Civilsdaily

Subject: Indian Society

  • Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD): The Monkey Fever

    Kyasanur Forest Disease

    Introduction

    • Recent fatalities due to Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), known as monkey fever, in Karnataka have sparked concerns about the spread of this viral infection.

    What is Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)?

    • Origins and Identification: KFD is caused by the Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV), a member of the Flaviviridae virus family. It was first identified in 1957 in Karnataka’s Kyasanur Forest.
    • Incidence and Mortality: Between 400-500 human cases are reported annually, with an estimated case-fatality rate ranging from 3% to 5%.

    Transmission and Spread

    • Tick-Borne Transmission: Humans can contract KFD through tick bites or contact with infected animals, particularly sick or deceased monkeys.
    • Limited Animal Role: While large animals like goats, cows, and sheep can become infected, they play a minor role in disease transmission. There’s no evidence of transmission through unpasteurized milk.

    Signs and Symptoms

    • Early Symptoms: The disease typically manifests with chills, fever, and headache after an incubation period of 3-8 days.
    • Progression: Severe muscle pain, vomiting, gastrointestinal issues, and bleeding tendencies may develop within 3-4 days. Some patients experience neurological symptoms in the third week, including severe headaches and vision problems.

    Diagnosis and Treatment

    • Diagnostic Methods: Early diagnosis involves molecular detection through PCR or virus isolation from blood. Serologic testing using ELISA is conducted later.
    • Treatment Approach: While no specific treatment exists, early hospitalization and supportive therapy, such as hydration maintenance, are crucial.

    Prevention Strategies

    • Vaccination: A vaccine for KFD is available and administered in endemic regions of India to prevent the disease.
    • Preventive Measures: Insect repellents and protective clothing are recommended in tick-infested areas to minimize the risk of infection.

  • Issues in Self-Reporting of Mental Illness

    Introduction

    • Recent studies, including one by researchers from IIT Jodhpur, indicate alarmingly low rates of self-reporting for mental health problems in India.

    Mental Health Under-Reporting in India

    • NSS 2017-2018 Findings: The NSS data, based on self-reporting by over 550000 individuals, revealed mental illness self-reporting rates of less than 1%.
    • Scale of Mental Illness: The 2017 NMHS conducted by NIMHANS estimated around 150 million individuals requiring treatment for mental illness in India.
    • WHO Estimates: India bears a heavy burden with 2443 DALYs per 10,000 population and an age-adjusted suicide rate of 21.1 per 100,000.
    • Suicide Trends: India’s contribution to global suicide deaths surged to 36% in 2016, with a concerning rise reported in 2021, especially among youth and middle-aged adults.
    • National Mental Health Survey: Alarming rates of depression among teenagers and Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) prevalence of 22.4% among adults highlight the gravity of the situation.

    Key Challenges

    • Stigma and Awareness: Social stigma and poor awareness impede access to mental healthcare, leading to delayed treatment-seeking and social isolation.
    • Out-of-Pocket Expenses: The IIT Jodhpur study highlighted significant out-of-pocket expenses, particularly in the private sector, for mental health services.
    • Vulnerability Factors: Individuals with lower income and education levels are more vulnerable to mental disorders, exacerbating their socioeconomic challenges.
    • Socioeconomic Divide: Individuals with higher incomes were more likely to report health problems, indicating a socioeconomic disparity.
    • Budget and Infrastructure: Inadequate budget allocation, lack of insurance coverage, and insufficient infrastructure pose hurdles to mental healthcare delivery.
    • Shortage of Professionals: India grapples with a severe shortage of mental health professionals, with only 3 psychiatrists per million people.

    Government Initiatives

    • Mental Healthcare Act, 2016: Aims to safeguard the rights of individuals with mental illnesses, enhance access to mental healthcare, and decriminalize suicide attempts.
    • National Mental Health Policy, 2014: Prioritizes universal access to mental healthcare and endeavors to mitigate risk factors linked to mental health issues.

    Way Forward

    • Combat Stigma: Launch nationwide campaigns to shift societal attitudes towards mental illness.
    • Enhance Awareness: Integrate mental health education into curricula and disseminate resources in local languages.
    • Improve Coordination: Strengthen collaboration between central and state governments for effective policy implementation.
    • Innovative Solutions: Explore tele-mental health services, bolster support for NGOs, and foster community engagement to address resource shortages.
    • Multisectoral Approach: Embrace a life-course perspective on mental health promotion and enforce legal frameworks.
    • Enhance Mental Health Ecosystem: Define quality metrics, recognize mental health advocates, and ensure affordability and accessibility of care.
    • Embrace Traditional Healing: Explore complementary medicines like Yoga and Ayurveda for mental health treatment.

    Conclusion

    • By prioritizing mental healthcare and fostering collaboration across sectors, India can build a resilient mental health ecosystem that promotes well-being and supports individuals in need.
    • Embracing traditional healing practices alongside modern interventions can offer holistic solutions, paving the way for a mentally healthier nation.

  • Should coaching be restricted to those above 16 years?

    Ministry of Education issues guidelines for coaching centres; prohibits intake of students below 16 years - The Hindu

     

    Central Idea:
    The discussion between Vimala Ramachandran and Arjun Mohan, moderated by Priscilla Jebaraj, revolves around the Ministry of Education’s new guidelines for private coaching centres in India, particularly focusing on the restriction of enrolment to those above 16 years of age. The conversation highlights the impact of the rule, challenges within the education system, the role of coaching centers, and the importance of mental health interventions.

     

    Key Highlights:

    • The Ministry’s guidelines aim to alleviate the pressure on young children caused by the private coaching industry and restore their childhood by restricting enrolment to those above 16 years old.
    • The discussion underscores the high academic pressure faced by students and the necessity for foundational teaching, which is often lacking in the school system.
    • Both speakers acknowledge the failures within the education system, including rote-oriented teaching and lack of conceptual understanding.
    • Coaching centers are seen as filling the gaps left by the education system, catering to students’ needs from various backgrounds and academic levels.
    • The conversation also delves into the challenges of implementing the guidelines effectively, especially considering the involvement of state governments and the need for clear regulations.
    • Mental health interventions are recognized as crucial in reducing pressure on students, but systemic changes and public awareness campaigns are deemed essential for long-term impact.
    • The role of parents in understanding and alleviating the pressure on their children is emphasized, alongside the responsibility of coaching centers in managing expectations and providing quality education.
    • The issue of false advertising by some coaching institutes is acknowledged, along with the necessity for transparency and accountability in the industry.

     

    Key Challenges:

    • Lack of foundational teaching and conceptual understanding in the school system.
    • Difficulty in implementing and enforcing the Ministry’s guidelines effectively, particularly at the state level.
    • The pervasive academic pressure on students driven by competition and societal expectations.
    • Insufficient mental health support for students facing stress and anxiety.
    • Challenges in regulating the coaching industry to ensure transparency and accountability.

     

    Main Terms:

    • Ministry of Education
    • Private coaching industry
    • Enrolment restrictions
    • Rote-oriented teaching
    • Foundation programs
    • Competitive exams (e.g., JEE, NEET)
    • Shadow education system
    • Consumer Protection Act

     

    Important Phrases:

    • “Restoring childhood”
    • “Rote-oriented exam system”
    • “Shadow education system”
    • “Competitive exams pressure”
    • “False and misleading advertising”
    • “Transparency and accountability”
    • “Mental health interventions”

     

    Quotes:

    • “The load on today’s children is high.”
    • “Coaching helps students crack ultra-competitive exams.”
    • “Misleading advertising happens in every industry.”
    • “The pressure is because of competition.”
    • “Education is a service industry.”

     

    Useful Statements:

    • “The Ministry’s guidelines aim to alleviate the pressure on young children by restricting enrolment to those above 16 years old.”
    • “Coaching centers fill the gaps left by the education system, catering to students’ needs from various backgrounds and academic levels.”
    • “Mental health interventions are crucial in reducing pressure on students, but systemic changes and public awareness campaigns are essential for long-term impact.”
    • “The role of parents in understanding and alleviating the pressure on their children is emphasized.”

     

    Examples and References:

    • Student suicides in Kota, Rajasthan.
    • Misleading advertising by some coaching institutes.
    • Lack of conceptual understanding in the school system.

     

    Facts and Data:

    • India’s growing private coaching industry has faced numerous challenges, including student suicides, fire incidents, and complaints of poor infrastructure and teaching.
    • Research shows higher levels of tuition and coaching in states with higher levels of government school systems.

     

    Critical Analysis:
    The discussion highlights systemic issues within the education system, the role of coaching centers, and the challenges in implementing regulatory measures effectively. It emphasizes the need for a holistic approach, including changes in pedagogy, parental involvement, mental health support, and regulatory oversight.

     

    Way Forward:

    • Implement the Ministry’s guidelines effectively, with clear regulations and oversight mechanisms.
    • Reform the education system to focus on conceptual understanding and reduce reliance on rote learning.
    • Increase awareness about mental health issues and provide adequate support services for students.
    • Encourage parental involvement in understanding and alleviating academic pressure on children.
    • Ensure transparency and accountability in the coaching industry to protect students from false advertising and unethical practices

  • Charting a path for the population committee

    News18 on X: "Take a look at India's demographic dividend #population #india #worldpopulation https://t.co/h2oZM74V1n" / X

    Central Idea:

    The article emphasizes the importance of addressing the challenges and harnessing the opportunities presented by India’s rapidly changing demographic landscape through strategic policies and investments in health, education, employment, and data infrastructure.

    Key Highlights:

    • Introduction of a high-powered committee to address challenges arising from rapid population growth.
    • Need for interdisciplinary approach involving experts from various fields.
    • Importance of data analysis and monitoring demographic trends.
    • Emphasis on collaboration with stakeholders for effective policy implementation.
    • Highlighting demographic shifts and their implications for economic growth.
    • Focus on maximizing the demographic dividend through investments in human capital.
    • Challenges in healthcare, education, and employment sectors.
    • Importance of evidence-based decision making and data infrastructure.
    • Collaboration with international organizations for best practices and funding opportunities.

    Key Challenges:

    • Limited public spending on healthcare and education.
    • Persistent challenges in nutritional deprivation and access to quality education.
    • Disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • Lack of accurate and timely demographic data.
    • Need for modernization of data infrastructure and capacity building.
    • Ensuring reliability and accuracy of population data.
    • Bridging the gap between skill development initiatives and industry requirements.

    Key Terms and Phrases:

    • Demographic transition
    • Population committee
    • Interdisciplinary approach
    • Demographic dividend
    • Evidence-based policy
    • Data infrastructure
    • Human capital
    • Skill development
    • Stakeholder collaboration
    • Economic growth

    Case Studies and Best Practices:

    • The successful implementation of the National Rural Health Mission in improving primary healthcare in rural areas.
    • The Mid-Day Meal Scheme ensuring access to nutritious meals for school children, contributing to improved health and educational outcomes.
    • The Aadhaar initiative in India, which has streamlined government services and facilitated targeted interventions in various sectors, including healthcare and education.
    • The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), a skill development initiative aimed at providing industry-relevant training to youth, enhancing their employability.
    • The ASER (Annual Status of Education Report) survey providing valuable insights into the quality of education in rural India and informing policy decisions for improvement.

    Key Quotes and Anecdotes:

    • “India’s demographic landscape presents both opportunities and challenges for the country’s socio-economic development.”
    • “Investments in health, education, and skill development are crucial to realizing India’s demographic dividend.”
    • “Collaboration with international organizations can provide access to global best practices and technical expertise.”

    Key Statements and Examples:

    • India’s population committee aims to formulate policies addressing challenges like family planning and socio-economic development.
    • The demographic dividend offers an opportunity for accelerated economic growth but requires investments in human capital.
    • Limited public spending on healthcare and education underscores the need for policy prioritization in these sectors.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • India’s population is projected to reach 1.46 billion by 2030.
    • Public spending on health has remained around 1% of GDP.
    • Nearly 47% of Indian youth may lack necessary education and skills for employment by 2030.
    • Over 250 million children were forced out of school due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The article effectively highlights the interconnectedness of demographic factors with economic and social development.
    • It underscores the importance of evidence-based policymaking and the challenges in data availability and reliability.
    • The emphasis on collaboration with stakeholders and international organizations reflects a comprehensive approach to addressing demographic challenges.

    Way Forward:

    • Prioritize investments in health, education, and skill development.
    • Modernize data infrastructure and improve data collection methodologies.
    • Strengthen collaboration with stakeholders and international organizations.
    • Implement policies that promote transparency, accountability, and inclusivity.
    • Focus on bridging the gap between existing initiatives and industry requirements to enhance employment opportunities.

  • Population growth committee: Move beyond Emergency-era fears

     

     

    India's population has overtaken China, but historic problems continue to plague the nation - BusinessToday - Issue Date: May 28, 2023

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses India’s demographic transformation and the need for proactive policies to address opportunities and challenges arising from changing population dynamics.

    Key Highlights:

    • India’s population growth trends are being studied to align policies with the Viksit Bharat goal by 2047.
    • Fertility rates have decreased, and family planning is becoming more prevalent.
    • The workforce is changing, with an increase in middle-aged workers projected by 2047.
    • Dependency burdens vary between states, requiring tailored policy interventions.
    • There is an opportunity to enhance women’s workforce participation by providing better childcare support.
    • Lessons from China’s one-child policy caution against drastic measures.

    Key Challenges:

    • Varying demographic trends between states pose challenges for policy formulation.
    • Ensuring equitable workforce development and gender-inclusive policies.
    • Addressing the needs of the growing elderly population while maintaining economic sustainability.
    • Avoiding the negative consequences of drastic population control measures.

    Key Terms:

    • Demographic transformation
    • Fertility rates
    • Family planning
    • Workforce dynamics
    • Dependency burdens
    • Women’s workforce participation
    • One-child policy

    Key Phrases:

    • Changing population dynamics
    • Tailored policy interventions
    • Workforce inclusivity
    • Sustainable economic development
    • Lessons learned

    Key Quotes:

    • “Today, we are studying India’s population growth to align policies with the Viksit Bharat goal by 2047.”
    • “There’s an opportunity to enhance women’s workforce participation by providing better childcare support.”
    • “Lessons from China’s one-child policy caution against drastic measures.”

    Anecdotes/Case Studies:

    • The comparison with China’s one-child policy illustrates the importance of cautious policy measures in managing population dynamics.

    Key Statements:

    • “India’s population growth trends are being studied to align policies with the Viksit Bharat goal by 2047.”
    • “There’s an opportunity to enhance women’s workforce participation by providing better childcare support.”

    Key Examples and References:

    • Comparative data on workforce demographics and dependency burdens between states provide concrete examples of demographic variations.
    • The reference to China’s one-child policy serves as a cautionary example.

    Key Facts/Data:

    • India’s fertility rates have decreased significantly in recent years.
    • Dependency burdens vary significantly between states.
    • Women’s workforce participation rates could be improved with better childcare support.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article provides a balanced assessment of India’s demographic challenges and opportunities, cautioning against drastic measures while advocating for proactive policies.

    Way Forward:

    • Tailored policy interventions should address varying demographic trends between states.
    • Gender-inclusive policies and better childcare support can enhance women’s workforce participation.
    • Lessons from global best practices should inform India’s approach to demographic management.
    • Caution should be exercised to avoid the negative consequences of drastic population control measures.

  • Tackling Unfair Means in Public Examinations: The 2024 Bill

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    Introduction

    • The Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Bill, 2024, introduced in Lok Sabha, seeks to combat “unfair means” in public examinations and enhance transparency and credibility in the examination system.
    • This comprehensive legislation addresses various aspects of unfair practices in public exams and outlines stringent penalties for violations.

    “Unfair Means” in Examinations

    • Enumerating Offenses: Section 3 of the Bill outlines at least 15 actions that constitute “unfair means” in public examinations, primarily for monetary or wrongful gain.
    • Examples: These actions include question paper leaks, unauthorized access to question papers or answer sheets, tampering with answer sheets, providing unauthorized solutions to questions, and conducting fake examinations.

    Scope of “Public Examinations”

    • Defining Public Examinations: Under Section 2(k), a “public examination” encompasses any examination conducted by designated “public examination authorities” listed in the Bill’s Schedule or notified by the Central Government.
    • Designated Authorities: The Schedule includes entities like UPSC, SSC, RRBs, IBPS, and NTA, responsible for various national-level examinations.
    • Central Government’s Authority: Ministries and Departments of the Central Government, along with their attached and subordinate offices for staff recruitment, fall under the Bill’s purview.

    Penalties for Violations

    • Stringent Measures: Section 9 stipulates that offenses are cognizable, non-bailable, and non-compoundable.
    • Cognizable Offenses: Authorities can arrest individuals without a warrant.
    • Non-Bailable: Bail is not a matter of right and is subject to a magistrate’s discretion.
    • Non-Compoundable: Complainants cannot withdraw the case, necessitating a trial.

    Punishments

    • Individual Offenders: Violators may face imprisonment ranging from three to five years and fines of up to Rs 10 lakh.
    • Additional Penalty: Failure to pay the fine can result in additional imprisonment, as per the provisions of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
    • Service Providers: Those providing support for examination conduct can be fined up to Rs 1 crore, along with other penalties.
    • Organized Paper Leaks: In cases of organized paper leaks constituting “organized crime,” offenders may face imprisonment for a minimum of five years, extendable up to ten years, and a fine not less than one crore rupees.

    Rationale Behind the Bill

    • Addressing Rampant Paper Leaks: Numerous cases of question paper leaks in recruitment exams nationwide have disrupted the hiring process and affected millions of applicants.
    • Need for Specific Legislation: The absence of a substantive law to address unfair practices in public examinations necessitated a comprehensive central legislation.
    • Objectives: The Bill aims to ensure transparency, fairness, and credibility in public examinations while deterring individuals and entities exploiting vulnerabilities in the system for wrongful gains.
    • Model Draft for States: The Bill is intended to serve as a model for states to adopt at their discretion, assisting them in preventing disruptions in their state-level public examinations.

    Conclusion

    • This legislation represents a significant step toward safeguarding the integrity of public examinations in India.
    • By establishing stringent penalties for unfair practices and addressing the issue of paper leaks, the legislation seeks to reassure candidates that their sincere efforts will be duly rewarded and their future secured.
    • Moreover, the Bill’s potential to serve as a model for state-level legislation enhances its impact in curbing exam-related malpractices.

  • A critical view of the ‘sanitation miracle’ in rural India

    India Achieves Another Major Sanitation Milestone - 50% Villages Are Now ODF Plus Under Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen Phase II Nearly 3 Lakh Villages Declare Themselves ODF Plus, A Significant Step Towards Achieving SBM-G Phase II Goals By ...

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the progress and challenges of India’s sanitation programs, particularly focusing on the Swachh Bharat Mission-Grameen (SBM-G) and its Phase II. It highlights the importance of behavioral change alongside infrastructure development for sustainable sanitation practices.

    Key Highlights:

    • Improvement in sanitation coverage in India from 39% in 2014 to 100% in 2019 under SBM-G.
    • Launch of Phase II of SBM-G focusing on sustainability and ODF Plus status by 2024-25.
    • Challenges including non-usage of toilets due to various reasons such as lack of infrastructure, hygiene issues, and social norms.
    • Disparities in toilet access and usage across different states and socio-economic groups.
    • Importance of social networks and behavioral change campaigns in promoting sanitation practices.
    • Lack of synergy and coordination among various government programs addressing basic needs.

    Key Challenges:

    • Ensuring sustained usage of toilets post-construction.
    • Addressing disparities in access and usage across different regions and socio-economic groups.
    • Overcoming social norms and behaviors hindering sanitation practices.
    • Lack of coordination among different government programs related to basic needs.

    Key Terms/Phrases:

    • Swachh Bharat Mission-Grameen (SBM-G)
    • Open Defecation Free (ODF)
    • Total Sanitation Campaign
    • ODF Plus
    • Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)
    • Social norms
    • Behavioral change campaigns

    Key Quotes:

    • “The construction of toilets does not automatically lead to their use.”
    • “Sanitation behavior also varies across socio-economic classes.”
    • “Behavioral change in sanitation cannot happen independently.”

    Key Examples/Anecdotes:

    • Survey findings showing reasons for non-usage of toilets in different regions.
    • Observations on the influence of social networks on sanitation behavior.

    Key Statements:

    • “Improvement in sanitation coverage needs to be viewed from the perspective of behavioral change for true sustainability.”
    • “Social norms and economic conditions significantly influence toilet usage.”

    Key Facts/Data:

    • Sanitation coverage improved from 39% in 2014 to 100% in 2019 under SBM-G.
    • NARSS-3 reported 95% toilet access but only 85% usage in rural India.
    • Around 10 crore toilets were constructed between 2014 and 2019.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article effectively highlights the progress and challenges in India’s sanitation programs, emphasizing the importance of behavioral change alongside infrastructure development. It underscores the need for targeted efforts to address disparities and overcome social norms hindering sanitation practices. Additionally, the critique of the lack of synergy among government programs provides valuable insight into the inefficiencies in addressing basic needs.

    Way Forward:

    • Strengthening behavioral change campaigns tailored to different socio-economic contexts.
    • Enhancing coordination among government programs addressing basic needs.
    • Targeted interventions to address disparities in access and usage across regions and socio-economic groups.
    • Continuous monitoring and evaluation to ensure sustained usage of sanitation facilities.

  • An Uttar Pradesh model to tackle malnutrition

    An Uttar Pradesh model to tackle malnutrition - The Hindu

    Central Idea:

    The article highlights the success of a decentralized approach to tackling malnutrition in Uttar Pradesh by empowering women through community-based micro-enterprises. This initiative, led by self-help groups, focuses on producing fortified and nutritious foods for pregnant/breastfeeding mothers and children, distributed via the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme.

    Key Highlights:

    • Collaborative effort between the Department of Women and Child Development and the Uttar Pradesh State Rural Livelihood Mission.
    • Decentralized production of take-home rations by women’s enterprises.
    • Positive impact on livelihoods with over 4,000 women engaged in 204 self-help group micro-enterprises.
    • Re-formulation of take-home rations to enhance nutritional value and address monotony.
    • Focus on strengthening demand through diverse and nutritious products.
    • Innovation through app-based solutions and QR code tracking for supply chain management.

    Key Challenges:

    • Ensuring consistent quality and safety standards.
    • Overcoming logistical challenges in decentralized production and distribution.
    • Addressing potential resistance to change from centralized to decentralized models.
    • Sustaining long-term engagement and empowerment of women.

    Key Terms:

    • Self-help groups
    • Micro-enterprises
    • Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
    • Fortified foods
    • Decentralized production
    • Nutritional supplementation
    • Livelihood opportunities

    Key Phrases:

    • Women’s empowerment for nutrition
    • Decentralized model for take-home ration production
    • Strengthening demand through diverse products
    • Innovation and sustainability in food production
    • Multi-stakeholder approach for effective solutions

    Key Quotes:

    • “Engaging women from the community to run the take-home ration production units is a game-changer.”
    • “The State-wide expansion of micro-enterprises led by women confirms successful targeting and demonstrates how empowering women can bring about effective and sustainable processes.”

    Key Examples and References:

    • Collaboration between the Department of Women and Child Development and the Uttar Pradesh State Rural Livelihood Mission.
    • Use of two pilot plants by the United Nations World Food Programme in Unnao and Fatehpur.
    • Expansion to 202 production units across 43 districts, benefiting 12 million ICDS beneficiaries.

    Key Statements:

    • “This initiative presents an excellent opportunity for women to earn a livelihood and contribute to the local economy.”
    • “The re-formulated take-home rations are nutritious and designed to support the health and well-being of children.”

    Key Facts/Data:

    • Over 4,000 women engaged in 204 self-help group micro-enterprises.
    • Aim to generate an additional income of ₹8,000 a month for each woman.
    • Products include sweet and savory options like aata besan halwa and daliya moong dal khichdi.
    • Expansion to 202 production units across 43 districts, benefiting 12 million ICDS beneficiaries.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The initiative effectively addresses the intersection of women’s empowerment and nutrition, leveraging community resources for sustainable impact.
    • Decentralized production and diverse product offerings enhance accessibility and acceptability.
    • Challenges such as quality control and scalability need continuous monitoring and adaptation.

    Way Forward:

    • Continued support for women’s empowerment and capacity building.
    • Strengthening of quality assurance mechanisms.
    • Further research and innovation in product development and supply chain management.
    • Collaboration with stakeholders for scaling up and sustainability.

  • The road to a healthy democracy

    Role of Patients in Strengthening Indian HealthCare System

    Central Idea:

    Prathap C. Reddy, founder and chairman of Apollo Hospitals Group, advocates for India’s transformation into a developed nation by 2047, emphasizing the crucial role of healthcare in this vision. He highlights India’s demographic advantage, technological innovations in preventive healthcare, and the potential for India to lead the world in healthcare delivery and medical value travel.

    Key Highlights:

    • India’s demographic dividend, with a young population, presents a significant opportunity for development.
    • The importance of prioritizing preventive healthcare to address the growing burden of chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
    • Technological advancements, including AI and machine learning, are revolutionizing preventive healthcare by enabling early detection and personalized prevention plans.
    • India’s healthcare sector is undergoing transformation, focusing on patient-centered care, expanded access, and quality improvement.
    • India’s healthcare infrastructure and clinical talent have gained global recognition, making it a preferred destination for medical value travel, particularly in specialized treatments like oncology, cardiology, and robotic surgeries.

    Key Challenges:

    • Addressing the increasing burden of chronic diseases and lifestyle-related health issues.
    • Ensuring equitable access to preventive healthcare tools and services across all segments of the population.
    • Scaling up healthcare infrastructure and workforce to meet the growing demand, especially in rural areas.
    • Overcoming barriers to the adoption of AI-driven healthcare solutions, including data privacy concerns and regulatory challenges.
    • Balancing the need for affordable healthcare with maintaining high-quality standards in a cost-effective manner.

    Key Terms:

    • Demographic dividend
    • Preventive healthcare
    • Chronic diseases
    • Artificial Intelligence (AI)
    • Medical value travel
    • Patient-centered care
    • Healthcare infrastructure
    • Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)

    Key Phrases:

    • “Viksit Bharat” (Developed India)
    • “Health equity for all”
    • “Clinical excellence and prowess”
    • “Patient at the absolute centre”
    • “Medical value travel hub”
    • “AI-driven healthcare solutions”

    Key Quotes:

    • “India’s healthcare sector is at the cusp of transformation, potentially giving rise to a new healthcare model for the world to follow.”
    • “Preventive healthcare has touched new possibilities, empowering individuals to take control of their own health.”
    • “India stands at a pivotal moment in its healthcare journey.”
    • “Every individual and institution in the country should resolve to make India’s progress their priority.”

    Key Statements:

    • India’s demographic dividend offers a unique opportunity for development, but the health of the population is crucial for maximizing this potential.
    • Technological innovations in healthcare, including AI, have the potential to revolutionize preventive care and improve health outcomes.
    • India’s healthcare sector has gained global recognition for its clinical excellence, infrastructure, and affordability, positioning it as a leader in medical value travel.

    Key Examples and References:

    • Success of Apollo Hospitals Group in providing high-quality healthcare services and driving medical tourism in India.
    • Impact of technological interventions in preventive healthcare, such as AI-driven risk prediction and personalized prevention plans.
    • Growth of medical value travel industry in India, attracting patients from around the world for specialized treatments at lower costs.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • India’s population exceeds 1.4 billion, with a median age of 29 years, presenting a significant demographic dividend.
    • India has over 101 million diabetics and 136 million prediabetics, making it the diabetes capital of the world.
    • Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in India, and cancer incidence is projected to rise by 57.5% by 2040.
    • India’s healthcare costs are approximately one-tenth of the global average, making it an attractive destination for medical value travel.

    Critical Analysis:

    • While the article emphasizes the potential of technological innovations and medical value travel in transforming India’s healthcare sector, it’s essential to ensure that these developments benefit all segments of the population, particularly those in rural and underserved areas.
    • The challenge of addressing the growing burden of chronic diseases requires a comprehensive approach, including not only preventive measures but also effective management and treatment strategies.
    • Balancing affordability with quality in healthcare delivery is crucial to maintain India’s competitiveness in medical value travel while ensuring that patients receive optimal care.

    Way Forward:

    • Prioritize investments in preventive healthcare, leveraging technology to empower individuals to manage their health effectively.
    • Expand access to healthcare services, especially in rural and underserved areas, through innovative delivery models and infrastructure development.
    • Foster collaboration between public and private sectors to drive healthcare innovation and address key challenges in the sector.
    • Focus on capacity building and skill development to ensure a competent healthcare workforce capable of delivering high-quality care across all settings.
    • Advocate for policies that promote affordability, accessibility, and quality in healthcare delivery, ensuring that India’s healthcare system remains inclusive and sustainable.

  • Stricter Rules for Indian Students Pursuing Higher Education Abroad

    Introduction

    • Indian students aspiring to pursue higher education in English-speaking countries, notably Canada and the U.K., are facing increased difficulties due to tightening immigration rules.
    • This shift in regulations is affecting various aspects of the admission process and has raised concerns among higher education experts.

    Recent Policy Changes

    [1] Canada’s Revised Requirements:

    • The Canadian government, responding to political tensions with India, revised its requirements in December 2023 to enhance the protection of international students.
    • Notable Changes:
      1. The Guaranteed Investment Certificate (GIC) amount, necessary for visa applications, increased from 10,000 Canadian dollars (approximately ₹6.15 lakh) to 20,635 Canadian dollars (around ₹12.7 lakh).
      2. Canada has limited the total number of study permits or student visas to be issued to 3.6 lakh, down from nearly four lakh.

    [2] UK’s Restriction on Dependant Family:

    • Starting in 2024, international students in the UK will be prohibited from bringing dependant family members while pursuing their studies.

    [3] Increased GIC Requirements in Other Countries:

    • Countries like Germany and Australia have steadily raised their GIC amounts by around 10% annually, with Germany requiring 11,208 euros (₹10 lakh) for visa applications as of May 2023.

    Impact on Students

    • Financial Challenges: The substantial increase in GIC requirements, such as in Canada, poses financial challenges for Indian students, making it difficult to afford living expenses in expensive countries.
    • Reduced Visa Accessibility: Canada’s reduction in the number of study permits affects Indian students’ access to higher education in the country.
    • Change in Study Choices: The stricter rules have led to changes in study preferences, with some students considering countries like Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, the Netherlands, Finland, Taiwan, and Israel as alternative destinations for their education.

    Mixed Implications

    • Addressing Diploma Mills: Canada’s measures are aimed at curbing the issue of ‘diploma mills,’ improving the quality of education, and discouraging unethical practices by agents.
    • Impact on Bachelor’s Degree Seekers: While master’s program students benefit from eased norms, those pursuing bachelor’s degrees in Canada face uncertainty and delays in their visa applications.

    Conclusion

    • The recent changes in admission rules for Indian students seeking higher education abroad highlight the evolving landscape of international education.
    • These alterations necessitate adaptability among students and have sparked shifts in study preferences towards countries with more accessible pathways

  • Micro-credentials, the next chapter in higher education

    Higher Education In India | 06 Apr 2020

    Central Idea:

    The article advocates for a more active role of Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) in India to enhance students’ employability by incorporating micro-credentials, short-duration learning activities validating specific skills. It emphasizes the need to bridge the gap between traditional education and current job requirements, highlighting the flexibility and accessibility of micro-credentials. The evolving hiring practices, prioritizing skills over degrees, further reinforce the significance of these short-duration learning programs.

    Key Highlights:

    • Micro-Credentials Definition: Short-duration learning activities proving specific outcomes, offering flexibility for learners.
    • Changing Hiring Practices: Shift towards prioritizing skills over degrees in recruitment.
    • Industry Players: Various organizations and universities globally providing micro-credentials.
    • National Credit Framework (NCrF): In India, a framework outlining learning outcomes and credits for progression.
    • Quality Benchmarking: The importance of ensuring consistent quality standards and regulations for micro-credentials.
    • Trust Building: Reliable assessment methods critical to fostering trust in micro-credentials.
    • Potential Impact: Micro-credentials as a valuable addition to traditional education, enhancing students’ skills.

    Key Challenges:

    • Quality Assurance: Ensuring consistent quality in micro-credentials to prevent divergence in learning outcomes.
    • Regulation: The need for clear regulations to facilitate recognition and endorsement in workplaces and educational institutes.
    • Assessment Methods: Developing reliable assessment methods critical for establishing trust in micro-credentials.

    Key Terms and Phrases:

    • Micro-Credentials: Short-duration learning activities proving specific outcomes.
    • National Credit Framework (NCrF): Framework in India outlining learning outcomes and credits.
    • Just-in-Time Skills: Acquiring skills when needed, addressing the gap between traditional education and current job requirements.

    Key Quotes:

    • “Hiring practices are changing, with a tendency to prioritize skills over degrees.”
    • “Micro-credentials are evolving as the new normal in higher education.”

    Key Statements:

    • The article asserts the need for HEIs to play a more active role in enhancing students’ employability.
    • Micro-credentials are presented as a disruptive solution to bridge the knowledge gap between traditional education and job requirements.

    Key Examples and References:

    • Atingi, Alison.com, Credly, Coursera, edX, FutureLearn, Google, Linkedin, Microsoft, PwC, and Udacity are mentioned as organizations providing micro-credentials.
    • Reference to the National Credit Framework (NCrF) in India as a guideline for learning outcomes and credits.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • The National Education Policy 2020 focuses on providing skilled education from school to higher levels.
    • Micro-credentials can be one to five credit short modules, aligning with the NCrF.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article underscores the evolving nature of education and employment, recognizing the importance of skills over traditional degrees. It emphasizes the potential of micro-credentials in addressing these shifts and encourages collaboration between HEIs and industries.

    Way Forward:

    • Collaboration: Encourage collaboration between HEIs and industries for the development of credit-based micro-credentials.
    • Regulation: Establish clear regulations to harmonize micro-credentials with existing academic programs.
    • Quality Assurance: Ensure consistent quality in micro-credentials through reliable assessment methods.
    • Awareness: Raise awareness among students and employers about the value of micro-credentials in enhancing skills and employability.

  • A rising tide lifts all boats

    BJP on X: "India emerges as the fastest growing economy of the world in IMF report with growth rate of 7.4%. https://t.co/Sta44gkaZI" / X

    Central Idea:

    India has experienced a significant economic transformation, becoming the world’s fastest-growing economy. The Interim Budget reflects this progress, emphasizing preventive healthcare, innovation, and medical value travel. The private sector’s rising role is crucial for economic development and improving the overall quality of life.

    Key Highlights:

    • India’s rapid economic growth, outpacing the global average.
    • Successful space program and adept management of renewable and non-renewable energy.
    • Interim Budget aligns with the aspirations of a new India, emphasizing opportunities.
    • Focus on preventive healthcare, particularly the promotion of HPV vaccination.
    • Maternal and child health prioritized to enhance women’s participation in the workforce.
    • Commitment to innovation with a ₹1 lakh crore corpus for research and technology.
    • Medical value travel’s rising prominence, making India a global healthcare destination.
    • Private sector’s significant role in economic growth and shaping the future.

    Key Challenges:

    • Ensuring sustained economic growth amidst global uncertainties.
    • Scaling up preventive healthcare initiatives to cover various diseases.
    • Balancing budget allocations to address healthcare needs adequately.
    • Overcoming infrastructure challenges for medical value travel.
    • Ensuring inclusive growth and managing disparities in economic development.

    Key Terms:

    • HPV Vaccination: Human Papillomavirus vaccination to prevent cervical cancer.
    • Medical Value Travel: Tourism driven by healthcare services.
    • Innovation Revolution: Emphasizing technology and research for development.
    • Interim Budget: A temporary budget presented in the middle of a fiscal year.

    Key Phrases:

    • “Buoyancy of metrics and spirit.”
    • “Innovation as a key pillar of development.”
    • “Medical value travel transforming the landscape.”
    • “Private sector rising beyond expectations.”

    Key Quotes:

    • “No country can afford it if its citizens fall ill.”
    • “Innovation has the potential to create a significant impact at scale.”
    • “India will truly be limitless if we continue to work together.”

    Anecdotes:

    • Reference to Aragonda in Andhra Pradesh, a village where HPV vaccination is being promoted.
    • Mention of ‘Heal in India’ transforming the healthcare landscape.

    Key Statements:

    • “India’s space program has won the admiration of the world.”
    • “Preventive health is crucial for the overall well-being of the nation.”
    • “The private sector plays a meaningful role not just in the economy but in how we live our lives.”

    Key Examples and References:

    • India’s success in achieving a 70-year life expectancy with less than 2% budgetary allocation for health.
    • The commitment of ₹1 lakh crore for innovation and technology in the Interim Budget.

    Key Facts:

    • India’s economic growth rate surpassing the global average.
    • Increase in life expectancy from 53 to 70 years in the last four decades.

    Key Data:

    • ₹1 lakh crore corpus for research and technology in the Interim Budget.
    • India’s growth rate compared to the global average.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The article provides an optimistic view of India’s economic growth and achievements.
    • Emphasis on preventive healthcare and innovation aligns with global trends.
    • Challenges include addressing healthcare needs comprehensively and ensuring inclusive growth.

    Way Forward:

    • Sustain economic growth through continued emphasis on innovation and technology.
    • Strengthen preventive healthcare initiatives for comprehensive disease prevention.
    • Address infrastructure challenges for medical value travel to enhance India’s global healthcare appeal.
    • Ensure inclusive growth, managing economic disparities effectively.

  • Budgetary increase for Lakhpati Didi Scheme

    Introduction

    • The interim budget for 2024-25 has introduced an expansion of the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ scheme, designed to empower women’s self-help groups.

    About ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme

    • Launch: The ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme was inaugurated on August 15, 2023.
    • Objective: The government aims to create two crore prosperous sisters in rural villages, aligning with the broader mission of poverty alleviation and economic empowerment.
    • Skill Training: Women participants receive skill training to enable them to earn an income exceeding Rs 1 lakh annually.
    • Technology Integration: Women’s self-help groups (SHGs) will have access to drones for agricultural activities, harnessing technology to transform rural agriculture while empowering women.

    Leveraging Drone Technology

    • Drone Training: Approximately 15,000 women’s SHGs will undergo training in operating and repairing drones.
    • Income Generation: This initiative not only opens new avenues for income generation but also equips women with cutting-edge skills.
    • Agricultural Revolution: Drones hold the potential to revolutionize agriculture, facilitating precision farming, crop monitoring, and pest control.

    Skill Diversification

    • Skill Development: Women under this scheme receive training in diverse skills such as LED bulb making, plumbing, and more.
    • Eligibility Criteria: Participants must be active members of self-help groups.

    Application Process

    • Self-Help Groups: To apply for the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ Scheme, women should be part of self-help groups.
    • Local Anganwadi Centres: Additional information and application forms are available at local Anganwadi centres.

  • Express View on student suicides: After Niharika

    Insights into Editorial: Preventing student suicides - INSIGHTSIAS

    Central Idea:

    The article highlights the alarming increase in student suicides, particularly in Kota, as a consequence of the intense pressure and expectations associated with high-stakes competitive exams such as JEE and NEET. It emphasizes the need for a collective effort from parents, teachers, institutions, and policymakers to address the underlying issues leading to these tragic outcomes.

    Key Highlights:

    • Kota witnessed 29 student suicides in coaching centers last year, reflecting the profound toll of competitive exam stress.
    • The National Crime Records Bureau’s 2022 report revealed that students and the unemployed constituted a significant portion of total suicides.
    • The article points to a deeper societal issue originating in parental ambitions and culminating in high-pressure attempts to secure seats in prestigious institutions.
    • The cost of such aspirations includes prolonged study hours, loneliness, and relentless pressure on young individuals.

    Key Challenges:

    • A societal emphasis on unrealistic goals and expectations from parents can lead to severe mental health issues among students.
    • The pressure to succeed in competitive exams contributes to anxiety and desperation among the youth.

    Key Terms:

    • JEE: Joint Entrance Examination.
    • NEET: National Eligibility cum Entrance Test.

    Key Phrases:

    • “Disquieting spike in student deaths.”
    • “Cost of aspiration: interminable hours of studying, loneliness, and unrelenting pressure.”
    • “Recognizing potential as a gesture of confidence or a source of despair.”

    Key Quotes:

    • “The future need not be one of anxiety and duress, of expectations so onerous that they become the sole metric of achievement.”
    • “Change requires everyone to own responsibility, a conscious effort to open up minds, and rethink ways of seeing.”

    Key Statements:

    • “The article highlights the alarming increase in student suicides, particularly in Kota, as a consequence of the intense pressure and expectations associated with high-stakes competitive exams.”
    • “The future need not be one of anxiety and duress.”

    Key Examples and References:

    • The case of Niharika Solanki, an 18-year-old student who died by suicide in Kota.
    • The National Crime Records Bureau’s 2022 annual report.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • Kota witnessed 29 student suicides in coaching centers last year.
    • Students and the unemployed constituted 7.6% and 9.2% of total suicides, respectively.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The article effectively points out the societal issues leading to student suicides but does not delve deeply into specific solutions or policy recommendations.
    • There is an implicit call for a more compassionate and realistic approach to education and societal expectations.

    Way Forward:

    • A collective effort is needed from parents, teachers, institutions, and policymakers to address the root causes of student stress and suicides.
    • There is a necessity to redefine success and achievement, focusing on holistic development rather than narrow metrics.
    • Encouraging open conversations about mental health and providing adequate support systems can contribute to a more balanced and compassionate educational environment.

  • A blurred mapping of internal female migration

    Big strides on path for women migrant workers in eastern India - India News | The Financial Express

    Central Idea:

    The article highlights the often overlooked and underreported aspects of female migration in India, particularly in the context of internal migration. It emphasizes the need for a more accurate understanding of the challenges faced by migrant women, their motivations, and employment status, ultimately advocating for better-informed policies to address their specific needs.

    Key Highlights:

    • Migrant women in India are a significant but marginalized group, with national surveys providing an inaccurate portrayal of their motivations and employment status.
    • Existing data underestimates the number of migrant women engaged in casual or informal employment due to definitional issues and societal beliefs.
    • The article argues that the entry of women into the formal labor force is hindered by factors such as low education levels, lack of social networks post-migration, and the need for more human and social capital.
    • Despite a 101% increase in female migration for labor/employment between 2001 and 2011, there is a lack of targeted policies and political attention for this demographic.
    • The article suggests that policy-making needs to be more informed about the specific needs, motivations, and conditions of female migrants.

    Key Challenges:

    • Inaccurate representation in national surveys leading to a lack of understanding of the secondary motivations for migration among women.
    • Underreporting of employment status due to definitional issues and societal beliefs about women’s roles.
    • Barriers to entry into the formal labor force, including low education levels, lack of social networks, and the need for more human and social capital.
    • Marginalization of female migrant issues in policy-making due to their limited influence as a vote bank.

    Key Terms:

    • Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR)
    • Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
    • Casual labor
    • Human and social capital
    • One Nation One ration card
    • e-Shram
    • Affordable rental housing complexes

    Key Phrases:

    • “Female migration for labor/employment increased by 101% between 2001 and 2011.”
    • “Migrant women are proportionally less employed than non-migrant women.”
    • “Entry to the formal labor force is challenging for migrant women due to the need for more human and social capital.”
    • “Dismal recovery of women’s labor activity after the pandemic.”
    • “Policy-making poorly informed about the needs, motivations, and conditions of female migrants.”

    Key Quotes:

    • “There is little dialogue surrounding female migrant issues.”
    • “Despite recent polls, political parties do not campaign to gain migrant women’s votes.”
    • “Women choose forms of employment that allow them to handle domestic duties while contributing to the household’s production or finances.”
    • “A change in narrative is required, starting with increased collection of female-specific data.”

    Anecdotes:

    • Anecdotal evidence suggests that migrant women often engage in casual employment, indicating underestimation of their involvement in various sectors.
    • Women may view unpaid family work or self-employment as an extension of domestic commitment, leading to misreporting of employment status.

    Key Statements:

    • “National surveys convey an inaccurate picture of female migration, especially regarding motivations and employment status.”
    • “Entry to the formal labor force is hindered by factors such as low education levels and lack of social networks.”
    • “Female migrants remain largely invisible, facing significant hurdles and marginalization.”
    • “Political parties do not address the needs of female migrants, resulting in poorly informed policy-making.”

    Way Forward:

    • Compile more information in national surveys regarding socio-economic conditions post-migration, including access to social security benefits.
    • Advocate for the collection of time-use data for migrants to better understand the employment patterns of female migrants.
    • Increase awareness about the challenges faced by female migrants to encourage progressive policymaking.
    • Address barriers to entry into the formal labor force by focusing on education, social networks, and human and social capital.
    • Encourage a change in narrative and prioritize the needs of female migrants in policy-making.

  • Key takeaways from All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE), 2021-22

    Introduction

    • The All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) captures student enrollment across eight levels, including undergraduate, postgraduate, PhD, MPhil, diploma, PG diploma, certificate, and integrated programs.
    • The survey received responses from 10,576 standalone institutions, 42,825 colleges, and 1,162 universities/university-level institutions.

    About AISHE

    • AISHE is a report published by the Ministry of Education since 2011.
    • Aim: Portray the status of higher education in the country.
    • Survey covers all institutions in India providing higher education.
    • Data collected on parameters like teachers, student enrollment, programs, exam results, education finance, and infrastructure.
    • Indicators calculated: Institution Density, Gross Enrolment Ratio, Pupil-teacher ratio, Gender Parity Index, Per Student Expenditure.
    • Higher Education defined as education obtained after completing 12 years of schooling or equivalent.

    Key Takeaways:

    [1] Enrollment Trends: Female Dominance

    • Rising Female Enrollment: The AISHE report reveals a consistent increase in female enrollment in higher education institutions.
    • 2014-15 to 2021-22: Female enrollment grew by 32%, from 1.5 crore in 2014-15 to 2.07 crores in 2021-22. In the last five years, it increased by 18.7% from 1.74 crore in 2017-18.
    • PhD Enrollment Surge: The most significant growth was observed at the PhD level, with 98,636 women enrolled in 2021-22, compared to only 47,717 eight years ago.
    • Proportion of Women: Among the additional 91 lakh students joining higher education in 2021-22 compared to 2014-15, 55% were women. The postgraduate level saw the highest proportion of female students, with 55.4%.

    [2] Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) and Gender Parity

    • GER Insights: The estimated GER for the age group 18-23 years in India is 28.4, based on 2011 census data.
    • State-wise GER: States with the highest GER include Chandigarh (64.8%), Puducherry (61.5%), Delhi (49%), and Tamil Nadu (47%).
    • Gender Parity Index (GPI): GPI measures the ratio of female GER to male GER. In 26 states and Union Territories, GER favors women. At the national level, the GPI is 1.01, and for SC and ST categories, it is 1.01 and 0.98, respectively.

    [3] Academic Discipline Enrollment

    • UG Enrollment by Discipline: The Bachelor of Arts (BA) program holds the highest enrollment with 1.13 crore students, constituting 34.2% of total undergraduate enrollment. Overall, 3.41 crore students are enrolled in UG programs.
    • UG Discipline Preferences: UG enrollment distribution in 2021-22 is led by Arts (34.2%), followed by Science (14.8%), Commerce (13.3%), and Engineering & Technology (11.8%). BA(Hons) accounts for 6.2%.
    • PG Enrollment: Social science has the highest number of postgraduate students with 10.8 lakh. The Master of Arts (MA) program leads with 20.9 lakh students, constituting 40.7% of total postgraduate enrollment.
    • PhD Discipline: In the PhD category, social sciences rank third after engineering and science. While 52,748 students pursue a PhD in engineering and 45,324 in science, 26,057 opt for PhD in social sciences.

    [4] Preference for Government Institutions

    • Government vs. Private: Surprisingly, 73.7% of all students attend government universities, which constitute only 58.6% of all universities.
    • Government Sector Enrollment: State public universities hold the largest share of enrolment, accounting for around 31% of total university enrolment.
    • Private Universities: In terms of numbers, government-owned universities enroll 71.06 lakh students, while privately managed universities enroll 25.32 lakh students. Students show a preference for government educational institutions.

    [5] Demographics of Graduates

    • Graduation Statistics: In the 2021-22 academic year, an estimated 1.07 crore students graduated from various programs, with 50.8% being women.
    • Category-wise Graduates: Approximately 35% of graduates belong to Other Backward Classes (OBC), 13% are from Scheduled Caste (SC), and 5.7% are from Scheduled Tribe (ST) communities.
    • Stream-wise Graduation: Arts and social sciences streams exhibit higher graduation rates. At the undergraduate level, BA degrees top the list with 24.16 lakh graduates. MA degrees dominate at the postgraduate level with 7.02 lakh graduates. In PhD programs, science leads with 7,408 graduates, followed by engineering and technology with 6,270 graduates.

  • Early nutrition impacts cognitive development

    Indonesia Accelerates Fight Against Childhood Stunting

    Central Idea:

    Early childhood stunting not only impacts a child’s height but also influences cognitive development, potentially leading to lower educational achievements. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms of this impact, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like India. It discusses a recent study in Ethiopia and Peru, highlighting the negative correlation between stunting at age 5 and later cognitive skills, specifically executive functions. The findings underscore the critical role of early childhood nutrition in determining cognitive development and educational outcomes.

    Key Highlights:

    • Stunting at around age 5 is linked to lower executive functions, including working memory and inhibitory control, in later childhood.
    • Traditional cognitive-achievement tests may not fully capture inherent cognitive skills, and stunting’s impact may extend beyond cognitive deficits to include behavioral factors like delayed school enrollment.
    • The article highlights the need for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms through which stunting affects educational achievements, especially in the context of low- and middle-income countries.

    Key Challenges:

    • Existing research often focuses on specific cognitive-achievement test scores, making it challenging to fully understand the complex relationship between early human capital investments, such as nutrition, and cognitive development.
    • Achieving a comprehensive assessment of cognitive skills is complicated by the interplay of cognitive abilities, educational access, and other behavioral factors.
    • The article stresses the need to move beyond traditional cognitive-achievement tests and focus on a deeper understanding of the mechanisms linking early human capital investments to cognitive development.

    Key Terms and Phrases:

    • Early childhood stunting
    • Cognitive development
    • Executive functions
    • Behavioral factors
    • Household fixed effects
    • Poshan Abhiyaan
    • Integrated Child Development Services
    • Jal Jeevan Mission
    • Swachh Bharat Mission
    • Mother’s Absolute Affection Programme
    • Complementary feeding
    • Anganwadi worker

    Key Quotes:

    • “Stunting at approximately age 5 is negatively related to executive functions measured years later.”
    • “Empirical studies have shown that women’s height and educational attainment are strong predictors of child stunting in India.”
    • “Improvements in sanitation reduce the incidence of diarrhoea and stunting.”
    • “Promoting early breastfeeding, along with continued breastfeeding for two years, is essential for optimal child development.”

    Key Statements:

    • The study in Ethiopia and Peru establishes a negative correlation between stunting at age 5 and later cognitive skills, emphasizing the long-term impact of early childhood stunting.
    • The article stresses the need to move beyond traditional cognitive-achievement tests and focus on a deeper understanding of the mechanisms linking early human capital investments to cognitive development.

    Key Examples and References:

    • Sánchez et al.’s study in ‘World Development’ linking early under-nutrition to executive functions in Ethiopia and Peru.
    • The role of initiatives like Poshan Abhiyaan, Integrated Child Development Services, Jal Jeevan Mission, and Swachh Bharat Mission in addressing stunting in India.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • The study in Ethiopia and Peru provides evidence of the negative relationship between stunting at age 5 and executive functions.
    • Empirical studies highlight the predictive role of women’s height and educational attainment in child stunting in India.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article effectively highlights the limitations of traditional cognitive-achievement tests in assessing the impact of early human capital investments on cognitive development. It emphasizes the need for a more nuanced understanding of the complex factors contributing to lower educational achievements, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The study’s focus on executive functions and the link between stunting and cognitive skills adds valuable insights to the existing literature.

    Way Forward:

    • Expand initiatives like the Mother’s Absolute Affection Programme to provide comprehensive lactation support and create breastfeeding-friendly environments.
    • Implement and scale up community-based complementary feeding programs to educate parents about the importance of a diverse diet for children.
    • Consider adding an extra Anganwadi worker to each center to enhance preschool instructional time, potentially improving developmental outcomes and creating employment opportunities.

    In summary, addressing child stunting in India requires a multifaceted approach, including comprehensive nutrition initiatives, sanitation improvements, and strategic investments in education and childcare services. The article underscores the need for evidence-based policies to enhance early childhood nutrition and cognitive development.

  • Populism does not help public health

    Centre asks states to create diverse public health cadre | Latest News India - Hindustan Times

    Central Idea:

    The article highlights the need for a shift in the approach to public health management in democratic setups, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing preventive measures over immediate, politically-driven responses. It advocates for a separation of health-care decision-making from short-term political goals to ensure sustainable health strategies that address both immediate and future health needs.

    Key Highlights:

    • Silent victories in preventing diseases often go unnoticed in the pursuit of tangible achievements.
    • Immediate response-focused initiatives divert attention from critical areas like sanitation, disease surveillance, and public health education.
    • The case of dengue exemplifies the prioritization of emergency relief over long-term prevention strategies.
    • The article stresses the importance of evidence-based decision-making and long-term goals in public health policies.
    • Gaps in public health education and the influence of the pharmaceutical industry are recognized challenges.
    • Disparities in achieving health policy targets, especially in nutrition programs, reveal gaps in public health efforts.
    • Socio-economic factors like poverty, sanitation, and overcrowding contribute to health disparities in diseases like tuberculosis.

    Key Terms/Phrases:

    • Preventive health measures
    • Vector bionomics
    • Public health education
    • Pharmaceutical industry influence
    • Socio-economic factors
    • Health policy targets
    • Separation of powers approach

    Key Quotes:

    • “In a democratic setup, leaders often chase tangible achievements and overlook vital preventive efforts.”
    • “Public health decisions should be based on scientific evidence and long-term goals, not electoral cycles.”
    • “Behavioural change is key to managing public health challenges.”
    • “Effective public health management should encompass preventive measures, policy formulation, community health, and environmental health.”

    Key Statements:

    • “Health care will benefit from being separated from political processes.”
    • “Investments in nutrition programs have far-reaching implications for health and productivity.”
    • “Public health is not just about treating diseases but preventing them.”

    Key Examples and References:

    • Dengue as an example of prioritizing immediate relief over long-term prevention.
    • Disparity in achieving targets in the Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme For Holistic Nourishment (POSHAN) Abhiyan Scheme.
    • Disparity in TB cases between India and the United States due to socio-economic factors.

    Key Facts/Data:

    • 35.5% of children under five were stunted, and 32.1% were underweight in 2019-21.
    • 58.6% to 67.1% increase in prevalence of anaemic children aged 6-59 months.
    • India reported 21.4 lakh TB cases in 2021, an 18% increase from 2020.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The article effectively highlights the drawbacks of immediate, politically-driven health initiatives.
    • Emphasizes the importance of evidence-based decision-making and long-term planning in public health.
    • Recognizes gaps in public health education and the impact of socio-economic factors on health outcomes.

    Way Forward:

    • Advocate for a separation of health-care decision-making from short-term political goals.
    • Strengthen public health education and adopt a multidisciplinary approach.
    • Emphasize evidence-based decision-making and prioritize long-term preventive measures.
    • Address socio-economic factors influencing health outcomes.

  • How to tackle malnutrition effectively

     

    Urgent action needed as acute malnutrition threatens the lives of millions of vulnerable children

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the intricate relationship between nutritional deficiencies, particularly iron deficiency, and certain disorders like anaemia. It emphasizes the two-way impact of nutrition and health, citing examples such as iron deficiency anaemia, Vitamin A, and zinc deficiency. The article highlights the challenges in addressing malnutrition and the importance of government interventions like Anaemia Mukt Bharat and Large-Scale Food Fortification (LSFF).

     

    Key Highlights:

    • Nutritional deficiencies, especially iron deficiency, can result from both poor dietary choices and underlying health conditions like celiac disease or infections.
    • The article underscores the inter-generational impact of malnutrition, stating that anaemic mothers often give birth to anaemic babies.
    • Government programs such as Anaemia Mukt Bharat and the Mid-day Meal Scheme aim to address nutritional deficiencies, but effective implementation remains a challenge.
    • The shift from traditional, balanced diets to processed and sugar-laden alternatives is contributing to nutritional deficiencies.
    • About 46% of South Asia’s population lacks access to an affordable balanced diet, with India facing challenges in ensuring a nutrient-adequate diet for its citizens.
    • Large-Scale Food Fortification (LSFF) is proposed as a crucial strategy to enhance ongoing efforts, aligning with micronutrient supplementation and behavioral change measures.

     

    Key Challenges:

    • Effective implementation of government programs like Anaemia Mukt Bharat and the Mid-day Meal Scheme.
    • Lack of access to an affordable balanced diet for a significant portion of the population.
    • Misgivings and resistance among beneficiaries regarding the appearance and texture of fortified foods.
    • The need for an intensive information, education, and communication (IEC) campaign to address misconceptions and build trust.
    • India lags behind in adopting universal food fortification, despite success in iodised salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme.

     

    Key Terms:

    • Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB)
    • Micronutrient deficiencies
    • Large-Scale Food Fortification (LSFF)
    • Iodised salt
    • Nutrient-adequate diet
    • Information, education, and communication (IEC) campaign

     

    Key Phrases:

    • “Two-way relationship between nutritional deficiencies and certain disorders.”
    • “Malnutrition caused by micronutrient deficiency has inter-generational impacts.”
    • “Challenges of effective implementation persist.”
    • “Dietary patterns have shifted from seasonal and varied foods to processed and sugar-laden alternatives.”
    • “46% of South Asia’s population lacks access to an affordable balanced diet.”

     

    Key Quotes:

    • “The burden of malnutrition is complex and needs to be addressed through multiple interventions.”
    • “The onus seems to be on people to recognize that reducing consumption of processed foods is a crucial step towards ensuring better health outcomes.”
    • “Food fortification may not be the ideal remedy. However, it is a vital first step.”
    • “Awareness is critical to the acceptance of fortified foods among the targeted beneficiaries.”

     

    Key Statements:

    • “Consistent intake of food lacking in essential micronutrients can lead to iron deficiency anaemia and impair immunity.”
    • “LSFF, when aligned with micronutrient supplementation programs, diet diversity promotion, and measures to induce behavioral change has immense potential.”

     

    Key Examples and References:

    • Adoption of iodised salt under the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme in 1992.
    • The success of LSFF in other countries with universal food fortification.
    • Government programs like Anaemia Mukt Bharat and the Mid-day Meal Scheme as interventions.

     

    Key Facts and Data:

    • About 46% of South Asia’s population lacks access to an affordable balanced diet.
    • 74% of India’s population could not afford a healthy diet, and 39% fell short of a nutrient-adequate one.
    • The article mentions data from The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, 2023.

     

    Critical Analysis:

    The article effectively highlights the complexities of malnutrition, providing a comprehensive view of the two-way relationship between nutrition and health. It emphasizes the need for multifaceted interventions and addresses challenges in implementation and awareness. The proposal of LSFF as a strategy is substantiated by referencing successful past programs like iodised salt. The article uses clear language, making it accessible to a wide audience.

     

    Way Forward:

    • Strengthening implementation of existing government programs.
    • Increasing awareness through intensive IEC campaigns.
    • Focusing on the affordability and accessibility of a balanced diet.
    • Emphasizing the importance of reducing the consumption of processed foods.
    • Urging timely adoption and alignment of Large-Scale Food Fortification to enhance ongoing initiatives.

     

  • In today’s tech-savvy times, the importance of combining shaastra (knowledge) with shastra (weapons)

    Central Idea:

    The article suggests that India’s upcoming National Security Strategy should incorporate a goal of having 10 universities in the top 100 global university rankings by India@100. It argues that the evolving nature of warfare, driven by advancements in technology and changing geopolitical dynamics, necessitates a strong connection between academic knowledge (Shaastra) and military capability (Shastra). The article emphasizes the importance of enhancing India’s educational institutions, particularly through strategic interventions, to bolster national security in an era where the line between civilian and military technology is blurring.

    Key Highlights:

    • Cathal Nolan’s thesis from “The Allure of Battle” is referenced, emphasizing the significance of endurance and technology over decisive battles in military history.
    • The article highlights the changing global dynamics, particularly the US-China relationship and its impact on technology access and partnerships.
    • The erosion of the distinction between civilian and military technology is discussed, with examples such as drones, satellite internet, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and clean energy.
    • The potential risks and responses of major players like China and the US are outlined, reflecting the evolving nature of global geopolitics.

    Key Challenges:

    • The article acknowledges criticisms of global university rankings, citing them as popularity contests, unreliable, incomplete, ideological, and unequal.
    • The challenge of determining the relative importance of different disciplines, such as sciences versus humanities, is mentioned.
    • The article underscores India’s current position in global university rankings (only 11 in the top 500) and the need for rapid improvement.

    Key Terms:

    • Shaastra: Academic knowledge.
    • Shastra: Weapons or military capability.
    • Foundational technologies: Technologies critical for national security.
    • Friendshoring: The potential threat to partnerships with countries deemed friendly.
    • Dual circulation: A policy shift by China to prioritize Chinese technologies over foreign ones.
    • National Security Strategy: A document outlining a country’s approach to ensuring its security.
    • Global university rankings: Lists evaluating universities based on various criteria.

    Key Phrases:

    • “Shaastra and Shastra are siblings”: Stresses the interconnectedness of academic knowledge and military capabilities.
    • “Foundational technologies behind a high fence”: Refers to the US strategy of restricting access to critical technologies.
    • “Friendshoring is threatened”: Indicates the potential impact on partnerships with friendly nations.
    • “Dual circulation now means”: Describes China’s emphasis on using Chinese technologies.
    • “Charge into the valley of death”: A reference to a Tennyson poem, highlighting the need for strategic thinking over blind bravery.

    Key Quotes:

    • “Sweat saves blood, blood saves lives, but brains save both” – Field Marshal Rommel: Emphasizes the importance of strategic thinking in military endeavors.

    Key Statements:

    • “The distinction between civilian and military technology erodes with drones, satellite internet, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and clean energy.”
    • “China’s response by banning Tesla cars and Apple phones from army bases.”
    • “Global rankings matter: 71% of universities have a ranking goal, and 68% use them as a tool for management.”

    Key Examples and References:

    • Reference to the historical role of American universities, particularly MIT, in military partnerships.
    • China’s proactive approach to global university rankings, starting with Project 211 in 1995.
    • Mention of the Defense Technology Council proposed in India to improve project management.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • India has 11 universities in the top 500 global university rankings.
    • China has 71 universities in the top 500 QS rankings due to strategic initiatives from 1995 to 2022.
    • American universities have historically played a crucial role in military advancements.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article effectively links the evolving nature of global warfare with the importance of academic excellence and technological prowess. It presents a critical analysis of the challenges posed by changing geopolitical dynamics and the potential impact on national security. The integration of historical references, global examples, and quotes adds depth to the argument.

    Way Forward:

    • Implement strategic interventions to enhance the top 20 government universities in India.
    • Consolidate independent research labs into top institutions for better research outcomes.
    • Concentrate government research funding to universities and incentivize corporate research collaboration.
    • Introduce performance-based funding to encourage improvements in research metrics and rankings.
    • Strengthen partnerships between universities and the proposed Defense Technology Council for effective project management.