Civilsdaily

Subject: Health Science

  • Making affordable generics more reliable

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    Why in the News?

    India’s decentralised drug regulation system dominated by State Drug Regulatory Authorities causes inconsistent quality standards. Strengthening oversight is essential to ensure generics are as affordable and effective as branded drugs.

    How Reliable Are Generic Medicines?

    • Bioequivalence to Innovators: Generic medicines are bioequivalent to brand-name drugs, meaning they have the same active ingredient and are intended to work the same way.
    • Affordability and Accessibility: Generics significantly lower healthcare costs, making treatment more accessible, especially for low-income populations.
    • Challenges in Quality: Despite their potential, the reliability of generics has been questioned due to variability in therapeutic outcomes, often caused by differences in excipients, manufacturing processes, and bioequivalence thresholds.

    What are the main quality concerns associated with it?

    • Efficacy and Bioavailability: Studies have shown that while generics are bioequivalent to branded drugs, they may not always achieve the same therapeutic levels.
      • For example, a study on itraconazole showed that only 29% of patients using generic versions achieved the right drug levels in their body within two weeks, compared to 73% of patients using the original branded drug.
    • Manufacturing Variability: The manufacturing processes for generics can differ significantly from those of branded drugs. Variations in excipients (binders, fillers) and production methods can lead to differences in tablet hardness, dissolution rates, and overall drug stability. This variability can result in inconsistent therapeutic outcomes.
    • Regulatory Oversight: India’s decentralized drug regulation system contributes to inconsistent quality standards across states.
      • The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) has limited authority over State Drug Regulatory Authorities (SDRAs), leading to regulatory arbitrage where manufacturers exploit weaker oversight. Moreover, the lack of stringent enforcement of stability testing further jeopardizes the quality of generics available in the market.

    What regulatory reforms are needed?  

    • Centralisation of Drug Regulation: A comprehensive overhaul of India’s drug regulation system is necessary. Centralising oversight under the CDSCO would help enforce consistent quality standards across all states and reduce the risk of substandard drugs entering the market.
    • Enhanced Stability Testing Protocols: Uniform stability testing protocols should be established to ensure that all generics maintain their quality under various climatic conditions. This would involve periodic reassessment of approved generics to uphold their efficacy over time.
    • Stricter Impurity Standards: Aligning India’s Pharmacopoeia with international standards regarding permissible impurity levels would improve the overall quality of generic medicines available in the market.

    How can patient and healthcare provider perceptions of generics be improved? (Way forward)

    To enhance patient and healthcare provider confidence in generic medicines, several strategies can be employed:

    • Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating patients about the efficacy and safety of generics compared to branded drugs can help dispel misconceptions that higher-priced medications are superior.
    • Incentives for Healthcare Providers: Offering incentives for prescribing generics can encourage healthcare professionals to recommend these cost-effective alternatives more frequently.
    • Strengthening Quality Assurance: Implementing stronger regulatory frameworks and ensuring compliance with quality standards can build trust among both patients and providers regarding the reliability of generics.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma? (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • What is Disease X and why should the world prepare for it?

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    Why in the News?

    The outbreak reported in the first week of December 2024 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which has already claimed more than 400 lives and is yet to be classified, has sparked concerns that it might be an example of Disease X.

    What is Disease X?

    • Definition: Disease X is a hypothetical term coined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018 to represent an unknown pathogen that could potentially cause a global epidemic or pandemic.
    • Conceptual Origin: The term was created in the aftermath of the Ebola epidemic (2014-2016) to emphasise the need for preparedness against unpredictable infectious diseases.
    • Nature of Disease X: It serves as a placeholder for both “known unknowns” (threats we are aware of but do not fully understand) and “unknown unknowns” (threats we are not yet aware of). This acknowledges the likelihood of future pandemics without specifying their characteristics.
    • Potential Pathogens: Disease X could originate from a variety of sources, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, helminths, or prions. Historical data indicates that about 70% of emerging infectious diseases have zoonotic origins, meaning they are transmitted from animals to humans.
    • Emerging Disease Patterns: The emergence of new diseases is often linked to ecological disruptions caused by human activities such as deforestation and urbanisation, which increase contact between humans and wildlife.

    Why is it Important to Prepare for Disease X?

    • Global Health Security: Preparing for Disease X is essential for protecting public health globally. The emergence of new pathogens can lead to widespread illness and mortality, as demonstrated by COVID-19.
    • Unpredictable Nature of Outbreaks: The unpredictable emergence of infectious diseases necessitates robust surveillance and rapid response systems. Being prepared helps mitigate the impact of unforeseen threats.
    • Increasing Frequency of Outbreaks: The frequency of novel outbreaks has significantly increased since the mid-20th century due to environmental changes, urbanization, and human encroachment on wildlife habitats.
    • Economic Impact: Pandemics can have devastating economic consequences, disrupting trade, travel, and healthcare systems. Preparedness can help minimize these impacts.

    What should be done to prevent this? ( Way forward) 

    • Advances in Science and Technology: Investments in research, genomic sequencing, artificial intelligence, and public health infrastructure enhance our ability to detect and respond to emerging diseases quickly.
    • International Cooperation: Global collaboration is crucial for effective outbreak response. Initiatives like the WHO’s priority pathogen list and proposed Pandemic Treaty aim to foster a unified approach to health emergencies.
    • Equitable Access to Resources: Ensuring equitable access to diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines across all countries is vital for effective pandemic response, particularly in low- and middle-income nations.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid the management of the pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Centre wants States to make Snakebites a Notifiable Disease

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    Why in the News?

    The Union Health Ministry has urged states to make snakebites a Notifiable Disease, meaning both private and public hospitals must report it to the government.

    Snakebites Menace in India:

    • Snakebites are a significant public health concern in India, with approximately 3 to 4 million cases reported annually.
      • It causes an estimated 58,000 deaths every year, according to the 2020 Indian Million Death Study.
    • States such as Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat report the highest number of snakebites.
    • The National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAPSE), launched by the government earlier in 2024, aims to halve snakebite deaths by 2030 and includes making snakebites notifiable.

    What are Notifiable Diseases?

    • Notifiable diseases are those that must be reported to the government for effective public health monitoring and management. These are typically:
      • Infectious diseases likely to cause outbreaks.
      • Diseases that result in deaths or require quick action to prevent wider transmission.
    • Legal Basis:
      • According to WHO’s International Health Regulations, 1969, disease reporting is mandatory for global surveillance.
      • The primary law governing notifiable diseases is the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 which outlines the reporting requirements for diseases considered a public health threat.
        • However, the specific list of notifiable diseases can vary across different states and is typically determined by the respective state governments under their individual public health acts.
    • Common examples of notifiable diseases include tuberculosis, HIV, cholera, malaria, dengue, and hepatitis.

    Why snakebite is considered a Notifiable Disease?

    • Snakebites can cause severe health issues, including paralysis, fatal hemorrhages, and tissue damage, making it crucial for timely intervention.
      • Victims need immediate antivenom treatment to prevent death and long-term effects.
    • In 2009, the WHO added snakebite to its list of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD), acknowledging its widespread impact on public health.
    • Making snakebites a notifiable disease will enhance surveillance, help track case numbers, and improve treatment strategies across the country.
    • It will ensure the availability of adequate antivenoms in regions where snakebites are frequent.
    • Medical staff will receive training to handle snakebite cases effectively, reducing mortality rates.

  • [pib] CAR T-Cell Therapy

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    Why in the News?

    The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has been a key supporter of research projects focusing on CAR T-cell therapies for cancers.

    About CAR T-Cell Therapy:

    What is it?
    • Acronym  for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T–Cell Therapy;
    • Innovative  immunotherapy in which T-cells (a type of white blood cell) are genetically modified to express a receptor (CAR) that targets specific proteins on cancer cells.
    • T-cells are part of the immune system and help identify and eliminate infected or cancerous cells.
    Objective of the Therapy
    • To treat blood cancers, especially B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL).
    • Aimed at patients whose disease relapsed or was resistant to conventional treatments (chemotherapy, radiation).
    • Specifically targets CD19, a protein found on the surface of B-cells, which includes cancerous B-cells.
    Implementation and Structural Mandate
    • Developed jointly by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-Bombay) and Tata Memorial Center (TMC), Mumbai since 2015.
    • Approved by DCGI (Drug Controller General of India) in March 2021 for Phase 1 trials in children and adults with relapsed B-ALL and B-NHL.
    • Supported by academic grants from Department of Biotechnology and government agencies.
    • Trials were conducted at Tata Memorial Center (TMC), and other hospitals.
    Future Scope for Phase II
    • Phase 1 Trials: Conducted from 2021 to 2023 on children and adolescents with B-ALL and adults with B-NHL, with promising results matching international standards in terms of efficacy and safety.
    • Phase 2 Trials: Have been approved and are currently ongoing. These trials will expand on the efficacy and long-term safety of the therapy, including larger cohorts of patients.

    Future Scope: Holds the potential for expanding to other cancers, such as Multiple Myeloma, Glioblastoma, and Hepatocellular Carcinomas, based on continued research and results from Phase II trials.

     

    PYQ:

    [2022] Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body?

    (a) They protect the environmental allergens body.
    (b) They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation.
    (c) They act as immuno-suppressants in the body.
    (d) They protect the body from diseases caused by pathogens.

  • [pib] National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP)

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    Why in the News?

    The Union Ministry of Health has re-strategized the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) under the 100-Day TB Elimination Campaign to reduce TB cases and mortality through targeted interventions and a multi-pronged approach.

    Menace of TB in India:

    • According to the World Health Organization (WHO), India accounted for 26% of global TB cases and deaths in 2023.
    • The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) conducted a National TB Prevalence Survey in 20 states, reporting 312 TB cases per lakh population.
      • The TB incidence rate decreased by 17.7%, from 237 per 100,000 in 2015 to 195 per 100,000 in 2023.
      • Similarly, TB-related deaths have declined by 21.4%, from 28 per lakh population in 2015 to 22 per lakh population in 2023.

    About the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP):

    Details
    About
    • Former Name: Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)
    • Objective: To eliminate tuberculosis (TB) as a public health issue in India by 2025, as per PM Modi’s 2018 target.
    • Focus Areas: Early detection, complete treatment, prevention, and strengthening TB care and control services.

    Key Components of NTEP:

    • Universal Drug Susceptibility Testing (UDST): Early detection of drug-resistant TB.
    • Free Diagnosis and Treatment: Provided for all TB patients across India.
    • Nikshay: A case-based web-enabled TB information system for monitoring and case management.
    • Private Sector Engagement: Involving private healthcare providers for standardized care.
    Objectives under the National Strategic Plan 100-Day TB Elimination Campaign is an intensified effort launched to fast-track the detection and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) cases across the country.

    • Eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2025.
    • Achieve Universal Access to quality TB care.
    • Prevent the emergence of drug-resistant TB through early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
    • Reduce the burden of TB through preventive interventions and awareness campaigns.
    • Ensure better case management through Nikshay, a case-based monitoring system.
    • 6. Engage with the private sector to ensure standardized and quality TB care.
    Steps taken by Govt
    • Universal Drug Susceptibility Testing (UDST): Early detection of drug-resistant TB.
    • Free Diagnosis and Treatment: Provided for all TB patients.
    • Nikshay System: Web-enabled case-based monitoring and management system for TB patients.
    • Private Sector Engagement: Ensuring standardized TB care by involving private healthcare providers.
    • National TB Prevalence Survey: Conducted to assess the TB burden in 20 states.
    • Enhanced Diagnostic Facilities: Including genetic and molecular tests for early detection.
    • Targeted Interventions for Vulnerable Populations: Focus on high-risk groups, including children and marginalized populations.

  • Marburg Virus outbreak in Rwanda

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    Why in the News?

    An outbreak of Marburg Virus (Bleeding Eyes) disease (MVD) has killed and infected many in Rwanda.

    rwanda
    Location of Rwanda

    About Marburg Virus:

    Overview • Causes Marburg Virus Disease (MVD), also known as Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever.
    • Belongs to the filovirus family (same as Ebola).
    • Discovered during outbreaks in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany.
    • Case Fatality Rate ranges from 24% to 88%, depending on the strain and treatment effectiveness.How does it spread?• Animal to Human Transmission: Spread primarily from Rousettus bats, especially Egyptian fruit bats found in caves or mines.
    • Human to Human Transmission: Spread through direct contact with blood and bodily fluids (saliva, vomit, feces, semen, and breast milk). Also transmitted indirectly through contaminated surfaces or clothing.
    Symptoms and Treatment • Early signs include fever, headache, muscle aches, chills, nausea, vomiting, and severe diarrhoea.

    • Progresses to bleeding from various body parts, and death typically occurs 8-9 days after symptoms due to blood loss and organ failure.
    • No approved vaccine or antiviral treatment. Supportive care includes hydration, symptom management, and blood transfusions. Experimental vaccines are being studied.
    Why is it a Global Concern? • High Fatality Rate: MVD’s case fatality rate (24%-88%) makes it one of the deadliest diseases.
    • Spread: Ongoing outbreaks, primarily in Africa, but now affecting Rwanda and Tanzania.
    • Public Health Threat: Human-to-human transmission and rapid spread pose significant challenges.
    • Economic Impact: Outbreaks disrupt local economies, healthcare systems, and global trade due to travel restrictions and quarantine measures.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] Among the following, which were frequently mentioned in the news for the outbreak of Ebola virus recently?

    (a) Syria and Jordan

    (b) Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia

    (c) Philippines and Papua New Guinea

    (d) Jamaica, Haiti and Surinam

  • ecDNA Challenges Law of Genetics

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    Why in the News?

    A recent study published in the ‘Nature’ has shown that Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is present in approximately 50% of cancer types, playing a significant role in tumor evolution and genetic heterogeneity.

    What is ecDNA?

    Details • ecDNA stands for extrachromosomal DNA, which is small, circular DNA found in the nucleus of cells, separate from regular chromosomes.
    • Forms when DNA breaks off from chromosomes, often due to damage or errors in cell division.
    • Can carry extra copies of oncogenes, which promote cancer growth.
    • Initially thought to be unimportant, recent studies show it plays a major role in cancer.
    How ecDNA Contributes to Cancer and Drug Resistance • Helps Tumors Grow: ecDNA contains extra copies of oncogenes that help cancer cells grow faster and become more aggressive.
    • Drug Resistance: The extra oncogenes make the cancer harder to treat with standard drugs by producing more harmful proteins.
    • Faster Tumor Evolution: ecDNA allows cancer cells to evolve rapidly, making them more resistant to treatments like chemotherapy and enabling the tumor to grow even when drugs are used.

     

    How ecDNA Challenges Genetics Laws?

    • Mendel’s Law says that genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently, meaning they are passed on randomly to the next generation.
    • ecDNA breaks this rule by grouping genes together and passing them on as a cluster during cell division.
    • This allows cancer cells to inherit beneficial genes more easily and helps the tumor grow faster.
    • Unlike regular chromosomes, which are distributed randomly during cell division, ecDNA is passed on together as a package.
    • This process gives cancer cells an advantage by making sure they inherit helpful genetic combinations that support cancer growth and resistance to drugs.

  • [pib] National AYUSH Mission (NAM)

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    Why in the News?

    • The National AYUSH Mission (NAM) is an important Centrally Sponsored Scheme aimed at promoting and developing the AYUSH systems of medicine across the country.
      • In addition to NAM, Central Sector Schemes like the AYURSWASTHYA Yojana and the AYURGYAN Scheme play a crucial role in advancing the mission’s objectives

    About AYURGYAN and AYURSWATHYA Scheme

    Details
    AYURSWASTHYA Yojana • Under the Ministry of AYUSH to promote AYUSH healthcare and education.
    • Has two key components:

    1. AYUSH and Public Health: Promotes AYUSH interventions for community health care.
    2. Upgradation of Facilities to Centre of Excellence: Improves standards of AYUSH medical units and establishes advanced centers in AYUSH and Allopathic institutions (both Govt. and Private).

    • Funding: Maximum assistance of ₹10 crore for Centre of Excellence upgrades for 3 years.
    AYURGYAN Scheme • Created by merging two schemes under one umbrella.
    • Focuses on promoting AYUSH education and research.
    • Aims to develop quality standards and expand AYUSH education and healthcare services across India.
    • Training of healthcare professionals in AYUSH and supporting research initiatives to improve efficacy and standards of traditional medicine.

    Back2Basics: National AYUSH Mission (NAM)

    Category Details
    Overview   • Launched in September 2014 under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare during the 12th Five Year Plan.
    • Aimed at promoting and strengthening traditional systems of medicine: AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy).
    • Focuses on improving healthcare infrastructure in rural and remote areas, enhancing access to AYUSH services and promoting holistic health across India.
    Implementation and Structure • Initially implemented by the Department of AYUSH, now under the Ministry of AYUSH for nationwide execution.
    • Works in partnership with States and UTs to address healthcare gaps in underserved areas.
    Provisions under NAM • Promotion of AYUSH Systems: Integrates AYUSH into the mainstream healthcare system, especially in rural and underserved areas.
    • Support to State/UTs: Provides financial support for establishing AYUSH dispensaries, clinics, colleges and hospitals.
    • Strengthening AYUSH Health Services: Financial assistance for expanding AYUSH services, especially in remote areas.
    • Research & Development (R&D): Supports research for developing better treatments and standardizing practices in AYUSH.

    PYQ:

    [2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?

  • [pib] India’s First Indigenous Antibiotic: Nafithromycin

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    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Science & Technology has launched Nafithromycin, India’s first indigenous antibiotic to combat drug-resistant infections.

    About Nafithromycin:

    Details
    About • It was developed with the support of the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), a unit under the Department of Biotechnology, to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
    • It aims to treat Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP) caused by drug-resistant bacteria.
    ( Awaiting final approval from CDSCO for manufacturing and public use.)
    Features   • Developed over 14 years of clinical trials in the U.S., Europe, and India.
    • 10 times more effective than azithromycin. (3 doses to combat Drug-Resistant Pneumonia)
    • Minimal side effects, no significant drug interactions, and food-independent.
    Significance   • It targets both typical and atypical pathogens.
    • It addresses a global health issue, especially CABP, contributing to over 2 million deaths annually.
    • Offers a more effective, faster, and safer treatment for drug-resistant pneumonia.
    • Demonstrates successful public-private collaboration between the government and Wockhardt Pharmaceuticals.
    • A cost-effective solution for treating resistant infections in low-resource settings.

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India?

    1. Genetic predisposition of some people
    2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases
    3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming
    4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 and 2
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1, 3 and 4
    (d) 2, 3 and 4

  • Should packaged food content be labelled?

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    Why in the News?

    A report by the Access to Nutrition Initiative (ATNi), a global non-profit, reveals that food and beverage companies generally sell less healthy products in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than in high-income countries (HICs).

    What does the report published by the Access to Nutrition Initiative state? 

    • Lower Health Ratings in LMICs: The report assessed 52,414 products from 30 of the world’s largest food and beverage manufacturers. It found that products sold in LMICs had an average Health Star Rating (HSR) of 1.8, whereas those in HICs averaged 2.3. This indicates that the portfolios of these companies are less healthy in poorer markets.
    • Healthier Product Sales: Only 30% of the assessed companies have a strategy to price their healthier products affordably for lower-income consumers. This lack of accessibility contributes to dietary issues in these regions.
    • Micronutrient Data Availability: The report highlighted that micronutrient data were available for a smaller proportion of products in LMICs compared to HICs, complicating efforts to address nutritional deficiencies.
    • Call for Action: The ATNi challenges companies to derive at least 50% of their sales from healthier products by 2030, a target that only a small fraction currently meets.

    How does a Health Star rating system work? 

      • The Health Star Rating (HSR) system is a front-of-pack labeling initiative that rates food products on a scale from 0.5 to 5 stars based on their nutritional profile.
    • The rating is calculated by assessing:
      • Risk Nutrients: Total energy, saturated fat, sugars, and sodium.
      • Positive Nutrients: Protein, fiber, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes.
    • A score above 3.5 stars is considered healthier, while lower scores indicate less healthy options. This system allows consumers to easily compare similar products and make informed dietary choices.

    Why have non-communicable diseases become so common in India? 

    Non-communicable diseases have become increasingly prevalent in India due to several factors:

    • Dietary Shifts: There has been a significant increase in the consumption of highly processed foods that are high in sugars and fats, contributing to obesity and diabetes.
      • According to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), unhealthy diets account for over 56% of the total disease burden in India.
    • Affordability Issues: More than 50% of Indians cannot afford a healthy diet, exacerbating nutritional deficiencies alongside rising obesity rates.
    • Lifestyle Changes: Reduced physical activity and urbanization have also played roles in this epidemic, leading to a dual burden of undernutrition and obesity.

    Can front-of-pack labelling help?

    Front-of-pack labeling could significantly influence consumer behavior and public health outcomes:

    • Effectiveness of Warning Labels: Studies from countries like Chile and Mexico show that mandatory warning labels on sugary beverages have led to decreased consumption. This suggests that clear labeling can help consumers make healthier choices.
    • Need for Mandatory Policies: Activists argue that voluntary measures taken by companies have been insufficient. They advocate for mandatory regulations on front-of-pack labeling to effectively communicate nutritional information related to high sugar, fat, and sodium content.

    Conclusion: The Access to Nutrition Initiative report emphasizes the urgent need for healthier food portfolios in LMICs (Low- and Middle-Income Countries), equitable pricing, and front-of-pack labeling to combat non-communicable diseases. These steps align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), promoting healthier lives globally.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • What is High-Altitude Sickness?

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    Why in the News?

    The tragic death of a trekker scaling Garur Peak in Uttarakhand, underscores the dangers of high-altitude sickness in the Himalayas.

    What is High-Altitude Sickness?

    • Causes: High-altitude sickness, or Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), occurs when the body struggles to acclimatise to elevations above 8,000 feet (2,400 metres) due to reduced oxygen levels.
    • Symptoms: Early signs include headache, nausea, fatigue, and shortness of breath. If untreated, it may escalate to:
      • High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Fluid in the lungs, causing breathing difficulties.
      • High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE): Fluid in the brain, leading to confusion, hallucinations, and coma.

    Prevention and Treatment

    • To prevent AMS, experts recommend a slow ascent with rest days every 3-4 days above 3,000 meters and avoiding sleeping elevation increases of more than 500 meters per day.
    • Medications:
      • Acetazolamide: Aids acclimatisation.
      • Dexamethasone: Reduces severe inflammation.
      • Nifedipine: Prevents HAPE in high-risk individuals.
        Note: Medications are not foolproof and are to be taken under medical guidance.

  • [pib] Postage Stamp released on Sickle Cell Eradication – 2047

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    Why in the News?

    Madhya Pradesh marked a significant milestone in public health by unveiling a commemorative postage stamp dedicated to the Sickle Cell Eradication – 2047 initiative.

    What is the Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)?

    • SCD is a genetic disorder where red blood cells take a crescent shape, impairing circulation and causing complications like anaemia, organ damage, pain episodes, and a shortened lifespan.
      • It predominantly affects marginalized tribal populations.
    • Symptoms: Common symptoms include chronic anaemia, painful episodes (sickle cell crisis), and delayed growth and puberty.
    • Treatment: Treatments include blood transfusions, hydroxyurea to reduce pain episodes, and gene therapy or stem cell transplantation for long-term management.
    • India’s Mission:
      • Union Budget 2023-24 announced a mission to eradicate sickle cell anaemia by 2047, focusing on awareness and screening for individuals aged 0-40.
      • Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: It provides bi weekly iron Folic acid supplementation to all under five children through ASHA workers.

    What are the key facts about the Sickle Cell Eradication – 2047 Initiative?

    Details
    Aims and Objectives • Complete eradication of sickle cell anemia by 2047.
    • Awareness and screening in tribal communities.
    • Accessible diagnosis and treatment, with tools like HPLC.
    • Genetic counseling for prevention.
    • Technology-driven monitoring via mobile app and National Sickle Cell Portal.
    Features of the Program • Newborn screening and prenatal diagnostics at AIIMS Bhopal.
    • Nationwide expansion to 17 states by 2047.
    • Advanced testing with HPLC machines.
    • Community engagement through support groups and education.
    Implementation   • Collaborations with institutions like AIIMS Bhopal, Sankalp India, and healthcare providers.
    • Phased rollout starting with high-prevalence regions in Madhya Pradesh.
    • Government funding for infrastructure and tech development.
    • Digital technology for data collection and case management.

     

    PYQ:

    [2023] Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under the Anemia Mukt Bharat Strategy :

    1. It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for pre-school children, adolescents and pregnant women.
    2. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of child-birth.
    3. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents.
    4. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.

    How many of the statements given above are correct?

    (a) Only one
    (b) Only two
    (c) Only three
    (d) All four

  • Growing epidemic

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    Why in the News?

    Global diabetes cases surged from 200 million in 1990 to over 800 million in 2022, with adult prevalence doubling from 7% to 14%, according to The Lancet report.

    What are the WHO’s targets for diabetes diagnosis and management by 2030?

    • The World Health Organization (WHO) aims for 80% of people with diabetes to be diagnosed.
    • The target is for 80% of diagnosed individuals to achieve good glycemic control, which is crucial for preventing complications associated with diabetes.

    What is the current state of diabetes prevalence in India?

    • As of 2022, India has the highest number of people with diabetes globally, totalling 212 million, significantly up from around 200 million in 1990.
    • The prevalence of diabetes among adults in India rose from 7% in 1990 to 14% in 2022.
    • India also leads in the number of untreated diabetes cases, with 133 million individuals over the age of 30 remaining undiagnosed, compared to 78 million in China.
    • The increase is partly attributed to improved data collection methods that include individuals with elevated fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), capturing a broader population affected by diabetes.

    What strategies can India implement to achieve these targets?

    • Targeted Screening and Lifestyle Interventions: India can adopt Finland’s approach of identifying high-risk individuals through targeted screening and offering lifestyle interventions, including dietary changes and exercise, to prevent diabetes.
    • Enhance Public Awareness Campaigns: Community-based implementation and awareness programs align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) by promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing diabetes, and ensuring equitable access to healthcare for all, especially vulnerable populations.
    • Improve Access to Healthcare Services: Ensure that diagnostic facilities for blood glucose testing are widely available and affordable. Strengthen primary healthcare services to facilitate easier access to diabetes care and management.

    Steps taken by the government:

    • National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS): Launched to promote awareness, early diagnosis, and management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including diabetes. This program aims to reduce risk factors through lifestyle modifications and improve access to healthcare services.
    • Collaboration with WHO and Other Organizations: India collaborates with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international bodies to align its diabetes management strategies with global best practices and targets, including those set for 2030.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Preventive Healthcare: Focus on early detection through widespread screening, robust public awareness campaigns, and targeted interventions for high-risk groups, emphasizing healthy lifestyle promotion.
    • Enhance Integrated Care Systems: Scale up access to affordable diabetes care, strengthen primary healthcare services, and integrate technology for monitoring and management to achieve WHO’s glycemic control targets by 2030.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments. (UPSC IAS/2017)

  • APOBEC (Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Catalytic Polypeptide)

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    Why in the News?

    Since smallpox was eradicated in 1980, research on mpox has highlighted how the virus mutates, particularly through the APOBEC family of immune system proteins.

    About APOBEC

    • APOBEC (Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Enzyme, Catalytic Polypeptide-Like) is a family of proteins involved in regulating the genetic material of viruses and cells.
    • They are part of the human immune system and play a crucial role in protecting against viral infections by editing RNA and DNA.
    • APOBEC consists of several enzymes, with APOBEC1, APOBEC3 family members being the most well-known.
    • There are 11 identified members of the APOBEC family, primarily named APOBEC1, APOBEC2, and APOBEC3, with APOBEC3 being the most studied due to its antiviral properties.
    • It has a Zinc Finger Domain, which is essential for their enzymatic activity and ability to bind to DNA or RNA.
    • APOBEC proteins are found in various tissues and cells, but they are notably present in the immune cells such as T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages.
    • Role in Immune Defense:
      • APOBEC proteins contribute to the innate immune response by editing viral genomes, preventing the replication of viruses, and reducing the ability of viruses to establish infections.
      • They are known to be cytosine deaminases, which means they modify cytosine bases in nucleic acids to uracil, leading to mutations that can prevent successful viral replication.
      • APOBEC proteins target the genomes of several viruses, including retroviruses (like HIV), hepatitis B virus, and poxviruses (such as mpox and smallpox).

    Functions of APOBEC Proteins:

    • DNA Editing: APOBEC proteins can deaminate cytosine bases in single-stranded DNA, converting them into uracil, which can lead to mutations.
      • This introduces errors in the viral genome and inhibits replication.
    • RNA Editing: Some APOBEC proteins, like APOBEC1, are involved in editing mRNA. In the case of APOBEC1, it helps edit the mRNA of apolipoprotein B, which is crucial for lipid metabolism.
    • Antiviral Activity: APOBEC3 proteins, particularly APOBEC3G, inhibit the replication of HIV and other retroviruses by editing viral DNA during reverse transcription.
      • They also reduce the replication of poxviruses (such as mpox), making them crucial in controlling infections caused by these viruses.
    • Cytosine Deamination in Viral RNA: APOBEC proteins induce mutations in viral RNA, reducing the virus’s ability to efficiently replicate and spread. This helps prevent viral evolution and adaptation.
    • Inhibition of Viral Resistance: By causing mutations in viral genomes, APOBEC proteins prevent viruses from easily developing resistance to the immune system’s defenses.
    • Interaction with Other Immune Mechanisms: APOBEC proteins work in concert with other immune mechanisms, like interferons, to enhance antiviral responses and limit infections.

    PYQ:

    [2016]  In the context of the developments in Bioinformatics, the term ‘transcriptome’, sometimes seen in the news, refers to:

    (a) a range of enzymes used in genome editing

    (b) the full range of mRNA molecules expressed by an organism

    (c) the description of the mechanism of gene expression

    (d) a mechanism of genetic mutations taking place in cells

  • Caterpillar fungus

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    Why in the News?

    Recent research by scientists at the University of Nottingham’s has found that a chemical produced by a fungus growing on caterpillars may slow cancer cell growth.

    What is Caterpillar fungus?

    • Cordyceps militaris, also known as caterpillar fungus, is a parasitic fungus that primarily infects caterpillars and other insects.
    • Found in the Himalayan region and parts of Asia, it is valued in traditional Asian medicine for its health benefits, including immune support, anti-inflammatory properties, and energy enhancement.
    • It is considered a delicacy in some Asian cultures and has long been used for its purported wellness effects.

    How it can slow down growth of cancer cells?

    • Researchers from the University of Nottingham’s School of Pharmacy have identified cordycepin, a compound produced by Cordyceps militaris, as potentially effective in slowing cancer cell growth.
    • Cordycepin works by interrupting overactive cell growth signals in cancer cells, which prevents rapid multiplication and allows for more targeted treatment.
    • This approach may be less harmful to healthy tissues compared to conventional cancer treatments, offering a promising direction for targeted cancer therapies.

    Other observations and significance of the species

    • In addition to its traditional uses, Cordyceps militaris is significant for its role in ecological balance, helping control insect populations in forest ecosystems.
    • Advances in research have enabled large-scale studies on cordycepin’s effects, with future studies focusing on derivatives of cordycepin for potentially enhanced anti-cancer properties.
    • The fungus illustrates how natural compounds can contribute to sustainable medical practices, offering less toxic alternatives for disease treatment, especially in oncology.

    PYQ:

    [2019] Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of:

    (a) Anti-malarial drug

    (b) Biodiesel

    (c) Pulp for paper industry

    (d) Textile fibre

  • IDF working on new guidelines to treat Type 2 Diabetes

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    Why in the News?

    • The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is developing new Type 2 diabetes treatment guidelines in collaboration with a global expert panel.
      • These guidelines aim to integrate scientific evidence and clinical practice, adapted to the healthcare environment of specific countries.

    What is Type 2 Diabetes?

    • Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough, leading to high blood sugar levels.
    • It is commonly linked to obesity, physical inactivity and poor diet.
    • Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision.
    • Treatment involves lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management.
      • Medications such as Metformin help regulate blood sugar levels, and in some cases, insulin therapy may be required.

    About International Diabetes Federation (IDF):

    Details
    About
    • Established in 1950; Brussels, Belgium;
    • Members: Over 230 national diabetes associations in 170 countries and territories.
    • Collaborations: Partners with global organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and others for global health initiatives.
    • Led by an elected President with the support of a Board of Directors from member countries.
    • Regional offices: Operates regional offices in Africa, Europe, North America, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.
    Aims and Objectives
    • To improve the care and lives of people with diabetes and promote its prevention worldwide.
    • Advocacy, research, education, and raising awareness to reduce the global burden of diabetes.
    Key Programs
    • World Diabetes Day (November 14)
    • Global Diabetes Atlas
    • Educational initiatives for healthcare professionals
    Diabetes Types Covered
    • Type 1 Diabetes: Primarily affects children and young adults, where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
    • Type 2 Diabetes: The most common form, often linked to lifestyle factors and obesity. It involves insulin resistance and eventually pancreas dysfunction.
    • Gestational Diabetes: A type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
    • Other Forms: Covers genetic forms, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), and MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young).

  • How Röntgen accidentally discovered x-rays & changed the world

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    Why in the News?

    On the evening of November 8, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was conducting experiments in his laboratory at the University of Würzburg in Germany when he made an unusual discovery.

     

    Did you know the Röntgen’s discovery story of X-rays?

    • While experimenting with cathode rays in a glass vacuum tube, Röntgen noticed a fluorescent screen glowing at a distance, despite being too far to be affected by the rays he was studying.
    • Intrigued by this unexpected glow, he wondered if this mysterious ray could penetrate organic materials, so he experimented by photographing his wife’s hand, capturing her bones and ring. This was the world’s first recorded X-ray image of the human body.
    • Röntgen documented his findings in an article titled “On a new kind of rays,” in 1895 which was published by introducing “X-rays” to the scientific community.

    How did Röntgen’s discovery transform Medical practices and Diagnostics?

    • Revolution in Diagnostic Medicine: Physicians rapidly adopted X-rays, which allowed them to view the human body without surgery. This was transformative for diagnostics, especially in orthopedics and internal medicine.
    • Surgical Advancements: By February 1896, British physician Major John Hall-Edwards had successfully used X-rays to guide the surgery. Within months, armies began using X-ray technology to locate bullet wounds and diagnose fractures, marking the beginning of its use in trauma care.

    What are the long-term implications of Röntgen’s discovery on Public health and Safety?

    • Development of Radiology: this discovery led to the birth of radiology, with subsequent advancements leading to CT, MRI, ultrasound, and other imaging technologies that are essential in modern medicine.
    • Radiation Safety and Awareness: Initially, x-rays were used liberally, even for non-medical purposes (such as in shoe stores to fit footwear), with little awareness of potential harm. It wasn’t until early reports of radiation burns and later research in the early 20th century that the health risks of radiation exposure were acknowledged, prompting the development of safety protocols.
    • Ongoing Safety Protocols: Today, radiation safety is central to radiology practices. Equipment advancements and regulatory standards have minimized exposure risks, making x-rays safe for patients and medical personnel while ensuring their continued benefits.
    • Public Health and Preventive Care: The ability to detect diseases, fractures, and other internal injuries without invasive procedures has been crucial for preventive care, enabling early detection and treatment. This has significantly impacted patient survival rates and quality of care, solidifying diagnostic imaging as a pillar of modern public health.

    Issues related to X-ray machines in Rural areas:

    • Limited X-ray Equipment: Rural Community Health Centres (CHCs) in India often need more X-ray machines, with only 68% of available units functioning, primarily due to high operational costs and shortages of technicians.
    • Maintenance and Operational Delays: Even when X-ray machines are present, many remain non-functional due to installation delays and insufficient maintenance, as imaging services are not prioritized in CHC guidelines.
    • Access and Specialist Shortages: Rural patients face long travel distances to access imaging services, further limited by a concentration of radiologists in urban areas, reducing timely access to diagnostic interpretation.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Infrastructure and Access: Increase the availability and functionality of X-ray machines in rural areas by improving equipment maintenance, investing in portable and mobile X-ray units to bring diagnostic services directly to underserved populations.
      • For example, Teleradiology enables remote interpretation of images, improving access to diagnostic services.
    • Telemedicine and Remote Diagnostics: Expand telemedicine platforms like ‘XraySetu’, enabling healthcare workers in rural areas to share X-ray images for remote analysis by radiologists, improving diagnostic capabilities without requiring patients to travel long distances.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Appropriate local community level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • How Vitamin D deficiency can trigger autoimmune conditions?

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    Why in the News?

    Recent research conducted by scientists at McGill University has shed light on the critical role of vitamin D in maintaining thymus health and its implications for immune function.

    About Autoimmune Conditions:

    • Autoimmune conditions refer to disorders where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own healthy tissues, viewing them as foreign.
    • Vitamin D plays a role in regulating immune responses and promoting immune tolerance—the body’s ability to avoid attacking its own cells.
    • It influences T-cells (a type of immune cell) to recognize and tolerate the body’s own tissues rather than attacking them.
    • The thymus gland trains T-cells to avoid attacking healthy cells. A deficiency in Vitamin D may cause the thymus to age prematurely, reducing its ability to regulate T-cells properly.
      • Vitamin D affects certain genetic pathways related to immune function.
      • Variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may also predispose some individuals to autoimmune diseases, and these individuals might be more sensitive to Vitamin D levels.

    What is Vitamin D?

    • Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial for the body’s ability to absorb calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, which are essential for bone health.
    • It supports muscle movement, nerve function, and immune system responses. Due to its synthesis in the skin upon exposure to sunlight, it is often called the ‘sunshine vitamin’.
    • The body naturally produces Vitamin D when skin is exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight.
    • Sources of Vitamin D:
      • Fish: Salmon, mackerel, tuna, and sardines are rich in Vitamin D.
      • Cod liver oil: A concentrated source, providing 400–1,000 IU per teaspoon.
      • Mushrooms: Varieties like portobello contain Vitamin D if exposed to UV light.
      • Fortified Foods: Milk, yogurt, orange juice, and cereals often have added Vitamin D.
      • Egg yolks: Contain a small amount of Vitamin D.
      • Common forms include Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), especially useful in autumn and winter when sunlight exposure is limited.

    Significance of Vitamin D

    • Bone Health: Essential for calcium absorption, which strengthens bones and prevents osteoporosis.
    • Muscle and Nerve Function: Supports muscle contractions and nerve signaling between the brain and body.
    • Immune System: Enhances immune defenses, helping to fight off infections by viruses and bacteria.
    • Brain Health: May play a role in maintaining cognitive health, especially with aging.
    • Inflammation and Pain: Helps regulate the body’s response to inflammation and pain.
    • Blood Pressure: Linked to regulating blood pressure; deficiency is associated with hypertension.

    Impacts of Vitamin D Deficiency

    • Increases the risk of rickets in children (softening of bones) and osteoporosis in adults.
    • Low levels of Vitamin D are linked to autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
    • Recent studies indicate that Vitamin D deficiency can accelerate thymus aging, leading to immune dysfunction and a higher risk of autoimmune diseases.
    • Deficiency has been associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and chronic pain.
    • Can include fatigue, muscle weakness, bone pain, and depression.
    • In severe cases, deficiency may cause impaired bone growth and fracture susceptibility.

    PYQ:

    [2011] Regular intake of fresh fruits and vegetables is recommended in the diet since they are a good source of antioxidants. How do antioxidants help a person maintain health and promote longevity?

    (a) They activate the enzymes necessary for vitamin synthesis in the body and help prevent vitamin deficiency.

    (b) They prevent excessive oxidation of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body and help avoid unnecessary wastage of energy.

    (c) They neutralize the free radicals produced in the body during metabolism.

    (d) They activate certain genes in the cells of the body and help delay the ageing process.

  • Assessing India’s Tuberculosis burden

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    Why in the News?

    The Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 presented by WHO indicates that India recorded the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in 2023.

    Current Scope of Tuberculosis in India

    • High Burden: According to the Global Tuberculosis Report 2024, India accounts for 26% of all tuberculosis (TB) cases worldwide, making it the country with the highest TB burden. The report indicates that over 55.9% of global TB cases are concentrated in five countries: India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines, and Pakistan.
    • Mortality Rates: Although TB deaths in India have decreased from 580,000 in 2010 to 320,000 in 2023, the country still accounted for 26% of global TB deaths among people with and without HIV in 2023.
    • Incidence Trends: The incidence of TB has decreased from 275.7 cases per 100,000 population in 2010 to 194.9 cases in 2023. However, there has been a notable increase in notified TB relapse cases, reaching the highest level since 2010.
    • Risk Factors: Individuals with nutritional deficiencies, diabetes, and smoking habits are at the highest risk of contracting TB. The prevalence of TB infection among individuals aged 15 and older is reported at 31.4%, according to the National TB Prevalence Survey conducted from 2019-2021.
    • Preventive Treatment Uptake: The number of people receiving preventive treatment has been rising, indicating an increased focus on preventing TB progression among high-risk populations.

    Strategies and Programs Implemented by Govt to Reduce TB Incidence

    • National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP): This program aims to eliminate TB by 2025 through various strategies including early diagnosis, treatment support, and preventive measures.
    • TB Preventive Therapy (TPT): The introduction of TPT marks a significant shift in TB care in India. It focuses on providing preventive treatment to individuals at high risk of developing active TB.
    • Project Axshya Plus: Launched with support from the Global Fund, this project implements comprehensive interventions such as contact tracing, testing for infection, and managing latent TB infections.
    • Increased Funding: Domestic funding for TB prevention and treatment increased by 38% in 2023 to $253 million, although international funding has declined during the same period.
    • Community Engagement Initiatives: Programs like the Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan encourage community involvement in supporting TB patients through initiatives like Ni-kshay Mitras.
    • Digital Health Initiatives: The NTEP leverages digital platforms for monitoring patient progress and ensuring adherence to treatment protocols through tools like the Nikshay portal.
    • Awareness Campaigns: Public health campaigns aim to reduce stigma associated with TB and educate communities about prevention and treatment options.

    Challenges India Faces in Eliminating Tuberculosis by 2025

    • Funding and Infrastructure Gaps: Despite increases in domestic funding, overall financial resources remain lower than pre-COVID levels, impacting program implementation and outreach efforts.
      • Inadequate healthcare infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, hampers access to timely diagnosis and treatment for many patients.
      •  The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted TB services significantly, leading to a backlog of undiagnosed cases and impacting ongoing treatment programs.
    • Stigma and Discrimination: Stigma associated with TB continues to deter individuals from seeking diagnosis and treatment, which can lead to delayed care and increased transmission rates.
      • Social determinants such as poverty, malnutrition, and living conditions contribute to higher susceptibility to TB among vulnerable populations.
    • Drug Resistance Issues: The rise of drug-resistant strains of TB poses significant challenges for effective treatment and control strategies.
    • Multi-sectoral Coordination Challenges: Effective elimination requires collaboration across various sectors (healthcare, education, social services), which can be challenging due to bureaucratic hurdles.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Multi-Sectoral Coordination: There is a need to foster collaboration among healthcare, education, and social services to address the social determinants of TB.
    • Enhancing Accessibility and Outreach: Need to improve access to TB diagnosis and treatment in rural areas by investing in healthcare infrastructure, training local health workers, and implementing mobile health units.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Can overuse and free availability of antibiotics without Doctor’s prescription, be contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved. (2014)

  • The Gompertz Model

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    Why in the News?

    Indian researchers have developed a predictive model based on the Gompertz Model to estimate a newborn’s birth weight using routine pregnancy scans.

    What is the Gompertz Model?

    • It is a mathematical model developed by English mathematician Benjamin Gompertz in the early 19th century.
      • It was originally designed to model population growth in a constrained environment, such as a specific geographic region.
      • The model uses an S-shaped (sigmoid) curve to represent growth patterns that start slowly, accelerate, and then slow again as they approach a plateau.
    • Applications:
      • Biology: The Gompertz Model is used to study tumor growth and cell population dynamics, reflecting constrained growth in biological systems.
      • Epidemiology: Applied in predicting the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19, capturing how transmission rates slow with interventions.
      • Ecology: Useful for modelling species population growth in habitats with limited resources, aiding conservation and ecosystem management.
      • Healthcare: Recently adapted to predict foetal birth weight, helping identify potential risks associated with low or high birth weight.
      • Aging Research: Employed to analyze mortality rates and lifespan patterns, contributing to studies on aging and longevity.

    Recent Research and Significance

    • Recent research has applied the Gompertz Model in predicting foetal birth weight using routine scans, as shown by researchers from IISER Pune and IMSc Chennai, offering a non-invasive alternative for maternal health.
    • The model is used in tumor growth studies, allowing researchers to understand and predict cancer progression.
    • Its predictive accuracy under constrained conditions makes it useful for biological systems, including population growth and cell dynamics.
    • In healthcare, it supports early detection and intervention for conditions impacted by growth patterns, such as low or high birth weight risks.