fertility rates and increasing life expectancy globally. India has also made notable progress, with fertility rates falling below replacement level and improvements in maternal and child health indicators. However, population dynamics continue to pose challenges that require attention and proactive measures. As the world approaches the 2030 target for the Sustainable Development Goals, understanding a country’s population trends is crucial to tailoring solutions and driving progress.

    Let’s learn!

    __

    Why in the news? 

    The day July 11, was established by the United Nations as the ‘World Population Day’ in 1989, to raise awareness about global population issues and their impact on development, the environment, and individual well-being.

    World Population – Then and Now:
    1. The decades of the 1960s and 1970s were scary as the global population was growing at a yearly rate of 2%. 
    2. The Total Fertility Rate of the world has dropped from around five children per woman in 1950, to 2.3 children per woman in 2023. 

    About Malthus Theory of Population
    1. Thomas Malthus’ Theory of Population, proposed in 1798, posited that population growth would outpace food production, leading to widespread famine and poverty.
    2. He believed population grows exponentially while food production increases linearly. However, advancements in agriculture and technology have prevented the catastrophic outcomes he predicted.

    India’s population dynamics – The main components:

    • Fertility: According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5, India’s total fertility rate (TFR) decreased from 3.4 to 2 between 1992 and 2021, dropping below the replacement level of 2.1. 
    • Mortality: There has been a significant drop in the mortality rate as well. The average life expectancy of Indians has also increased over time.
    • Aging Population:  India is experiencing a demographic shift, towards an aging population. According to the 2011 Census, individuals aged 60 years and above constituted 8.6% of the total population. The figure is projected to rise to 19.5% by 2050. 
    • Migration: 
      • Urbanization: Rapid Rural-to-Urban migration is straining urban infrastructure.
      • Gender Equality: Women’s labor force participation and political representation are crucial for sustainable development
    But what do these changing dynamics signify?

    India’s population dynamics are intertwined with its ‘development’ scenario. The reduction in fertility signifies a transition toward smaller family norms.  It has many implications for the Social Development as follows:

    • Demographic Dividend: A smaller dependent population can lead to a larger working-age population, potentially boosting economic growth.
    • Healthcare and Living Standards: Declining mortality rates and increasing life expectancy indicate improvements in healthcare and living standards.
    • Population Ageing: Requires long-term planning for geriatric care and social security benefits.
    • Gender Equality: Women’s labour force participation, which is straggling, their notable absence from Political representation, and their unending plight within society. Ensuring women’s rights and participation is essential for sustainable development.

    India’s Journey towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

    • Poverty Reduction (SDG 1)
      • The population living below the poverty line reduced from 48% to 10% between 1990 and 2019.
      • Government Initiatives:
      • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was critical in addressing rural poverty.
      • Janani Suraksha Yojana (2005) increased institutional deliveries and reduced health expenditures for poor families.
    • Food Security and Nutrition (SDG 2)
      • India became self-sufficient in crop production after the Green Revolution hence, the proportion of the population suffering from hunger reduced from 18.3% in 2001 to 16.6% in 2021. However, India still contributes a third of the global burden of malnutrition.
      • Government Initiative:
      • POSHAN Abhiyaan (2018) aims to improve nutrition, but achieving ‘Zero Hunger’ by 2030 remains challenging.
    • Health Improvements (SDG3)
      • Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) decreased from 384.4 in 2000 to 102.7 in 2020.
      • Under-five mortality rate and infant mortality rate significantly reduced post-2000s. Improvements in quality and coverage of healthcare, but still need to reach targets.

    What needs looking into?

    • Population Dynamics: India needs to harness demographic dividend by creating job opportunities for the youth by addressing the rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and strengthening social safety nets.
    • Nutrition: The government needs to increase budgetary allocation for health and nutrition sectors and strengthen nutrition programs to address malnutrition.
    • Gender Equality: Empowering socio-economically the section of vulnerable women and adopting a gender-equal approach in policy and development initiatives.
    • Collaborative Approach: Encouraging a multi-sectoral collaboration and ensuring a strong political will to drive progress efficiently.

  • Indigenous HPV vaccine, the rhetoric and the reality

    Why in the news?

    Recent discourse suggests HPV vaccination prevents cervical cancer, but evidence linking HPV to cancer is inconclusive and most infected individuals don’t develop cancer, raising doubts about vaccine necessity.

    What is Cervical Cancer?

    Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cells lining the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is usually a slow-growing cancer that may not have symptoms in its early stages.

    Present  trends of cervical cancer prevalence in India and the Globe                

    • Global Trends: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally, with an estimated 604,000 new cases and 342,000 deaths reported in 2020. 
      • Mortality rates vary widely by region, with the highest rates observed in low- and middle-income countries due to limited access to screening and treatment.
    • Trends in India: In India, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women aged 15-44 years. It accounts for approximately 17% of all female cancer deaths in the country, with over 97,000 new cases reported annually.

     

    Recent debate – How does vaccination against HPV prevent cervical cancer and consequent death?                                                       

    • Efficacy Against HPV Infection and Cervical Cancer: HPV vaccines target high-risk HPV types, notably types 16 and 18, which are responsible for a significant proportion of cervical cancer cases worldwide. 
      • Clinical trials and real-world data consistently demonstrate the effectiveness of HPV vaccines in reducing HPV infection rates and preventing cervical cancer.
    • Public Health Impact and Benefits: Countries with high HPV vaccination coverage have observed significant declines in HPV infection rates and cervical cancer incidence among vaccinated populations. 
      • Vaccination programs aim to achieve herd immunity, thereby reducing overall transmission of HPV and protecting unvaccinated individuals.
    • Debate and Challenges: Debate surrounds the universal versus selective vaccination strategies, with considerations on cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and cultural acceptance.
      • Challenges include vaccine hesitancy, particularly in some regions, as well as affordability and logistical barriers to widespread vaccination coverage.

    Challenges Prevalent in Vaccine Manufacturing    

    • Complex Manufacturing Processes: Vaccine manufacturing involves complex biological processes and stringent quality control measures. 
      • Developing and scaling up production requires specialized facilities and skilled personnel, which can be costly and time-consuming to establish.
    • High Regulatory Standards: Vaccines are subject to rigorous regulatory scrutiny to ensure safety, efficacy, and consistency. 
      • Meeting regulatory requirements in multiple jurisdictions adds complexity and may delay the approval and market entry of new vaccines.
    • Supply Chain and Distribution: Maintaining a reliable supply chain for vaccine components and ensuring cold chain storage and distribution are critical challenges. 
      • This becomes even more pronounced in resource-constrained settings or during global health emergencies where demand surges.

    Its Impact on India                     

    • Delayed Access to Affordable Vaccines: India’s capability to produce vaccines at scale is hindered by stringent patent laws and complex regulatory requirements. 
      • This delays the availability of affordable vaccines domestically, impacting public health initiatives and access for vulnerable populations.
    • Economic and Health Implications: High costs associated with vaccine development and production limit affordability and accessibility, exacerbating healthcare inequalities. 
      • This affects India’s ability to address preventable diseases effectively, impacting public health outcomes and economic productivity.

    Unavailability of Competing Vaccines and Future Scope

    • Lack of Market Competition: Despite the expiration of earlier patents, there is a notable absence of competing HPV vaccines from domestic manufacturers in India. 
      • This limits options for consumers and healthcare providers, potentially leading to higher prices and reduced accessibility, particularly in the private market.
    • Potential for Future Development: Several Indian biotech companies had announced plans to develop HPV vaccines, indicating a future scope for competition and potentially lower prices. 
      • However, these initiatives have not materialized into market-ready products, highlighting challenges in vaccine development and commercialization in India’s regulatory and economic environment.

    Way forward: 

    • Promote Research and Development Incentives: Encourage and support Indian biotech companies through research grants, tax incentives, and streamlined regulatory pathways for HPV vaccine development.  
    • Enhance Public-Private Partnerships: Foster collaborations between government entities, academic institutions, and private-sector vaccine manufacturers to improve vaccine accessibility and affordability. 

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of the society? (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • The share of women in the unincorporated sector is highest in the south   

    Why in the News? 

    Recently the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector 2022-23 revealed higher shares of women owners and workers in southern and some eastern states, and lower in western, northern, and central states.

    Gender disparity in India concerning working-owners and unpaid family workers:

    • Prevalence of Women in Unpaid Family Worker Roles: Data from the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector 2022-23 reveals that women are predominantly represented as unpaid family workers.
      • For instance, in Telangana, while 43% of working owners are women, a substantial 59% are unpaid family workers, illustrating a significant gender disparity.
    • Lower Representation of Women as Working Owners: Across India, the proportion of women in working-owner roles is considerably lower compared to men. 
      • For example, in Telangana, women constitute 43% of working owners, reflecting a gender gap where men are more likely to own and operate businesses.
    • Regional Trends Highlighting Gender Disparities: The southern states, such as Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, display a relatively higher share of women in both working-owner and unpaid family worker roles. 
      • Despite this, the overall pattern shows more men in ownership positions and more women in unpaid roles, reinforcing the gender imbalance.
    • Sector-Specific Disparities: In the manufacturing sector, women’s representation as working-owners and hired workers is lower than in unpaid family roles. 
      • For example, in Telangana, women constitute 52% of formal hired workers but only 26% of informal hired workers, indicating a disparity in employment types and compensation.
    • National Overview of Gender Roles: On a national level, the survey indicates that the share of women in unincorporated enterprises varies by state and job type. 
      • While women play a significant role in unpaid family work, their representation as working owners remains limited. 
      • This trend is consistent across different regions, with southern states showing relatively better but still imbalanced gender representation in the workforce.

    The reason behind these issues: 

    • Cultural and Societal Norms: Traditional gender roles in India often assign women the responsibility of unpaid domestic and family work, limiting their opportunities for paid employment and entrepreneurship.
    • Access to Resources and Opportunities: Women often have less access to financial resources, credit, and capital needed to start and run businesses compared to men. This financial barrier restricts their ability to become working-owners.
    • Work-Life Balance and Family Responsibilities: Women typically bear a disproportionate share of caregiving and household responsibilities, limiting their availability for formal employment and entrepreneurial activities.
    • Network and Mentorship Gaps: Women often have fewer professional networks and mentorship opportunities, which are crucial for business growth and career advancement.

    Steps taken by the Indian Government: 

    Scheme/Initiative Year Objective Key Features
    Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) 2015 Address declining child sex ratio and empower girls through education ·         Awareness and advocacy campaigns

    ·         Enforcement of PC&PNDT Act

    ·         Improving enrolment of girls in schools
    One Stop Centres (OSC) 2015 Provide integrated support and assistance to women affected by violence ·         Medical aid

    ·         Police assistance

    ·         Legal aid

    ·         Psycho-social counseling

    ·         Temporary shelter
    Ujjwala Yojana 2016 Provide LPG connections to women from BPL households to safeguard their health ·         Clean cooking fuel

    ·         Reduce health hazards associated with unclean fuels
    Mahila Shakti Kendra (MSK) 2017 Empower rural women through community participation ·         Interface for rural women to approach government

    ·         Skill development training at grassroots level
    Nari Shakti Puraskar 2015 Recognize exceptional work in empowering women and promoting gender equality ·         Highest civilian honors for women

    ·         Conferred by the President of India on International Women’s Day

     

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Access to Financial Resources and Training: Implement targeted financial programs to provide women with easier access to credit, grants, and capital needed to start and grow businesses. This can include microfinance initiatives, low-interest loans, and financial literacy training.
    • Strengthen Legal and Social Support Systems: Enforce and improve existing gender equality laws and policies to ensure women’s rights in the workforce and in business ownership. This includes better implementation of anti-discrimination laws and providing legal support to women entrepreneurs.

    Mains question for practice: 

    Q Despite various government initiatives and policies aimed at promoting gender equality, significant gender disparities persist in the ownership and workforce participation in unincorporated enterprises across different regions of India. Discuss the reasons behind these disparities and suggest measures to address them.15M

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q “Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • Education ‘remains the most effective contraceptive

    Why in the news? 

    India’s current population of 1.4 billion is projected to peak at 1.7 billion by 2064, then stabilize at 1.53 billion by 2100, as fertility rates decline below replacement level.

    What does the United Nations speak on Indian demographics?

    • India overtook China as the world’s most populous country. UN estimates project India’s population to peak at 1.7 billion around 2064, then settle at 1.53 billion by 2100.
    • Population growth is slowing, with the total fertility rate dipping below the replacement level of 2.1.

    What do the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) observed recently?

    • Association with Education: There is a significant correlation between levels of education and unmet needs for family planning among married women in India, highlighting the importance of education in addressing reproductive health issues.
    • High Demand for Family Planning: There remains a notable demand for family planning services, particularly among young women aged 15-24, indicating ongoing challenges in meeting reproductive health needs effectively across different age groups.

    Challenges faced by a deprived section of society                           

    • Limited Access to Family Planning Services: Women from disadvantaged backgrounds often face barriers in accessing contraceptives and family planning services due to social norms, lack of education, and cultural taboos surrounding contraception.
    • Teenage Pregnancies and Early Marriages: High rates of teenage pregnancies and early marriages contribute to health risks for young women, exacerbated by limited awareness about sexual and reproductive health rights and options.
    • Social Stigma and Cultural Norms: Deep-rooted societal attitudes and stigmas surrounding sexual activity, contraception, and abortion hinder open discussions and access to comprehensive sexual education and healthcare services, particularly for unmarried individuals.

    What can India do to improve social conditions?

    • Enhancing Education and Awareness: Increase access to comprehensive sex education in schools and communities to empower young people with knowledge about contraception, family planning, and reproductive health rights.
    • Addressing Cultural Norms and Stigma: Challenge societal taboos and misconceptions surrounding contraception and sexual activity through culturally sensitive communication and advocacy efforts.
    • Expanding Healthcare Access: Ensure equitable access to affordable and quality healthcare services, including reproductive health services, particularly in rural and underserved areas.
    • Reforming Legal Frameworks: Reform laws and policies related to reproductive rights and access to safe abortion services to ensure women have autonomy over their reproductive decisions and can access safe and legal abortion services without unnecessary restrictions.

    Steps taken by the government related to health: 

    • Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY): This scheme aims to provide health coverage to over 500 million people, offering a cover of Rs. 5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization. Over 4.68 crore cards have been issued under the scheme.
    • Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) through Ayushman Bharat-Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): Launched in February 2018, this initiative aims to provide an expanded range of services closer to the community, including care for non-communicable diseases, palliative and rehabilitative care, oral, eye and ENT care, and mental health services.
    • Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY): This scheme, launched in 2003, aims to correct regional imbalances in the availability of affordable/reliable tertiary healthcare services and also to augment facilities for quality medical education in the country. Under this, new AIIMS are being set up and existing medical colleges are being upgraded

    Way forward: 

    • Integrated Approach to Education and Healthcare: Implement integrated programs that combine comprehensive sex education in schools with improved access to healthcare services, ensuring young people are empowered with knowledge and resources for reproductive health.
    • Community Engagement and Advocacy: Foster community dialogues and advocacy campaigns to challenge cultural norms and stigma around reproductive health, promoting open discussions and awareness-building initiatives across all demographics.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • [5th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Computer literacy in India needs a reboot 

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 
    Q) National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC CSE 2020) 
    Q) “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC CSE 2016) 

    Prelims:

    Q) Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2018) 
    1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the concerned State Council of Teacher Education.
    2. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines.
    3. In India, more than 90% of teacher -5 education institutions are directly under the State Governments.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 and 2
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 1 and 3
    (d) 3 only

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: National Education Policy 2020; Digital India Campaign of 2015;

    Mains: Social Issues and Justice; Education; Population; Literacy Rate;

    Mentors Comment: Digital literacy is essential for full participation in India’s rapidly digitizing society and economy. As critical services like banking, healthcare, and government services have become increasingly digitized, the ability to effectively use computers and technology is crucial for accessing these essential services and enhancing quality of life. The COVID-19 pandemic further highlighted the importance of digital skills, from online education to managing financial and medical needs remotely. However, India’s computer literacy rate stands at just 24.7%, with wide disparities between urban and rural areas as well as across age groups and socioeconomic status. Unless serious efforts are made to universalize digital literacy, a significant portion of the population, especially in rural and marginalized communities, will face exclusion from the digital economy and public services. 

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) and National Statistical Office, India still has lower levels of literacy than many other nations, though.

    • The literacy rate is 77.70%, with literate males at 84.70% and literate females at 70.30%,

    Context:

    • The latest NSS survey shows computer literacy in India stands at only 24.7% among individuals aged 15 and above, with rural areas lagging behind at 18.1%. This digital divide puts a significant portion of the population at risk of exclusion from digital public services.
    • The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of computer and internet access for everyday tasks.
    • Unless serious measures are taken to universalize digital literacy, rural India’s population, which is nearly 70%, will face significant disadvantages in accessing critical services.
    Initiatives taken up by government:

    Digital India campaign in 2015:
    The Digital India campaign launched by the Indian government in 2015 has had a mixed impact on computer literacy rates in the country.
    The campaign aimed to transform India into a digitally empowered society and improve digital infrastructure and services.

    National Education Policy (2020):

    The NEP 2020 lays emphasis on the use of technology to provide high-quality education to students, irrespective of their geographical location.
    Digital education will be an integral part of the curriculum, with a focus on developing digital literacy, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.

    Present Scenario: Progress of Digital India campaign and present literacy rates in India:

    The Digital India campaign launched by the Indian government in 2015 has had a mixed impact on computer literacy rates in the country:

    • Limited Success: The latest National Sample Survey (NSS) data shows that computer literacy in India remains low at just 24.7% among individuals aged 15 and above .
      • While this represents an increase from 18.4% in 2017-18, the figures still highlight a significant digital divide.
      • In rural areas, computer literacy stands at only 18.1%, compared to 39.6% in urban areas.
      • Nearly 70% living in rural areas, remain excluded from accessing digital services and public amenities.
    • Cohort Effect:
      • Computer literacy peaks at 45.9% among 20-24 year olds, but drops to just 4.4% for 65-69 year olds.
      • Even among younger working-age cohorts (20-39 years), computer literacy is only 34.8% on average.
    • Variations in computer literacy across Indian states:
      • Economically disadvantaged states like Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh have very low rates (under 30%). Prosperous states like Kerala have much higher rates (72.7%)
      • Bridging the digital divide requires sustained efforts by government, private sector and civil society.

    Understanding the Causes:

    • Lack of infrastructure and qualified teachers in schools/colleges for adequate computer training limits job prospects and employment opportunities. It creates a digital divide and skill gap in the job market.
    • Gaps in access and quality of computer education in the formal education system leads to social isolation and financial exclusion from online services.
    • Lack of motivation and access to learning resources among older age groups restricts access to information and resources in the digital age.

    Way Forward: There are some focus areas where we can concentrate:

    • For School level: School education should ensure that all graduating students possess computer literacy skills, as this is crucial to bridge the digital divide. The government should allocate resources towards the training of computer personnel and ensure sufficient staffing levels. 
    • For Old-aged people: For the older population outside the formal education system, targeted programmes are essential.
      • These should involve various institutions, including local governing bodies such as panchayats and non-governmental organisations, to effectively reach and empower older individuals with computer literacy skills. 
    • Quality Control and Monitoring: The government should also conduct a thorough review of such computer literacy and develop strategies to achieve higher literacy and reduce disparities in the coming years. 
  • [2nd July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Glossing over unemployment, its high electoral price

    [2nd July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Glossing over unemployment, its high electoral price

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (UPSC IAS/2020)
    Q Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of society. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2022)

    Mentor comment: The Indian economy needs to generate over 25 million jobs in the next five years to employ all the currently unemployed. Despite the Narendra Modi government’s claim of an 8% GDP growth rate last year, job creation has not kept pace. Although the unemployment rate for those aged 15 and above decreased from 4.2% in 2021 to 3.1% in 2023, this improvement is insufficient. In the 2024 general election, the Bharatiya Janata Party lost its majority, forming a coalition with parties holding different economic views due to the job market setback.

    Let’s Learn!

    __

    Why in the news?

    The Modi government claimed 8% GDP growth last year, but this has not translated into adequate job creation, as shown by current unemployment rates.

    Inequality gap is widening

    • Rising Wealth Inequality: In the past two decades, the gap between the rich and the poor has significantly widened. Official statistics reveal that 1% of India’s population now owns 40% of the country’s wealth.
    • K-shaped Economic Inequality: The term “K-shaped” inequality describes the phenomenon where income and consumption for a few are rising, while for the majority, it is declining.This has been particularly evident over the past decade under BJP central rule.
    • Income Inequality: The World Inequality Report 2022 highlights that India is one of the most unequal countries globally, with the top 10% and top 1% of the population earning 57% and 22% of the national income, respectively. Meanwhile, the bottom 50% see their share reduced to 13%.
    • Tax Burden on the Poor: About 64% of the total Goods and Services Tax (GST) revenue in India is contributed by the bottom 50% of the population, whereas only 4% comes from the top 10%.
    • Healthcare as a Luxury: Many Indians struggle to access necessary healthcare, with 63 million people (nearly two every second) pushed into poverty each year due to healthcare costs.
    • Food Security and Nutrition: According to “The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, 2023,” around 74% of India’s population cannot afford a healthy diet, and 39% fall short of a nutrient-adequate diet.
    • Global Hunger Index 2023: India’s 2023 Global Hunger Index score is 28.7, categorized as “serious” on the GHI Severity of Hunger Scale.

    Cause of inequality:

    • Structural economic factors: India has struggled to shift its large agricultural workforce towards more productive and better-paying jobs in the formal economy. The economic boom has primarily benefited the top 10-20% while leaving the poor behind.
    • Policy shocks disproportionately impacting the informal sector:  Demonetization, GST implementation, and COVID-19 lockdowns have severely disrupted livelihoods and employment for India’s large informal economy, exacerbating inequality
    • Uneven distribution of wealth and income:  The richest 1% of Indians now own over 40% of the country’s wealth, while the bottom 50% possess only 3% of the wealth. This wealth concentration at the top has accelerated in recent decades.
    • Lack of effective wealth redistribution: Measures like wealth taxes on the super-rich and greater investment in social welfare, healthcare, and education have been lacking, perpetuating the inequality cycle.

    Growth could slip because of 

    • Heavy Reliance on Government Expenditure: The recent GDP growth has been driven significantly by a large Budget deficit and massive government capital expenditure rather than structural investments in key sectors like industry, agriculture, and services.
    • Lack of Structural Investments: Structural investments in the industrial, agricultural, and service sectors are crucial for sustainable economic growth. The absence of significant investments in these sectors means that the foundational aspects of the economy remain weak, potentially hindering long-term growth.
    • Historical GDP Growth Decline: The GDP growth rate has shown significant declines in the past, such as falling from 8% to 3.8% in the fourth quarter of 2019-20. This trend indicates a vulnerability in maintaining high growth rates, especially without addressing underlying economic issues.
    • Fiscal Deficit Concerns: A significantly large Budget deficit to fund government expenditure can lead to concerns about fiscal sustainability.
    • Global Economic Conditions: The global economic environment, including factors such as inflation, interest rates, and geopolitical tensions, can impact India’s growth prospects.Any adverse changes in the global economy could further strain India’s growth trajectory.
    • Sectoral Weaknesses: Weaknesses in key sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture, and services can drag down overall economic growth.

    Way forward: 

    • Support for SMEs and Informal Sector: Given that 92% of jobs in agriculture and 73% of jobs in industry and services are in the unorganised sector, policies aimed at supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the informal sector are crucial. 
    • Agricultural Reforms and Rural Development: Focusing on modernising agriculture through technology, better irrigation, crop diversification, and improving rural infrastructure can boost productivity and incomes in rural areas. 
    • Education and Skill Development: Investing in education and skill development is essential to equip the workforce with the necessary skills for the evolving job market. 

  • At the end of Pride Month, assessing the LGBTQIA+ communities’ rights   

    Why in the news? 

    Every June, Pride Month is celebrated globally to honour the contributions of LGBTQIA+ community members and to promote love, diversity, and acceptance.

    Varying rights and status of LGBTQIA+ communities across the world:

    • Legalization and Criminalization of Same-Sex Acts: The legal status of same-sex acts varies significantly while 37 countries have fully legalized same-sex marriage, 59 countries still penalize any expression of queerness, with severe punishments in some regions.
    • Marriage Rights: Same-sex marriage is legal in 37 countries, banned in 79 countries, and in some places, same-sex couples can only opt for civil unions, leaving their status partially recognized.
    • Employee Protections: Legal protections for queer employees are inconsistent. While 27 countries offer legal aid based on sexual orientation, 90 countries lack any legal protections for queer employees. India and three other countries provide legal aid based on gender identity, including transgender persons.
    • Adoption Rights: Adoption rights for same-sex couples also vary. In 39 countries, same-sex parents can adopt children, while 45 countries ban this practice. In 100 countries, single parents can adopt under certain conditions, similar to India’s laws.
    • Social and Legal Challenges: Despite legal advancements in some areas, LGBTQIA+ individuals globally continue to face significant social and legal challenges, including discrimination, harassment, and exclusion, with varying levels of legal aid and recognition depending on the country.

    Indian Scenario

    • Decriminalization of Homosexuality: In 2018, the Supreme Court of India partially struck down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, decriminalizing homosexuality. Same-sex couples have the right to cohabitation but not to legal marriage or unions.
    • Discrimination and Harassment: Queer individuals in India still face significant discrimination, harassment, and exclusion.
    • Legal Protections for Transgender and Intersex Individuals: The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, prohibits unfair treatment in employment, education, healthcare, public facilities, and residence. Legal recourse is available for discrimination based on gender identity but not sexual orientation.
    • Adoption Rights: Same-sex couples cannot be recognized as co-parents to an adopted child. Single prospective adoptive parents, regardless of marital status, are allowed to adopt under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.

    Way forward: 

    • Expand Legal Recognition: Countries should work towards fully recognizing same-sex marriages and providing comprehensive legal protections against discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
    • Education and Awareness: Implement nationwide educational programs to raise awareness about LGBTQIA+ issues, combat stereotypes, and promote understanding and acceptance. This can involve incorporating LGBTQIA+ history and rights into school curriculums and conducting public awareness campaigns.
    • Economic Opportunities: Ensure equal opportunities in the workplace by promoting diversity and inclusion policies, providing sensitivity training for employers, and supporting LGBTQIA+ entrepreneurs. Governments and organizations can offer grants, mentorship programs, and other resources to empower LGBTQIA+ individuals economically.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q ‘Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view. (UPSC 2018)

  • A story of displacement to one of empowerment

    Why in the news?

    Over 45% of Sri Lankan Tamils in Tamil Nadu’s rehabilitation camps were born in India, per a recent interim report by a State government panel.

    Causes of Tamilian Displacement

    • Ethnocentric Violence: The primary cause of displacement was the ethnocentric violence in Sri Lanka, particularly against the Tamil population. The violence led to significant loss of life and property, forcing Tamils to flee for their safety.
    • Proximity and Linguistic Commonality: Many Tamils chose India, particularly Tamil Nadu, due to its geographical proximity and the shared Tamil language, making it a more accessible and familiar refuge.

    Government Initiatives

    • Provision of Basic Amenities: Refugees receive free housing, electricity, water, and monthly food rations. Additionally, they get a monthly cash dole.
    • Educational Support: Access to government schools is provided, along with a monthly stipend of ₹1,000 for those pursuing higher education. One-time educational support includes ₹12,000 for arts and science students and ₹50,000 for engineering students.
    • Welfare Schemes: Refugees are eligible for various welfare schemes available to the people of Tamil Nadu, including the women’s rights scheme providing ₹1,000 per month.
    • New Housing: Recently, the Government of Tamil Nadu has constructed new homes for about 5,000 Sri Lankan Tamils.
    • Renaming Camps: In an effort to destigmatise, the refugee camps were renamed as Sri Lankan Tamil Rehabilitation Camps in a government order dated October 28, 2021.

    Bringing Back Dignity

    • Educational Achievements: The welfare schemes have led to 100% school enrollment and over 4,500 graduates from the camps.
    • Breaking Caste Barriers: As refugees, Sri Lankan Tamils are categorized under the Refugee category, which has helped in break free from caste barriers.
    • Government Recognition: The renaming of refugee camps to Sri Lankan Tamil Rehabilitation Camps is a step towards restoring the dignity of the displaced population.
    • Advocacy and Support: Continuous advocacy by organizations like OfERR, support from donors, and political parties have facilitated the patronage extended by the Government of Tamil Nadu and the Government of India.
    • Potential for Future Contribution: The transformation of refugees into resource persons capable of contributing to nation-building when they return to Sri Lanka.

    Current Challenges

    • Legal Limitations: Indian laws currently do not permit local integration by granting citizenship to Sri Lankan refugees.
    • Economic and Health Crises: The COVID-19 pandemic and the economic crisis in Sri Lanka have slowed down the process of refugees returning to their homeland.
    • Uncertain Future: Despite the improvements in their living conditions and dignity, Sri Lankan Tamils in India continue to live with uncertainty about their long-term future.

    Way forward:

    • Amend Legal Frameworks: Advocate for amendments in Indian laws to allow for local integration and citizenship for long-term refugees, providing them with a secure legal status and equal rights.
    • Strengthen Economic Opportunities: Develop targeted economic empowerment programs, including vocational training and employment initiatives, to enhance self-sufficiency and reduce dependency on state support, ensuring a sustainable livelihood for the refugees.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (UPSC IAS/2022)