Recently, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) shared mesmerizing images of Cavum clouds, also known as “hole-punch clouds” or “fallstreak holes,” as observed from space.
What are Cavum Clouds?
Formation Process: Cavum clouds are formed when airplanes traverse through layers of altocumulus clouds, which are mid-level clouds containing supercooled water droplets (water below freezing temperature but still in liquid form).
Adiabatic Expansion: As the aircraft moves through, a phenomenon called adiabatic expansion can occur, causing the water droplets to freeze into ice crystals.
Creation of Holes: These ice crystals eventually become too heavy and fall out of the cloud layer, resulting in the formation of a hole in the clouds.
Steep Angle Formation: Cavum clouds are typically formed when planes pass through at a relatively steep angle.
About Altocumulus Clouds
Details
Appearance
Altocumulus clouds are mid-level clouds characterized by white or gray patches or layers.
Formation
They form between 2,000 to 7,000 meters (6,500 to 23,000 feet) above sea level.
Composition
Composed of water droplets and occasionally ice crystals.
Shape
Usually appear as rounded masses or rolls.
Weather Patterns
Often indicate fair weather, but can also precede thunderstorms or cold fronts.
Optical Effects
They can create a halo effect around the sun or moon when thin enough.
Classification
Altocumulus clouds are classified as “middle-level clouds” (based on their altitude in the atmosphere).
Associated Types
Altocumulus castellanus: Towering altocumulus clouds indicating instability and potential storminess.
Recent political events make one doubt the perceived need and utility of India’s Anti-defection law.
Context:
Political Defections prevalent across India:
In Bihar, MLAs from Congress and RJD shifted to BJP, leading to disqualifications under the anti-defection law. Similar incidents occurred in Himachal Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.
A recent adjudicatory development in Maharashtra raised doubts on the necessity of India’s anti-defection law, where factions within NCP were not disqualified based on intra-party dissent.
Need for better inner-party democracy: The Speaker highlighted the challenges in applying the anti-defection law effectively, emphasizing the need for better inner-party democracy reforms to address political defections and ensure legislative stability.
Transgressions that pass muster /Challenges with Anti-defection law:
Intra-party dissent and Anti-defection law: The Speaker’s decision in the NCP split case highlights the complexity of applying the anti-defection law to intra-party dissent. The intra-party dissent cannot be subject to the punitive provisions of the Tenth Schedule due legislative majority.
Mergers and Anti-defection law: Under the current anti-defection law, a faction that splits from its original party cannot claim exemption from disqualification, as the “split” exception was deleted from the Tenth Schedule in 2003.
The only exemption available now is that of mergers, which mandatorily require a minimum of two-third members to separate from their political party and merge with another.
The Speaker’s observations: The Speaker’s concern for preservation of inner-party dissent is laudable, but the observation that it is in the nature of politics for leaders to form new alliances and break into new forms raises concern about the effectiveness of the anti-defection law.
The issue of inner-party democracy:
The issue of inner-party democracy in India underscores the lack of democratic processes within political parties, leading to challenges like dynastic politics, nepotism, and ineffective candidate selection.
Presently, there is no statutory backing for internal democratic regulation of political parties in India and the only governing provision is under Section 29A of the Representation of the Peoples’ Act, 1951 which entails registration of political parties with the Election Commission of India.
Reports from the 2nd ARC, the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution and the Law Commission have both recommended introducing statutes to enforce internal democracy for political parties.
Way Forward:
Need for Robust democratic structures: The 255th Report of the Law Commission of India proposed amendments to the Representation of the People Act, 1951 which could mandate that besides having a constitution, political parties elect an executive committee (for the party), select candidates who are to contest elections to Parliament or State Assemblies, and conduct regular elections within the party at every level.
Need for Statutory regulation: The Law Commission also proposed granting the Election Commission of India the powers to impose monetary penalties or withdraw the registration of a political party in case it failed to comply.
BACK2BASICS
About Anti-Defection Law in India:
The Anti-Defection Law in India, introduced in 1985 through the Tenth Schedule of the 52nd Amendment to the Constitution, aims to limit political defections and ensure democratic stability by curbing unethical practices.
This law prohibits elected representatives from defecting to another party after being elected, thereby promoting party discipline and preventing opportunistic defections that can destabilize governments.
Despite its significance, there have been calls for reforming the anti-defection law to address challenges and ensure its effectiveness in maintaining the integrity of the political system.
Mains:
1) “The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to be full of contradictions and paradoxes.” Discuss. [UPSC CSE 2016]
Prelims:
1) Which one of the following Schedules of the Constitution of India contains provisions regarding anti-defection? [UPSC CSE 2014]
ExplainedSC Judgements | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
In the news
A seven-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, headed by Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud, delivered a significant judgment regarding parliamentary privilege and criminal prosecution.
The verdict overturned a 1998 ruling in PV Narasimha Rao Case that granted immunity to lawmakers accepting bribes if they subsequently voted or spoke in the House
Special rights, immunities, and exemptions enjoyed by Parliament, its committees, and members.
Defined in Article 105 of the Indian Constitution.
Scope
Applies to Parliament, committees, and members.
Freedom of Speech
Guaranteed under Article 105(1).
Subject to rules and procedures of Parliament (Article 118).
Limitations to Free Speech
Speech must comply with constitutional provisions.
Cannot discuss judges’ conduct (Article 121), except for motions for their removal.
Freedom from Arrest
Immunity from arrest in civil cases 40 days before and after sessions.
House permission needed for arrest within Parliament limits.
Notification of Arrest
Chairman/Speaker must be informed of any member’s arrest.
Right to Prohibit Publication
No liability for publishing reports, discussions under member’s authority (Article 105(2)).
Right to Exclude Strangers
Members have power to exclude non-members from proceedings.
Immunity against Bribe: Constitutional Provisions Examined
Article 105(2): This article grants immunity to members of Parliament from court proceedings concerning their actions (speech or votes) in Parliament.
Article 194(2): Similarly, this article extends immunity to members of state assemblies.
Court’s Review and Interpretation
PV Narasimha Rao Case: In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled with a 3:2 majority that MPs and MLAs were immune from prosecution in bribery cases as long as they fulfilled their end of the bargain.
Judicial Scrutiny of Privilege: The Court revisited the interpretation of Articles 105(2) and 194(2), challenging the traditional understanding of absolute immunity for lawmakers.
Historical Context: It noted that India’s parliamentary privileges stem from statutory and constitutional sources, unlike the UK’s House of Commons, which has ancient and undoubted rights.
Key Findings and Interpretations
Necessity Test Applied: The Court applied a “necessity test” to determine the legitimacy of claims to parliamentary privilege, emphasizing that accepting bribes cannot be deemed necessary for lawmakers to discharge their duties.
Emphasis on Probity: The ruling underscored the importance of probity in public life, highlighting the corrosive impact of corruption on democratic ideals.
Interpretation of Offense: It clarified that the act of accepting a bribe constitutes an offense, regardless of subsequent actions by the lawmaker in the House.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s ruling represents a significant departure from past precedent, affirming the principle that no individual, including legislators, is above the law.
By asserting the judiciary’s role in scrutinizing claims of parliamentary privilege, the Court reaffirmed the primacy of constitutional values and accountability in governance.
This landmark judgment underscores the judiciary’s commitment to upholding the rule of law and combating corruption, thereby bolstering India’s democratic foundations.
PM Modi marked a historic moment in India’s nuclear power journey by overseeing the commencement of core-loading at the indigenous Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) situated in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. This event signifies a significant stride forward in India’s ambitious nuclear power program, heralding the onset of stage II.
Context:
As of 2024, nuclear power contributes to around 3.11% of India’s total power generation.
Nuclear power remains the fifth-largest source of electricity in India, following coal, gas, hydroelectricity, and wind power.
History of India’s Nuclear Power Program
India’s journey in nuclear technology dates back to its independence in 1947. Here is a brief history of India’s Nuclear Power Program:
1948: India established the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), marking its entry into the nuclear age.
1950s: Homi Bhabha, the founding director of India’s nuclear program, formulated the three-stage nuclear power program to establish a self-sufficient nuclear power industry.
1969: The first Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR), the 40 MW Tarapur Atomic Power Station, was commissioned, marking the operationalization of Stage 1 of the nuclear power program.
1974: India conducted its first nuclear test, Pokhran-I, demonstrating its nuclear capabilities.
Late 1970s – Early 1980s: India embarked on developing fast breeder reactors (FBRs) as part of Stage 2 of its nuclear program to enhance fuel efficiency and self-sufficiency.
1990s – 2000s: India focused on building a nuclear arsenal and delivery systems capable of military deployment after conducting further nuclear tests in 1998.
Present: India possesses both nuclear weapons and an extensive nuclear fuel cycle capability, with ongoing developments in thorium-based reactors as part of Stage 3 of its nuclear power program.
About India’s 3-stage Nuclear Power Program
Description
Timeline
Stage 1
Relies on pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) using natural uranium as fuel.
Initiated in the 1950s;
Operational since the 1960s
Stage 2
Focuses on developing fast breeder reactors (FBRs) using plutonium-239 produced in Stage 1.
Initiated in the 1970s;
Development phase
Stage 3
Involves the development of thorium-based reactors utilizing India’s significant thorium reserves.
Initiated in the late 1980s/early 1990s;
Research & Development phase
Do you know?
The two principal natural isotopes are uranium-235 (which comprises 0.7% of natural uranium), which is fissile, and uranium-238 (99.3% of natural uranium), which is fissionable by fast neutrons and is fertile, meaning that it becomes fissile after absorbing one neutron.
All uranium isotopes are radioactive. U-239 is much more so than the far more common U-238 though, its half-life is about 23 minutes compared to four billion years! U-239 soon undergoes beta decay to Np-239.
Plutonium is created from uranium in nuclear reactors. Plutonium-239 is used to make nuclear weapons. Pu-239 and Pu-240 are byproducts of nuclear reactor operations and nuclear bomb explosions.
What is Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR)?
The PFBR is a machine that produces more nuclear fuel than it consumes. Its core-loading event is being hailed as a “milestone” because the operationalization of the PFBR will mark the start of stage II of India’s three-stage nuclear power program.
Previously, India used Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) and Natural Uranium-238 (U-238), which contain minuscule amounts of U-235, as the fissile material.
It’s working:
Basically, in the process of Nuclear Fission, the nucleus of an atom absorbs a neutron, destabilizes, and breaks into two while releasing some energy. If the destabilized nucleus releases more neutrons, the reactor’s facilities will attempt to use them to instigate more fission reactions.
However, the heavy water in PHWR, the water molecules containing the deuterium isotope of hydrogen – slows neutrons released by one fission reaction enough to be captured by other U-238and U-235 nuclei and cause new fission.
This heavy water is then pressurized to keep it from boiling to produce plutonium-239 (Pu-239)and energy.
Significance of using PFBR:
Only U-235, not U-238, can sustain a chain reaction but it is consumed fully in stage I. In stage II, India will use Pu-239 together with U-238 in the PFBR to produce energy, U-233, and more Pu-239.
Liquid sodium serves as the primary coolant, facilitating heat transfer and electricity generation through secondary circuits.
Why was the PFBR delayed?
Prolonged delays: The PFBR project encountered prolonged delays and cost overruns, attributed to technical complexities and logistical hurdles. Sanctions imposed against India following the ‘Smiling Buddha’ nuclear test in 1974 disrupted the project, necessitating alterations in fuel type and operational parameters.
Lack of Resources:
The retirement of experienced personnel involved in the project, coupled with delays in decision-making processes, contributed to project setbacks.
Escalating costs, reaching ₹6,800 crore by 2019, underscored the financial strain and administrative shortcomings plaguing the project.
Procurement Issues: Audit reports revealed procurement inefficiencies, with delays averaging 158 days per order, exacerbating project timelines and costs.
Regulatory Imperatives: Addressing concerns over safety and regulatory oversight remains imperative to ensure public confidence and operational integrity.
Way Forward and Future Prospects:
Usage of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): SMR designs have a maximum capacity of 300 MW, require less land, and accommodate more safety features. Several countries are developing SMRs to complement conventional [facilities] since SMRs can be installed at reduced cost and time by repurposing.
Stage II Expansion: The PFBR’s 500 MWe capacity sets the stage for future FBR projects, aligning with India’s energy diversification goals and decarbonization initiatives. Today nuclear power has a new lease of life thanks to the pressure on India to decarbonise, reduce its import of fossil fuels, and give its renewables sector some breathing space.
In 2019, the DAE proposed building 4 more fast breeder reactors (FBRs) of 600 MWe capacity each – 2 in Kalpakkam in 2021 and two in 2025, with sites to be selected.
Conclusion
As India navigates the complexities of nuclear power development, the PFBR stands as a testament to technological prowess and strategic foresight.
While challenges persist, the trajectory of stage II underscores India’s commitment to leveraging nuclear energy for sustainable development and energy security.
With continued innovation and regulatory reform, India is poised to realize its vision of a robust and self-reliant nuclear energy ecosystem.
Try this Question from CSE Mains 2018:
Q. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (250 Words, 15 Marks)
India’s bail system faces significant challenges, resulting in a large number of undertrials remaining in prison despite being granted bail.
The complexities of complying with bail conditions, especially for marginalized individuals, exacerbate the situation.
Bail Provisions in India
Description
What is Bail?
The conditional release of a defendant with the promise to appear in court when required. It also refers to the security deposit to secure the release of the accused.
Types of Bail in India
Regular bail: Granted to a person in police custody, applied for under section 437 and 439 of CrPC.
Interim bail: Short-term bail granted before the hearing for regular or anticipatory bail.
Anticipatory bail: Granted under section 438 of CrPC by session court or High Court, to avoid potential arrest for a non-bailable offense.
Case in Bailable Offences
Section 436 states that accused of a bailable offence under IPC can be granted bail if:
There’s reason to believe the accused didn’t commit the offence.
There’s need for further inquiry.
Accused isn’t charged with an offence punishable by death, life imprisonment, or up to 10 years’ imprisonment.
Bail for Non-Bailable Offences
Section 437 states that accused doesn’t have the right to apply for bail. Bail may be granted if:
Accused is a woman or child.
Lack of evidence.
Delay in lodging FIR.
Accused is gravely sick.
Understanding the Crisis in Bail System
Overrepresentation of Undertrials: Over 75% of India’s prison population comprises undertrials, reflecting systemic inefficiencies in the bail system.
Judicial Reluctance: Chief Justice of India D.Y. Chandrachud highlighted a growing reluctance among trial judges to grant bail, leading to a situation where incarceration becomes the norm.
Bail Backlog: The backlog of bail applications further exacerbates the problem, prolonging the detention of undertrials awaiting trial.
Judicial Acknowledgment and Guidelines
Supreme Court’s Observations: The Supreme Court acknowledged the ineffectiveness of India’s bail system in the case of Satender Kumar Antil vs CBI, emphasizing the principle of ‘bail not jail’.
Need for Legislative Action: The Court urged the enactment of separate legislation and laid down comprehensive guidelines to streamline bail procedures.
Delayed Disposal of Applications: Despite court directives, delays in the disposal of bail applications contribute to prolonged detention of undertrials.
Empirical Assessment and Policy Reforms
Lack of Empirical Evidence: The absence of empirical data hampers efforts to understand the bail system’s challenges comprehensively.
Socio-economic Barriers: Bail laws disproportionately burden marginalized individuals, necessitating reforms based on a realistic assessment of the problem.
No Data-driven Reform: Policymakers should prioritize empirical research to inform evidence-based policy reforms aimed at addressing systemic inequalities.
Safeguards and Adjudication Practices
Arrest Safeguards: Existing safeguards against arbitrary arrest often exclude vulnerable populations, contributing to the high proportion of undertrials.
Discretionary Adjudication: Courts exercise discretion in granting bail, but guidelines lack clarity on how socioeconomic factors influence bail decisions.
Recording Reasons for Bail Denial: Courts should be mandated to record detailed reasons for denying bail, promoting transparency and accountability in the adjudication process.
Bail Compliance Challenges
Financial Hurdles: Many undertrials struggle to comply with bail conditions due to financial constraints and lack of local sureties.
Structural Disadvantages: Factors like lack of residence proof and family support further hinder undertrials’ ability to comply with bail conditions.
Support Mechanisms: Establishing support mechanisms to assist undertrials in navigating the bail process and fulfilling conditions can alleviate compliance challenges.
Why bail needs reform?
Indiscriminatearrests: Of this category of prisoners, majority may not even be required to be arrested despite registration of a cognizable offense, being charged with offenses punishable for seven years or less.
Disadvantageous for some sections: They are not only poor and illiterate but also would include women. Thus, there is a culture of offense being inherited by many of them.
Colonial legacy: Theoretically, the court also linked the idea of indiscriminate arrests to magistrates ignoring the rule of “bail, not jail” to a colonial mindset.
Way forward
No Flawed Assumptions: The current bail system operates on flawed assumptions about the accused’s socio-economic status, rendering ‘bail not jail’ meaningless for many.
Call for Bail Reform: Meaningful bail reform necessitates a reevaluation of these assumptions and a data-driven approach to diagnose systemic issues.
Holistic Approach: Reform efforts should adopt a holistic approach, addressing both procedural inadequacies and socio-economic barriers to ensure equitable access to bail.
Conclusion
India’s bail system stands at a critical juncture, with an urgent need for reform to address systemic inefficiencies and ensure justice for all.
Empirical research, legislative action, and judicial scrutiny are essential components of a comprehensive reform agenda.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2021:
With reference to India, consider the following statements:
Judicial custody means and accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such accused is locked up in a police station, not in jail.
During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
[wpdiscuz-feedback id=”wwodi0ynqz” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your responses here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]
In the past week, many Geographical Indications (GI) Tags were awarded across the states of India.
AboutGI Tag
A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
The tag stands valid for 10 years.
Recently Awarded GI Tags
[1] Narasapur Crochet Lace Craft:
Details
Technique
Handcrafted crochet lace-making using fine threads
Design
Intricate patterns and motifs inspired by nature and traditional motifs
Uniqueness
Known for delicate and intricate designs, used in sarees, dress materials, and home decor
Economic Impact
Provides livelihood to local artisans, enhances market value, protects against imitation
Recognition
GI tag promotes cultural heritage, supports economic empowerment of artisans
[2] Mukha Shilpa of Majuli:
Details
Origin
Majuli, Assam, the world’s largest river island
Artform
Traditional mask-making, also known as Mukha Shilpa
Material
Made from eco-friendly materials like bamboo, clay, and cloth
Uniqueness
Masks depict mythological characters, deities, and animals, preserving Assamese culture
Cultural Significance
Used in traditional Sattriya dance forms, rituals, and festivals
Economic Impact
GI tag promotes tourism, empowers local artisans, supports conservation efforts
Conservation Efforts
Recognition boosts efforts to preserve and promote this ancient art form
[3] Traditional Tribal Attire ‘Risa’:
Details
Origin
Tripura, northeastern state known for rich tribal culture
Attire
Traditional attire worn by Tripuri tribal women
Fabric
Handwoven cotton fabric with vibrant colors and intricate designs
Uniqueness
Unique weaving techniques and motifs representing tribal identity
Cultural Heritage
Integral part of Tripuri culture, worn during festivals and ceremonies
Economic Impact
GI tag enhances market visibility, supports livelihoods of weavers
Preservation Efforts
Recognition promotes preservation and revival of traditional weaving techniques
[4] Riyawan Garlic (Madhya Pradesh):
Details
Origin
Riyawan village in Ratlam district, Madhya Pradesh
Variety
Special type of garlic known for unique taste, aroma, and medicinal properties
Cultivation
Grown organically in fertile soil and favorable climate
Uniqueness
Distinct flavor and pungency, popular in culinary uses and Ayurvedic medicine
Health Benefits
Rich in antioxidants, believed to have medicinal properties for various ailments
Economic Impact
GI tag boosts local agriculture, provides economic opportunities to farmers
Quality Assurance
Recognition ensures authenticity and quality, protects against imitation
[5] ‘Chandi Tarakasi’ or Silver Filigree:
Details
Origin
Cuttack, Odisha, renowned for centuries-old silver filigree craftsmanship
Craftsmanship
Intricate art of twisting and curling thin silver wires to create delicate patterns and designs
Utility
Used in jewelry, utensils, decorative items, and souvenirs
Uniqueness
Unique designs reflecting Odia culture and heritage, passed down through generations
Artistic Value
Prized for craftsmanship and artistic appeal
Economic Impact
GI tag enhances market value, supports local artisans, promotes preservation of cultural heritage
Cultural Heritage
Recognition promotes preservation and continuation of traditional art form
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2018:
Q.India enacted The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 in order to comply with the obligations to-
(a) ILO
(b) IMF
(c) UNCTAD
(d) WTO
[wpdiscuz-feedback id=”2u8zuekcwj” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your responses here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]
A longstanding dispute between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh over the ownership of the Shanan hydropower project has escalated, leading to legal intervention by both parties.
As the 99-year-old lease of the project expired on March 2, the Centre has issued orders to maintain status quo until a final decision is reached.
Shanan Hydropower Project and the Dispute
Location: It is located on the Uhl River, a tributary of the Beas River, in Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh, India.
British-era Lease: The 110-MW Shanan hydel project was leased to Punjab in 1925 by the then-ruler of Mandi, Raja Joginder Bahadur, under a 99-year lease agreement.
Competing Claims: Himachal Pradesh contends that the project should revert to its control upon the expiry of the lease, citing historical and legal grounds for its claim.
Economic Significance: The project has significant economic implications for both states, contributing to their power generation capacities and regional development.
Punjab’s Claims over the Project
Historical Ownership: The project historically supplied power to undivided Punjab and Delhi before Independence, and it was allocated to Punjab during the reorganization of states in 1966.
Legal Basis: Punjab asserts its legal control over the project under the provisions of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966, reinforced by a central notification issued in 1967.
Utilization of Resources: Punjab argues that it has invested in the maintenance and operation of the project, making it a vital component of its energy infrastructure.
Legal Proceedings and Centre’s Intervention
Supreme Court Petition: Punjab has filed a suit in the Supreme Court, seeking a permanent injunction against Himachal Pradesh from disturbing its lawful possession of the project.
Interim Status Quo Order: The Centre, invoking its powers under relevant laws, has ordered the status quo on the project’s functioning until a final decision is made, emphasizing the public interest in maintaining stability.
Legal Interpretation: The interpretation of historical agreements and legislative acts will be pivotal in determining the rightful ownership of the project.
Implications and Future Course of Action
Interim Measure: The Centre’s order is an interim measure to prevent disruption in the functioning of the Shanan Power House until the dispute is resolved.
Legal Framework: Both parties are expected to proceed further within the legal framework to settle the dispute, ensuring adherence to due process and fairness.
Regional Cooperation: A collaborative approach between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, facilitated by federal authorities, could lead to a mutually beneficial resolution and promote inter-state harmony.
The inauguration of the National Dolphin Research Centre (NDRC) in Patna marks a significant step towards the conservation of the Gangetic Dolphin.
The NDRC aims to facilitate in-depth studies on various aspects of Gangetic dolphins, including behavior, survival skills, food habits, and mortality factors.
Led by Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, this pioneering institute promises to advance scientific understanding and foster conservation efforts for this iconic species.
Key Facts about Gangetic Dolphin
Details
Discovery
Platanista gangetica also known as the “Tiger of the Ganges,” was officially discovered in 1801.
Habitat
Historically distributed in major river systems of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, including the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu.
Features
Essentially blind, hunts by emitting ultrasonic sounds.
Frequently found alone or in small groups, usually with a calf.
Females larger, give birth once every 2-3 years.
Importance
Indicator of river ecosystem health.
Designated National Aquatic Animal (2009) and State Aquatic Animal of Assam.
Major Threats
Unintentional killing in fishing gear.
Poaching for dolphin oil.
Habitat destruction due to development and pollution.
The Venice Biennale, revered as “the Olympics of the art world,” is set to unveil its 60th edition on April 20.
Under the theme “Stranieri Ovunque” or “Foreigners Everywhere,” curated by Adriano Pedrosa, the exhibition will feature 333 artists from around the world.
What is the Venice Biennale?
Inception: Proposed by Venice’s city government in 1893, the Biennale aimed to commemorate the silver jubilee of King Umberto I and Queen Margherita of Italy.
Early Exhibitions: The inaugural exhibition in 1895 attracted over two lakh visitors, showcasing works by foreign and Italian artists without specific thematic constraints.
Structure of the Venice Biennale
Central Pavilion: Serving as the focal point, the central pavilion hosts the main exhibition curated by the appointed curator, highlighting selected artworks.
National Pavilions: Representing individual countries, these pavilions feature curated exhibitions managed by respective ministries of culture, with India having participated officially since 1954.
Collateral Events: Independent exhibitions and events across Venice complement the Biennale, enriching the cultural landscape.
India’s Journey at the Venice Biennale
Debut in 1954: India made its inaugural appearance with an exhibition organized by the Embassy of India in Rome, featuring eminent artists like M F Husain and Amrita Sher-Gil.
Subsequent Engagements: Indian artists have participated in various editions, with official pavilions organized in 2011 and 2019, showcasing diverse artistic expressions.
Continued Representation: In 2024, Indian artists will feature prominently in the central exhibition, alongside the Aravani Art Project, symbolizing India’s enduring presence on the global art stage.
The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) introduced Chakshu, a new platform aimed at enabling telecom users to report fraud or spam callers.
Chakshu Platform
Chakshu (meaning eyes), accessible at sancharsaathi.gov.in/sfc, empowers citizens to proactively report suspicious communications, as announced by the DoT.
The government will collaborate with private firms like Truecaller to improve the functionality of the platform.
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) is also working on building an app for the ‘Chakshu’ platform.
Features of the platform
Reporting Options: Users can report various types of frauds, including those related to bank accounts, payment wallets, SIM cards, gas and electricity connections, KYC updates, impersonation, and sextortion.
Enhanced Reporting Mechanism: Chakshu offers a comprehensive mechanism for reporting fraudulent activities, ensuring that telecom users can address a wide range of concerns.
Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments? (10)
Pyq pre
Why is it in the News?
Cervical cancer prevention, particularly through HPV vaccination, has gained attention recently due to several factors. January was observed as Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, drawing focus to the importance of combating this disease. Additionally, March 4 marked International HPV Awareness Day, further highlighting the significance of addressing HPV-related health issues.
What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. It is primarily caused by certain types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which is transmitted through intimate contact.
If left untreated, cervical cancer can be life-threatening. It is a significant health concern worldwide, with a particularly high burden in lower- and middle-income countries. In India, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women, posing a substantial threat to public health.
What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes. It’s the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. HPV can cause various health issues, including genital warts and certain types of cancers.
What Facts are explained in the article?
Prevalence and Impact: Cervical cancer claims the lives of over 300,000 women annually worldwide, with a disproportionate burden in lower-income countries.
Risk in India: With over 500 million women at risk, cervical cancer is a significant public health concern in India, second only to breast cancer.
Role of HPV Vaccination: HPV vaccination is identified as a crucial strategy for preventing cervical cancer. It targets the underlying cause of the disease by protecting against HPV infection.
Strategies for Prevention of Cervical cancer
HPV Vaccination: Implementing widespread HPV vaccination programs, particularly targeting adolescent girls, can significantly reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Vaccination should ideally occur before the onset of sexual activity to maximize effectiveness.
Screening for Precancerous Lesions: Regular screening for precancerous lesions, such as Pap smears or HPV DNA tests, can detect abnormalities early and allow for timely intervention. This is crucial for reducing the incidence of advanced-stage cervical cancer.
Education and Awareness: Increasing education and awareness about cervical cancer, HPV infection, and the importance of vaccination and screening are essential. This includes targeting healthcare professionals, policymakers, parents, and adolescents to dispel myths and misconceptions and encourage uptake of preventive measures.
What are the Challenges?
Limited Access: HPV vaccination may not be widely accessible, particularly in lower-resourced communities, and is often available at a significant out-of-pocket cost.
Misconceptions Among Physicians: Some physicians underestimate the incidence and risk of cervical cancer, as well as the safety and effectiveness of HPV vaccines. This can lead to hesitancy in recommending vaccination to eligible individuals.
Parental Hesitancy: Misinformation and concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy among parents can contribute to hesitancy in vaccinating adolescents against HPV.
Pap Smears
Description: A screening procedure for cervical cancer involving collecting cells from the cervix to examine for abnormalities.
Purpose: To detect precancerous or cancerous changes in cervical cells early for timely intervention and prevention.
Procedure: Use of a speculum to visualize the cervix and collection of cells with a brush or spatula.
Timing: Typically performed during routine gynecological exams, starting at age 21 or within 3 years of becoming sexually active.
Facts about HPV Vaccination:
The HPV vaccine is safe and effective in preventing six HPV-related cancers, including cervical, vulvar, anal, vaginal, throat, and cervical cancers.
Vaccination is recommended for adolescents starting at age 9 years to maximize its effectiveness.
HPV vaccination is an essential component of the immunization schedule recommended by the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP).
Best Practices for HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Prevention:
Effective Communication:
Provide clear and accurate information to parents about HPV vaccination.
Address concerns and misconceptions to ensure informed decision-making.
Timely Vaccination:
Recommend HPV vaccination for adolescents starting at age 9.
Encourage vaccination before sexual activity begins for maximum effectiveness.
Integration into Immunization Programs:
Advocate for inclusion in national immunization programs for widespread access.
Collaborate with policymakers to ensure equitable vaccine coverage.
Promotion of Regular Screening:
Emphasize the importance of cervical cancer screening for women over 30.
Encourage routine Pap smears or HPV DNA tests for early detection.
Physician Education:
Provide comprehensive training on HPV vaccination and cervical cancer prevention.
Equip healthcare professionals with updated guidelines and communication skills.
In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of proactive measures to prevent cervical cancer, particularly through HPV vaccination and screening. It underscores the role of healthcare professionals, policymakers, and community stakeholders in addressing the challenges and ensuring equitable access to preventive interventions.
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) had informed Parliament recently a separate mechanism by the Ministry of Finance in consultation with the MoD to explore a special dispensation to operationalize a “Non-lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund” because the non-lapsable pool has drawbacks as it affects parliamentary scrutiny and accountability.
About Non-Lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund (DMF):
The DMF aims to create a dedicated pool of funds that carry over from year to year, ensuring that unutilized funds are retained for future defence modernisation initiatives. Currently, defence funding in India operates on a yearly basis, with unspent funds being returned at the end of each fiscal year.
The dedicated Modernisation Fund is intended to supplement regular budgetary allocations and provide certainty in funding for various defence capability development and infrastructure projects.
Recommendation by XV Finance Commission
The 15th Finance Commission proposed a dedicated Modernisation Fund for Defence and Internal Security.
It said the Union may constitute in the Public Account of India, a dedicated non-lapsable fund, Modernisation Fund for Defence and Internal Security (MFDIS).
About the Public Account of India
The Public Account of India was constituted by Article 266(2) of the Indian Constitution which states that “All other public moneys received by or on behalf of the Government of India or the Government of a State shall be credited to the public account of India or the public account of the State, as the case may be.”
These funds are used to manage transactions where the government serves as a banker, such as provident funds, small savings, and other deposits.
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is responsible for auditing all expenditures from the Public Account of India.
Withdrawal or utilization of money can only occur for specific purposes authorized by law or parliamentary approval, ensuring proper allocation and utilization of funds.
Need for Non-Lapsable Funds:
Addressing Budgetary Limitations: Yearly budget allocations lead to the surrender of unutilized funds, hindering defense modernization efforts.
Creating Certainty: Non-lapsable funds offer certainty in funding availability, promoting stability and continuity in modernization initiatives.
Enhancing Flexibility: These funds provide flexibility for addressing unforeseen contingencies and promoting long-term planning.
Significance of Non-Lapsable Funds:
Certainty and Continuity: Non-lapsable funds offer assurance of funding for defence modernisation, eliminating the need for frequent requests for additional funds and ensuring continuity in project execution.
Flexibility: These funds provide flexibility in utilization, allowing for the allocation of resources to unforeseen requirements or contingencies that may arise during the year.
Long-term Planning: By allowing funds to carry over across fiscal years, non-lapsable funds facilitate long-term planning for defence modernization projects, promoting systematic and strategic development.
Challenges and Considerations
Parliamentary Scrutiny: Establishing a non-lapsable fund may raise concerns about reduced parliamentary scrutiny and accountability over defense spending.
Operational Modalities: Determining the sources of funding and operational modalities for the DMF require careful consideration to ensure effectiveness and transparency.
Interagency Coordination: Coordination between the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Finance is essential for the successful implementation of the fund.
Conclusion
The proposal for a Non-Lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund represents a proactive approach to addressing the challenges associated with defence funding in India.
While the concept offers several potential benefits, its implementation requires careful deliberation and collaboration between key stakeholders to ensure accountability, transparency, and optimal utilization of resources in support of national security objectives.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2014:
Q.With reference to Union Budget, which of the following, is/are covered under Non-Plan Expenditure?
Defence-expenditure
Interest payments
Salaries and pensions
Subsidies
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(d) None
[wpdiscuz-feedback id=”299adksz0k” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]
Kashmir’s Hangul, a shy and endangered species of deer, has exhibited a robust breeding season, suggesting a hopeful future for its population in the Dachigam National Park.
The Hanguls population could surpass 300 this spring, marking the first time in over 30 years.
About Hangul (Kashmir Stag)
Details
Scientific Name
Cervus hanglu
Habitat
Dense riverine forests in high valleys and mountains of Jammu and Kashmir, northern Himachal Pradesh
Geographic Range
Endemic to Kashmir and surrounding areas
Distribution
Primarily found in Dachigam National Park;
Small population in Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary
Conservation Status
IUCN: Critically Endangered
CITES: Appendix I
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I (highest level of protection)
Threats to Hanguls
Predator Concerns: Hangul faces threats from predators like leopards and Asiatic Black Bears, necessitating further research and monitoring.
Environmental Challenges: Drying drainages and snowless glacial areas in Dachigam raise concerns about habitat sustainability, highlighting the impact of climate change.
About Dachigam National Park
DNP boasts diverse flora and fauna, encompassing deep valleys, rocky outcrops, wooded slopes, and alpine pastures.
Spanning altitudes from 1600 m to 4200 m above sea level, the park is divided into upper and lower regions, each harboring unique ecosystems.
The park is home to a plethora of plant species, including wild cherry, pear, plum, walnut, oak, pine, and elm, fostering a biodiverse ecosystem.
Apart from hangul, the park supports a variety of wildlife, including musk deer, brown bears, leopards, Himalayan black bears, jungle cats, and species of wild goats like markhor and ibex.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:
Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?
(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass
(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard
(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane)
(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal
[wpdiscuz-feedback id=”6naow7100o” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your responses here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]
The Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation officially inaugurated the National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC), marking a significant milestone in the development of urban cooperative banking.
About NUCFDC
Regulatory Approval: NUCFDC has obtained approval from the RBI, authorizing it to function as a Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC) and serve as the apex body for the urban cooperative banking sector.
Self-Regulatory Status: Additionally, NUCFDC has been granted the status of a Self-Regulatory Organisation (SRO) for the sector, empowering it to oversee and regulate various aspects of urban cooperative banking operations.
Capital Enhancement: NUCFDC aims to augment its capital base, with ambitions to achieve a capitalization level of Rs. 300 crores, facilitating its mission to support and strengthen Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs).
Functions ofNUCFDC
Utilization of Funds: The organization intends to deploy its capital resources towards bolstering the financial capabilities of UCBs, including the development of a shared technology infrastructure to enhance service delivery and reduce operational costs.
Comprehensive Support: Apart from providing financial liquidity and capital assistance, NUCFDC will establish a collaborative technology platform accessible to all UCBs, enabling them to expand their service offerings efficiently and affordably.
Advisory Services: NUCFDC will also extend advisory and consultancy services to UCBs, assisting them in areas such as fund management, regulatory compliance, and strategic planning.
About Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs)
Origins: UCBs trace their roots to cooperative credit societies, offering financial services to members within specific community groups.
Regulations: Regulated by the RBI under the Banking Regulation Act of 1949, UCBs adhere to stringent prudential norms and guidelines to ensure financial stability.
Operational Classification: UCBs are categorized into urban and rural cooperative banks based on their geographic scope. They operate under the governance of State Registrars of Cooperative Societies (RCS) or the Central Registrar of Cooperative Societies (CRCS) and the RBI.
Historical Evolution: The journey of UCBs dates back to the establishment of the first Cooperative Credit Society of Haryana in 1904, evolving over time with regulatory amendments and institutional reforms.
Reforming the UCBs
Narasimham Committee Report (1998): It suggest subsequent regulatory interventions aimed at enhancing the governance, capitalization, and operational efficiency of UCBs.
Structural Recommendations Committee (2021): The formation of a 4-tier structure for UCBs, proposed by a committee appointed by the RBI in 2021, seeks to streamline their operations and ensure effective regulatory oversight based on deposit size tiers:
Tier 1 with all unit UCBs and salary earner’s UCBs (irrespective of deposit size) and all other UCBs having deposits up to Rs 100 crore.
Tier 2 with UCBs of deposits between Rs 100 crore and Rs 1,000 crore,
Tier 3 with UCBs of deposits between Rs 1,000 crore and Rs 10,000 crore, and
Tier 4 with UCBs of deposits more than Rs 10,000 crore.
Challenges Faced by UCBs
Capital Constraints: UCBs encounter limitations in capital mobilization due to regulatory restrictions on dividend payouts and limited avenues for raising external funds.
Diversification Hurdles: The lack of operational diversification and dependence on member contributions for capital infusion pose challenges to UCBs’ financial resilience and expansion prospects.
Funding Alternatives: Access to alternative funding sources remains constrained for UCBs, necessitating innovative approaches to address liquidity requirements.
Profit Distribution Dynamics: Incentives for profit distribution are subdued in UCBs, impacting their attractiveness to investors and hindering their growth trajectory.
Solvency Pressures: Expansion initiatives and acquisitions can strain UCBs’ solvency and liquidity positions, necessitating prudent risk management practices and strategic planning.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2021:
With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements:
They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments.
They can issue equity shares and preference shares.
They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an Amendment in 1966.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[wpdiscuz-feedback id=”vge2nqi6bd” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your responses here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]
The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) has been under scrutiny following concerns over the sinking of piers at the Medigadda barrage.
To address these issues, National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) will conduct a thorough examination of the project.
What is Kaleshwaram Project?
Details
Location
Kaleshwaram village, Telangana, India
Earlier called as Pranahita-Chevella Lift Irrigation Project
Confluence Point
Pranhita-Godavari River confluence
Project Size
Claimed to be the world’s largest multi-stage and multi-purpose lift irrigation project
Key Features
Series of underground and surface water pumping stations, stretching over 300 km
Purpose
Supply water to 45 lakh acres in Telangana
Commencement
Started in 2016, utilizing approximately 283 TMC of water from the Godavari River
Components
Divided into 7 links and 28 packages through 13 districts
Aims to source a total of 240 TMC of water
Construction of barrage at Medigadda, with water reverse-pumped into the Godavari River
Major Pumping Facilities
Ramadugu (largest), Medaram, Annaram, and Sundilla
About Godavari River
The Godavari River, also known as Dakshin Ganga, is the largest peninsular river system in the region.
Its basin is bordered by the Satmala hills to the north, the Ajanta range and Mahadeo hills to the south, the Eastern Ghats to the east, and the Western Ghats to the west.
Originating from Trimbakeshwar near Nasik in Maharashtra, the Godavari River flows for approximately 1465 km before reaching the Bay of Bengal.
The Godavari basin spans across Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha, with smaller portions in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and the UT of Puducherry.
Right bank tributaries include the Pravara, Manjira, and Maner.
Left bank tributaries comprise the Purna, Pranhita, Indravati, and Sabari rivers.
About National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA): Ensuring Dam Safety in India
The NDSA plays a crucial role in maintaining the safety standards of dams across the country.
Constitutional Basis: Although water management falls under the State List, the Union government has the authority to enact laws related to dam safety under Article 246 of the Constitution. (Parliament holds the power to make laws for any part of India not included within a State, irrespective of whether the subject falls under the State List.)
Dam Safety Act, 2021: Parliament has passed the Dam Safety Act to establish an institutional mechanism for ensuring dam safety in India.
Objectives and Functions
Institutional Mechanism: The NDSA is tasked with maintaining standards for dam safety, preventing dam-related disasters, and addressing interstate concerns regarding dams.
Leadership Structure: The authority is headed by a chairman and supported by five members with expertise in various domains, including policy and research, technical aspects, regulation, disaster management, resilience, and administration and finance.
Surveillance and Inspection: Special provisions are in place for the surveillance, inspection, operation, and maintenance of all large dams in the country to prevent dam failure-related disasters.
Penal Provisions: The Dam Safety Act includes penal provisions and a list of offenses along with corresponding penalties to ensure compliance.
Organizational Setup
Headquarters: The headquarters of the NDSA is located in the National Capital Region (NCR).
Regional Offices: The authority is supported by four regional offices strategically positioned across the country to facilitate efficient oversight and management of dam safety.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2015:
Q.Consider the following rivers:
Vamsadhara
Indravati
Pranahita
Pennar
Which of the rivers given above are the tributaries of Godavari?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 2 and 3 only
[wpdiscuz-feedback id=”hdrmke4wcn” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your responses here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a pivotal tool in addressing various challenges, including India’s pressing water crisis.
While the public’s perception of AI remains mixed, its potential to revolutionize water management cannot be overstated.
River Inter-Linking
Background: As India grapples with the challenges of climate change and unpredictable weather patterns, the need to mitigate water deficits has become a critical priority for policymakers. One proposed solution is the ambitious river-linking project, aimed at connecting flood-prone rivers with those facing water deficits.
Objective: The goal of the river-linking initiative is to optimize water distribution across regions, ensuring maximum benefits for the most people while minimizing environmental impact and resource depletion.
Assessing River Inter-Linking using AI
Computational Modeling: Researchers from institutions such as IIT-ISM, Dhanbad, and NITs in Tripura and Goa have leveraged AI tools to develop computational models for analyzing the proposed Pennar-Palar-Cauvery link canal.
Multi-Objective Optimization: The AI models employ a multi-objective approach, aiming to achieve multiple objectives simultaneously. For example, optimizing crop yield while minimizing water usage and environmental impact.
Data Utilization: These models utilize extensive datasets, including water level measurements, crop-sowing patterns, and economic factors such as minimum support price and cost-benefit analysis for farmers.
Predictive Analysis: By analyzing historical data and making predictions based on AI algorithms, researchers can identify optimal strategies for crop selection and water management, ultimately maximizing agricultural productivity while conserving water resources.
Key Findings and Recommendations
Optimizing Farm Returns: The AI-based models suggest that by making adjustments to crop selection and water management practices, it is possible to improve farm returns without depleting groundwater or wasting water resources.
Need for Detailed Data: Collecting more detailed and accurate data will enhance the effectiveness of AI-based models, enabling more focused and accurate predictions for optimizing water usage and agricultural productivity.
Way Forward
Improved Data Collection: Enhanced data collection efforts will further refine AI-based predictions, enabling more precise and focused solutions to water management challenges.
Collaborative Efforts: Collaboration between academia, government agencies, and technology experts is crucial in harnessing AI’s full potential for sustainable water management.
Public Awareness: Educating the public about the benefits of AI-driven water management solutions can garner support and facilitate implementation at scale.
Conclusion
The integration of AI into the river-linking initiative holds immense potential for addressing water scarcity challenges in India.
By harnessing the power of AI-driven predictive modelling, policymakers can make informed decisions to optimize water distribution, enhance agricultural productivity, and mitigate the impacts of climate change on water resources.
As India’s development journey progresses, leveraging AI technologies will be instrumental in achieving sustainable water management practices and ensuring water security for future generations.
Indian customs officials at Mumbai Port seized two advanced Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines manufactured by GKD, Italy, en route to the port of Karachi from China.
The CNC machines, critical for manufacturing parts utilized in Pakistan’s missile development program, were destined for Karachi.
What are Dual-Use Items?
Definition: Dual-use items refer to commodities that possess the potential for application in both civilian and military contexts.
Regulatory Scrutiny: These items are subject to stringent regulation due to their capability to be initially designed for civilian purposes but later repurposed for military or even terrorist activities.
Examples: Examples of dual-use items include global positioning satellites, missiles, nuclear technology, chemical and biological weapons, night vision technology, drones, precision-engineered aluminium pipes, and specific types of ball bearings.
Global Control Mechanisms for Dual-Use Items
(1) Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR):
Established: In 1987 by G-7 countries.
Purpose: To limit the proliferation of missiles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction.
Membership: Consists of 35 member countries.
Guidelines: Members coordinate national export controls to prevent missile proliferation.
India’s Membership: India became the 35th member in 2016.
(2) Wassenaar Arrangement (WA):
Established: In 1996 with 42 participating states.
Purpose: Prevent destabilizing accumulations of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies.
Export Controls: Member countries apply controls on listed items to avoid enhancing military capabilities.
India not a member: It it has expressed interest in joining to strengthen its export controls and enhance its non-proliferation efforts.
(3) Australia Group (AG):
Formation: Prompted by Iraq’s use of chemical weapons in 1985.
Focus: Initially on chemical weapons precursor chemicals, expanded to include biological weapons prevention.
Membership: Composed of 42 member countries. India is NOT a member.
Objective: Harmonization of international export controls on chemical and biological technologies.
(4) Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG):
Established: In 1974 in response to India’s nuclear tests.
Purpose: Control nuclear and nuclear-related technology to prevent proliferation.
Membership: Consists of 48 participating governments.
Guidelines: Aim to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons through control measures.
[Note: India is also party to key conventions such as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC).]
India’s in-house mechanisms against Dual-Use Items
Role of DGFT: The Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) in India oversees the regulation of dual-use items through the SCOMET list (Specialty Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies).
SCOMET List: SCOMET items encompass special chemicals, organisms, materials, equipment, and technologies with dual-use potential.
Regulatory Framework: Exporting SCOMET items is subject to strict regulations, either requiring a license or being prohibited altogether.
Alignment with International Controls: The SCOMET control list aligns with the control lists of various multilateral export control regimes and conventions.
Pakistan’s decision to resume its National Day (March 23) celebrations in New Delhi after a four-year gap due to the pandemic and strained bilateral relations reflects a significant diplomatic gesture.
Let’s delve into the historical significance of Pakistan National Day, centered around the Lahore Resolution, and understand how it is observed in New Delhi.
Observance of Pakistan National Day in New Delhi
Diplomatic Event: The Pakistan National Day is observed at the Pakistan embassy complex in New Delhi, typically attended by foreign diplomats and Indian dignitaries.
Symbolic Gestures: The event features the playing of national anthems of both countries and addresses by the Pakistan high commissioner and invited guests, fostering diplomatic ties.
About the Lahore Resolution (1940)
Historical Context: The Lahore Resolution was adopted by the All-India Muslim League during its session in Lahore from March 22 to March 24, 1940.
Core Objective: It formally called for an independent state for India’s Muslims, laying the groundwork for the creation of Pakistan.
Constitutional Transformation (1956): Pakistan officially adopted its first Constitution on March 23, coinciding with the Lahore Resolution, signifying the transition from the Dominion of Pakistan to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Symbolic Structure: The Minar-e-Pakistan, erected at the site of the Lahore Resolution, commemorates this historic event, with the resolution’s text inscribed at its base.
Key Elements of the Lahore Resolution
Geographical Division: The resolution emphasized the formation of “Independent States” in regions where Muslims were in a majority, particularly in the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India.
Safeguarding Minority Rights: It called for the protection of religious, cultural, economic, and political rights of Muslims and other minorities throughout India.
Historical Context and Lead-up to the Lahore Resolution
Growing Dissent: The resolution reflected the culmination of growing demands for Muslim autonomy within India, amid concerns over representation and safeguarding of rights.
Impactful Events: The session coincided with the Khaksar tragedy and featured a pivotal address by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, solidifying his leadership role in the movement for a separate Muslim state.
Government of India Act, 1935: The Lahore Resolution emerged against the backdrop of the GoI Act, 1935, which granted separate electorates to Muslims and served as a catalyst for the demand for Muslim autonomy.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:
Q.The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress (1929) is very important in history, because-
The Congress passed a resolution demanding complete independence
The rift between the extremists and moderates was resolved in that Session
A resolution was passed rejecting the two-nation theory in that Session
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) None of the above
[wpdiscuz-feedback id=”qv88clk0u7″ question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your responses here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]
Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
In the news
The Supreme Court is set to decide if legislators (MPs and MLAs) enjoy immunity from bribery charges in connection with votes made in Parliament and Legislative Assemblies.
Legislators Immunity: Background and Context
Constitutional Provisions: Articles 194(2) (for MLAs) and 105(2) (MPs) of the Constitution grant legislators immunity from legal proceedings concerning their speeches and votes in Parliament and Legislative Assemblies.
P.V. Narasimha Case: In 1998, the Supreme Court upheld this immunity in the case of P.V. Narasimha Rao v State (CBI/SPE), ruling that legislators are shielded from criminal prosecution for bribery linked to their parliamentary actions.
Reasons for Reconsideration
Sita Soren’s Case: The appeal by JMM MLA Sita Soren, accused of accepting bribes during Rajya Sabha elections, prompted a reevaluation of the Narasimha verdict.
Interpretation Issues: Concerns were raised about the broad interpretation of immunity and its implications for combating bribery in legislative bodies.
Arguments Supporting Immunity
Absolute Protection: Advocates contend that legislators enjoy complete immunity from legal action under constitutional provisions. They argue that the Speaker holds authority to address moral infractions through expulsion.
Interpretation of Articles: The dissenting opinion in Narasimha sought to narrow the scope of immunity, but proponents stress adherence to the literal interpretation of constitutional language.
Arguments against
Completion of Offence: Critics argue that the offence of bribery is consummated upon acceptance of the bribe, irrespective of subsequent actions. They advocate holding legislators accountable from the moment the bribe is accepted.
Legitimate Legislative Actions: Distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate actions, advocates assert that actions stemming from criminal conduct, such as vote-buying, should not be shielded by immunity.
Legal Interpretation and Statutory Compliance
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988: Critics highlight inconsistencies between the Narasimha ruling and the provisions of the PCA, emphasizing the need for alignment with anti-corruption legislation.
Intent and Performance: Solicitor General Mehta underscored the disconnect between the Narasimha verdict and the intent of the Prevention of Corruption Act, particularly regarding the timing of criminal liability.
P.V. Narasimha Case (1998) Analogy
Judgement protects bribe-takers after there is “performance” (a speech or vote is given based on the bribe), even though Section 7 of the PCA specifically punishes public servants who accept bribes “to” or “as a reward for” performing their public duty improperly or dishonestly.
Way Forward
Balancing Integrity and Immunity: The court’s ruling will determine the delicate balance between upholding legislative immunity and ensuring accountability for criminal acts.
Interpretative Scrutiny: A nuanced interpretation of constitutional provisions is essential to address the evolving complexities of legislative conduct and accountability.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s forthcoming decision on legislators’ immunity from bribery charges holds significant ramifications for India’s legal landscape.
Balancing constitutional provisions, legislative intent, and anti-corruption imperatives, the court’s ruling will shape the accountability framework for lawmakers and the integrity of the legislative process.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
In the news
A Tripartite agreement was signed between the Government of India, the government of Tripura, and the Tipraha Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance (TIPRA).
This marks a significant step towards addressing the longstanding issues faced by the indigenous population of Tripura.
Ethno-Political Demands in Tripura: Historical Context
Demographic Shifts: Tripura has witnessed significant demographic changes, with indigenous tribes facing marginalization due to influxes of refugees from East Pakistan.
Marginalization of the Locals: This demographic shift has eroded the indigenous population’s socio-political influence and land rights over time.
Ethnic Tensions: Ethnic conflicts and insurgency have further exacerbated tensions between indigenous tribes and non-tribal communities, leading to demands for greater autonomy and recognition of tribal rights.
Revival of Ethnic Nationalism: In recent years, ethnic nationalism has been resurgent, particularly through the demand of Greater Tipraland, which seeks to unite indigenous tribes under a common identity and advocate for their collective interests.
Demand for Greater Tipraland
Enhanced Autonomy: The core objective of Greater Tipraland is to secure greater autonomy for indigenous tribes within Tripura, allowing them to govern their affairs and preserve their cultural heritage.
Recognition of Tribal Rights: TIPRA’s demands include linguistic recognition, economic empowerment, and political representation for indigenous communities, ensuring their rights are safeguarded and respected.
Geographical Extent: The proposed Greater Tipraland encompasses not only the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) but also extends to tribal populations residing outside designated tribal areas, including those in neighboring states and Bangladesh.
Constitutional Framework for Such Demands
Constitutional Provisions: Articles 2 and 3 of the Indian Constitution provide the legal framework for the creation of new states and the alteration of state boundaries. TIPRA seeks to leverage these provisions to advocate for the establishment of Greater Tipraland.
Regional Representation: Through political advocacy and grassroots mobilization, TIPRA aims to garner support for its demands within the legislative and executive branches of government, both at the state and national levels.
Challenges and Opportunities: While constitutional avenues exist for pursuing Greater Tipraland, navigating political complexities and addressing competing interests pose significant challenges. However, TIPRA sees these challenges as opportunities to engage in dialogue and build consensus around its agenda.
Socio-Political Dynamics
Coalition Building: TIPRA’s emergence as a major political force has reshaped Tripura’s political landscape, with alliances and partnerships forming to advance shared objectives, including the pursuit of Greater Tipraland.
Opposition Criticism: Opposition parties, such as the Communist Party of India (Marxist), have criticized TIPRA’s demands as politically motivated, highlighting broader ideological divisions and electoral dynamics.
Public Support: TIPRA’s demands have garnered widespread public support, particularly among indigenous communities, who see Greater Tipraland as a pathway to empowerment and self-determination.
Conclusion
The demand for Greater Tipraland encapsulates the aspirations of Tripura’s indigenous tribes for self-governance, cultural preservation, and socio-economic empowerment.
While challenges remain, the pursuit reflects a broader movement towards inclusive governance and recognition of indigenous rights in India’s northeastern region.
