Civilsdaily

Subject: Governance

Important aspects of Society

  • [21st December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: It is for historians to dig for tell-tale remains, not bigots

    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Are tolerance, assimilation and pluralism the key elements in the making of an Indian form of secularism? Justify your answer. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have previously focused on the ‘Indian concept of secularism’ (2018) as well as the ‘tolerance, assimilation and pluralism’ of India (in 2022).

    Archaeologists typically dig historic sites to uncover ancient civilizations or cities, using scientific methods. However, excavating under one religion’s place of worship to find another’s is unusual and non-secular. Former CJI D.Y. Chandrachud found no issue with such a survey in the Gyanvapi mosque case, observing it might not violate the Places of Worship Act.

    Today’s editorial explores the issues and implications of survey or excavation in an active place of worship.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Conducting a survey or excavation in an active place of worship to determine its religious identity violates the rights granted under Article 26.

    What is the role of interpreting historical events like the Places of Worship Act?

    • Secular Intent: The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, enacted in 1991, aims to maintain the religious character of places of worship as they existed on August 15, 1947. Its purpose is to prevent communal tensions and preserve secularism in India by prohibiting the conversion of places of worship from one religion to another.
    • Historical Context: The Act was introduced in response to rising communal tensions, particularly during the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. It seeks to provide a legal framework that acknowledges historical grievances while promoting coexistence among different religious communities.
    • Legal Clarity: The Act explicitly states that any legal proceedings regarding the conversion of religious places existing as of 1947 shall abate, thereby providing a clear legal stance on maintaining the status quo and preventing future disputes over religious sites.

    How do ideological biases affect the understanding and what are the legal challenges?

    • Challenging Constitutionality: The constitutionality of the Places of Worship Act is currently under challenge in the Supreme Court. Critics argue that the choice of August 15, 1947, as a cut-off date is arbitrary and infringes on judicial review rights, suggesting that it limits access to courts for addressing historical injustices.
    • Specious Arguments: The argument that the date was chosen arbitrarily is countered by the rationale that it marks India’s independence and the establishment of a new sovereign state. Thus, it serves as a logical reference point for determining the religious character of places of worship.
    • Judicial Review Concerns: The claim that the Act undermines judicial review is contested; while it does prevent certain types of suits from proceeding, it does not eliminate judicial oversight entirely. The Act’s provisions aim to balance legislative authority with judicial processes.

    What are the Judicial Observations and Consequences?

    • CJI’s Remarks: Former Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud’s observation regarding surveys in places of worship sparked controversy. His statement suggested that such surveys might not violate the Places of Worship Act, leading lower courts to order surveys in mosques without fully considering their implications or legal standing.
    • Impact on Communal Harmony: The lower courts’ decisions to conduct surveys have led to increased tensions and even violence in some instances, highlighting how judicial observations can have significant real-world consequences on communal relations.
    • Legal Relevance of Surveys: The necessity for surveys to determine religious character is questioned since the Act already establishes what that character was as of 1947. This raises concerns about unnecessary provocations and potential violations of established law.
    What do fundamental rights say?

    • Article 26 Protections: Article 26 of the Indian Constitution grants religious denominations the right to manage their own affairs in matters of religion. Interference through surveys or excavations in places of worship can be viewed as a violation of this fundamental right.
    • Worship as a Fundamental Right: The act of worshipping in a mosque or church is protected under this Article. Any external interference aimed at redefining or questioning this right undermines the autonomy and dignity afforded to religious communities.
    • Historical Preservation vs. Political Agendas: While archaeology can reveal historical truths, using it as a tool for political or communal agendas risks distorting history and inciting further division among communities. It emphasizes the need for careful handling of sensitive historical narratives within legal frameworks.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Legal Safeguards: Ensure strict adherence to the Places of Worship Act, 1991, to prevent misuse of surveys or excavations that could disrupt communal harmony, while upholding secular principles and maintaining the religious status quo as of 1947.
    • Promote Judicial Prudence: Advocate for cautious and balanced judicial observations to avoid unintended consequences on communal relations, ensuring sensitive cases are handled with due consideration of legal and social implications.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/it-is-for-historians-to-dig-for-tell-tale-remains-not-bigots/article69010128.ece#:~:text=History%20has%20sequestered%20in%20the,of%20generations%20of%20unwary%20people

  • [19th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Section 6A of the Citizenship Act — why it fails Assam?

    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) Consider the following statements: 
    1. Aadhaar card can be used as proof of citizenship or domicile. 
    2. Once issued, the Aadhaar number cannot be deactivated or omitted by the Issuing Authority. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (UPSC CSE 2018)
    (a) 1 only 
    (b) 2 only 
    (c) Both 1 and 2 
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Prelims have focused on ‘citizenship or domicile’ (in 2018), and  ‘only one citizenship and one domicile’ (2021).

    In October 2024, a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court ruled 4:1 to uphold Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955. This law provides a special process for people from former East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) who settled in Assam, allowing them to become Indian citizens if they arrived before March 25, 1971. The judgment is important but raises questions about overlooked constitutional issues and the possible negative effects of the decision.

    Today’s editorial focuses on the implications of the Supreme Court’s recent decision to uphold the constitutional validity of Section 6A. You can use this content for the question asked on ‘Governance issues’ and ‘internal security issues’.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court’s recent decision to uphold the constitutional validity of Section 6A overlooks critical constitutional issues, especially those affecting Assam’s indigenous population.

    What is Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955?

    Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, was introduced as part of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1985, following the Assam Accord. This provision specifically addresses the citizenship status of migrants from Bangladesh who settled in Assam.

    • Categories of Migrants:
    Pre-1966 Migrants: Individuals who entered Assam before January 1, 1966, are deemed Indian citizens from that date.
    1966-1971 Migrants: Those who entered between January 1, 1966, and March 25, 1971, can apply for citizenship after a mandatory registration process and a waiting period of ten years.
    • Cut-off Date: The cut-off date of March 25, 1971, was chosen because it coincides with significant historical events related to the Bangladesh Liberation War.
    • Exclusions: Section 6A explicitly excludes individuals who were already Indian citizens before the amendment and those expelled under the Foreigners Act, 1946.
    • Voting Rights: Migrants from the 1966-1971 category are denied voting rights for ten years from the date they are identified as foreigners.

    How does Section 6A impact the demographic and cultural landscape of Assam?

    • Cultural and Linguistic Displacement: The influx of migrants facilitated by Section 6A has led to significant demographic changes in Assam. Research indicates that between 1951 and 2011, the percentage of the Bengali-speaking population increased from 21.2% to 28.91%, while the proportion of Assamese speakers declined from 69.3% to 48.38%. This shift represents a cultural and linguistic displacement that threatens the distinct identity of the Assamese people.
    • Political and Economic Strain: The arrival of a large number of migrants has raised concerns about political representation and economic resources in Assam. The perceived threat to local culture and political rights has been a driving force behind movements advocating for stricter immigration controls.
    • Social Tensions: The demographic shifts have exacerbated social tensions between indigenous Assamese communities and migrant populations, leading to conflicts over resources, identity, and political power.

    What are the legal and constitutional challenges associated with Section 6A?

    • Violation of Article 29: Critics argue that Section 6A violates Article 29, which protects the cultural and linguistic identities of distinct communities in India.
      • The Supreme Court’s ruling, which stated that the influx did not infringe upon the ability of Assamese people to conserve their culture, has been challenged as flawed reasoning that overlooks the erosion of cultural identity.
    • Temporal Unreasonableness: Section 6A lacks a temporal limitation, allowing individuals who entered before March 25, 1971, to apply for citizenship indefinitely.
      • This raises concerns about its relevance over time, as it fails to address contemporary issues related to migration.
    • Arbitrary Reasoning: The judgment has been criticized for arbitrary reasoning, particularly in how it justifies singling out Assam for special treatment while disregarding similar situations in other states like West Bengal and Meghalaya.
    • Flawed Mechanism for Identification: The process for identifying migrants under Section 6A is problematic, placing the burden on state authorities without a clear mechanism for voluntary self-identification by migrants. This has led to inefficiencies and confusion regarding citizenship status.

    What are the implications of the Supreme Court’s ruling on Section 6A for future immigration policies in India?

    • Precedent for Future Laws: The ruling sets a precedent for how immigration laws may be framed in India, potentially allowing for similar provisions that distinguish between different states or communities based on historical migrations.
    • Potential for Increased Migration: By upholding Section 6A, there is concern that it may encourage further migration into Assam and other regions, as individuals may perceive opportunities for citizenship under similar provisions.
    • Focus on Cultural Protection: Future immigration policies may need to consider cultural protections more seriously, as the ruling highlights the tension between humanitarian needs and cultural preservation.
    • Need for Comprehensive Immigration Reform: The ruling underscores the necessity for comprehensive immigration reform that addresses both historical contexts and contemporary realities while ensuring the protection of cultural identities.
    • Impact on Political Discourse: The ruling may influence political discourse surrounding immigration in India, potentially polarizing opinions on citizenship rights and cultural identity among different communities.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-urban-infrastructure-financing-needs-and-reality/article68906499.ece

  • [18th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The legal gaps in India’s unregulated AI surveillance

    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Mentor’s Comment: 

    UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution)’ (in 2020), and ‘different types of cyber crimes ’ (2021).

    In 2019, India announced plans to create the world’s largest facial recognition system for policing, which has since evolved into widespread deployment of AI-powered surveillance across railway stations and crime patrols. Plans for 50 AI satellites further expand this infrastructure. While integrating AI into law enforcement offers potential, it raises serious legal and constitutional concerns, including risks of “dragnet surveillance (Indiscriminate data collection beyond suspects, infringing on privacy rights).”

    Today’s editorial focuses on the legal frameworks, gaps, and issues surrounding AI surveillance in India and its impact on constitutional rights, especially privacy.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    A robust regulatory framework is crucial to effectively manage AI’s impact on civil liberties, ensuring rights protection and responsible usage.

    Existing Legal Frameworks Governing AI Surveillance in India

    • Constitutional Provisions: The right to privacy is enshrined in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which was affirmed by the Supreme Court in the landmark case K.S. Puttaswamy vs Union of India (2017). 
    o This ruling recognized privacy as a fundamental right, extending to informational privacy and emphasizing the need for robust legal frameworks to address challenges posed by surveillance technologies.
    • Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA): Enacted in 2023, the DPDPA aims to regulate data privacy and consent management. However, it has been criticized for broad exemptions that allow government agencies significant leeway in processing personal data without consent, particularly concerning medical treatment during epidemics and employment-related data.
    • Lack of Specific AI Regulations: Currently, there is no comprehensive legislation specifically governing AI surveillance technologies in India. While the government has promised future regulation under the Digital India Act, no draft legislation has been made public yet, leaving a regulatory gap.

    Impact of AI Surveillance on Civil Liberties and Privacy Rights in India

    • Potential for Overreach: The deployment of AI-powered surveillance systems raises concerns about “dragnet surveillance,” where data is indiscriminately collected from individuals beyond just suspects or criminals. This can lead to significant infringements on citizens’ rights.
    • Data Breaches and Misuse: Incidents like the Telangana Police data breach highlight vulnerabilities in data collection practices, where sensitive information from social welfare databases was accessed without transparency or accountability.
    • Imbalance in Legal Framework: The existing legal framework appears skewed towards state surveillance capabilities at the expense of individual rights. The DPDPA’s provisions place heightened scrutiny on individuals while granting broad powers to the government, raising concerns about potential misuse of personal data.

    Measures to Enhance Regulatory Oversight of AI Surveillance Technologies

    • Comprehensive Regulatory Framework: Establishing a detailed regulatory framework that addresses the implications of AI surveillance on civil liberties is essential. This framework should include clear guidelines on data collection practices, specifying what data is collected, its purpose, and retention periods.
    • Transparent Consent Mechanisms: Implementing stringent consent requirements with narrow exemptions is crucial. This should involve independent judicial oversight for processing personal data to ensure that citizens’ rights are protected.
    • Adopting a Risk-Based Approach: India could benefit from adopting a risk-based regulatory approach similar to the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act, which categorizes AI activities based on their risk levels and imposes restrictions on high-risk technologies.
    • Public Accountability and Oversight: Regular transparency reports and independent audits should be mandated for all agencies utilizing AI surveillance technologies to ensure accountability and build public trust in these systems.
    • Legislative Action: Prompt legislative action is needed to fill existing regulatory gaps and establish clear guidelines governing the use of AI in law enforcement, ensuring that civil liberties are not compromised in the pursuit of technological advancement.

    Conclusion: To safeguard civil liberties while leveraging AI surveillance, India must enact comprehensive legislation, adopt risk-based regulations, and enforce stringent consent mechanisms with judicial oversight. There is a need for prompt legislative action is critical to ensure a balanced approach between technological progress and citizens’ rights protection.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-legal-gaps-in-indias-unregulated-ai-surveillance/article68996389.ece#:~:text=Though%20the%20DPDP%20Act%20addresses,of%20data%20sharing%20is%20crucial

  • India’s firmer attempts at mineral diplomacy

    Type:
    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,

    Why in the News?

    Reliance on critical mineral imports, especially from China, poses strategic concerns. To address this, the Indian government is advancing its Mineral Diplomacy to enhance security and reduce strategic vulnerabilities.

    What is Mineral diplomacy? 

    Mineral diplomacy refers to a nation’s strategic efforts to secure critical mineral supplies through international partnerships, trade agreements, and resource-sharing initiatives, ensuring economic stability and reducing geopolitical vulnerabilities.

    India’s Mineral Diplomacy of 2024

    Aim: To coordinate efforts in securing access to critical minerals both domestically and internationally. It focuses on enhancing resource mapping, accelerating exploration activities, and developing resilient supply chains for minerals vital to India’s industrial and green energy targets.

    Key Features:

    • International Partnerships: India is actively engaging with resource-rich countries, particularly in Africa, to secure essential minerals. This includes participation in the Mineral Security Partnership (MSP) and bilateral agreements like the India-Australia Critical Minerals Investment Partnership, which are designed to fortify supply chains and position India as a key player in global mineral diplomacy.
    • Domestic Reforms: The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2023 allows private sector participation in exploring critical minerals. This reform is expected to boost domestic supply and reduce reliance on imports, aligning with India’s goal of achieving self-sufficiency.
    • Geopolitical Context: As global competition for critical minerals intensifies, India’s mineral diplomacy is not just about securing resources but also about establishing itself as a significant player in the clean energy economy.
      • India is emphasizing responsible mining practices to differentiate itself from competitors like China.
    • Focus on Recycling: The mission prioritizes recycling critical minerals from electronic waste and used batteries, ensuring resource efficiency and sustainability amidst limited reserves.
    • Investment in Technology: India plans to leverage advanced technologies such as AI and machine learning for geological mapping to enhance exploration efforts.

    What are the strategic objectives of India’s Critical Mineral Mission 2024?

    India’s Critical Mineral Mission aims to secure a stable supply of essential minerals for its economic and technological growth. The strategic objectives include:

    • Reducing Import Dependency: By decreasing reliance on imports, particularly from China, India seeks to enhance its mineral security and mitigate economic risks associated with geopolitical tensions.
    • Enhancing Domestic Production: The mission focuses on boosting domestic exploration and production capabilities for critical minerals, thereby fostering self-sufficiency.
    • Facilitating Recycling and Sustainable Practices: Emphasis is placed on recycling critical minerals to ensure a sustainable supply chain while addressing environmental concerns.

    How is India leveraging international partnerships to enhance its mineral supply chains?

    India is actively engaging in international partnerships to enhance its mineral supply chains through several strategic initiatives:

    • Bilateral Agreements: India has established partnerships with resource-rich countries like Australia, Argentina, and Kazakhstan to secure supplies of lithium and cobalt. For instance, KABIL signed a memorandum of understanding with Australia for lithium and cobalt projects.
    • Joint Ventures: The formation of joint ventures, such as IREUK Titanium Limited with Kazakhstan, aims to develop production capabilities within India, thus integrating into the global supply chain.
    • Multilateral Engagements: India is participating in multilateral initiatives like the Quad and the G-7 to align with global best practices in mineral security and facilitate knowledge sharing.

    What challenges does India face in its mineral diplomacy efforts?

    Despite the positive outcomes of India’s mineral diplomacy, several challenges hinder its effectiveness:

    • Lack of Private Sector Participation: The absence of a clear roadmap for private sector involvement in the critical minerals supply chain limits India’s ability to leverage domestic capabilities fully.
    • Weak Diplomatic Capacity: Insufficient diplomatic resources and expertise in mineral diplomacy pose challenges in forming sustainable international partnerships.
    • Need for Comprehensive Strategy: A cohesive strategy that integrates private sector roles and addresses supply chain vulnerabilities is essential for enhancing India’s mineral security efforts. The current lack of such a strategy hampers effective engagement with international partners.

    Way forward: 

    • Develop a Comprehensive Critical Minerals Policy: Formulate a cohesive strategy integrating private sector participation, incentivizing domestic exploration, and addressing supply chain vulnerabilities.
    • Strengthen Mineral Diplomacy Capacity: Expand diplomatic resources and expertise in mineral partnerships, focusing on resource-rich nations and multilateral platforms. Establish specialized teams to negotiate sustainable agreements, ensuring secure and diversified supply chains.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q A number of outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia, which is a zone of interest to India. Discuss the implications, in this context, of India’s joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018. (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • Why Railways Amendment Bill 2024 was introduced?

    Type:
    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,

    Why in the News?

    Amid intense debates between the government and the opposition, the Lok Sabha passed the Railways (Amendment) Bill, in 2024.

    What were the significant key features of the bill?

    • Repeal of the Indian Railway Board Act, 1905: The Bill repeals the 1905 Act, which governed the establishment and powers of the Railway Board. Provisions from the 1905 Act are now incorporated into the Railways Act, of 1989, for a unified legal framework.
      • It combines the provisions of the 1905 Act and the 1989 Act, reducing legislative redundancy and simplifying governance.
    • Constitution of the Railway Board: It empowers the central government to determine:
      • The number of Railway Board members.
      • Qualifications, experience, and terms of service for the Chairman and members.
      • Method of appointment for these positions.
    • Streamlining Legal Provisions: It consolidates provisions for easier administration and reduces the need for cross-referencing between multiple laws.
      • It enables the central government to prescribe updated qualifications and service terms for Railway Board members, potentially improving leadership quality.
    • Administrative Integration: It maintains the Railway Board’s central authority while aiming for operational efficiency and uniformity in governance.
      • It aligns with recommendations for a modernized railway structure, paving the way for potential decentralization and private sector participation.
    • Development Goals: The Bill is in line with India’s broader infrastructure and economic development objectives, which depend heavily on an efficient railway system.

    Why did the Government Bring the Bill?

    • The government aims to repeal the Indian Railway Board Act of 1905 and integrate its provisions into the Railways Act of 1989, simplifying the legal framework governing Indian Railways and reducing reliance on multiple laws.
    • The government argues that this integration will enhance the efficiency and development of railways, allowing for better governance and decision-making within the Railway Board.
    • Since its inception, the Railway Board has operated under the 1905 Act. The new Bill seeks to modernize this structure by aligning it with contemporary governance practices.

    What did MPs Say About the Bill?

    • Support from Government MPs: The ruling party MPs praised the Bill as a significant step towards modernizing and strengthening Indian Railways, asserting that it would enhance the functions and independence of the Railway Board.
    • Concerns from Opposition MPs: Opposition members argued for an independent Railway Board free from government control and highlighted that the Bill does not address critical issues like:
      • Concerns About Privatization: The Opposition party is worried that the new Bill could lead to the privatization of Indian Railways, making it less accessible to poorer people.
      • Loss of Independence: Many Members of Parliament (MPs) are concerned that more government control over appointments to the Railway Board could reduce the independence of Indian Railways.
      • Restoration of Discounts: Several MPs are calling for the return of fare discounts for senior citizens, journalists, and economically weaker groups, which were stopped during the pandemic.
    • Calls for Inclusivity: Some MPs raised concerns about representation within the Railway Board, questioning whether marginalized groups would be adequately represented in appointments.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Railway Board Autonomy: Establish an independent regulatory framework to ensure the Railway Board operates with greater autonomy, focusing on safety, operational efficiency, and decentralization at zonal and divisional levels.
    • Inclusive Representation and Expertise: Mandate merit-based appointments to the Railway Board, ensuring adequate representation of marginalized groups (SCs, STs, OBCs, and women) while emphasizing domain expertise for effective governance.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q The setting up of a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate fares will subject the cash strapped Indian Railways to demand subsidy for obligation to operate non-profitable routes and services. Taking into account the experience in the power sector, discuss if the proposed reform is expected to benefit the consumers, the Indian Railways or the private container operators. (UPSC IAS/2014)

  • National Food Security Act, 2013

    Type:
    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court remarked that a long-term solution to food security issues is generating employment, while advocate Prashant Bhushan pointed out that the National Food Security Act (NFSA) still relies on 2011 census data.

    About National Food Security Act, 2013:

    Details
    Launch 
    • NFSA was signed into law on 12th September 2013, with retroactive effect from 5th July 2013.
    • It aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately 2/3rd of India’s population.
    Aims and Objectives
    • Provide subsidized food grains to 2/3rd of India’s population, covering about 75% of rural and 50% of urban areas.
    • Converts food security programs into legal entitlements.
    • Recognizes maternity entitlements for pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children.
    Structural Mandate
    • Central Government directs states to implement the provisions of the Act (Section 38).
    • Mandates that the subsidized prices remain fixed for 3 years (with no revision yet).
    • Ensures that eligible households have a legal right to food grains at subsidized rates under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS).
    Features and Programs
    • PDS provides 5 kg/person/month: Rice (₹3/kg), Wheat (₹2/kg), Coarse grains (₹1/kg).
    • Eldest woman (18 years or above) in the household is considered the head of the family for issuing ration cards.
    • Provides free meals to pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children aged 6 months to 14 years under ICDS and mid-day meal schemes.
      • Ensures pregnant and lactating women receive a ₹6,000 cash benefit, payable in installments.
    • Midday Meal and ICDS are universal, and PDS reaches 75% of rural and 50% of urban populations.
    • Priority Households get 5 kg of food grains per person per month, Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households get 35 kg per month.

    Why it is still driven by figures from 2011 Census?

    • Data Discrepancy: The 2021 census is getting extensions indiscriminately. It would have identified additional beneficiaries, possibly up to 10 crore more people.
    • Ration Card Issue: Many migrant workers had still not received ration cards, despite several court orders.
    • Logistical and Administrative Constraints: Updating census-based allocations requires substantial administrative coordination and a shift in policy across the Centre and States.

    PYQ:

    [2018] With reference to the provisions made under the National Food Security Act, 2013, consider the following statements:

    1. The families coming under the category of ‘below poverty line (BPL)’ only are eligible to receive subsidised food grains.
    2. The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for the purpose of issuance of a ration card.
    3. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a ‘take-home ration’ of 1600 calories per day during pregnancy and for six months thereafter.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 3 only

  • [pib] 4th Good Governance Week, 2024

    Type:
    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,

    Why in the News?

    “Prashasan Gaon Ki Ore” a nationwide campaign is launched by the Government of India, from December 19–24, 2024, as part of the 4th Good Governance Week.

    About the Nationwide Campaign ‘Prashasan Gaon Ki Ore’

    • It is a nationwide campaign to address public grievances and improve service delivery across rural and urban areas.
    • It aims to strengthen governance at the grassroots level and bring effective solutions to the common people.
    • It will be conducted in all districts, states, and union territories of India, with a focus on delivering timely solutions and improving the quality of services provided to citizens.
    • Key objectives of the campaign include:
      • Redressing Public Grievances: Ensuring that citizens’ complaints related to government services are resolved swiftly.
      • Improving Service Delivery: Enhancing the efficiency of government services at the local level.
      • Creating Awareness: Spreading knowledge about good governance practices and encouraging citizens to be proactive in using available services.

    Key Observations from the Good Governance Index (GGI) 2022

    • The GGI, 2022 evaluates 58 indicators across 10 governance sectors, such as agriculture and allied sectors, human resource development, public health, and law and order, among others. The key observations are as follows:
      1. Top Performers: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra ranked highest for good governance, excelling in public health, human resources, and economic governance.
      2. Service Delivery: States like Tamil Nadu and Kerala were praised for transparency, accountability, and citizen-focused policies, leading in service delivery.
      3. Agriculture & Rural Development: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar showed improvements in agriculture and rural development, aligning with the goals of Prashasan Gaon Ki Ore.
      4. Health & Education: Kerala and Tamil Nadu excelled in healthcare and education, with significant investments in infrastructure and public schemes.
      5. Sustainable Development: States like Sikkim emphasized environmental governance and sustainable development practices.

    PYQ:

    [2016] What do you understand by the terms ‘governance’, ‘good governance’ and ‘ethical governance’? (150 words)

  • [7th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Public health — insights from the 1896 Bombay Plague

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have asked questions around the Public Health Policies (2017) and Newer Health Challenges (2020 and 2022).

    India is aiming for real-time public health monitoring platforms National Health Mission Health Management Information System (NHM-HMIS), and the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) to enhance surveillance, monitoring, and resource allocation at primary healthcare levels.

    Today’s editorial reflects on the historical context of the Bombay Plague of 1896 and its implications for contemporary public health practices. This content can be used as a case study while exchanging ideas on ‘Public Health Policies and challenges in India’.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    There are ongoing discussions in Parliament around public health strategies in the wake of recent health crises, including the past COVID-19 pandemic.

    • By reflecting on historical lessons from the Bombay 1896 plague outbreak, we can analyze the significance of community engagement, comprehensive disease management strategies, and ethical considerations in health interventions.
    What were the Public Health Measures implemented by Britishers and how effective were they?

    • Quarantine and Isolation: Infected individuals were forcibly removed from their homes and taken to plague hospitals or camps, where they were often separated from their families. This included door-to-door searches conducted by soldiers to identify the sick.
    • Destruction of Property: Personal belongings and houses of the infected were often burned and demolished which led to substantial loss of property for many residents.
    • Sanitation Campaigns: A large-scale sanitation initiative was launched, which included flushing sewers with seawater, washing streets with lime, and disinfecting homes.
    o Special camps were established for the treatment of the infected but often faced criticism for poor conditions and high mortality rates.
    • Legislative Measures: The Epidemic Diseases Act of 1897 was enacted, granting authorities extensive powers to enforce health measures, including movement restrictions and compulsory examinations.

    Were they effective?
    • Limited Success: The death toll exceeded 33,000 within a short period, indicating that these strategies did not sufficiently curb the outbreak.
    • Social Backlash: Reports of disrespect during inspections and inadequate hospital conditions fueled anger, resulting in protests and even violent incidents against medical personnel.
    • Migration and Spread: Many residents fled Bombay in response to the plague and government actions, which inadvertently contributed to the spread of the disease beyond urban areas.
    • Long-term Impact: While some improvements in urban infrastructure and public health policies emerged post-plague, many immediate measures were criticized for their insensitivity to local customs and needs.

    What was positive in this policy implementation despite the criticism?

    • Emphasis on control over cases: The Indian Plague Commission’s approach during the 1896 Bombay Plague focused significantly on controlling the movement of people and the spread of the disease rather than directly addressing the health needs of affected individuals. Focus Areas were:
      • Railway Plague Inspection Stations Map (to monitor the movement of people) focused on railway networks and inspection points.
      • Chausa Observation Camp Plan detailed layouts of observation camps that reflected a militarized approach to quarantine with prominent police presence.
      • Khanpur Station Map illustrated disinfection zones and highlighted the role of police in maintaining control over these areas.
    • Cartographic Approach and Its Consequences: The maps were unusually colorful for administrative reports, possibly to convey a sense of effective control while downplaying the epidemic’s severity. The emphasis moved from identifying who was affected by the plague to understanding where the disease could potentially spread.
    • Prioritization of State Control: The Commission’s focus on control points indicated a prioritization of state mechanisms for surveillance rather than an understanding of epidemiological factors or community health requirements.
      • This approach raised concerns about the adequacy of public health responses that prioritized state security over effective disease management and community welfare.

    What lessons can contemporary public health systems learn from the Bombay Plague?

    • Community Engagement: Effective public health responses must include community cooperation. The mistrust generated by colonial policies highlights the need for transparent communication and involvement of local leaders in health initiatives.
    • Comprehensive Disease Management: The outbreak underscored the importance of not only immediate medical responses but also long-term strategies addressing underlying social determinants of health such as poverty and sanitation.
    • Ethical Considerations: The harsh measures taken during the plague raise ethical questions regarding public health interventions. Balancing individual rights with community safety remains a critical challenge for public health officials today.
    • Historical Reflection: Understanding past epidemics can inform current practices. The Bombay Plague illustrates how historical narratives shape contemporary health policies and societal attitudes toward disease management.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/public-health-insights-from-the-1896-bombay-plague/article68955779.ece

  • States and the challenge before the Finance Commission

    Type:
    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,

    Why in the News?

    Recently, Tamil Nadu hosted the Sixteenth State Finance Commission, highlighting the need for fair resource allocation to performing states and addressing fiscal imbalances between the Union and states.

    What are the primary challenges faced by State Finance Commissions?

    • Vertical Fiscal Imbalance: There is a significant disparity in revenue-raising capabilities between the Union and state governments. The Union holds greater powers to generate revenue, while states bear most of the expenditure responsibilities. This imbalance has led to insufficient funds for states to meet developmental needs.
    • Inequitable Resource Distribution: Despite efforts to achieve equitable redistribution through vertical and horizontal devolution, actual outcomes often fall short of expectations.
      • For instance, the Fifteenth Finance Commission’s effective devolution was only 33.16% of the Union’s gross tax revenue, despite a declared share of 41%.
    • Inadequate Devolution: The increasing reliance on cess and surcharges by the Union government has further constrained the financial resources available to states. This trend undermines the intended fiscal autonomy that states require to implement local schemes effectively.
    • Demographic and Urbanization Challenges: Progressive states like Tamil Nadu face unique challenges related to ageing populations and rapid urbanisation, which strain their fiscal capacities while necessitating increased investment in infrastructure and services.

    How can compliance with constitutional mandates be improved?

    • Strengthening Legal Frameworks: Ensuring that SFCs operate within a robust legal framework that mandates transparency and accountability can enhance compliance with constitutional directives. This includes clearer guidelines on resource allocation and devolution processes.
    • Public Disclosure: Mandating public disclosure of financial data and project details in accessible formats can foster greater transparency and allow for citizen engagement in governance, thereby ensuring that SFCs adhere more closely to their constitutional roles.
    • Participatory Budgeting: Encouraging participatory budgeting practices can help align state financial decisions with local needs, ensuring that resources are allocated in a manner that reflects constitutional mandates for equitable development across regions.

    What reforms are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of SFCs?

    • Revising Devolution Principles: A reassessment of the principles governing vertical and horizontal devolution is essential to create a fairer distribution system that recognizes both the needs of less-developed states and the contributions of high-performing states like Tamil Nadu.
    • Augmenting State Resources: Increasing the share of gross central taxes allocated to states from 41% to at least 50% could provide states with greater fiscal autonomy, allowing them to fund locally relevant initiatives effectively.
    • Focus on Growth Incentives: Developing a progressive resource allocation methodology that rewards high-performing states can stimulate economic growth while ensuring that less-developed states also receive adequate support for their development needs.
    • Addressing Urbanization Needs: Specific reforms aimed at addressing urbanization challenges—such as earmarking funds for infrastructure development—will be crucial for progressive states experiencing rapid urban growth.

    Conclusion: State Finance Commissions must address fiscal imbalances, enhance devolution principles, and prioritise growth incentives to empower states. This is vital for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through equitable and inclusive development.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finances. (UPSC IAS/2013)

  • [5th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Cash transfer schemes for women as a new poll plank

    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘cash transfer system for the welfare schemes to minimize corruption, eliminate wastage and facilitate reforms (in 2013), and ‘Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step’ (in 2022).

    In the Maharashtra and Jharkhand Assembly elections, cash transfer schemes for women became a key focus of political campaigns. In August, the Maharashtra government launched the ‘Mukhyamantri Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana,’ giving ₹1,500 a month to eligible women in their Aadhaar-linked bank accounts. Similarly, the Jharkhand government introduced the ‘Jharkhand Mukhyamantri Maiya Samman Yojana,’ offering ₹1,000 a month to eligible women.

    Today’s editorial highlights why are cash transfer schemes for women gaining popularity across states? Is this a case of policy learning, or are state governments simply following the trend out of fear of missing out? Are we reaching a stage where there is no alternative approach to welfare?

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Direct cash transfer schemes are not a new idea in politics. According to Axis Bank, 14 states in India already have such programs, reaching nearly one-fifth of the country’s adult women.

    What are the reasons for the growing popularity of Cash Transfer Schemes?

    • Increased Voter Turnout: The turnout of women voters has significantly risen from 47% in 1962 to 66% in 2024, indicating a growing political engagement among women.
      • This trend is mirrored in state assembly elections, highlighting women’s increasing influence in the electoral process.
    • Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Efficiency: Cash transfer schemes, particularly through DBT, allow governments to bypass traditional bureaucratic structures that often involve middlemen. This method reduces corruption and ensures that funds reach beneficiaries directly, making these schemes more appealing for political leaders who want to demonstrate effective governance.
    • Immediate Political Gains: Cash transfers provide a quick and visible form of assistance that can be implemented rapidly compared to longer-term infrastructure projects or social services. This immediacy allows governments to showcase their commitment to welfare, thereby enhancing their political capital in the short term.
    • Standardization of Welfare Approaches: The proliferation of similar cash transfer schemes across states indicates a trend towards standardization in welfare policies, often referred to as “policy learning.” 
    • Fear of Missing Out (FOMO): As some states successfully implement these schemes and gain political traction, others may feel compelled to adopt similar measures to avoid losing electoral support.  
    • Addressing Structural Inequalities: Cash transfer schemes are often designed to address gender-specific issues such as female foeticide, child marriage, and educational disparities.  

    What are the significance of bypassing the Middleman?

    • Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Advantage: DBT allows governments to transfer cash directly to beneficiaries’ bank accounts, thus minimizing corruption and inefficiencies associated with traditional welfare distribution methods that often involve middlemen.
    • Reduction of Corruption: By eliminating intermediaries, DBT aims to reduce systemic corruption that has historically plagued welfare schemes in India, ensuring that funds reach intended recipients more effectively.
    • Personalized Political Relationships: Cash transfers help establish a direct relationship between political leaders and citizens, fostering personal loyalty through financial assistance. This dynamic is referred to as “techno-patrimonial,” where technology enhances individual connections with leaders.
    • Immediate Impact: Cash transfers provide immediate financial relief to beneficiaries, allowing governments to demonstrate their commitment to welfare without the long-term planning required for infrastructure projects or social services.

    What are the key challenges? 

    • Lack of Welfare Innovation: The proliferation of similar cash transfer schemes across various states indicates a stagnation in innovative welfare policies. This trend suggests a reliance on established models rather than exploring diverse approaches to address poverty and welfare needs.
    • Political Conformity: Even opposition-ruled states are adopting cash transfer schemes similar to those initiated by ruling parties, reflecting a broader acceptance of this welfare strategy without offering substantial alternatives.
    • Efficiency vs. State Capacity: While cash transfers may enhance efficiency in delivering aid, critics argue that they allow the state to avoid addressing deeper structural issues within its capacity to provide comprehensive welfare services.
    • Temporary Solutions: Cash transfers are seen as short-term solutions (or “bandages”) for poverty alleviation, potentially nudging citizens toward private alternatives for basic needs while failing to address systemic issues that require more robust state intervention.

    Way forward: 

    • Innovate and Diversify Welfare Strategies: Encourage states to develop innovative welfare policies beyond cash transfers, focusing on long-term solutions like skill development, education, and healthcare to address systemic poverty.
    • Strengthen State Capacity: Invest in enhancing the state’s institutional framework to deliver comprehensive welfare services efficiently, ensuring sustainable development and reducing reliance on temporary solutions.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-liberal-arts-degree-is-worth-much-more-than-realised/article68928000.ece

  • Electronic tracking of undertrials on bail: benefits and challenges

    Type:
    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,

    Why in the News?

    President Droupadi Murmu unveiled the Supreme Court’s Centre for Research and Planning report, Prisons in India: Mapping Prison Manuals and Measures for Reformation and Decongestion, highlighting electronic prisoner tracking to tackle overcrowding.

    What are the key finding of the report? 

    • Addressing Overcrowding: The report highlights the critical issue of overcrowding in Indian prisons, which had an occupancy rate of 131.4% as of December 2022, with a significant number of inmates being undertrials (75.8%). It proposes that electronic tracking could serve as a cost-effective alternative to incarceration, allowing for the release of low and moderate-risk prisoners while ensuring compliance with legal conditions.
    • Implementation Recommendations: The report suggests initiating pilot programs for electronic monitoring, specifically targeting undertrial prisoners who exhibit good behavior. This phased approach aims to assess community readiness and the feasibility of broader implementation while ensuring that such measures respect individual rights and privacy concerns.

    What are the benefits of electronic tracking of people out of prison on bail? 

    • Reduction in Overcrowding: Electronic tracking can significantly alleviate prison overcrowding. With Indian prisons operating at an occupancy rate of 131.4% as of December 2022, implementing electronic monitoring for low and moderate-risk undertrials could free up space and resources.
    • Cost-Effectiveness: The financial implications are substantial; for instance, the annual cost of maintaining a single undertrial prisoner in Odisha is around Rs 1 lakh, while the cost of an electronic tracker is estimated to be between Rs 10,000 to Rs 15,000. This shift could lead to considerable savings in prison management costs.
    • Improved Rehabilitation: Allowing undertrials to remain in the community while monitored electronically supports their rehabilitation. It enables them to continue education and work, thereby maintaining family connections crucial for reintegration into society.
    • Enhanced Monitoring: Electronic tracking provides a reliable method to ensure compliance with release conditions, reducing the risk of absconding or re-offending.

    What are the present challenges in India?

    • Privacy Concerns: The use of electronic monitoring raises significant privacy issues. Continuous surveillance can be perceived as intrusive and may infringe on individuals’ fundamental rights, as highlighted by recent Supreme Court rulings against invasive bail conditions.
    • Technical Reliability: The effectiveness of electronic tracking systems depends on the technology’s reliability. Issues such as device malfunctions or signal loss can undermine the monitoring process.
    • Human Rights Risks: There is a potential for misuse or overuse of electronic tracking, leading to human rights violations. Clear guidelines and safeguards are essential to prevent abuse of this technology.
    • Stigmatisation: Individuals may face social stigma associated with wearing electronic tracking devices, which can exacerbate feelings of isolation and mental health issues.
    • Implementation Costs: While the initial costs may be lower than incarceration, establishing a comprehensive electronic tracking system requires significant investment in technology and training for law enforcement personnel.

    What are the lessons from other countries?

    • E-Carceration Concerns: In the United States, electronic monitoring has been criticized as a form of ‘e-carceration’, extending punitive measures beyond physical jails and potentially creating oppressive environments, particularly for marginalized communities.
    • Cost-Bearing Issues: In some jurisdictions, costs associated with electronic monitoring are borne by the monitored individuals rather than the government, leading to additional financial burdens that could deter participation in such programs.
    • Community Impact: Studies show that over-reliance on electronic monitoring can disproportionately affect specific demographics, similar to how marginalized groups are overrepresented in prison populations in India.

    Way forward: 

    • Balancing Privacy and Efficiency: Implement clear guidelines and legal safeguards to ensure electronic tracking respects privacy and prevents misuse. Regular audits and judicial oversight can mitigate potential human rights violations.
    • Equitable and Scalable Implementation: Subsidize costs for underprivileged individuals and invest in reliable technology and training for law enforcement. Pilot programs can identify best practices before nationwide adoption.

  • [30th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A liberal arts degree is worth much more than realised

    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the statement.  (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘Primary Education System’ (in 2016), ‘Quality of technical and higher education’ (in 2015), and ‘Education system in India’ (2021).

    Reports indicate that while the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) for higher education is projected to reach 50% by 2035, significant gaps still exist in terms of quality and inclusivity. While India is making strides in liberal education, challenges still exist with the issues of inequality and elitism.

    Today’s editorial highlights the often-overlooked value of liberal arts education in today’s job market and society. This content can be used to present the key arguments emphasizing liberal arts education for its long-term benefits, career adaptability, and essential skills development.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    There is an ongoing debate regarding the value of liberal arts education in the context of rising tuition costs, changing job market demands, and shifting perceptions about higher education.

    What are the long-term benefits of a liberal arts education in today’s job market?

    • Versatile Skill Set: Liberal arts programs equip students with a broad range of transferable skills, including critical thinking, effective communication, and problem-solving abilities.
      • According to the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U), 93% of employers prioritize these skills over specific majors when hiring.
    • Career Flexibility and Adaptability: The nature of the job market is changing rapidly, where liberal arts education fosters adaptability, allowing graduates to pivot into different fields as needed.
      • This flexibility is crucial as new job roles emerge and traditional ones evolve, ensuring that liberal arts graduates remain relevant and employable.
    • Long-Term Economic Benefits: While liberal arts graduates may start with lower salaries but many studies show that by mid-career, liberal arts majors can earn comparable or even higher salaries than those in professional STEM fields.
    • Cultural Awareness and Ethical Reasoning: Graduates develop nuanced diverse cultures and ethical perspectives that enable them to engage thoughtfully with international issues and contribute meaningfully to discussions on complex societal challenges.
    • Lifelong Learning and Research Skills: The curriculum of liberal arts education encourages graduates to learn to gather, analyze, and interpret information effectively, which is invaluable in any professional setting. This commitment to lifelong learning helps them stay competitive and relevant throughout their careers.

    How does this education prepare students for an unpredictable future?

    • Embracing Uncertainty: A liberal arts education instills a mindset that views uncertainties like the 2008 recession period as an opportunity for growth and exploration.
      • Graduates are equipped to thrive in environments characterized by change and ambiguity, making them well-suited for careers that require continuous learning and adaptation.
    • Social Responsibility and Ethical Awareness: Finally, a liberal arts education fosters a sense of social responsibility. Students are encouraged to engage with their communities and consider the ethical implications of their decisions.
      • This awareness is critical as society faces complex global challenges that require thoughtful leaders who can navigate moral dilemmas while advocating for social justice and sustainability.

    What misconceptions exist about employability in India?

    • Liberal Arts Graduates are Unemployable: Many believe a liberal arts degree leads to guaranteed unemployment. Despite a reported 47.1% employability rate among arts graduates in 2024, this statistic often overlooks the diverse career paths available to them, such as roles in marketing, journalism, and education.
      • For example, Graduates from institutions like Ashoka University have secured placements in prestigious companies such as McKinsey and American Express, demonstrating that liberal arts degrees can lead to successful careers.
    • Liberal Arts Education is only for Wealthy Students: There is a misconception that liberal arts education is an exclusive privilege for affluent students. However, the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 aims to make higher education more inclusive, promoting interdisciplinary studies across various socio-economic backgrounds.
    • Liberal Arts Degrees Lack Marketable Skills: Another common belief is that liberal arts graduates lack marketable skills. However, a report by the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) indicates that these graduates are often better prepared for roles requiring critical thinking and adaptability, which are essential in today’s job market.
      • For instance, business analysts with a liberal arts background leverage their critical thinking abilities to improve organizational processes, earning competitive salaries

    Way Forward: India’s education system is increasingly fruitful in delivering liberal and globalized knowledge through initiatives like the NEP 2020 and the growth of private liberal arts institutions. However, it faces challenges related to access and equity compared to more established systems in countries like the United States. Continued efforts are needed to ensure that all students can benefit from this evolving educational landscape.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-liberal-arts-degree-is-worth-much-more-than-realised/article68928000.ece

  • Wikipedia and ANI’s defamation suit

    Type:
    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,

    Why in the News?

    In the first half of 2024, the Asian News International (ANI) filed a defamation suit against Wikipedia Foundation and three Wikipedia administrators in the Delhi High Court, which ordered Wikipedia to disclose the administrators’ details.

    What are the charges levelled by ANI in the defamation against Wikipedia?

    • Defamatory Statements: ANI claims that its Wikipedia page contains false and misleading statements, including accusations of being a “propaganda tool” for the Indian government and distributing materials from fake news websites. They argue these claims tarnish their reputation and professional standing.
    • Interference with Edits: ANI alleges that Wikipedia administrators have actively removed edits made by ANI-associated editors that sought to correct these statements, thereby violating their rights and obligations as an intermediary under Indian law.

    Who is Allowed to Edit Wikipedia Pages?

    • Any Member of the Wikipedia Community: Wikipedia allows any user to edit pages, provided they follow the platform’s guidelines. However, there are certain restrictions based on page status and the user’s account level.
    • Extended Confirmed Users: Pages with a high risk of vandalism or controversial topics may be protected, meaning only editors with extended confirmed status (long-standing accounts and a minimum number of edits) can edit these pages.
    • Administrators: These are experienced editors elected by the community who can make additional changes, including protecting pages, blocking users, and performing technical functions.

    What are the Guidelines for Editing Wikipedia Pages?

    • Reliability and Verifiability: All statements on Wikipedia must be backed by reliable, verifiable sources. Original research is not allowed, and editors are prohibited from publishing ideas or analyses not previously published elsewhere.
    • Neutral Point of View (NPOV): Editors are required to maintain neutrality in writing articles. Content should not be biased or represent a particular viewpoint.
    • Consensus and Collaboration: Wikipedia is a community-driven platform, and decisions about the content are made through consensus. Editors are encouraged to work together to resolve disputes.
    • Page Protection: If a page is subject to frequent vandalism or disputes, it can be marked for protection, either for extended confirmed users or administrators only. This is done to maintain the integrity of the content.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Legal Framework for Online Defamation: The Indian government should create clear legal guidelines to address defamation issues related to online platforms, ensuring accountability for platforms like Wikimedia in cases of false or misleading content.
    • Promote Digital Literacy and Content Regulation: The government should invest in promoting digital literacy to help users better understand and navigate online content, and ensure platforms like Wikipedia adhere to stricter content verification and neutrality standards.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Major cities of India are becoming vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • [pib] Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF)

    Type:
    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,

    Why in the News?

    The Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF) has been established to support the development of urban infrastructure in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities.

    About Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF):

    Details
    What is it? • Established (budget speech for Financial Year 2023-24) to utilize priority sector lending shortfall for financing urban infrastructure projects.
    • Managed by the National Housing Bank (NHB).
    • Initial Corpus: ₹10,000 crore.
    • Modeled after the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), which supports rural infrastructure projects.
    • Focus on developing Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities in India.

    • Tier-2 Cities: Cities with populations between 50,000 and 1 lakh.
    • Tier-3 Cities: Cities with populations below 50,000.
    Aims and Objectives • Support Urban Infrastructure: Provides funding for essential urban services such as water supply, sanitation, sewerage, and waste management.
    • Sewerage, water supply, sanitation, drains, and solid waste management.
    • Prioritizes projects with significant improvements in urban services.
    • Funds are allocated to Municipal Corporations and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) for infrastructure development.
    Structural Mandate and Implementation • Coverage: Supports 459 Tier-2 cities and 580 Tier-3 cities in India.
    • Loan Terms: Loans offered at Bank Rate minus 1.5% interest rate.
    • Repayment Terms: Loan repayable in five equal annual instalments over seven years.
    • Moratorium Period: Two years before repayment starts.
    • Quarterly Interest Payments: Regular payments required during the loan period.

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] With reference to ‘National Investment and Infrastructure Fund’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is an organ of NITI Aayog.
    2. It has a corpus of Rs 4,00,000 crore at present.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • [pib] Salient Features of AMRUT 2.0

    Type:
    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,

    Why in the News?

    The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) 2.0 is a scheme launched on October 1, 2021 continues to make strides towards transforming Indian cities into self-reliant and water-secure urban areas.

    Back2Basics: Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)

    • It is a flagship urban development scheme launched in June 2015.
    • The mission is being operated as a Central Sponsored Scheme.
    • Aim: To provide basic urban infrastructure to improve the quality of life in cities and towns.
    • Objectives:  
      • Ensure that every household has access to a tap with an assured water supply and a sewerage connection.
      • Increase the green areas in the cities.
      • Reduce pollution by promoting public transport and constructing facilities for non-motorized transport.
    • Funding: It is divided among States/UTs in an equitable formula in which 50:50 weightage.
    • It covers 500 cities including all cities and towns with a population of over 1 lakh with notified Municipalities.

    About AMRUT 2.0:

    Details • Launched on 1st October 2021 as the continuation of AMRUT 1.0.
    • Aims to enhance urban infrastructure in 500 cities by focusing on water supply, wastewater management, and rejuvenation of water bodies.
    • The mission runs for five years (FY 2021-22 to FY 2025-26).
    Salient Features and Mission • Universal Coverage: Ensures coverage of water supply and sewerage in 500 cities and 4,900 statutory towns.
    • Circular Economy: Focuses on water recycling, reuse of treated sewage, and water conservation.
    • Technology Integration: Adopts global technologies for better water management.
    • Pey Jal Survekshan: Survey to assess water distribution, wastewater reuse, and promote healthy competition among cities.
    Its Implementation and Further Roadmap • Project Approval: 8,998 projects approved with an estimated cost of ₹1,89,458.55 crore.
    • Funds Distribution: Funds released by MoHUA to States/UTs and then to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
    • State Water Action Plan (SWAP): States/UTs must complete their SWAP and get approval within two years of the mission’s launch.
    • Future Plans: Focus on sustainable water management and extension of AMRUT 1.0 benefits to more towns.

     

    PYQ:

    [2011] In India, a Metropolitan Planning Committee

    1. is constituted under the provisions of the Constitution of India.

    2. prepares the draft development plans for metropolitan area.

    3. has the sole responsibility for implementing Government sponsored schemes in the metropolitan area.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • The Copyright Act, 1957

    Type:
    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,

    Why in the News?

    The ongoing copyright dispute between actors Dhanush and Nayanthara highlights the complexities of copyright law and its potential misuse in the film industry.

    What is the dispute?

    • The case revolves around South Indian actor Dhanush suing actress Nayanthara for using excerpts from their 2015 film in a biopic without his consent.
    • Nayanthara claims she had sought permission earlier, but Dhanush’s company, which produced the film, did not respond, leading to the lawsuit over copyright infringement.

    About The Copyright Act, 1957:

    Details
    What is it? • Enacted in 1957 to protect creators’ rights over original works.
    • Objective: To encourage creativity while balancing public access.
    • Grants exclusive rights to authors and creators for reproduction, distribution, and public performance of their works.
    • The Act has been amended to address digital content and technological advancements.
    Features and Provisions of the Act • Scope: Covers literary, musical, artistic works, cinematograph films, sound recordings, and more.
    • Duration: Copyright lasts life of author + 60 years for literary, musical, and dramatic works, and 60 years for films/sound recordings.
    • Exclusive Rights: Right to reproduce, distribute, perform, and adapt works.
    • Moral Rights: Includes right to attribution and integrity of the work.
    What does Section 52 say? • Section 52 lists exceptions allowing use of copyrighted works without permission in specific situations.
    • Fair Use: For criticism, review, news reporting, teaching, research, and private use.
    • Includes exceptions for libraries, archives, and government use.
    • Important for education and public access—enables non-commercial use of works.

     

    PYQ:

    [2014] In a globalized world, Intellectual Property Rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms—Copyrights, Patents and Trade Secrets.

    [2017] With reference to the ‘National Intellectual Property Rights Policy’, consider the following statements:

    1. It reiterates India’s commitment to the Doha Development Agenda and the TRIPS Agreement.
    2. Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion is the nodal agency for regulating intellectual property rights in India.

    Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • [pib] Cabinet approves One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) Scheme

    Type:
    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,

    Why in the News?

    The Union Cabinet has approved the “One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) scheme” aims to provide nationwide access to scholarly research articles and journals.

    One Nation One Subscription (ONOS): Everything you need to know

    About • Fully digital and user-friendly Central Sector Scheme approved by the Union Cabinet.
    Aims and Objectives • Provide unified access to scholarly journals and research articles for government HEIs and R&D labs.
    • Support research through the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) and other government initiatives, particularly in tier 2 and tier 3 cities.
    • Centralize subscriptions to reduce the financial burden on individual institutions.
    • Align with Viksit Bharat@2047, National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, and National Research Foundation (NRF).
    Structural Mandate • Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET), an autonomous inter-university center under UGC, will coordinate ONOS and ensure seamless access to research materials.
    • 6,300 institutions under central and state government management, including universities, colleges, and R&D labs.
    • A dedicated digital portal for easy access, designed for wide accessibility.
    Provisions and Eligibility Criteria • All government-run HEIs and R&D institutions are eligible.
    • 13,000 journals from 30 international publishers are available free of cost.
    • ₹6,000 crore allocated for 2025-2027; payments to publishers made centrally by INFLIBNET.

     

    PYQ:

    [2013] To obtain full benefits of demographic dividend, what should India do?

    (a) Promoting skill development

    (b) Introducing more social security schemes

    (c) Reducing infant mortality rate

    (d) Privatization of higher education

  • [pib] World Toilet Day, 2024

    Type:
    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,

    Why in the News?

    • World Toilet Day, celebrated every year on November 19, is an official United Nations observance aimed at raising awareness of the global sanitation crisis and promoting action for safe toilets worldwide.
      • 2024 Theme: “Sanitation for Peace” – highlights the role of sanitation in promoting peace, security, and resilience.

    About World Toilet Day 

    • It is celebrated each year on November 19 to raise awareness about global sanitation issues.
    • It became an UN-recognized day in 2013 to emphasize the importance of safe sanitation under SDG 6.
    • It was first proposed by Jack Sim of the World Toilet Organization in 2001.
    • Purpose: To address the health, dignity, and environmental challenges linked to inadequate sanitation.

    Significance and Global Collaborations 

    • Public Health: Prevents waterborne diseases; 1,000 child deaths daily linked to unsafe sanitation (WHO).
    • UN Initiatives: UNICEF, WHO, and UN-Water work with countries to improve WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene) facilities.
    • NGO Support: Organizations like World Toilet Organization and WaterAid implement sanitation projects and awareness.
    • International Partnerships: Programs like Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) unify governments and NGOs for sanitation solutions.

    India’s Policies and Successes

    • Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM):
      • SBM-Grameen: Over 11.73 crore household toilets built; 5.57 lakh villages ODF.
      • SBM-Urban: 63.63 lakh household toilets constructed; 4,576 cities ODF.
    • Jal Jeevan Mission: Aims to provide piped drinking water to rural households, supporting sanitation.
    • Women’s Safety Campaigns: Programs like Hamara Shauchalay: Hamara Samman link sanitation to dignity, especially for women.
    • Waste Management: SBM Phase II focuses on sustainable waste management and sanitation systems.

    PYQ:

    [2024] Consider the following statements regarding World Toilet Organization:

    1. It is one of the agencies of the United Nations.
    2. World Toilet Summit, World Toilet Day and World Toilet College are the initiatives of this organization, to inspire action to tackle the global sanitation crisis.
    3. The main focus of its function is to grant funds to the least developed countries and developing countries to achieve the end of open defecation.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 2 only

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 1 and 2

    (d) 2 and 3

  • India needs a globally recognized public policy school

    Type:
    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,

    Why in the News?

    India, the world’s largest democracy, still doesn’t have a top-tier public educational policy institution like those in the United States and Europe.

    What are the gaps between public policy education and job market demands?

    • Mismatch of Skills and Employability: According to the India Skills Report 2024, only 51.8% of fresh graduates meet industry employability standards, with the employability rate for individuals aged 22-25 at 58.6%.
      • This indicates that many graduates, including those from public policy programs, lack the skills required by employers.
    • Limited Policy-Specific Job Opportunities: Despite approximately 130 institutions offering public policy courses in India, there are few dedicated policy-specific jobs available.
      • Graduates often compete for roles in think tanks and NGOs, where job openings are limited, leading to intense competition and underemployment in their field.
    • High Unemployment Among Educated Youth: The India Employment Report 2024 shows that educated youth (with secondary or higher education) account for 65.7% of the total unemployed youth, a significant increase from 35.2% in 2000.
      • The unemployment rate for graduates is reported at 29.1%, highlighting a disconnect between educational attainment and job availability.
    • Theoretical Focus Over Practical Experience: Many public policy programs primarily emphasize theoretical knowledge rather than practical skills.
      • A report from the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy notes that these programs often lack hands-on training opportunities, limiting students’ ability to apply academic concepts to real-world situations.
    • Barriers to Government Employment: Access to government jobs remains limited compared to countries like the U.S., where structured recruitment routes exist for public policy graduates.
      • In India, there are no dedicated pathways for these graduates to enter government service, restricting their career options and diminishing the effectiveness of public policy education.

    How can India bridge the gap between public policy education and job market demands?

    • Curriculum Alignment: Public policy institutions must develop curricula that align closely with the needs of the job market, emphasizing practical skills alongside theoretical knowledge. This includes training in data analysis, policy evaluation, and understanding local governance dynamics.
    • Internship and Field Experience: Integrating mandatory internships and fieldwork into public policy programs can provide students with real-world experience and enhance their employability.
    • Focus on Local Contexts: Training should include a focus on India’s unique political dynamics, informal power structures, and socio-economic challenges to prepare graduates for effective policy-making in the Indian context.
    • Continuous Learning and Adaptability: Encouraging a culture of lifelong learning among students will equip them to adapt to evolving job market demands. This could involve offering short courses or certifications in emerging areas of public policy.

    What structural changes are necessary to improve Public Policy Education?

    • Decentralization of Power: Reforming the decision-making structure within public policy institutions to allow greater input from diverse stakeholders, including civil society and academia, can enhance the relevance and impact of policy education.
    • Interdisciplinary Approach: Incorporating interdisciplinary studies that combine economics, sociology, political science, and environmental studies can provide a holistic understanding of public policy issues.
    • Strengthening Research Capabilities: Investing in research facilities and encouraging academic contributions to policy debates can help bridge the gap between theory and practice, making institutions more influential in shaping policies.
    • Creating Non-Partisan Spaces: Establishing independent platforms for dialogue among various political factions can foster a more inclusive environment for policy discussions, reducing sycophancy and promoting evidence-based policymaking.
    • Partnerships with Global Institutions: Collaborating with established international public policy schools can enhance curriculum development and provide exposure to global best practices in governance and policy analysis.

    How can India establish itself as a global leader?  

    • Promoting Innovation in Policy Making: Encouraging innovative approaches to problem-solving within public policy education can position India as a leader in addressing complex global challenges such as climate change, health crises, and economic inequality.
      • The Indian government has to set a target to increase public investment in education to 6% of GDP, aligning with the recommendations of the Kothari Commission.
    • Investment in Human Capital: Prioritizing education and skill development across sectors will create a knowledgeable workforce capable of contributing to both national development and global governance.
      • For example, schools like the Harvard Kennedy School in the U.S. and the London School of Economics train leaders who influence both National and Global politics.
    • Fostering Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):  India can bridge the gap in public policy education by aligning curricula with job market needs, promoting internships, and fostering global partnerships. This aligns with SDG Goal 4 (Quality Education) and Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), ensuring skilled and employable graduates.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • The perfect cocktail of layered discrimination

    Type:
    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,

    Why in the News?

    The delay in the 2021 Census and the upcoming Delimitation (2026), could widen representation gaps at all three layers of governance.

    • Most states in India (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu) are formed based on language, and many have roots in ethnic or linguistic regions which is also becoming one of the major causes of layered discrimination.

    What is Layered Discrimination?

    Layered discrimination refers to the compounded and interconnected forms of discrimination that individuals or groups face due to multiple, overlapping identities, such as gender, race, class, or ethnicity.  

    What are the present causes behind the layered discrimination in India?

    • Central Governance: Since 1947, the population share of languages like Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, and Telugu has dropped, while the proportion of Hindi speakers has risen significantly from 36% to nearly 43%. 
      • This means that the regions with  Linguistic and cultural dominance will gain more influence in the Parliament, while those that have controlled their population will have less say and will mainly contribute revenue.
      • This will also deepen the structural disparities between the different states affecting our federal structure.
    • State Governance: With longstanding differences wrt ‘Total Fertility Rates’ among different states (like Bihar vs. Kerala), lead to issues regarding resource allocation and policy formation remain unsettled. 
      • For example, the decision of the 16th Finance Commission to include the 2011 Census instead of the 1971 Census to devolve funds to States will be even more discriminatory to developed States. 
      • It reflects the continuation of the existing bias against the non-Hindi States. 

    What are the implications of layered discrimination on policy and legal frameworks?

    • Policy Impact: When policies, such as Delimitation, unintentionally favor certain regions or communities over others, it can reinforce inequalities. 
      • In this case, non-Hindi-speaking states that have successfully controlled their populations and contribute a significant share of national revenue may face decreased representation in the Lok Sabha, reducing their influence on Union policy.
    • Legal Framework Impact: Layered discrimination underscores the need for legal frameworks that recognize regional disparities and protect equitable representation. 
      • Legal principles such as “No taxation without representation” suggest the necessity for reforms that balance contribution with influence, ensuring that states contributing more to the GDP and population control policies do not lose their political voice.

    Significant Potential of Delimitation in this Scenario:

    • ​​Redistribution of Political Power: Delimitation could reshape the political landscape by adjusting Lok Sabha seat allocations based on population, potentially giving more representation to populous regions.
    • Incentivizing Population Control: By rewarding states with controlled population growth, delimitation could encourage better family planning policies and demographic balance.
    • Enhancing Representation: A fair delimitation process could lead to more accurate representation of the population, aligning political influence with current demographic realities.

    Way forward: 

    • Need to work on Intersectionality: The Intersectionality Framework in policy implementation reveals that individuals and groups experience discrimination based on multiple, overlapping identities such as gender, race, class, language, and region rather than a single factor. 
      • It shows how various systems of power (like patriarchy, racism, and economic inequality) intersect and create unique challenges. 
      • This approach helps us to understand how certain groups face compounded disadvantages due to intersecting social structures.
    • Balancing Delimitation and Decentralization: Implement delimitation reforms with careful consideration of regional contributions, ensuring equitable representation for both populous and less-populous states.  

    PYQ:

    Mains:

    Q Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation-one election” principle.  (2024)

    Q What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism. (2024)