Subject: Indian Society

  • Centre planning new Bill on Stray Dog Issue

    dog

    Centre Idea:

    • The Centre will soon formulate a law on the issue of stray dogs, Union Minister Parshottam Rupala said.

    Stray Dog Menace in India

    • Cities have witnessed a sharp increase in the stray dog population, which as per the official 2019 livestock census stood at 1.5 crore.
    • However, independent estimates peg the number to be around 6.2 crore.
    • The number of dog bites has simultaneously doubled between 2012 and 2020.
    • Experts agree there may be a correlation between urbanisation and solid waste production, made visible due to the mismanagement of waste disposal.
    • Tepid animal birth control programmes and insufficient rescue centres, in conjunction with poor waste management, result in a proliferation of street animals in India.

    Reasons behind

    • Poor waste management: Inadequate waste disposal facilities and the mismanagement of solid waste often lead to the congregation of stray dogs around garbage dumps and landfills, where they scavenge for food.
    • Unplanned urbanization: The population boom in Indian cities has led to a sharp increase in the stray dog population. Rapid urbanization has led to the creation of slums and unmanaged solid waste, which attract dogs.
    • Lack of food and shelter: The availability of food and shelter determines the carrying capacity of a city. In the absence of these facilities, free-ranging dogs become scavengers that forage around for food, eventually gravitating towards exposed garbage dumping sites.
    • Territoriality: Stray dogs often become territorial and aggressive about public spaces where they are fed, leading to increased attacks on humans.
    • Improper sterilization and rescue centres: Tepid animal birth control programmes and insufficient rescue centres, in conjunction with poor waste management, result in a proliferation of street animals in India.

    Food wastage in India

    • A population boom in Indian cities has contributed to a staggering rise in solid waste production. Indian cities generate more than 150000 metric tonnes of urban solid waste every day.
    • According to a 2021 UNEP report, an estimated 931 million tonnes of food available to consumers ended up in households, restaurants, vendors and other food service retailers’ bins in 2019.
    • Indian homes on average also generated 50 kg of food waste per person.
    • The presence of free-roaming dogs in urban areas is determined by the “carrying capacity” of a city, which is the availability of food and shelter.

    Urban Stray Dogs and Waste Disposal

    • Food and shelter: The wastage food often serves as a source of food for hunger-stricken, free-roaming dogs that move towards densely-populated areas in cities, such as urban slums which are usually located next to dumping sites.
    • Sanitation assists food hunt: In the absence of proper sanitation and waste disposal facilities, stray dogs become scavengers that forage for food around exposed garbage dumping sites.

    Impact of Unplanned and Unregulated Urban Development

    • ABC Program: Under Animal Birth Control (ABC) program, municipal bodies trap, sterilize, and release dogs to slow down the dog population. This approach aims to control the number of strays while avoiding the inhumane practice of killing them.
    • Rabies Control Measures: Another anchor of India’s response is rabies control measures, including vaccination drives. Rabies is a fatal disease that can be transmitted to humans through dog bites. Thus, preventing rabies is essential in addressing the issue of stray dogs.
    • Informal Measures: These include mass killing of dogs in states like Kerala, which is a controversial practice as it is often inhumane and does not address the root causes of the issue. Other measures include imposing bans on the entry of stray dogs in colonies or feeding them in public.

    Why address stray dog attacks issue?

    • Adds Vulnerability to the poor: The disproportionate burden of dog bites may also fall on people in urban slums, which are usually located in close proximity to dumping sites.
    • Exposes harsher realities: The rise in such attacks speak to core issues of lack of serviced affordable urban housing for all, lack of safe livelihood options and improper solid waste management”.

    Empathizing the strays

    • Abandoned, not strayed: Stray dogs are sentient social beings capable of feeling pain, fear, and joy. Urban living patterns have largely impacted their abandonment.
    • Subjected to abuse: They are often victims of neglect, abuse, and abandonment, and are forced to survive in harsh conditions on the streets.
    • Neglected community guardians: Stray dogs can serve as community guardians by alerting us to potential dangers and can also provide emotional support to humans.

    Way forward

    • Improve waste management: Efficient management of solid waste can help reduce the availability of food for stray dogs and limit their population growth.
    • Increase vaccination and sterilization: ABC and vaccination programs should be implemented in a more organized and efficient manner to control the stray dog population and the spread of rabies.
    • Encourage responsible feeding practices: Regulating feeding around bakeries and restaurants and improving waste management in public spaces can reduce the carrying capacity of the environment for stray dogs and minimize the congregation of dogs in certain areas.
    • Develop national policy: There is a need for a comprehensive national policy that addresses the issue of stray dogs and their management in a more systematic and humane manner.
    • Stop gruesome brutality: Stopping brutality towards dogs is a crucial step towards creating a more compassionate and just management of stray dogs menace.

     

  • What is Medicines Patent Pool (MPP)?

    medicine

    Central Idea

    • The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) has entered into sub-licence agreements with Indian and Indonesian companies to produce generic versions of the cancer drug Nilotinib.
    • Nilotinib is used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia, a type of blood cancer.

    What is Medicines Patent Pool (MPP)?

    • Mission and Purpose: The MPP is a United Nations-backed organization focused on increasing access to life-saving medicines for low- and middle-income countries.
    • Addressing IPR: The MPP works to overcome barriers related to intellectual property rights and patents that limit the availability and affordability of essential medicines.
    • Voluntary Licensing Agreements: The MPP negotiates voluntary licensing agreements with pharmaceutical companies to allow the production of generic versions of patented medicines.
    • Production of Affordable Generics: By securing licenses, the MPP enables qualified manufacturers in low- and middle-income countries to produce and distribute affordable generic medicines.

    Need for MPP

    • Collaborative Approach: The MPP collaborates with governments, non-profit organizations, civil society groups, and pharmaceutical companies to address global health challenges and promote access to medicines.
    • Focus on Priority Diseases: The MPP’s efforts are particularly significant in diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis C, and other priority areas where access to affordable medications is crucial.
    • Sustainable Supply of Generic Medicines: Through licensing agreements, the MPP ensures a sustainable supply of quality-assured generic medicines, promoting market competition and expanding treatment options.
    • Improving Health Outcomes: The MPP’s work reduces the burden of high drug costs and enhances access to life-saving treatments, ultimately improving health outcomes and saving lives.
    • Benefit for Low- and Middle-Income Countries: The MPP’s initiatives directly benefit patients in low- and middle-income countries by increasing access to affordable medicines and reducing disparities in healthcare.

    Recent agreements signed

    • Licence Agreement with Novartis: In October 2022, the MPP signed a licence agreement with Novartis Pharma AG, the Switzerland-based pharmaceutical corporation that holds the patent for Nilotinib.
    • First Sub-Licence Agreements: The recent sub-licence agreements with Indian companies Eugia, Hetero, and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, along with the Indonesian firm BrightGene, mark the first such agreements for a cancer treatment drug by the MPP.

    Benefits

    • Generic Versions of Nilotinib: The licensed manufacturers can produce generic versions of Nilotinib.
    • Manufacturing: The selected manufacturers have the rights to manufacture generic Nilotinib in India and seven middle-income countries.
    • Supply in 44 Territories: The non-exclusive licence agreement allows for the supply of generic Nilotinib in 44 territories covered by the agreement, subject to local regulatory authorisation.
    • Affordable Treatment Option: Charles Gore, the executive director of the MPP, states that the production of generic Nilotinib will provide an affordable treatment option for people diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukaemia in the covered countries.
    • Increasing Access to Cancer Medication: The MPP’s initiative aims to improve access to essential cancer medications by reducing costs and increasing availability.
  • Key Findings from the Gender Gap Report, 2023

    gender gap

    Central Idea

    • India climbed eight places to rank 127 among 146 countries in the Gender Gap Report 2023 by the World Economic Forum.
    • Improvement in India’s ranking from 2022 and partial recovery towards 2020 parity levels.

    What is Global Gender Gap Report?

    • The Global Gender Gap (GGG) Report is an index designed to measure gender equality.
    • It was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum.

    Key Areas of Analysis:

    1. Economic participation and opportunity: Examines salary levels, workforce participation, and access to high-skilled employment.
    2. Educational attainment: Assesses access to basic and higher education for both genders.
    3. Political empowerment: Measures representation of women in decision-making structures.
    4. Health and survival: Considers life expectancy and sex ratio, accounting for differences in mortality rates.
    • On each of the four sub-indices as well as on the overall index the GGG index provides scores between 0 and 1, where 1 shows full gender parity and 0 is complete imparity.
    • It is the longest-standing index, which tracks progress towards closing these gaps over time since its inception in 2006

    India’s Ranking and Progress

    • In 2022, India was ranked 135, indicating an improvement of 1.4 percentage points towards its 2020 parity level.
    • India has closed 64.3% of the overall gender gap, showcasing progress in various areas.
    • However, economic participation and opportunity in India achieved only 36.7% parity.
    • India has achieved parity in enrolment across all levels of education.

    Comparison and Regional Context

    • Pakistan ranked 142, Bangladesh at 59, China at 107, Nepal at 116, Sri Lanka at 115, and Bhutan at 103.
    • Iceland remains the most gender-equal country, with over 90% of its gender gap closed.
    • Southern Asia achieved 63.4% gender parity, the second-lowest among the eight regions.

    Challenges and Areas of Concern in India:

    • Despite some improvement in wage parity, the representation of women in senior positions and technical roles declined.
    • Political empowerment in India showed 25.3% parity, with women comprising 15.1% of MPs.
    • Notably, 18 countries, including India, have achieved women’s representation of over 40% in local governance.

    Efforts and Impact

    • Women and Child Development Minister Smriti Irani highlighted the importance of women’s participation in local government bodies, which was acknowledged by the WEF.
    • India saw a 1.9 percentage point improvement in the sex ratio at birth, contributing to increased parity after more than a decade.
  • India’s Rising Burden of Diabetes: Urgent Actions Needed

    diabetes

    Central Idea: A recent study by ICMR has raised concerns about the emerging crisis of diabetes in India and the urgent need for effective strategies to tackle this escalating issue.

    What is Diabetes?

    Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes
    Prevalence Generally diagnosed in children and young adults Usually diagnosed in adults, but can occur at any age
    Autoimmune Autoimmune condition, immune system attacks pancreas Not autoimmune, insulin resistance or impaired insulin production
    Insulin Dependence Requires insulin injections or insulin pump May be managed with lifestyle changes, oral medication, or insulin
    Onset Sudden onset Gradual onset
    Causes Genetic predisposition and environmental factors Genetic and lifestyle factors, including obesity
    Body Weight Often normal or underweight Often overweight or obese
    Insulin Production Little to no insulin production Insulin resistance or inadequate insulin production
    Treatment Insulin therapy, blood sugar monitoring Lifestyle changes, oral medication, insulin therapy if needed
    Complications Higher risk of diabetic ketoacidosis Higher risk of heart disease, stroke, and other complications
    Lifestyle Factors Cannot be prevented or reversed Can be prevented or managed through lifestyle changes
    Prevention No known prevention strategies Focus on healthy lifestyle, weight management

     

    Burden of Diabetes in India

    • The results of the largest long-term study on metabolic factors in the Indian subcontinent, known as the ICMR-InDiab study, were recently published in The Lancet.
    • This study, conducted between 2008 and 2020, aimed to estimate India’s burden of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

    Key Findings

    The study revealed alarming statistics regarding diabetes in India:

    1. Approximately 11% of the population has diabetes.
    2. Another 15.3% of the population is in the pre-diabetic stage.
    3. This translates to an estimated 101.3 million diabetics and 136 million individuals in the pre-diabetic stage.
    4. Urban areas have a higher prevalence (16.4%) compared to rural areas (8.9%).

    These numbers underscore the need for immediate attention to prevent the further rise of diabetes and manage its complications effectively.

    Reasons for India’s Rising Burden

    India’s escalating burden of diabetes can be attributed to several factors:

    • Genetic Predisposition: Indians have a higher genetic susceptibility to diabetes.
    • Changing Lifestyles: Urbanization, sedentary habits, and unhealthy dietary patterns contribute to increased obesity and diabetes risk.
    • Obesity Epidemic: Rising obesity rates in India are a major risk factor for diabetes.
    • Socioeconomic Factors: Limited access to healthcare, lack of awareness, and resource constraints hinder diabetes management.
    • Urban-Rural Divide: Diabetes is no longer limited to urban areas, as rural regions also experience a growing prevalence.
    • Delayed Diagnosis and Treatment: Late diagnosis and treatment initiation impede effective disease management.

    Addressing India’s Rising Burden of Diabetes

    To combat this crisis, key interventions include:

    • Prevention and Health Promotion: Encouraging healthy lifestyles and stress reduction.
    • Early Detection and Diagnosis: Promoting awareness and implementing screening programs.
    • Access to Quality Healthcare: Improving healthcare infrastructure and ensuring equitable access.
    • Education and Awareness: Public health campaigns to raise awareness and encourage lifestyle modifications.
    • Policy Interventions: Implementing policies for healthy environments and regulating unhealthy products.

    Conclusion

    • India is facing a significant health crisis with the rising burden of diabetes.
    • It is imperative to prioritize diabetes prevention and management to ensure a healthier future for the nation.
  • VAIBHAV Fellowship Program

    vaibhav

    Central Idea: The Ministry of Science & Technology has launched the Vaishvik Bhartiya Vaigyanik (VAIBHAV) fellowships programme.

    VAIBHAV Program

    • The program aims to connect the Indian STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine) diaspora with Indian academic and R&D institutions.
    • It promotes collaborative research work, knowledge sharing, and the exchange of best practices in frontier areas of science and technology.

    Implementation and Eligibility

    • Implementing Agency: Department of Science and Technology (DST), Ministry of Science and Technology.
    • Beneficiaries: outstanding scientists/technologists of Indian origin (NRI/OCI/PIO) engaged in research activities in their respective countries.
    • Benefits: Grant of INR 4,00,000 per month, international and domestic travel expenses, accommodation, and contingencies
    • Verticals identified: 75 fellows will be selected to work in 18 identified knowledge verticals, including quantum technology, health, pharma, electronics, agriculture, energy, computer sciences, and material sciences.
    • Collaborations: The VAIBHAV Fellow will collaborate with Indian Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs), universities, and/or public-funded scientific institutions.
    • R&D Activity: The fellow can spend up to 2 months per year, for a maximum of 3years, in an Indian institution.

    VAIBHAV Summit and Participation

    • The Government of India organized the VAIBHAV Summit to connect the Indian STEMM diaspora with Indian institutions.
    • The summit was inaugurated by the Hon’ble Prime Minister and saw the participation of over 25,000 attendees.
    • Indian STEMM diaspora from more than 70 countries took part in the deliberations.
  • Is the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) flawed?

    nirf

    Central Idea

    • In a country as diverse as India, ranking universities and institutions is a complex task.
    • The Ministry of Education established the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2016 to assess the performance of institutions based on critical indicators.
    • Institutions eagerly await their standings in this nationally recognized system every year.

    NIRF Ranking: An Overview

    • The NIRF releases rankings across various categories, including ‘Overall’, ‘Research Institutions’, ‘Universities’, ‘Colleges’, and specific disciplines.
    • The rankings serve as an important resource for prospective students navigating the higher education landscape in India.
    • NIRF ranks institutes based on their total score, which is determined using five indicators:
    1. Teaching, Learning & Resources (30% weightage)
    2. Research and Professional Practice (30%)
    3. Graduation Outcomes (20%)
    4. Outreach and Inclusivity (10%)
    5. Perception (10%)

    Concerns about the methodology

    • Role of Bibliometrics: Bibliometrics refers to the quantitative analysis of scholarly publications, including metrics such as the number of publications, citations received, and journal impact factors.
    • Limitations: Bibliometrics may not adequately consider factors such as the quality and relevance of research, innovation, societal impact, and contributions beyond traditional publications.
    • Caution against Over-Reliance: A comprehensive evaluation methodology should consider a broader range of factors to provide a more holistic assessment of institutional performance.

    Issues with NIRF’s Bibliometric Approach

    • Reliance on Commercial Databases: The NIRF relies on commercial databases like Scopus and Web of Science to collect bibliometric data for evaluating research output and impact. However, these databases may have limitations in terms of coverage, accuracy, and the inclusion of non-traditional research outputs.
    • Accuracy and Misuse Concerns: There are concerns regarding the accuracy of bibliometric data, potential manipulation of citation counts, and the misuse of metrics for promotional purposes. It is important to ensure the integrity and validity of the data used in ranking assessments.
    • Neglecting Non-traditional Contributions: The focus on research articles in bibliometric indicators may overlook other valuable intellectual contributions, such as books, book chapters, patents, policy reports, and other forms of non-traditional scholarly outputs.
    • Disincentive for Local Issues: The emphasis on internationally recognized journals and global research trends may discourage researchers from addressing local issues and conducting research that is contextually relevant to national or regional priorities.

    Transparency and Flaws in the Rankings

    • Lack of Transparency: Institutions and stakeholders should have access to detailed information about the methodology, data sources, weightage assigned to different indicators, and the process of data collection and analysis.
    • Need for Detailed NIRF Methodology: While the NIRF publicly shares its ranking methodology, there is a need for more comprehensive and transparent documentation that provides a detailed view of the evaluation process. This would enhance stakeholders’ understanding and enable a more informed assessment of the rankings.
    • Addressing the Discrepancy: Clear and precise definitions for indicators like research quantity and quality are crucial to avoid potential ambiguity and misinterpretation. Transparent guidelines and criteria should be established to ensure a consistent and fair evaluation.

    Conclusion

    • Promoting Comprehensive Evaluation: There is a need to develop evaluation methodologies that go beyond bibliometrics and consider a broader range of qualitative and quantitative factors to provide a more comprehensive assessment of institutional performance.
    • Transparency, Diverse Factors, and Balance: Ensuring transparency in ranking methodologies, considering diverse factors, and striking a balance between quantitative metrics and qualitative assessments will contribute to a more accurate and meaningful evaluation of universities in India.
  • A Case for Same-Sex Marriage in India: The Need for Citizen Engagement in Resolving Moral Questions

    Same-Sex

    Central Idea

    • In a recent media conclave held in India, Michael Sandel, a renowned philosopher, emphasized the importance of his ideas on deeper moral questions facing Indian society. His critique of contemporary liberalism, particularly in the context of same-sex marriage, went largely unnoticed. As the Supreme Court of India began hearings on this issue, it is crucial to consider Sandel’s perspective, which challenges the application of a liberal framework of individual rights.

    Concept of Bracketing Moral Issues

    • The concept of bracketing moral issues, as introduced by philosopher Michael Sandel, refers to the act of setting aside personal or societal moral beliefs and perspectives when engaging in public discourse or decision-making processes.
    • It involves temporarily suspending one’s moral convictions and adopting a neutral stance to promote fairness and inclusivity in deliberations.
    • When applied to the context of same-sex marriage, bracketing moral issues would require individuals to put aside their personal moral views on marriage, such as considering it solely as a heterosexual institution, and approach the discussion from a broader perspective that prioritizes equal rights and fairness for all individuals, irrespective of their sexual orientation

    Supreme Court’s Neutrality and Constitutional Morality

    • Neutrality: The Supreme Court of India is expected to maintain a position of neutrality when it comes to moral questions. It is required to approach cases without bias or favoritism towards any particular moral viewpoint, ensuring equal concern for all individuals, irrespective of their social or personal morality.
    • Impartiality: The Court’s neutrality means that it does not take sides on moral issues or make judgments on the desirability or moral worth of certain practices or institutions, such as marriage. Instead, it focuses on the legal rights and protections afforded to individuals within the framework of the Constitution.
    • Constitutional Morality: The concept of constitutional morality refers to interpreting the Constitution in a manner that aligns with its fundamental values and principles. The Supreme Court relies on constitutional morality to guide its decisions and ensure that they are consistent with the spirit of the Constitution, rather than being influenced by personal or societal moral beliefs.
    • Equal Concern for All: The Court’s commitment to equal concern for all individuals means that it strives to treat everyone equally under the law, regardless of their sexual orientation. This principle is essential in cases related to same-sex marriage, as it emphasizes the importance of upholding the rights and dignity of all individuals, irrespective of their sexual identity.
    • Upholding Individual Rights: Neutrality and constitutional morality guide the Supreme Court in protecting and upholding the individual rights of citizens. In the context of same-sex marriage, the Court’s role is to ensure that the rights of individuals to marry and have their relationships recognized are not infringed upon due to their sexual orientation.
    • Balancing Societal Values: The Court faces the challenge of balancing societal values and perceptions surrounding marriage with the principles of equality and individual rights. It must navigate the tensions between recognizing the rights of same-sex couples to marry and the societal understanding of marriage as traditionally heterosexual, while remaining neutral and upholding constitutional morality.
    • Decision-Making Process: The Court’s approach to neutrality and constitutional morality influences its decision-making process. It requires a careful examination of legal and moral principles, considering the impact of the decision on individual rights and societal values, to arrive at a just and balanced outcome.

    Challenges to Neutrality

    • Moral Dilemmas: Neutrality becomes challenging when the Court is faced with cases that involve deep moral and ethical considerations. Same-sex marriage is one such issue where the Court must balance individual rights and societal values.
    • Public Opinion and Backlash: Neutrality can face challenges when public opinion and societal attitudes strongly favor or oppose a particular moral viewpoint. In cases like same-sex marriage, where societal norms and traditional values may be at odds with equal rights for LGBTQ+ individuals, the Court’s neutral stance may face resistance, backlash, or criticism from various sections of society.
    • Judicial Activism vs. Restraint: Neutrality can sometimes be perceived as judicial restraint, where the Court refrains from actively engaging in shaping social or moral norms. However, critics may argue that neutrality should not limit the Court’s ability to address societal issues and promote social justice.
    • Interpretation of Constitutional Morality: The concept of constitutional morality itself can be subject to different interpretations. Different judges may have varying understandings of what constitutes constitutional morality, leading to diverse perspectives on how neutrality should be applied in moral questions.
    • Maintaining Consistency: Consistently applying neutrality across different cases and contexts can be a challenge. The Court must ensure that its decisions do not appear to be arbitrary or influenced by external factors.
    • Balancing Individual Rights and Societal Values: The Court must navigate the delicate balance between protecting individual rights and respecting societal values. Determining the point at which societal values may infringe upon the rights of individuals is a complex task that requires careful consideration and analysis.

    Two primary approaches: equality and intrinsic value in terms of same sex marriage

    1. Equality:
    • Equal Rights: The equality approach argues that denying same-sex couples the right to marry is a form of discrimination. It emphasizes that all individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation, should have equal access to the institution of marriage.
    • Anti-Discrimination: Advocates of equality argue that restricting marriage to heterosexual couples perpetuates unfair and unequal treatment. They believe that marriage should be based on the equal respect and dignity of individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation.
    • Human Rights: The equality perspective frames same-sex marriage as a matter of human rights and civil liberties. It asserts that denying same-sex couples the right to marry infringes upon their fundamental rights to equality, privacy, and freedom of expression.
    • Legal Protection: Recognizing same-sex marriage as a matter of equality would provide legal protections and benefits to same-sex couples, such as inheritance rights, access to healthcare, and parenting rights. It aims to ensure that same-sex couples are afforded the same legal and societal benefits as heterosexual couples.
    1. Intrinsic Value:
    • Social Importance: The intrinsic value approach focuses on the social importance and significance of the institution of marriage. It argues that marriage serves as a foundation for family, procreation, and the stability of society.
    • Cultural and Traditional Values: Proponents of intrinsic value emphasize the cultural and traditional understanding of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. They argue that preserving the traditional understanding of marriage is crucial for maintaining societal values and norms.
    • Stability and Well-being: The intrinsic value perspective asserts that the traditional institution of marriage contributes to stability, social order, and the well-being of individuals and families. It suggests that deviating from this traditional understanding may have societal consequences.
    • Preservation of Honorific Value: Those advocating for intrinsic value argue that the honorific value associated with marriage may be compromised if it is extended to same-sex couples. They contend that the unique significance and cultural meaning of marriage may be diluted or lost if expanded to include non-traditional unions.

    Way ahead: Citizen Initiatives and Engagement

    • Grassroots Mobilization: Citizen initiatives provide a platform for grassroots mobilization, enabling individuals to come together and advocate for social change. Grassroots movements can create awareness, build support, and drive public opinion towards progressive ideas such as same-sex marriage.
    • Public Discourse and Dialogue: Citizen engagement fosters open and inclusive public discourse on moral questions. It encourages individuals from diverse backgrounds to participate in conversations, share their perspectives, and engage in constructive dialogue to find common ground and mutual understanding.
    • Deliberative Democracy: Citizen assemblies or initiatives can embrace the principles of deliberative democracy, where participants engage in thoughtful discussions, consider different viewpoints, and make informed decisions collectively.
    • Education and Awareness: Citizen initiatives provide opportunities for education and raising awareness about LGBTQ+ rights, dispelling stereotypes, and challenging discriminatory attitudes
    • Influencing Policy and Legislation: Citizen engagement can influence policy and legislative processes. By organizing campaigns, lobbying, and working in collaboration with like-minded organizations and individuals, citizens can advocate for legal changes that recognize and protect the rights of same-sex couples to marry.
    • Strengthening Democracy: Citizen initiatives contribute to the overall strengthening of democracy by fostering civic participation, engagement, and active citizenship. By actively participating in discussions and decision-making processes, citizens can shape a more inclusive and equitable society.
    • Learning from International Examples: Learning from successful citizen initiatives in countries like Ireland and Finland, where significant progress has been made on LGBTQ+ rights through citizen engagement, can inspire and inform similar efforts in the context of same-sex marriage in India.

    Conclusion

    • As the Supreme Court of India deliberates on the issue of same-sex marriage, it is essential to recognize the limitations of a purely liberal framework and engage in a broader societal dialogue. Embracing citizen engagement and fostering inclusive conversations will help ensure sustainable and progressive changes that align with the evolving values and aspirations of Indian society.

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    Also read:

    Same-sex marriage: Legalizing Would Be A Just Way Forward

     

  • Kerala HC Quashes POCSO Charges for Contextual Nudity

    nudity kerala hc pocso
    PC: The Quint

    Central Idea

    • Kerala High Court’s Ruling on POCSO Case: Quashing of a case filed against a Kerala actor/activist accused of subjecting her children to an obscene act.
    • Emphasis on Contextual Consideration: The court highlights the need to consider the context in which the act was performed and challenges the notion of default sexual interpretation.

    Nudity and Obscenity Charges against the Accused

    (1) POCSO Case

    • Video Incident and Allegations: A women’s rights activist posted a video on social media showing her children painting on her semi-nude torso with the hashtag “Body Art and Politics”.
    • Outrage and Accusations: Public outcry ensues, and the activist is accused of subjecting her children to an obscene act.
    • Charges Filed under POCSO Act: The police register a case and charge her under various sections of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act.

    (2) IT Act and JJ Act Charges

    • Additional Charges: The activist also faced charges under Section 67B (a), (b), and (c) of the Information Technology (IT) Act and Section 75 of the Juvenile Justice (JJ) Act.
    • IT Act Charges: The charges relate to publishing or transmitting obscene material involving children.
    • JJ Act Charge: The charge pertains to cruelty towards children.

    Court’s Ruling on POCSO Charges

    • Absence of Sexual Intent: The court examined the video and concludes that there was no sexual intent on the part of the mother.
    • Dismissal of POCSO Charges: The court dismissed charges under relevant sections of the POCSO Act, as sexual intent and use of children for pornography were not established.
    • Contextual Consideration: The court emphasizes the importance of considering the context in which the video was published.
    • Discharge from IT and JJ Act Charges: The court discharged the activist from charges under the IT and JJ Acts, finding no sufficient grounds for proceeding against her.

    Significance of the Judgment

    • Bodily Autonomy as Human Dignity: The court emphasized women’s autonomy as an integral aspect of human dignity.
    • Importance of Bodily Autonomy: The court highlighted the significance of bodily autonomy in making choices about one’s own body.
    • Legal Interpretation of Obscenity: The court explained the definition of obscenity based on legal precedents.
    • Comparison of Standards: The court compared the Hicklin Test with contemporary community standards to determine obscenity.

     

    Hicklin Test

    The Hicklin Test is a legal standard used to determine obscenity in various jurisdictions. It originated from the 1868 ruling in the UK case of ‘Queen vs. Hicklin.’ According to the Test, material is considered obscene if it has the potential to “Deprave and Corrupt” individuals whose minds are open to immoral influences. This test focuses on the impact of the material on vulnerable individuals rather than considering its overall artistic or social value. This Test has been subject to reinterpretation and revision in subsequent legal decisions.

     

    Nudity and Cultural Context

    • Nudity beyond Obscenity: The court asserted that nudity and obscenity are not always synonymous.
    • Cultural Examples: The court cited cultural and artistic depictions of nudity in temples and festivals to demonstrate the acceptance of nudity in certain contexts.

    Challenging Double Standards and Promoting Equality

    • Critique of Double Standards: The court criticized the double standards that sexualize women’s bodies while allowing men’s bodies to be exposed.
    • Activist’s Intent: The court acknowledged the activist’s intention to challenge these double standards.
    • Importance of Individual Freedom: The court concluded that societal norms and morality should not dictate legal prosecution, emphasizing individual freedom and equality before the law.

    Balancing Individual Autonomy and Societal Morality

    • Delicate Balance: We must consider the delicate balance between individual autonomy and societal morality in cases involving nudity and obscenity.
    • Need for Contextual Consideration: Reiteration of the importance of considering the specific context and intentions behind an act before passing judgment about someone is crucial.

    Navigating Obscenity Standards: Hicklin Test and Beyond

    • Exploring the Hicklin Test: Explanation of the historical significance and limitations of the Hicklin Test in determining obscenity.
    • Evolving Standards: Reflection on the evolving legal standards and the shift towards contemporary community standards in assessing obscenity.

    Way forward

    • Promoting Education: Implement comprehensive educational programs to raise awareness about the nuances of nudity, artistic expression, and individual autonomy.
    • Addressing Stereotypes: Challenge societal stereotypes and misconceptions surrounding nudity, promoting a more inclusive understanding of diverse forms of artistic expression.
    • Cultural Sensitivity: Encourage respectful discussions that acknowledge and respect different cultural perspectives on nudity and artistic expression.
    • Review of Obscenity Laws: Conduct a comprehensive review of existing obscenity laws to ensure they align with contemporary community standards and protect freedom of expression and individual autonomy.
    • Contextual Consideration: Introduce legal provisions that mandate contextual considerations when assessing charges related to nudity and obscenity, emphasizing artistic intent and cultural significance.
    • Support Artistic Expression: Provide platforms, grants, and resources to support artists exploring nudity as a form of artistic expression, fostering creativity, and challenging societal norms.
  • Jal Jeevan Mission: Saving Lives through Access to Piped Water

    jal jeevan mission water

    Central Idea

    • Potable water: The Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide piped potable water to all of India.
    • Potential Life-Saving Impact: If successful, the mission could avert nearly 400000 deaths from diarrhoea.
    • Reduction in Disease Burden: The mission could avoid 14 million DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) related to diarrhoea.

    Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)

    • DALY is a metric used to measure the burden of disease on a population.
    • It combines years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and years lived with a disability (YLDs) into a single measure.
    • DALYs provide a comprehensive assessment of the impact of diseases, injuries, and disabilities by quantifying both the years of healthy life lost and the years lived with a disability.
    • This metric helps policymakers and researchers prioritize health interventions and allocate resources effectively to address the overall disease burden in a population.

     

    About Jal Jeevan Mission

    • Launch: Government initiative launched in 2019
    • Goal: Provide access to clean and piped drinking water to every rural household
    • Focus: Water supply infrastructure development, community participation, water quality monitoring
    • Objective: Improve health, well-being, and productivity of rural communities, Addressing challenges of water scarcity, contamination, and inadequate infrastructure
    • Target: Achieve 100% coverage by 2024 for reliable and sustainable water supply
    • Definition of functional Connection: A fully functional tap water connection means receiving at least 55 litres of potable water per capita per day throughout the year

    The key objectives of the Jal Jeevan Mission include:

    1. Universal coverage: Mission aims to achieve tap water connections for all rural households, ensuring access to potable water within premises.
    2. Sustainability: Focus on long-term sustainability through community participation, water resource management, and water conservation practices.
    3. Quality assurance: Prioritizing safe and clean drinking water by implementing water quality monitoring systems and adhering to prescribed standards set by BIS.
    4. Convergence and coordination: Emphasis on collaboration among stakeholders to effectively achieve mission objectives.

    Socioeconomic Benefits of the Mission

    • Economic Savings: The study suggests that the mission could save close to $101 billion.
    • Time Savings: It could save 66.6 million hours per day that would have been spent collecting water, primarily by women.
    • Improved Quality of Life: Access to piped water connections would enhance convenience and overall well-being.
    • Sanitation benefits: Every dollar invested in sanitation interventions yields a $4.3 return in reduced healthcare costs.

    Progress status of the scheme

    • Current Coverage Levels: Around 62% of rural households have piped water connections.
    • States and UTs at Full Coverage: Five states and three Union Territories have reported 100% coverage.
    • Progress of states: Himachal Pradesh is at 98.87% coverage, while Bihar is at 96.30% and nearing saturation.

    Limitations and Considerations of the Study

    • Extrapolation of Data: The study extrapolates data and does not compute current levels of coverage.
    • Contamination Concerns: The study does not account for the degree of contamination in the piped water provided.
    • Data Sources: The authors used population data from the United Nations, the 2018 National Sample Survey, and water quality data collected by the Jal Jeevan Mission.

    Challenges Addressed by the Mission

    • Water scarcity: Mission aims to tackle the challenge of inadequate water availability in rural areas.
    • Contamination: Focus on improving water quality and addressing issues of waterborne diseases.
    • Infrastructure gaps: Efforts to bridge the gap in water supply infrastructure in rural regions.

    Way forward

    • Enhancing Capacity of Local Bodies: Provide support and resources to strengthen the capacity of local governance institutions in effectively managing and governing rural water supply systems.
    • Promoting Community Participation: Foster active community participation in decision-making processes related to water infrastructure planning, implementation, and maintenance.
    • Empowering Local Water User Committees: Strengthen the role of local water user committees in monitoring and regulating water supply services, promoting their active involvement in decision-making.
    • Participatory Planning: Facilitate participatory planning processes, where water user associations actively contribute to the development of water management plans, considering local needs and priorities.

     

  • The story behind the Ban on 14 FDC Drugs

    fdc drug ban

    Central Idea: Exploring the recent ban on 14 fixed dose combination drugs in India and its rationale.

    What are FDC Drugs?

    • Definition: FDC drugs are combinations of active ingredients in a fixed ratio, commonly used in a single pill or syrup.
    • Benefits offered: FDCs can reduce pill burden, improve adherence to therapy, and lower costs.
    • Risks associated: Certain combinations can be pharmacologically incompatible, have abuse potential, and contribute to antibiotic resistance.

    Issue of Irrational FDCs

    • Licensed FDCs: FDCs introduced for the first time require prior approval, while many older FDCs were licensed without proper scrutiny.
    • Lack of safety: Lack of evidence on safety and efficacy led to the categorization of many licensed FDCs as irrational.
    • Legal challenges: A ban on 344 FDCs in 2016 was stayed by the Delhi High Court, prompting further review and subsequent ban on 329 FDCs in 2018.

    Government Action and Expert Review

    • Referral to Drugs Technical Advisory Board: The Supreme Court entrusted the review of FDC drugs to the government’s expert body.
    • Ban on 14 Pre-1988 FDCs: An expert committee recommended banning certain FDCs licensed before 1988.
    • Balancing Prior Approvals and Inquiry: The Supreme Court excluded 15 FDCs licensed prior to 1988 from the ban but allowed for an inquiry.

    Implications of the Ban

    • Impact on Drug Availability: The ban affects approximately 40-50 brands used for cough, fever, pain, and common infections.
    • Support from Pediatricians: Many pediatricians welcome the ban, citing harmful combinations in FDC drugs.
    • Call for Additional Scrutiny: Calls to consider banning Nimesulide for single-dose use due to liver risks.

    Cautions Regarding Cough Syrups

    • Conflicting Effects of Ingredients: Experts highlight how ingredients in cough syrups may work against each other, reducing their efficacy.
    • Limited Evidence on Cough Syrups: Weak evidence suggests cough syrups may not significantly reduce cough duration.
    • Caution for Cough Suppressants: Prescription-only use is advised, particularly for individuals with underlying lung conditions.

    Socioeconomic impact of the Ban

    • Economic Savings and Improved Quality of Life: The ban may lead to cost savings and enhanced well-being for individuals.
    • Importance of Safe Drinking Water: Access to clean drinking water is crucial for public health and overall quality of life.
    • Evidence-Based Decision-Making: Ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medical treatments through research and evaluation.
    • Addressing Emerging Health Challenges: Continuous monitoring and research are necessary to tackle evolving health risks.
    • Optimizing Healthcare Practices: Ongoing efforts to improve healthcare systems and practices for better patient outcomes.

    Conclusion

    • The recent ban on 14 fixed dose combination (FDC) drugs in India highlights the government’s commitment to ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
  • National Exit Test (NExT) for Medical Grads

    next

    Central Idea: The NExT examination, a common qualifying criterion for final-year undergraduate medical students will be introduced in the year 2024.

    National Exit Test (NExT)

    • Objective: The examination aims to bring uniformity in evaluation across the country, ensuring minimum common standards of education and training for medical graduates.
    • Two-Part Examination: The NExT exam will consist of two parts: NExT 1, which will be a theoretical examination, and NExT 2, which will include practical, clinical, and oral examinations covering seven clinical subjects or disciplines.
    • Mock Test: A mock test may be conducted to familiarize students with the procedure and alleviate any anxiety before the official examination is rolled out.

    National Medical Commission and Application of NExT

    • Role of NMC: The NMC is responsible for implementing the NExT examination and ensuring a common standard for medical education in the country.
    • Applicability: The NExT examination will also apply to institutes of national importance, including the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), to maintain uniformity in medical education.

    Significance

    • Quality professionals: The NExT examination is seen as a means to ensure quality and produce well-trained Indian medical graduates.
    • Expert Perspectives: Experts in the medical field have welcomed the move, emphasizing the importance of uniform examination standards and the opportunity for interns to focus on their clinical training.
  • Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in the Pandemic Treaty

    antimicrobial resistance amr

    Central Idea

    • Pandemic Treaty: The latest version of the draft Pandemic Instrument, also known as the “pandemic treaty,” was shared with Member States at the World Health Assembly.
    • Removal of AMR Mentions: It became apparent that all mentions of addressing antimicrobial resistance in the Pandemic Instrument were at risk of removal.

    What is AMR?

    • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the development of resistance in microorganisms to drugs that were once effective against them.
    • Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, can become “immune” to medications used to kill or control them.
    • Misuse or overuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of AMR.

    About the Pandemic Treaty

    • Initiation of Work: Work on the Pandemic Instrument began in December 2021.
    • Objective: The instrument aims to protect nations and communities from future pandemic emergencies under the WHO’s Constitution.

    Importance of Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

    • Calls for Inclusion: Civil society and experts, including the Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, have emphasized the inclusion of AMR in the Pandemic Instrument.
    • Not Limited to Viruses: Not all pandemics in the past or future are caused by viruses, with bacterial pandemics like plague and cholera being devastating examples.
    • Impact of Bacterial Infections: Bacterial infections cause one in eight deaths globally and contribute to the rise of drug-resistant infections.

    Need for Comprehensive Pandemic Preparedness

    • Wider Range of Threats: Planning and developing effective tools to respond to a broader range of pandemic threats, beyond viruses, is crucial.
    • Secondary Bacterial Infections: Even in viral pandemics like COVID-19, secondary bacterial infections become a serious issue, requiring effective antibiotics.

    Concerns over Potential Removal of AMR Measures

    • Risk to Future Pandemics: The removal of AMR measures from the Pandemic Instrument could hinder efforts to protect people from future pandemics.
    • At-Risk Measures: Measures at risk of removal include better access to safe water, infection prevention and control, integrated surveillance, and antimicrobial stewardship.

    Strengthening the Pandemic Instrument to Address AMR

    • Inclusion of AMR Measures: Measures to address AMR can be easily incorporated into the Pandemic Instrument.
    • Recommendations for Inclusion: Recommendations include addressing bacterial pathogens, tracking viral and bacterial threats, and harmonizing AMR stewardship rules.

    Efforts to Highlight AMR in the Pandemic Instrument

    • Involvement of Specialized Organizations: Civil society and research organizations participated in the WHO’s Intergovernmental Negotiating Body, providing analysis on AMR in the draft.
    • Publication of Special Edition: Leading academic researchers and experts published a special edition outlining the importance of addressing AMR in the Pandemic Instrument.

    Current State and Next Steps

    • Concerns over Removal: Insertions related to AMR are at risk of removal after closed-door negotiations by Member States.
    • Importance of the Pandemic Instrument: The instrument is vital for mitigating AMR and safeguarding antimicrobials for treating secondary infections in pandemics.
    • Global Political Action: Collaboration and collective efforts are needed to address AMR and support the conservation and equitable distribution of safe and effective antimicrobials.

    Safeguarding Antimicrobials for Future Pandemic Response

    • Undermining Goals: Missing the opportunity to address AMR in the Pandemic Instrument undermines its broader goals of protecting nations and communities.
    • Core Role of Antimicrobials: Antimicrobials are essential resources for responding to pandemics and must be protected.
    • Call for Strengthened Measures: Member States should strengthen measures to safeguard antimicrobials and support actions for conserving their effectiveness within the instrument.
  • What are Khap Panchayats?

    khap

    Central Idea

    • The Khap leaders are calling for swift action and the arrest of a Minister, who is accused of sexual harassment of wrestlers in order to address the allegations effectively and ensure justice.
    • In order to escalate their demands and seek support for their cause, the khap leaders have decided to organize a delegation to meet with President.

    Understanding Khaps

    • Khaps are gotra-based and region-based social outfits: Khaps are social organizations that are primarily based on the gotras (clans tracing paternal lineage) and regions.
    • How are they named?: They derive their name either from the number of villages/clusters of villages they represent or the gotras they are associated with.

    Types of Khaps

    1. Gotra-based Khaps: They have jurisdiction in villages dominated by the respective gotras they represent.
    2. Region-based Khaps: They have influence over a specific region comprising a few villages to several hundred villages.

    Features of Khaps

    • Traditional dispute resolution: Historically, khaps served multiple functions, including resolving disputes among families and villages, upholding religious customs, and safeguarding the region from external invasions.
    • Archaic decrees: However, their role in protection from invasions has become largely irrelevant today, and they primarily focus on dispute resolution and ensuring adherence to social and religious customs.
    • Leadership and succession: Khaps lack a formal organizational structure when it comes to leadership and succession. While the position of khap president or leader was traditionally hereditary, it is no longer a strict rule.

    Functions of Khaps

    • Dispute Resolution: Khaps have traditionally played a significant role in settling disputes, both within families and between villages. They act as mediators and strive to find resolutions that are acceptable to all parties involved.
    • Maintenance of Social and Religious Customs: Khaps are responsible for upholding social and religious customs within their communities. They ensure that traditions, rituals, and cultural practices are followed and preserved.
    • Social Governance: Khaps exercise a form of social governance in their respective areas of influence. They enforce societal norms and standards, promoting social cohesion and harmony within the community.
    • Community Welfare: Khaps often engage in activities aimed at the welfare of the community. This may include organizing social and cultural events, providing support during crises, and facilitating community development initiatives.
    • Advice and Guidance: Khaps serve as a source of advice and guidance for community members. Individuals can approach the khap leaders for counsel on various personal, social, or legal matters.
    • Representation and Advocacy: Khaps act as representative bodies for their communities, advocating for their interests and concerns. They may engage with local authorities, government officials, and other stakeholders to address community-specific issues.
    • Preserving Lineage and Genealogy: Khaps play a role in preserving the lineage and genealogy of families within their communities. They maintain records and knowledge of ancestral connections, which can be important for social and marital customs.
    • Protection of Community Interests: Historically, khaps also had a role in protecting the community from external threats, such as invasions. While this function is largely irrelevant today, khaps may still come together to address issues that affect the collective interests of their communities.

    Power and Political Influence of Khaps

    • Large associated population: Khaps draw power from their association with a significant number of individuals who identify with specific gotras or reside within their jurisdiction.
    • Legitimacy through actions: Khaps gain legitimacy by acting as pressure groups and mobilizing people for political issues. Their ability to rally their members and exert pressure on authorities makes them influential players in politics.
    • Active participation in protests: Khaps actively participate in protests and movements, amplifying the voices of the aggrieved and adding weight to their demands.
    • Farmer agitation involvement: Khaps played a significant role in the farmer agitation against contentious farm laws, contributing to the success of the movement.
    • Crucial players in politics: Khaps have emerged as crucial players in north Indian politics, with political parties seeking their support due to their widespread influence and large support base.
    • Limited individual political success: While khaps hold political influence collectively, individual khap leaders have varying success in their personal political careers.

    Issues with Khaps

    • Regressive social customs: Khaps impose restrictions on inter-caste and intra-gotra marriages, limiting personal freedom and perpetuating caste-based divisions.
    • Gender inequality: Khaps often discriminate against women, enforcing patriarchal norms and restricting their rights and choices.
    • Involvements in honour killings: Khaps have been associated with honor killings, where individuals are killed for marrying against family or community wishes.
    • Lack of legal authority: Khaps lack legal authority but exert social pressure and impose penalties, violating individual rights.
    • Absence of democratic processes: Khaps lack transparent leadership selection and decision-making processes, leading to disputes and favoritism.
    • Exclusion and discrimination: Khaps promote exclusion and discrimination based on caste, gotra, or other social divisions.
    • Interference in legal matters: Khaps interfere in legal proceedings, challenging the authority of the judicial system.

    Relevance of Khap

    • Resolving local disputes: Khaps are relevant in rural areas for resolving local social disputes and providing a mechanism for conflict resolution.
    • Upholding customs and traditions: Khaps maintain the relevance of social and cultural customs, contributing to the preservation of cultural identity.
    • Community cohesion and solidarity: Khaps foster community cohesion and provide a platform for collective action and addressing shared concerns.
    • Advisory and guidance role: Khaps offer advice and guidance to community members on personal, social, or legal matters.
    • Advocacy for community interests: Khaps advocate for the needs and aspirations of their communities, ensuring their voices are heard.
    • Sense of identity and belonging: Khaps contribute to a sense of identity and belonging by connecting individuals to their ancestral lineage.
    • Social welfare and support: Khaps engage in activities for social welfare and community development.
    • Political influence: Khaps hold political influence, with parties seeking their support due to their large support base and mobilization capabilities.

    Conclusion

    • Overall, a nuanced approach is necessary to recognize and respect the positive aspects of Khaps while addressing their shortcomings and ensuring a more inclusive and equitable society.
  • Unmasking the Narrow Moral Universe of Middle-Class Activism

    Middle-Class Activism

    Central Idea

    • The recent protests by nationally acclaimed wrestlers against their federation chief have shed light on the limitations of middle-class activism and its failure to mobilize civil society effectively. Despite the potential for mobilization and government pressure, the wrestler protests failed to garner the support and momentum seen in past movements such as the Nirbhaya protests and the Anna Andolan.

    What is mean by Middle-Class Activism?

    • Middle-class activism refers to the engagement and participation of individuals belonging to the middle class in social, political, and civic activities aimed at bringing about social change, advocating for specific causes, and addressing societal issues.

    Historical Perspective

    • During the early 20th century, India witnessed a vibrant associational culture characterized by socio-economic initiatives led by urban elites from various social strata.
    • While these efforts showcased a pluralistic and egalitarian dimension, they were not devoid of social conservatism and caste/community-based divisions.
    • This associational culture, although limited in its reach, played a crucial role in uplifting individuals from lower social strata.

    Retreat of Middle-Class Activism

    • Shift in Focus: As the middle class gained control over power networks within the state-centered political economy, their focus shifted towards consolidating their own positions within the existing power structure.
    • State-Centric Politics: With the middle-class assuming positions of power and influence within the government and bureaucracy, their engagement with civil society organizations and movements diminished.
    • Fragmentation along Segmental Loyalties: The rise of caste/community-based organizations in the social and political landscape further fragmented civil society along segmental loyalties. While these organizations played a role in representing specific group identities and interests, they also contributed to a narrowing of civil society engagement and a reduced focus on broader social issues.
    • Lack of Inclusivity: The retreat of middle-class activism led to a diminished role in addressing social issues and concerns that extend beyond the immediate interests of the middle class. The engagement became more exclusive and limited to issues directly affecting their own socio-economic status, often neglecting the concerns of marginalized and disadvantaged communities.
    • Loss of Associational Culture: The retreat of middle-class activism resulted in a loss of vibrant associational networks that were previously instrumental in addressing social issues and fostering pluralism.

    Middle-Class Activism

    Resurgence of Middle-Class Activism

    • Anti-Corruption Movement: During the UPA times, there was a notable rise in middle-class activism against corruption. The movement led by social activist Anna Hazare, commonly known as the Anna Andolan, drew significant support from the middle class, highlighting their dissatisfaction with the prevailing corruption in the political system.
    • Demand for Good Governance: Middle-class activists voiced concerns about the need for transparent and accountable governance. They sought to address issues related to political corruption, public services, and the functioning of institutions, reflecting a desire for effective and responsive governance.
    • Mass Mobilization: Middle-class activists mobilized large-scale protests and demonstrations to demand change. These movements aimed to bring attention to issues affecting the middle class, such as corruption and governance, and sought to create pressure for policy reforms and systemic improvements.
    • Social Media and Technology: The rise of social media and digital platforms provided new avenues for middle-class activists to connect, organize, and mobilize. These platforms facilitated the dissemination of information, coordination of protests, and amplification of voices, leading to increased visibility and impact.
    • Civil Society Engagement: Middle-class individuals actively participated in civil society organizations and initiatives, focusing on issues such as corruption, governance, and social justice. They contributed their expertise, resources, and time to drive change, reflecting a renewed interest in shaping civil society.

    Critiques and limitations associated with middle-class activism

    • Exclusionary Focus: Middle-class activism tends to prioritize issues and concerns that directly impact the middle class, often overlooking the needs and struggles of marginalized and disadvantaged communities. This exclusionary focus can perpetuate inequalities and hinder efforts to address broader social issues.
    • Lack of Intersectionality: Failing to consider the intersections of race, gender, class, caste, and other factors can result in a narrow understanding of social issues and the exclusion of marginalized voices.
    • Limited Grassroots Engagement: Middle-class activism can sometimes be characterized by top-down approaches, with decisions and agendas being set by a select group of individuals. This limits the involvement and agency of grassroots communities, who are directly affected by social issues and may have unique perspectives and solutions.
    • Technocratic Approach: Middle-class activism often favors technocratic solutions and reforms, focusing on policy changes and institutional fixes. While these approaches can be important, they may overlook the deeper social and structural issues that contribute to inequality and injustice.
    • Lack of Sustained Commitment: Middle-class activism may exhibit bursts of enthusiasm during certain moments or issues but lack long-term sustained commitment. This episodic engagement can limit the impact and continuity of activism, making it difficult to achieve lasting change.
    • Co-option by Existing Power Structures: Middle-class activists may become co-opted or assimilated into existing power structures, diluting their transformative potential. This co-option can result in the absorption of activist energies into mainstream politics or bureaucratic systems, potentially leading to compromises original goals.

    The Changing Indian Sensibility

    • Technocratic Outlook: The changing sensibility is characterized by a technocratic outlook, which associates progress and development with technocratic governance and entrepreneurialism. There is a growing emphasis on efficient governance, economic growth, and the role of technology in driving societal changes.
    • Shifting Perception of Politics: There is a sense of suspicion towards traditional mass-based politics, unions, and caste/community-based affiliations. This perception often stems from disillusionment with the existing political establishment and a desire for a more efficient and meritocratic system.
    • Increasing Professionalism: The changing sensibility is marked by the rise of a professional middle class that places value on education, expertise, and meritocracy. There is an emphasis on professional accomplishments, entrepreneurship, and career success as markers of progress and social status.

    The Role of Organizational Activism

    • Mobilizing Support: Organizational activism involves mobilizing individuals and communities around shared goals and causes. These organizations often provide a platform for like-minded individuals to come together, share information, coordinate actions, and build solidarity.
    • Advocacy and Lobbying: Organizational activists engage in advocacy and lobbying efforts to influence public opinion, shape policies, and bring about legislative or institutional changes. They work towards advancing their causes by engaging with policymakers, organizing campaigns, and using various communication channels to amplify their messages and demands.
    • Grassroots Empowerment: Organizational activism can empower grassroots communities by providing them with a collective voice and platform to address their concerns. These organizations often work closely with local communities, promoting participatory decision-making, and enabling marginalized groups to articulate their needs and rights.
    • Expertise and Research: Many organizational activists possess expertise in specific areas, such as human rights, environmental conservation, labor rights, or gender equality. They conduct research, collect data, and provide evidence-based arguments to support their advocacy efforts.
    • Accountability and Monitoring: Organizational activists often act as watchdogs, monitoring government policies, corporate practices, or social issues. Through their monitoring efforts, they contribute to transparency, accountability, and the promotion of ethical practices.
    • Coalitions and Alliances: Organizational activism frequently involves building coalitions and alliances with other like-minded organizations, movements, or community groups. By forging partnerships and collaborative efforts, they can leverage collective strength, pool resources, and amplify their impact.
    • Social Transformation and Change: Organizational activism aims to bring about social transformation and change by addressing systemic issues, challenging power structures, and advocating for justice and equality.

    Conclusion

    • The limitations of middle-class activism, as evidenced by the wrestler protests, underscore the need to move beyond superficial and celebrity-dependent models of civil society engagement. To transcend segmental loyalties and build a more inclusive and effective civil society, a democratic process of building durable, programmatic solidarities is essential. Only through such an approach can civil society activism truly address social issues and bring about meaningful change.

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    Indian women’s labour force participation is declining

     

  • Kerala High Court’s Ruling on Education Loan and Credit Scores

    loan

    Central Idea

    • Student’s credit score not a factor: Kerala High Court emphasizes that a student’s credit score should not be a determining factor in rejecting an education loan application, highlighting the importance of equal opportunities for students.
    • Importance of humanitarian approach: The court asserts that a humanitarian approach is necessary from banks while considering education loan applications, recognizing students as the “nation builders of tomorrow.”

    RBI Circular on Educational Loan Scheme

    • Model scheme for financial support: RBI has a model educational loan scheme prepared by the Indian Banks Association (IBA) to provide financial support to deserving students pursuing higher education, ensuring equal opportunities.
    • Adoption by scheduled commercial banks: In 2019, the RBI advised all scheduled commercial banks to adopt the educational loan scheme, aiming for consistent practices and adherence to principles outlined in the circular.

    Role of RBI in Education Loan Policies

    • Ensuring financial support: RBI’s circular and advisory role aim to ensure that deserving students are not denied the opportunity to pursue higher education due to financial constraints, promoting inclusive access to education loans.
    • Standardization and uniformity: The RBI’s model educational loan scheme and guidance seek to establish standardized practices across scheduled commercial banks, fostering fair and equitable access to education loans.

    What is CIBIL Score?

    • Numerical reflection of credit history: Credit scores, like the Credit Information Bureau (India) Limited (CIBIL) score, provide a numerical summary of an individual’s credit payment history across different loan types and institutions, aiding lenders in assessing creditworthiness.
    • Impact on loan applications: Credit scores play a crucial role in loan applications and financial assessments, serving as indicators of an individual’s ability to repay debts.

    Why Education Loan can be an exception?

    • Enabling pursuit of higher education: Education loans play a vital role in enabling students to pursue higher education, providing necessary financial support for tuition fees, living expenses, and educational costs.
    • Equal opportunities for students: Access to education loans ensures equal opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds, facilitating their academic aspirations and future contributions to society.
    • Implications of loan rejections: Loan rejections based solely on credit scores can hinder students’ educational prospects and limit their access to quality education and future career opportunities.

    Judicial perspective on Education Loan

    • Holistic evaluation beyond credit scores: Kerala HC emphasized the importance of considering the ground realities, future prospects, course potential, and scholarship opportunities for students in education loan applications, promoting a comprehensive assessment approach.
    • Upholding equal access for all: Key rulings such as KM George vs The Branch Manager and Pranav SR vs The Branch Manager underscore the court’s commitment to upholding principles of equal access to education loans and fair assessments.

    Significance of the Kerala HCs Ruling

    • Equal opportunities: The ruling ensures equal opportunities for students by emphasizing that credit scores should not be the sole basis for loan rejections, preventing students from being denied educational opportunities based on their credit history.
    • Humanitarian approach: The court’s emphasis on a humanitarian approach acknowledges the importance of considering students’ future potential and recognizes their role as future builders of the nation.
    • Fair assessment criteria: The ruling establishes the need for fair assessment criteria that go beyond credit scores, encouraging financial institutions to consider factors such as course potential and future earning capabilities.
    • Protection of educational aspirations: The ruling safeguards students’ educational aspirations, preventing loan rejections solely based on credit scores and allowing deserving students to pursue their studies.
    • Precedent for future cases: The ruling sets a precedent for future cases, promoting a more holistic and compassionate approach in evaluating education loan applications, and potentially influencing other courts and financial institutions.

    Way Forward

    • Peer-to-Peer Lending Networks: Facilitate peer-to-peer lending platforms for education loans, connecting students directly with lenders and expanding access to funding.
    • Education Loan Guarantee Funds: Establish funds to guarantee education loans, reducing risk for lenders and encouraging loans to students with lower credit scores.
    • Financial Literacy Programs: Implement comprehensive financial literacy programs to equip students with knowledge and skills for responsible financial management.
    • Industry-Academia Initiatives: Foster collaborations between industry and academia to provide scholarships, internships, and grants, supporting students’ education and future employability.
    • Innovative Repayment Models: Explore income-share agreements and flexible repayment options to align loan repayment with individual earnings and ease financial burden.
    • Crowdfunding for Education: Utilize crowdfunding platforms dedicated to education, enabling students to raise funds for their educational expenses from a wider audience.
    • Collaborative Industry Sponsorship: Encourage partnerships where companies sponsor education loans in exchange for an internship or job placement opportunities, benefiting both students and companies.

     

     

  • Why is India rethinking its Anaemia Policy?

    Central Idea

    • Anaemia questions are excluded from National Family Health Survey (NFHS-6) due to concerns about accuracy, emphasizing the need for precise estimates to address India’s growing anaemia burden.
    • NFHS-5 data reveals a significant increase in anaemia prevalence in India, underscoring the urgency of accurate estimates to effectively tackle this public health challenge.

    National Family Health Survey (NFHS)

    • NFHS is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India.
    • Three rounds of the survey have been conducted since the first survey in 1992-93.
    • The International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai, is the nodal agency, responsible for providing coordination and technical guidance for the survey.
    • IIPS collaborates with a number of Field Organizations (FO) for survey implementation.
    • The survey provides state and national information for India on fertility, infant and child mortality, the practice of family planning, maternal and child health, reproductive health etc.

    Each successive round of the NFHS has had two specific goals:

    1.      To provide essential data on health and family welfare needed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and other agencies for policy and programme purposes, and

    2.      To provide information on important emerging health and family welfare issues.

     Anaemia: A bigger menace

    • Anaemia is characterized by low red blood cells or haemoglobin levels, leading to symptoms like fatigue and weakness.
    • Iron deficiency is the primary cause, but deficiencies in folate, vitamins B12, and A also contribute.
    • Addressing nutritional deficiencies is crucial for prevention and treatment.

    Shift to DABS-I for Anaemia Assessment

    • The Health Ministry shifted anaemia assessment to Diet and Biomarkers Survey in India (DABS-I) for more accurate prevalence estimates.
    • DABS-I is a comprehensive dietary survey collecting individual data to assess food and nutrient adequacy nationwide.

    Reasons for Methodology Change

    • Concerns of Over-Diagnosis: Using WHO cut-offs may not suit the Indian population due to various factors that influence anaemia.
    • Inadequacy of WHO Cut-Offs: Country-specific cut-offs are needed as the WHO’s haemoglobin cut-offs may not reflect the Indian anaemia situation accurately.
    • Differences in Blood Sampling Methods: Venous blood sampling is more accurate than the capillary blood sampling used in previous surveys.

    Role of DABS-I Dietary Survey

    • DABS-I collects detailed dietary intake data to understand nutritional patterns and deficiencies contributing to anaemia.
    • It provides information on nutrient composition in foods from different regions, aiding targeted interventions.

    Prevalence of Anaemia in India

    • High Burden: Anaemia is a significant public health concern in India, with a high prevalence across different population groups.
    • Anaemia among Women: Data from national surveys indicate that a considerable percentage of women in India, particularly those in the reproductive age group, are affected by anaemia.
    • Anaemia among Children: Anaemia is also prevalent among children in India, with a substantial proportion experiencing this condition at a young age.

    Causes and Risk Factors

    • Nutritional Deficiencies: Iron deficiency is the primary cause of anaemia in India. Inadequate intake and absorption of iron, along with deficiencies in other key nutrients, contribute to the problem.
    • Socioeconomic Factors: Factors such as poverty, limited access to nutritious food, and inadequate healthcare contribute to the high prevalence of anaemia in certain socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.
    • Infections and Diseases: Certain infections, such as malaria and helminthiasis, and chronic diseases like kidney disease and cancer, can increase the risk of developing anaemia.

    Impact on Health and Well-being

    • Physical Symptoms: Anaemia can cause a range of physical symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and impaired cognitive function.
    • Maternal and Child Health: Anaemia in pregnant women increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth. It can also lead to low birth weight and developmental issues in infants.
    • Impaired Growth and Development: Anaemia among children can hinder their growth, development, and overall well-being. It may affect cognitive function, school performance, and future productivity.

    Government Initiatives and interventions

    • National Nutrition Programs: The Government of India has implemented various programs, such as the National Iron+ Initiative and the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, to address anaemia and improve maternal and child health.
    • Supplementation and Fortification: Iron and other micronutrient supplementation programs, along with food fortification initiatives, aim to enhance iron intake and combat anaemia.
    • Awareness and Education: Public awareness campaigns and educational programs focus on promoting nutrition, especially among vulnerable groups, and raising awareness about the importance of addressing anaemia.

    Challenges and Future Directions

    • Access to Healthcare and Nutritious Food: Improving access to quality healthcare services, affordable nutritious food, and clean drinking water is crucial in addressing anaemia in India.
    • Multisectoral Collaboration: Addressing anaemia requires collaboration across various sectors, including healthcare, nutrition, education, and social welfare, to develop comprehensive strategies and interventions.
    • Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of anaemia prevalence, intervention effectiveness, and progress towards targets are essential to track improvements and identify areas that require further attention.
  • Revised Guidelines for Deemed University Status

    university

    Central Idea

    • The University Grants Commission (UGC) has released revised guidelines allowing higher education institutions to apply for deemed university status.
    • The new guidelines aim to establish more quality-focused deemed universities by simplifying the eligibility criteria.

    University Grants Commission (UGC)

    • UGC is a statutory body under the University Grants Commission Act, of 1956.
    • It is charged with the task of coordinating and maintaining standards of higher education in India.
    • It provides recognition to universities and also allocates funds to universities and colleges.
    • It is headquartered are in New Delhi, and it also has 6 regional centres.
    • All grants to universities and higher learning institutions are handled by the UGC.
    • In 2015-16, the Union government initiated a National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) under UGC to rank all educational institutes.

     

    Why in the news?

    • Light but tight regulatory framework: The guidelines are based on the principle of a “light but tight” regulatory framework envisioned in the National Education Policy 2020.

    What is Deemed University?

    A Deemed University is a status granted to higher educational institutions in India by the Department of Higher Education (DHE) under the Ministry of Education based on the recommendation of the University Grants Commission (UGC).

    State University Deemed University
    Establishment Created by state government through legislative assembly act Granted autonomy by the UGC based on academic and research merits
    Funding Fully funded by the state government Self-funded
    Fee Structure Regulated and streamlined according to government guidelines Freedom to set their own fee structure
    Curriculum Regulated and aligned with UGC guidelines Autonomy to design their own courses and curriculum
    Research Research programs and activities aligned with government norms Emphasis on research with credible research output
    Infrastructure Facilities and infrastructure as per government provisions State-of-the-art infrastructure
    Affiliated Institutes Can have affiliated colleges and institutes Generally have a single institution
    Admission Process Follows state government guidelines for admissions Can set their own admission policies and criteria
    Degree Granting Authorized to award degrees and diplomas Authorized to award degrees and diplomas
    Flexibility Governed by UGC regulations and guidelines Autonomy in decision-making and flexibility in operations

     

    New changes introduced-

    Eligibility Criteria and Changes

    • Previous eligibility criteria: Under the 2019 guidelines, institutions with an existence of at least 20 years were eligible to apply for deemed university status.
    • Revised eligibility criteria: The revised guidelines replace the previous criteria with requirements such as multi-disciplinarity, NAAC grading, NIRF ranking, and NBA grading.
    • Criteria for application: Institutions with valid accreditation by NAAC, NBA accreditation for eligible programs, or ranking in the top 50 of specific categories in NIRF for the last three years can apply for deemed university status.

    Cluster of Institutions and Distinct Institution Category

    • Cluster of institutions: A cluster of institutions managed by multiple sponsoring bodies or a society can also apply for deemed university status.
    • Distinct Institution category: The guidelines introduce the “Distinct Institution” category, exempting institutions focusing on unique disciplines, addressing strategic needs, preserving Indian cultural heritage or the environment, dedicated to skill development, sports, languages, or other disciplines determined by the Expert Committee.

    Changes in Faculty Strength and Corpus Fund

    • Increased faculty strength: The revised guidelines increase the required faculty strength from 100 to 150.
    • Increased corpus fund for private institutions: The corpus fund requirement for private institutions has been increased from Rs 10 crore to Rs 25 crore.

    Executive Councils and Academic Bank of Credits

    • Creation of executive councils: Private universities seeking deemed university status will be required to create executive councils, similar to central universities.
    • Mandatory registration on Academic Bank of Credits: Deemed universities must register on the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) and can offer twinning programs, joint degree programs, and dual degree programs.

    Off-Campus Centers and Future Plans

    • Off-campus centers eligibility: Deemed universities with a minimum ‘A’ grade or ranked from 1 to 100 in the “universities” category of NIRF rankings are eligible to establish off-campus centers.
    • Future removal of “deemed to be university” term: The UGC chairperson stated that the term “deemed to be university” will be removed once the Higher Education Commission of India is established through an act of Parliament.
    • Current number of deemed institutions: Currently, there are around 170 deemed institutions in the country.

    Back2Basics:

    NAAC NIRF NBA
    Full Form National Assessment and Accreditation Council National Institutional Ranking Framework National Board of Accreditation
    Governing Body University Grants Commission (UGC) Ministry of Education, Government of India All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
    Purpose Assessing and accrediting higher education Ranking higher education institutions Accrediting technical education programs in engineering
    Assessment Criteria Quality parameters and predefined criteria Teaching, learning, research, graduation outcomes, etc. Criteria and standards for quality technical education
    Accreditation Grades A, A+, B, B+, C
    Focus Evaluating institution’s quality and performance Ranking institutions based on various parameters Accrediting engineering programs for quality technical education
    Scope All higher education institutions in India All higher education institutions in India Technical education programs in the field of engineering
  • NCERT drops Periodic Table from Class X book

    ncert curriculum periodic table

    Central Idea

    • Changes notified by NCERT: The NCERT notified changes in its June 2022 circular, omitted the Periodic Table from 10th class books. This has been widely debated in academic circles.
    • New textbooks hit the market: The textbooks with the deletions and changes have now been released in the market.

    What is Periodic Table?

    Description
    History Developed by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. He arranged elements based on their atomic masses and predicted the existence of undiscovered elements.
    Organization Elements are arranged based on their atomic numbers, electron configurations, and properties.
    Periods There are seven periods (rows) in the table, representing different principal energy levels.
    Groups The table has 18 groups (columns), with elements in the same group sharing similar properties.
    Main Groups Elements in groups 1, 2, and 13 to 18 are referred to as main group elements.
    Transition Metals Groups 3 to 12 consist of transition metals, known for their variable oxidation states.
    Lanthanides The first row of the f-block contains the 15 lanthanide elements.
    Actinides The second row of the f-block contains the 15 actinide elements.
    Periodic Trends Various trends exist across the table, such as atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity.
    Periodic Law The chemical and physical properties of elements repeat in a periodic manner based on their atomic numbers.
    Modern Versions Modern versions incorporate atomic numbers and reflect our understanding of atomic structure.
    International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) IUPAC is the international organization responsible for the standardization of chemical nomenclature, symbols, and the Periodic Table.
    Database Management Several organizations and databases manage and maintain comprehensive information about the elements, their properties, and the Periodic Table. Examples include the IUPAC, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC).

     

    Why this matters?

    • NCERT textbooks as a cornerstone: NCERT textbooks are considered a cornerstone for guiding the publication of State board textbooks, affecting nearly 60 State boards.
    • Concerns for non-science stream students: With a significant number of students opting for Arts and Commerce streams, they may lose the opportunity to learn crucial basic Chemistry concepts now only accessible in Class XI.

    Controversial Deletions and Omissions by NCERT

    • Fundamental knowledge of chemistry: Experts argue that leaving out the periodic table and logical organization of elements from the textbooks hinders students’ understanding of fundamental chemistry concepts.
    • Rationalization of contents due to the pandemic: The NCERT claims that the exercise of reducing the content load on students is carried out across all classes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • Previous controversial deletions: Earlier, NCERT dropped Darwin’s theory of evolution from Class X textbooks and deleted chapters from Political Science textbooks, including Democracy and Diversity, Popular Struggles and Movements, Political Parties, and Challenges to Democracy.

    Additional controversial omissions

    • Exclusion of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: Any mention of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a freedom fighter and India’s first Education Minister, has been deleted from the textbooks.
    • Omission of J&K’s accession to India: The fact that Jammu and Kashmir acceded to India on the basis of autonomy has been removed from the revised Class XI textbook.
    • Further omissions in the CBSE syllabus: The history of Mughal courts, references to the 2002 communal riots in Gujarat, the Naxalite movement, and mention of Dalit writers were also omitted from the CBSE syllabus.

    Reasons cited for curriculum revamp

    • Multiple sets of authors: Textbooks have undergone changes over the years, written by different sets of historians. There have been no controversies regarding these changes.
    • Celebration of diversity and assimilation: Exclusively holding on to one set of textbooks is contrary to the spirit of a civilization that celebrates diversity and assimilation.
    • NCF’s efforts for inclusive representations: The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) aims to bring a plurality of voices and more inclusive representations of marginalized and previously excluded history.

    Allegations of Distortions in history textbooks

    • Deliberate distortions: Some sections of the media allege that the corrections and improvements made in the NCERT history textbooks are deliberate distortions or rewriting of history.
    • Sense of entitlement: The charge of rewriting history under a specific ideology betrays a sense of entitlement, suggesting that only one set of historians had the knowledge to determine what should be taught.
    • Autonomy breach: While autonomy in academic and intellectual activities is crucial, the notion that institutional autonomy has been undermined and academic freedom is under stress is a one-sided and pointless exercise.

    Way forward

    • Logical revision: There is an urgent need for a comprehensive revision of NCERT textbooks, not only in history but in all subjects, to incorporate new knowledge and discoveries.
    • Prudent use of existing textbooks: Until a detailed plan and advice for a comprehensive revision of books and syllabi is formulated, NCERT has chosen to use the existing textbooks.
    • Presenting facts lucidly: Textbooks should present facts lucidly, allowing students to acquire the knowledge they seek.
    • Avoid politicizing: Academics and politicians should refrain from politicizing school textbooks and instead focus on telling students the stories of the past without weaving in half-truths or erasing vast chunks of history.
    • Addressing gaps and inclusivity: Continuous revision of the curriculum is necessary to address gaps, make textbooks relevant, and ensure inclusivity.

     

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  • Mandatory Anti-Tobacco Warnings on OTT Platforms

    tobacco

    Central Idea

    • Over-the-top (OTT) streaming platforms must display anti-tobacco warnings similar to those seen in movies screened in theatres and on TV.
    • The requirement is based on a Union Health Ministry notification that amends the rules under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2004.

    What is COTPA, 2004?

    Description
    Purpose Regulate production, sale, distribution, and consumption of tobacco products
    Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places Smoking prohibited in public areas like offices, restaurants, parks, public transport, etc.
    Health Warnings on Tobacco Products Mandatory display of health warnings on cigarette packages and other tobacco products
    Ban on Advertisement and Promotion Prohibition on direct and indirect advertising of tobacco products
    Prohibition on Sale to Minors Selling tobacco products to individuals below 18 years of age is strictly prohibited
    Packaging and Labelling Requirements Health warnings and pictorial representations of harmful effects on cigarette packages
    Powers of Enforcement Authorities empowered to enforce the act, conduct inspections, and seize contraband products

    New requirements for Anti-Tobacco Warnings

    • Publishers of online curated content displaying tobacco products or their use must show anti-tobacco health spots at the beginning and middle of the program.
    • When tobacco products or their use are displayed during the program, an anti-tobacco health warning must be prominently displayed as a static message at the bottom of the screen.
    • The warning message should be legible and readable, with black font on a white background.
    • The specified warnings are ‘Tobacco causes cancer’ or ‘Tobacco kills.’
    • Health spots, warnings, and audio-visual disclaimers should be in the same language as used in the show.

    Negative health impacts of tobacco

    • Cancer: Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable cancer. It can cause cancer of the lungs, mouth, throat, larynx, pancreas, bladder, kidney, and cervix.
    • Respiratory diseases: It may cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It can also worsen asthma symptoms.
    • Cardiovascular diseases: Consumption increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. It damages blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clots.
    • Reproductive health: Tobacco use can lead to infertility, premature birth, and low birth weight in babies.

    Socio-economic impact

    (1) On an individual level:

    • Decreased productivity: Smoking-related illnesses can result in absenteeism from work, decreased work performance, and increased medical expenses.
    • Decreased life expectancy: Tobacco consumption can lead to decreased life expectancy, which reduces the overall productive years of an individual.

    (2) On a societal level:

    • Healthcare cost: Tobacco consumption can lead to decreased economic development due to the increased burden of healthcare costs and decreased productivity.
    • Increased social expenditure: According to a study conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco-related illnesses cost India about $22.4 billion in healthcare costs and lost productivity annually

    Why tobacco isn’t completely banned?

    • Revenue loss: The industry contributes a significant amount of tax revenue to the government. Banning tobacco would result in the loss of these tax revenues, which are used for various public welfare programs and initiatives.
    • Economic Impact: The tobacco industry provides employment to a large number of people, especially in the agricultural sector, where tobacco farming is prevalent.
    • Not a psychotropic substance: While the harmful effects of tobacco are well-documented, banning a legal product entirely requires careful consideration and legal processes.
    • Regulatory approach: Instead of a complete ban, the Indian government has adopted a regulatory approach to control tobacco use.

    Way forward

    • Strengthen tobacco control laws: Review and enhance existing laws to effectively reduce tobacco consumption.
    • Conduct public awareness campaigns: Educate the public about the health risks of tobacco use and the benefits of quitting.
    • Expand access to tobacco cessation programs: Increase availability of affordable and effective programs to support individuals who want to quit tobacco.
    • Implement sin taxes on tobacco products: Increase taxes to discourage consumption, especially among price-sensitive populations.
    • Enforce smoke-free environments: Strictly implement smoke-free laws in public places, workplaces, and public transport.
    • Support tobacco farmers: Provide alternative livelihood options and assistance for farmers transitioning away from tobacco farming.
    • Conduct research and surveillance: Invest in data collection and analysis to inform evidence-based policies and interventions.
    • Collaborate with international organizations: Partner with global entities like WHO to leverage expertise and resources in tobacco control.

     

     

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  • Low Enrollment of Muslims in Higher Education

    muslim

    Central Idea

    • All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2020-21 conducted by the Ministry of Education reveals the underrepresentation of Muslims in higher education compared to other communities.

    What is the AISHE?

    • To portray the status of higher education in the country, the Ministry of Education conducts an annual web-based AISHE since 2010-11.
    • Data is collected on several parameters such as teachers, student enrolment, programmes, examination results, education finance and infrastructure.
    • Indicators of educational development such as Institution Density, Gross Enrolment Ratio, Pupil-teacher ratio, Gender Parity Index, Per Student Expenditure will also be calculated from the data collected through AISHE.
    • These are useful in making informed policy decisions and research for development of the education sector.

    AISHE 2020-21 data on Minority Education

    The survey highlights a decline in Muslim enrollment, potentially due to economic constraints and limited opportunities for pursuing higher education.

    (1) Decline in Muslim Enrollment:

    • Muslim enrollment in higher education declined by 8% in the 2020-21 academic year, while other marginalized communities experienced improved enrollment rates.
    • Economic impoverishment forces talented Muslim students to prioritize earning opportunities after completing school, rather than pursuing higher education.
    • Drastic declines were reported in UP (36%), J&K (26%), Maharashtra (8.5%), and TN (8.1%).
    • Delhi witnessed a significant portion of Muslim students failing to enroll for higher education.

    (2) Uttar Pradesh’s Low Enrollment Rate:

    • Muslims constitute around 20% of the population in the state.
    • Despite an increase in the number of colleges in UP, mere 4.5% Muslim enrollment is in higher education.

    (3) Kerala’s Exceptional Performance:

    • Kerala stands out as the only state where 43% of Muslims pursue higher education, bucking the trend of low enrollment.

    (4) Female enrolment improving:

    • Muslim and other minority communities exhibit higher female student enrollment than male students, indicating progress for women in minority communities.
    • Male members of the Muslim community face pressure to earn a living early, potentially hindering their pursuit of higher education.

    (5) Lack of Muslim Teachers:

    • Muslim representation among teachers in higher education institutions is alarmingly low, comprising only 5.6%.
    • General Category teachers account for 56%, while OBC, SC, and ST teachers make up 32%, 9%, and 2.5%, respectively.
    • Gender disparities among teachers persist, with only 59 female Muslim teachers for every 100 male Muslim teachers.

    Reasons for such low enrollment

    • Religious influence: Certain societal and cultural norms within the Muslim community prioritize early marriage and family responsibilities over pursuing higher education, especially for female students.
    • Economic Challenges: The Muslim community faces financial limitations that hinder their ability to afford higher education expenses, including tuition fees and accommodation.
    • Lack of Awareness and Guidance: Many Muslim students, particularly those from marginalized backgrounds, lack information about available higher education opportunities, scholarships etc.
    • Preferences for religious preachings: Many families prefer religious teachings at Madrasas over STEM education considering the acute competition and lack of reservation facilities.
    • Stereotypes and Discrimination: Instances of religious discrimination and bias discourage Muslim students from pursuing higher education and create a sense of unwelcomeness in educational institutions.
    • Socio-political Factors: Political decisions, policy changes, or the withdrawal of educational support programs can have a direct impact on the enrollment of Muslim students in higher education.

    Schemes promoting Muslim education in India

    • Maulana Azad National Fellowship: Provides scholarships for minority students pursuing M Phil and Ph D programs.
    • National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation (NMDFC): Offers interest-free loans and scholarships to economically disadvantaged minority students.
    • Nai Udaan Scheme: Provides free coaching and assistance for competitive exams to minority students.
    • Seekho Aur Kamao (Learn and Earn) Scheme: Offers skill development and vocational training to enhance employability among minority students.
    • Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarship Schemes: Provides financial assistance for educational expenses to increase access to education for minority students.
    • Bridge Courses and Remedial Coaching: Helps minority students bridge educational gaps and improve academic performance.

    Way Forward

    Following efforts should be made to address the declining enrollment of Muslim students in higher education:

    • Providing scholarships and financial aid to economically disadvantaged Muslim students.
    • Creating awareness programs to highlight the importance of higher education and its long-term benefits.
    • Collaborating with community organizations to develop mentoring and support systems for Muslim students.
    • Implementing policies that promote inclusive education and equal opportunities for all communities.
    • Encouraging the recruitment and representation of Muslim teachers and non-teaching staff in higher education institutions.

     

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