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  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

    Bengaluru’s First Driverless Metro Train, Aided by AI: All You Need to Know

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    metro

    In the news

    • The Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) is embarking on a significant milestone with the introduction of driverless trains equipped with cutting-edge technology.
    • As the first of its kind in Bengaluru, these trains represent a leap forward in urban transportation infrastructure.

    About CBTC-Enabled Driverless Metro Train

    • Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC): The driverless metro trains are equipped with CBTC technology, enabling seamless communication between trains and control systems.
    • Unattended Train Operations (UTO): The trains boast full automation, including tasks such as door operations and train movement, under Enhanced Supervision Capability from the Operations Control Centre (OCC).
    • Enhanced Safety Measures: In addition to automation, the trains feature advanced safety protocols to ensure passenger well-being and operational efficiency.

    Manufacturing and Design

    • Manufacturers: The train coaches are manufactured by CRRC Nanjing Puzhen Co Ltd, in collaboration with Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd., as part of the Make In India Initiative.
    • Technological Integration: These trains mark the first integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology for track monitoring and safety enhancement.
    • Customization for Bengaluru’s Needs: The design and manufacturing process have been tailored to address the specific requirements and challenges of Bengaluru’s urban environment.

    Special Features

    • AI-Powered Track Monitoring: AI algorithms analyze sensor data to detect anomalies and ensure track safety.
    • Advanced Surveillance Systems: Front and rear-view cameras enable real-time monitoring of passenger activities and enhance security measures.
    • Emergency Egress Device (EED): Equipped with a user-friendly emergency system to ensure passenger safety during unforeseen circumstances.
    • Enhanced Passenger Comfort: The trains are designed with features aimed at enhancing passenger comfort and convenience during travel.

    Safety Parameters

    • Testing Protocol: The prototype trains undergo a series of static and dynamic tests, including signalling, collision detection, and obstacle avoidance.
    • Statutory Approvals: Trials conducted by regulatory bodies such as the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) and the Commissioner of Metro Rail Safety (CMRS) ensure compliance with safety standards.
    • Stringent Quality Assurance: The safety testing process includes comprehensive checks and balances to verify the reliability and performance of the trains under various operating conditions.

    Operational Considerations

    • Transition Period: Initially, the trains will operate with a human train operator for a transitional period of at least six months.
    • Gradual Rollout: Revenue operations will commence with a limited number of trains, gradually transitioning to full-scale driverless operations.
    • Training and Skill Development: The transition to driverless operations will involve training programs and skill development initiatives for metro staff to ensure a smooth transition and operational efficiency.

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  • Direct Benefits Transfers

    Centre extends Ujjwala Subsidy by another Year

    Schemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    In the news

    • In pretext of the upcoming Lok Sabha elections, the Union Cabinet approved the extension of the subsidy under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) for LPG cylinders, offering a subsidy of ₹300 (earlier ₹200) per cylinder for up to 12 refills per year.

    About Ujjwala Scheme

    Details
    Launch 1 May 2016
    Introduced By Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
    Aim Provide clean cooking fuel (LPG) to rural and disadvantaged households, reducing reliance on traditional fuels like firewood, coal, and cow dung cakes.
    Phases
    1. Phase I: Launched on May 1, 2016, aimed to release 8 Crore LPG connections by March 2020.
    2. Ujjwala 2.0: Aimed to release an additional 1 crore LPG connections, achieved in January 2022, subsequently expanded to release an additional 60 lakh LPG connections.
    Financial Support ₹1600 financial assistance provided for each LPG connection to Below Poverty Line (BPL) households.
    Deposit-Free Connections Beneficiaries receive deposit-free LPG connections, including the first refill and a free hotplate.
    Benefits
    • Eligible beneficiaries receive a free LPG connection.
    • Subsidy on the first six refills of 14.2 kg cylinders or eight refills of 5 kg cylinders.
    • Option to use EMI facility for stove and first refill costs.
    • Opportunity to join the PAHAL (Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh) scheme for direct subsidy transfers to bank accounts.

    Try a similar PYQ from CSE Prelims 2018:

    With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements:

    1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
    2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy.
    3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 3 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Ensure Pakistan does not divert loans to foot defence bills: India to IMF

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News?

    India stresses the need for stringent monitoring during a recent review of the loan to Pakistan when the new PM Shehbaz Sharif seeking additional funding support from the IMF.

    Background:

    • Taking a tough stance, India has batted for “stringent monitoring” of any emergency funds provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to Pakistan, stressing that such funds must not be redeployed towards defense bills or repayment of loans from other countries.
    • India’s position was put across to the IMF’s executive board during a recent review of an ongoing $3 billion short-term Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) granted to Pakistan by the Fund.

    About International Monetary Fund (IMF):

    • The IMF works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its 190 member countries.
    • It does so by supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being.
    • The IMF is governed by and accountable to its member countries.

    Aims and Objectives:

    • Furthering international monetary cooperation;
    • Encouraging the expansion of trade and economic growth;
    • Discouraging policies that would harm prosperity.

    Functions of IMF:

    • Policy Advice: As part of this process, which takes place at the global and regional levels, the IMF identifies potential risks and recommends appropriate policy adjustments to sustain economic growth and promote financial stability.
    • Financial Advice: The IMF provides financial support to countries hit by crises to create breathing room as they implement policies that restore economic stability and growth. It also provides precautionary financing to help prevent crises. IMF lending is continuously refined to meet countries’ changing needs. The causes of crises can be domestic, external, or both.
      • Domestic factors include inappropriate fiscal and monetary policies, which can lead to large current account and fiscal deficits and high public debt levels; an exchange rate fixed at an inappropriate level, which can erode competitiveness and result in the loss of official reserves, and a weak financial system. Political instability and weak institutions also can trigger crises.
      • External factors include shocks ranging from natural disasters to large swings in commodity prices. With globalization, sudden changes in market sentiment can result in capital flow volatility. Both are common causes of crises, especially for low-income countries.

    Significance of IMF monitoring:

    • Essential in identifying risks that may require remedial policy adjustments.
    • International cooperation on these efforts is critical in today’s globally integrated economy, in which the problems or policies of one country can affect many others.
    • Focuses on individual countries or bilateral surveillance, and the global economy or multilateral surveillance.

    Conclusion: There is uncertainty around Pakistan’s ability to quickly negotiate a new IMF program after the current one expires in April 2024 remains very high. Pakistan’s government liquidity and external vulnerability risks will remain very high until there is clarity on a credible longer-term financing plan

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  • Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

    Remembering the Forgotten Women of Science in India

    Explained | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Role Of Women & Women Organization

    women

    In the news

    • As Women’s Day (8th March) approaches, the spotlight turns to women scientists throughout history who shattered glass ceilings and left indelible marks on the scientific landscape.
    • Their stories advocate for inclusivity, diversity, and equality within the realm of science.
    • Celebrating Women Scientists: Initiatives like Vigyan Prasar’s resource book profiling Indian women scientists and anthologies like “Lilavati’s Daughters” and “Gutsy Girls of Science” highlight the achievements and struggles of women in science, providing inspiration for future generations.
    • Biographical Works: Books like “Janaki Ammal: Life and Scientific Contributions” and “Chromosome Woman, Nomad Scientist” delve into the extraordinary lives of pioneering women like E.K. Janaki Ammal, offering insights into their groundbreaking research and battles against sexism, casteism, and racism.

     Gender Disparity in Indian Science

    • Underrepresentation in Leadership: The Indian Academy of Sciences, founded by Nobel Laureate C.V. Raman in 1934, has never been led by a woman scientist. Statistics reveal that women comprise only 14% of India’s working scientists, with a meager 15% representation among faculty members in research institutes nationwide.
    • Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize: Over 65 years, only 20 women scientists have been honoured with India’s prestigious SSB Prize for Science & Technology, despite 571 total recipients.

    Status of Women in STEM: A Global Perspective

    • Global Gender Gap: India’s STEM workforce comprises only 27% women, compared to 32% in non-STEM fields, highlighting disparities in gender representation.
    • Research Participation: Worldwide, women constitute only 33% of researchers, with even lower representation in engineering and technology sectors.
    • Educational Disparity: A gender gap persists in STEM education, with only 18% of girls pursuing higher-level STEM studies, compared to 35% of boys.

    List of Notable Women Scientists mentioned in the News Article

     

    1. Gagandeep Kang: Known for her work in the field of microbiology and vaccine development, particularly in studying the epidemiology of rotavirus and other infectious diseases prevalent in India.
    2. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw: A prominent figure in the biotechnology industry, she founded Biocon, one of India’s leading biotechnology companies, and has contributed significantly to the development of affordable biopharmaceuticals and healthcare solutions.
    3. Rohini Godbole: Renowned theoretical physicist known for her research in high-energy physics, particularly in the field of particle phenomenology and collider physics. She has also been actively involved in promoting science education and gender equality in STEM fields.
    4. Prajval Shastri Majumdar: Notable astrophysicist known for her research on the formation and evolution of galaxies, active galactic nuclei, and black holes. She has made significant contributions to understanding the dynamics of the universe through her work in observational astronomy.
    5. Kamala Sohonie: A pioneering biochemist, she was the first Indian woman to receive a Ph.D. in the field of science. Her research focused on enzymology and biochemistry, particularly in understanding the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds in bacteria.
    6. Lilavati (referred to in “Lilavati’s Daughters: The Women Scientists of India” anthology): Lilavati is a legendary figure in Indian mathematics, known for her contributions to algebra and arithmetic. Her legacy has inspired generations of mathematicians and scientists.
    7. Archana Sharma: A renowned cytogeneticist known for her research in understanding chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders. She has contributed significantly to the field of genetics and genetic counseling.
    8. E.K. Janaki Ammal: An eminent botanist known for her research on plant breeding, genetics, and taxonomy. She made significant contributions to understanding the diversity of plant species in India and played a crucial role in the conservation of plant biodiversity.
    9. Bibha Chowdhuri: A pioneering physicist known for her research in cosmic ray physics and particle physics. She made significant contributions to understanding the properties of cosmic rays and their interactions with matter.

    Significance of Women’s Participation in STEM

    • Economic Growth: Women’s involvement in STEM fields can catalyze economic growth, with potential GDP gains of up to 10% reported in studies.
    • Gender Diversity: Enhancing female representation fosters diversity and inclusivity, enriching scientific discourse and innovation.
    • Targeted Interventions: Involving women in research ensures the relevance and applicability of scientific outcomes to diverse communities.
    • Inclusive Decision Making: Women’s perspectives contribute valuable insights to scientific research, leading to more informed decision-making processes.
    • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): STEM empowerment aligns with SDG 5, promoting gender equality and women’s access to transformative technologies.

    Challenges Faced by Women

    • Implicit and Explicit Biases: Women scientists encounter biases suggesting their unsuitability for scientific pursuits, perpetuating the Matilda Effect wherein their achievements are undervalued, leading to discrimination in perks, promotions, and opportunities.
    • Societal Stereotypes: Deep-rooted stereotypes perpetuate the notion that certain STEM fields are inherently male-dominated, discouraging women from pursuing these careers.
    • Lack of Role Models: Limited visibility of female role models hinders aspiring women scientists from envisioning themselves in STEM leadership roles.
    • Self-Efficacy Gap: Gender disparities in self-efficacy beliefs create barriers for women, affecting their confidence to pursue STEM disciplines.
    • Work-Life Balance: Dual responsibilities and societal expectations impede women’s career progression in STEM, necessitating flexible policies and support systems.
    • Systemic Discrimination: Bias and discrimination in educational institutions and workplaces perpetuate the underrepresentation of women in STEM.

    Government Initiatives for Women in STEM

    • STI Policy by DST: The Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy aims to achieve 30% women’s participation in science and technology by 2030, with significant strides in women’s leadership roles.
    • Indo-US Fellowship: International collaborative research opportunities empower women scientists to expand their horizons and contribute to global scientific endeavors.
    • Vigyan Jyoti: Initiatives like Vigyan Jyoti encourage young girls to pursue STEM education, addressing gender disparities from an early age.
    • Gender Advancement Programs: GATI and KIRAN initiatives focus on creating gender-sensitive institutions and providing career opportunities for women in S&T.
    • CURIE Initiative: The CURIE program supports the development of research infrastructure in women’s universities, fostering a conducive environment for women’s participation in R&D.
    • SWATI Portal: It is aimed at creating a single online portal representing Indian Women and Girls in STEMM. It is a complete interactive database.

    Way Forward

    • Continued Advocacy: Initiatives and publications spotlighting women scientists serve as reminders of the ongoing need for advocacy and support to address gender inequality in the scientific community.
    • Redefining the Culture in STEM: Mandating women’s representation in boards, implementing women-centric mentoring programs, and providing flexible work setups and childcare support.
    • Investment in Women-Only Institutions: Establishing women’s technology parks and institutions to address specific challenges faced by women in STEM.
    • Paid Internships: Encouraging states to offer paid internships to girl science students, particularly in rural areas, to enhance their participation in STEM.
    • Positive Parenting: Fostering supportive environments at home to challenge stereotypical perceptions and inspire young girls to pursue careers in STEM.

    Conclusion

    • As Women’s Day approaches, reflections on the contributions and struggles of women scientists underscore the importance of fostering inclusivity, diversity, and equality within the scientific community.
    • By celebrating their achievements and advocating for systemic changes, we pave the way for a more equitable and empowering future for women in science.

     

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  • J&K – The issues around the state

    Ladakh and the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    In the news

    • A shutdown and protest rally in Ladakh recently demanded statehood for the newly created Union Territory (UT) and its inclusion in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.
    • This highlights a broader issue concerning governance and autonomy in the region.

    Centre’s Offer to Ladakh Representatives

    • Article 371-like Protections: MHA offered to extend Article 371-like protections to Ladakh, addressing concerns raised by the Leh Apex Body (ABL) and the Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA).
    • Exclusion from Sixth Schedule: While acknowledging concerns, the government opts against including Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule, indicating a different approach to address regional issues.

    Background: Ladakh’s Governance Post Article 370 Repeal

    • Recognition as Union Territory: Post the repeal of Article 370, Ladakh was recognized as a separate Union Territory “without legislature,” akin to UTs like New Delhi and Pondicherry.
    • Demand for Sixth Schedule Inclusion: Organizations like ABL and KDA have advocated for Ladakh’s inclusion under the Sixth Schedule, seeking greater autonomy in governance.

    What is the Sixth Schedule?

    • Article 244 in Part X of the Constitution outlines a special system of administration for designated ‘scheduled areas’ and ‘tribal areas.’
    • The Fifth Schedule deals with scheduled areas and tribes in states except Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram (ATM2).
    • The Sixth Schedule focuses on tribal areas in these four northeastern states.

    Salient Features of Sixth Schedule:

    (1) Autonomous Districts

    • Tribal areas are constituted as autonomous districts within the executive authority of the state.
    • The governor holds powers to organize and re-organize these districts, including boundary changes and division into autonomous regions.

    (2) District and Regional Councils:

    • Each district council consists of 30 members, including nominated and elected
    • Regional councils also exist within autonomous regions.
    • These councils administer areas under their jurisdiction, making laws on specific matters with the governor’s assent.
    • They can establish village councils or courts for dispute resolution, with specified jurisdiction over appeals.
    • District councils manage various facilities and services within their areas, including education and healthcare.
    • They also have the authority to impose taxes and regulate certain activities.

    (3) Laws Exemptions and Modifications:

    • Acts of Parliament or state legislatures may not apply directly or may apply with modifications.
    • The president or governor holds the power of direction in this regard, depending on the region.

    (4) Governor’s Authority:

    • The governor may appoint a commission to examine and report on matters concerning autonomous districts or regions.
    • He/she also has the authority to dissolve a district or regional council based on commission recommendations.

    Tribal Areas under Sixth Schedule

    • Assam: North Cachar Hills District, Karbi Anglong District, Bodoland Territorial Areas District.
    • Meghalaya: Khasi Hills District, Jaintia Hills District, Garo Hills District.
    • Tripura: Tripura Tribal Areas District.
    • Mizoram: Chakma District, Mara District, Lai District.

    Reasons for such Demands in Ladakh

    • Cultural Autonomy: Tribes in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram maintain distinct cultures, customs, and civilizations. Unlike tribes in other parts of India, they have not assimilated much with the majority population.
    • Meeting tribal aspiration: The Parliamentary standing committee recommended including of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule because its tribal communities account for 79.61% of its total population.
    • Autonomy and self-governance: Extending the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh could provide greater autonomy and self-governance to the local tribal communities.
    • Cultural preservation: It could also help to protect the unique cultural identity of the local communities and preserve their traditional practices and customs.

    Challenges posed by this demand

    • Fragmentation: The demand to extend the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh has faced some opposition from certain quarters, who argue that it could lead to further fragmentation of the region and create new administrative challenges.
    • Losing political capital: There are also concerns over the potential impact of the demand on the political and administrative structure of the region.

    Conclusion

    • While stopping short of Sixth Schedule inclusion, MHA’s move demonstrates a commitment to balancing local autonomy with national governance priorities.
    • If implemented, it would mark the first instance of special provisions being introduced for a Union Territory, potentially setting a precedent for future governance arrangements in such regions.

    Try this PYQ from CSE Prelim 2015:

    Q.The provisions in the Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule in the Constitution of India are made to:

    (a) Protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes

    (b) Determine the boundaries between states

    (c) Determine the powers, authorities, and responsibilities of Panchayats

    (d) Protect the interests of all the Border States

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  • Solar Energy – JNNSM, Solar Cities, Solar Pumps, etc.

    India’s Solar Slowdown: Trends and Projections

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    solar

    In the news

    • Following two years of robust growth, India’s solar capacity additions sharply declined by 44% in 2023, the lowest since 2016.
    • What triggered this slowdown, and will this trend persist? Let’s explore.

    Solar Capacity Addition in 2023

    • Decline in Capacity: India added 7.5 gigawatts (GW) of solar power capacity in 2023, a significant drop from the previous year’s record of 13.4 GW. This marked the lowest levels since 2016, except for the pandemic-affected 2020.
    • Large-scale Projects Hit Hard: Capacity additions in large solar power projects declined by over 50% to 5.8 GW from 11.7 GW in 2022. However, rooftop solar power capacity continued to grow by 1.7 GW, consistent with 2022 levels.
    • Cumulative Capacity: India’s cumulative solar power capacity reached 72 GW by the end of 2023, with large-scale projects contributing over 60 GW.

    Reasons for the Decline

    • Regulatory Hurdles: Solar power producers faced regulatory hurdles, including stricter grid connectivity rules and a Supreme Court directive in 2021 mandating the relocation of overhead power cables to protect the Great Indian Bustard habitats.
    • Challenges in Compliance: Compliance with amended grid code provisions became more demanding, leading to delays in project execution. Land acquisition challenges also persisted, further delaying project timelines.

    Outlook for 2024

    • Temporary Setback: The decline in solar capacity addition in 2023 appears to be a temporary setback. The pipeline for 2024 is robust, with 105.3 GW of capacity planned, including an additional 70.6 GW awaiting auction.
    • Delayed Projects: Large-scale projects that were delayed and granted extensions from December 2022 to June 2023 will contribute significantly to capacity additions in 2024.

    Impact of ‘Make in India’

    • Reduction in Imports: India’s solar capacity initially relied on imported cells from China. However, the imposition of customs duties on imported solar modules and cells led to a significant decline in imports.
    • Promoting Local Manufacturing: The introduction of the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) enabled local manufacturers to participate in government bids. However, the ALMM mandate was suspended until April 2024 to maintain momentum in solar installations.

    Alignment with India’s Energy Targets

    • Renewable Energy Capacity: In 2023, India’s renewable energy capacity exceeded 180 GW, with solar contributing 40%. Despite missing the initial targets due to the pandemic, India achieved 60 GW of large-scale solar projects a year later.
    • Future Targets: India aims to achieve a renewable energy target of nearly 600 GW by 2032, with solar accounting for 365 GW. To meet this target, 30 GW of fresh solar capacity must be added annually for the next 8 years.

    Various Policy Initiatives

    • Solar Park Scheme (2014): Initiated in, the Solar Park Scheme aims to develop a series of solar parks, each with a capacity of around 500 MW, across various states.
    • Rooftop Solar Scheme (2016): The Rooftop Solar Scheme endeavours to harness solar power by installing solar panels on residential rooftops.
    • National Solar Mission (2010): The National Solar Mission stands as a crucial endeavor by both the Indian government and state authorities to foster sustainable development and tackle energy security challenges.
    • SRISTI Scheme (2018): The SRISTI Scheme is formulated to encourage the implementation of rooftop solar power projects in India, promoting sustainability.
    • International Solar Alliance (2015): Formed in 2015, the International Solar Alliance serves as a collaborative platform promoting the adoption of solar energy technologies through member-driven initiatives.
    • Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (2019): Launched by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in 2019, the PM-KUSUM scheme aims to facilitate the deployment of off-grid solar pumps in rural areas and reduce reliance on the grid in connected regions.

    Conclusion

    • Despite the temporary slowdown, India remains committed to expanding its solar capacity to meet its ambitious renewable energy targets and contribute to global sustainability efforts.

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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA): Lessons for India

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    In the news

    • The Digital Markets Act (DMA) marks a significant milestone for the European Union (EU) as it reinforces its role as a global trendsetter in regulating the tech industry.
    • With its implementation, six tech giants designated as “gatekeepers” – Amazon, Apple, Google parent Alphabet, Meta, Microsoft, and TikTok owner ByteDance – are required to adhere to new regulations.

    EU’s Leadership in Tech Regulation

    • Pioneering Regulations: The EU has a history of imposing significant fines on tech giants, enforcing strict antitrust rules, and pioneering norms to regulate social media and artificial intelligence.
    • Global Impact: The DMA sets a precedent for tech regulation worldwide, with countries like Japan, Britain, Mexico, South Korea, Australia, Brazil, and India drafting similar rules to prevent tech dominance in digital markets.

    Key Provisions of the DMA

    • Regulated Services: The DMA targets 22 services, including operating systems, messenger apps, social media platforms, and search engines, offered by the designated tech gatekeepers.
    • Penalties for Non-Compliance: Tech companies face hefty fines of up to 20% of their annual global revenue for repeated violations or potential breakup for systematic infringements.

    Implications for Tech Giants

    • Shift in Business Practices: Tech giants are compelled to adapt their business models to comply with the DMA, such as Apple’s decision to allow iPhone users to download apps from sources outside its App Store.
    • Reduced Monopolistic Practices: The DMA aims to curtail monopolistic practices by providing users with choices for default browsers, search engines, and app sources.

    Challenges and Criticisms

    • Security Risks: While Apple’s decision to allow app downloads outside its App Store offers more freedom to users, it also raises concerns about potential security risks associated with third-party sources.
    • Market Fragmentation: Critics argue that additional fees imposed by tech giants for alternative app sources may deter developers, leading to market fragmentation and hindering competition.
    • Consumer Awareness: Despite offering choice screens for default services, smaller players like Ecosia raise concerns that users may stick with familiar options due to lack of awareness about alternatives.

    EU’s Vigilance and Future Outlook

    • Regulatory Oversight: EU competition Chief Margrethe Vestager emphasizes close scrutiny to ensure tech firms comply with DMA regulations and prevent circumvention of rules.
    • Consumer Choice: The DMA prioritizes consumer choice by allowing users to select default services and promoting competition among tech companies.
    • Continuous Evaluation: The effectiveness of DMA regulations will be continuously evaluated to address emerging challenges and ensure a fair and competitive digital ecosystem.

    Application in India: Unique Considerations

    • Market Dynamics: India’s digital market differs significantly from the EU, with distinct internet penetration levels, consumer preferences, and regulatory challenges.
    • Debate on Ex-Ante Regulation: The EU’s adoption of ex-ante regulations raises questions about its applicability in India and the need for tailored approaches to address local market dynamics.
    • Ground Realities: Legal experts emphasize the importance of aligning regulatory frameworks with ground realities and testing laws in local contexts to ensure effective implementation.

    Way Forward: Tailored Solutions for India

    • Customized Regulation: India’s DMA should be crafted in consultation with businesses and consumers to address the country’s unique market dynamics and regulatory challenges.
    • Pragmatic Approach: Regulatory frameworks must be flexible and responsive to ground realities, ensuring that laws effectively address local needs and promote competition and innovation.

    Conclusion

    • The DMA represents a significant step towards promoting fair competition and consumer empowerment in the digital landscape.
    • As the EU leads the way in tech regulation, the DMA’s implementation will have far-reaching implications globally, shaping the behavior of tech giants and safeguarding consumer interests in an increasingly digitized world.

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  • Tiger Conservation Efforts – Project Tiger, etc.

    Illegal Tree Felling at Jim Corbett National Park

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    corbet

    In the news

    • The recent Supreme Court ruling on tiger safaris in Uttarakhand’s Jim Corbett National Park has ignited discussions on wildlife conservation and tourism development.
    • The Court has condemned the unlawful felling of over 6,000 trees for constructing buildings under the guise of eco-tourism.

    About Jim Corbett National Park

    Details
    Establishment Established on August 8th, 1936 (originally as Hailey National Park)
    Location Uttarakhand State, Nainital region
    Renaming Renamed as Ramganga National Park (1954–1955),

    Later reverted to Corbett National Park
    Total Area 1,318.54 square kilometers (509.09 square miles)
    Ecological Zones Dhikala, Bijrani, Jhirna, Sonanadi, Durgadevi, Dhela
    Conservation Programs Included in Project Tiger (1973);

    Part of World Wide Fund for Nature’s Terai Arc Landscape Program
    Flagship Species Focus on Bengal tiger, Asiatic elephant, Great One-horned rhino
    Geographical Features Ridges, streams, plateaus, ravines, grasslands, deciduous woods, pine forests
    Importance Designated as Important Bird Area by Birdlife International;

    Key role in wildlife conservation efforts

     

    Court’s Decision on Jim Corbett NP

    • Petition against Captive Animal Holding: The Supreme Court addressed a petition opposing captive animal holding in the national park.
    • Permitted Tiger Safaris: The Court allowed the establishment of tiger safaris in peripheral and buffer zones with specified conditions.
    • Balancing Tourism and Ecosystem Preservation: The Court aimed to maintain a delicate balance between promoting tourism and preserving sensitive ecosystems within Jim Corbett National Park.

    Impact of Tourism on Locals & Wildlife

    • Tourism as a Livelihood: Locals rely on tourism for income, with transportation, tourist safaris, food centers, and accommodation facilities contributing significantly.
    • Infrastructure and Conservation: Tourism infrastructure obstructs wildlife corridors, impacting conservation efforts. The phasing out of Dhikala tourism complex is deemed necessary to comply with legal requirements.
    • Animal-Centric Approach: The Supreme Court emphasizes an animal-centric approach over tourist-centric policies to ensure conservation in national parks.

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  • Food Procurement and Distribution – PDS & NFSA, Shanta Kumar Committee, FCI restructuring, Buffer stock, etc.

    Kerala to launch affordable ‘Sabari K-Rice ‘

    Schemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    In the news

    • The Kerala government’s decision to introduce ‘Sabari K-Rice’ is seen as a response to the Union government’s distribution of ‘Bharat Rice.’

    Bharat Rice and Other Commodities

     

    • ‘Bharat’ Rice refers to the retail sale of rice by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) to the general public at a subsidized price.
    • Its primary objective is to stabilize markets and ensure affordability for consumers.
    • This rice is available in 5kg and 10kg packs priced at ₹29/kg.
    •  It is distributed through cooperatives such as Kendriya Bhandar, National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED), and National Cooperative Consumers’ Federation of India (NCCF).
    • Additionally, it can be purchased from mobile vans and physical outlets of these cooperative agencies.
    • Moreover, these agencies also offer ‘Bharat Atta’ (wheat flour) at Rs. 27.50 per kg in 5kg and 10kg packs.
    • Similarly, ‘Bharat Dal’ (chana dal / Chickpea) is available at Rs. 60 per kg for a 1kg pack and Rs. 55 per kg for a 30kg pack, along with onions priced at Rs. 25 per kg.

    Sabari K-Rice

    • Objective: It aims to provide good quality rice at affordable rates, presenting an alternative to the existing subsidized rice scheme.
    • Distribution: K-Rice will be made available through Supplyco outlets, alongside the existing subsidized rice supply of 10 kg per card.
    • Quality and Pricing: K-Rice offers high-quality varieties at subsidized rates, contrasting with Bharat Rice sold by NAFED and NCCF at different prices.
    • Price Discrepancy: While Bharat Rice sells at ₹29 per kg, K-Rice aims to provide affordable rates, with the state government incurring additional costs to distribute it.

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  • Roads, Highways, Cargo, Air-Cargo and Logistics infrastructure – Bharatmala, LEEP, SetuBharatam, etc.

    India’s First Underwater Metro Line in Kolkata

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    tunnel

    In the news

    • Prime Minister inaugurated India’s first underwater metro tunnel in Kolkata, marking a significant milestone in infrastructure development.

    Kolkata Underwater Metro Tunnel

    • Kolkata- Howrah Link: Part of the Howrah Maidan-Esplanade section of Kolkata Metro’s East-West corridor.
    • Distance and Speed: Covers a distance of 8 km under the Hooghly River, with a rapid travel time of just 45 seconds across a 520-metre stretch.
    • Station Configuration: Three out of six stations will be underground, enhancing connectivity and convenience.
    • Submerged Train Operation: Trains will traverse 26 meters below the river’s surface and operate 16 meters beneath the riverbed.

    About Kolkata Metro: India’s First Rapid Transit System

    • Overview: Kolkata Metro is India’s first operational rapid transit system, established in 1984, serving Kolkata and its metropolitan region.
    • Network Length: It boasts four operational lines, totalling 59.38 km and comprising 48 stations, with three additional lines under construction.
    • Infrastructure Mix: Utilizes a combination of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations with broad-gauge and standard-gauge tracks.
    • Operation and Ownership: Managed by Metro Railway, Kolkata, and Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation.
    • Project Financing: Funded for Rs 4,965 crore through a loan from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

    About Hooghly River

    • The Hooghly River, also known as the Bhagirathi-Hooghly, is a distributary of the Ganges River in West Bengal, India.
    • The river originates at Tribeni, where it splits from the main channel of the Ganges.
    • The Hooghly River stretches for approximately 260 km (162 miles), making it a significant water body in the region.
    • It served as a crucial trade route during the colonial era, fostering commerce and cultural exchange.
    • It hosts iconic structures along its banks, including Howrah Bridge and Victoria Memorial, enrich Kolkata’s cultural landscape.

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    Who was Ayya Vaikundar?

    Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    In the news

    • Tamil Nadu Governor R N Ravi sparked controversy with his recent remarks about Ayya Vaikundar, the 19th-century social reformer.
    • At an event commemorating birth anniversary, the Governor portrayed him as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu, tasked with protecting Sanatan Dharma from the influence of the British government.

    About Ayya Vaikundar (1809-1851)

    • Born in 1809, Vaikundar is revered as a pioneer of social reform in southern Tamil Nadu.
    • His teachings emphasized equality, fraternity, and the abolition of caste-based discrimination, challenging entrenched social hierarchies.
    • Vaikundar’s initiatives, such as organizing community eateries for people of all backgrounds and advocating for shared water resources, aimed to dismantle caste barriers and promote inclusivity.

    Contributions to Social Equality

    • Community Initiatives: Vaikundar introduced revolutionary practices like Samapanthi-bhojana and Muthirikinarus to foster social cohesion and challenge caste-based segregation.
    • Teachings: He believed in the concept of “pure love” (in Tamil, “piranthu”) as the ultimate goal of life. According to him, true love is selfless, unconditional, and pure, and it is the key to achieving inner peace and happiness.
    • Scriptural References: His teachings are often rooted in Tamil scriptures such as the Tirukkural and the Nalayira Divya Prabandham. He interpreted these texts in a way that emphasized love, devotion, and spiritual growth.
    • Community Practices: His followers engage in communal practices such as congregational worship, singing devotional songs (Nadai), and participating in spiritual gatherings known as “Ayyavazhi festivals.”
    • Religious Reforms: He advocated for inclusive religious practices, such as Thottu Namam, which symbolized equality before divinity, regardless of caste.
    • Educational Empowerment: He promoted education for lower castes, established community worship spaces, and simplified marriage customs to empower marginalized communities.

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  • Indian Navy Updates

    MH 60R Seahawk: 1st squadron commissioned into Indian Navy

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    In the news

    • The Indian Navy describes the commissioning of the MH-60R Seahawk squadron as a pivotal moment in India’s defense modernization journey.

    About MH 60R Seahawk

    • Maritime Variant: The MH-60R Seahawk is the maritime variant of the Black Hawk helicopter, procured through a 24-aircraft foreign military sales contract with the US government in February 2020.
    • Operational Capabilities: It is designed for various operations including anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, search and rescue, and medical evacuation.
    • Arsenal: These helicopters offer advanced weapons, sensors, and avionics suite tailored to India’s maritime security needs.
    • Armament: Armed with AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, MK 54 torpedoes, and advanced precision weapons, the helicopters provide formidable firepower.

    Significance

    • Enhanced Blue-Water Capabilities: The commissioning enhances India’s blue-water capabilities, extending operational reach across vast maritime domains.
    • Maritime Security: It aligns with the PM’s vision of ensuring security and growth for all in the region (SAGAR), reinforcing the Indian Navy’s dedication to fortifying maritime security.

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  • ISRO Missions and Discoveries

    Kulasekarapattinam: ISRO’s New Rocket Launchport

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    In the news

    • Prime Minister recently laid the foundation stone of ISRO’s second rocket launchport at Kulasekarapattinam.
    • Costing Rs 986 crore, this facility, strategically located in Tamil Nadu’s Thoothukudi district, will primarily serve commercial, on-demand, and small satellite launches in the future.

    About Kulasekarapattinam

    • It will be second after Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota Range (SHAR)), founded in Andhra Pradesh’s Sriharikota in 1971, with two launch pads.
    • It will focus on the launch of Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs) on a commercial basis.
    • It would have the capacity to launch 24 satellites per year using a mobile launch structure.
    • It strategic location helps save fuel for small rocket launches as the port can launch rockets directly south over the Indian Ocean without requiring crossing landmasses.

    Need for such Facility

    • Fuel Saving: This is unlike the existing launch site at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, which adds more fuel requirements for launching into a polar orbit as rockets need to follow a curved path to the south to avoid Sri Lanka’s landmass.
    • Unburdening SHAR: The opening of the space sector to private players necessitates a rise in commercial launches, prompting ISRO to build a second launchport to alleviate the burden on the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR in Sriharikota.
    • Dedicated Launch for Small Payloads: While SHAR handles larger missions, Kulasekarapattinam launchport will cater exclusively to smaller payloads, including those for commercial purposes and on-demand launches.

    Geographical Advantages

    • Strategic Location: Kulasekarapattinam provides a natural advantage for ISRO’s future launches, especially for the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV), due to its geographical, scientific, and strategic positioning.
    • Optimized Trajectory: The launch trajectory from Kulasekarapattinam enables a direct southward path for SSLVs, minimizing fuel consumption compared to launches from SHAR, which currently follow longer trajectories.

    SSLVs: Purpose and Development

    • Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV): SSLV is designed to launch small satellites weighing between 10 to 500kg into Low Earth Orbit, catering to commercial and on-demand launches.
    • Mission Successes: SSLV-D1’s launch in August 2022 failed to achieve the intended orbit, but SSLV-D2’s success in February 2023 marked a significant milestone for ISRO’s SSLV program.

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  • Terrorism and Challenges Related To It

    Maoism and Related Issues

    ExplainedSC Judgements | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    mao

    In the news

    • The Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court recently acquitted a former Delhi University professor and five others in a case under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) for alleged Maoist links.
    • The Maharashtra government swiftly approached the Supreme Court seeking an urgent hearing after failing to secure a stay on the High Court’s judgment.

    CSE Mains Questions based on Left Wing Extremism (LWE):

         

    Note: Almost every alternate year, a question on LWE has been asked in the Mains.

     

    1. 2015: The persisting drives of the government for development of large industries in backward areas have resulted in isolating the tribal population and the farmers who face multiple displacements. With Malkangiri and Naxalbari foci, discuss the corrective strategies needed to win the Left Wing Extremism (LWE) doctrine affected citizens back into mainstream of social and economic growth.
    2. 2018: Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly explain the Government of India’s approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE.
    3. 2020: What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should the Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas?
    4. 2022: Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multi-layered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.

    Who are the Maoists?

    • Origins: Maoism, derived from the teachings of Chinese leader Mao Zedong, emerged as a form of communist theory.
    • Ideology: Maoists believe in the philosophy that “Power flows from the barrel of the gun” and advocate for armed struggle to achieve their goals.
    • Evolution in India: Maoism gained prominence in India through movements like the Naxalbari uprising, leading to the formation of groups like the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) in West Bengal.

    Historical Context and Evolution

    • Influence of Russian Revolution: Naxalism draws ideological inspiration from the Russian Revolution and the overthrow of the Tsarist regime.
    • Marxian Ideals: Rooted in Marxism, Maoism emphasizes class struggle and the redistribution of power to marginalized communities.
    • Neo-Marxism: After the success of revolutions led by Lenin and Mao, intellectuals worldwide, including Fidel Castro, embraced Marxist ideologies.

    Root Causes of Maoism in India

    • Corporate Exploitation: Exploitation of natural resources in Eastern India has led to marginalization and harassment of tribal communities.
    • Tribal Alienation: Post-independence, tribal communities lost traditional rights over resources, leading to alienation.
    • Livelihood Losses: Depletion of natural resources threatened tribal livelihoods.
    • Forceful Displacement: Displacement from ancestral lands disrupted traditional governance systems.
    • Absence of Governance: In areas of exploitation, governance structures collapsed due to killings and intimidation.
    • Foreign Provocations: External support for LWE outfits exacerbated the conflict.

    Impact on Youth

    • Romanticism and Misunderstanding: Some view Maoists romantically, overlooking the violence inherent in their ideology.
    • Violence and Destruction: Maoist doctrine glorifies violence, leading to destruction of governance mechanisms.
    • Radicalization and Coercion: Maoists radicalize youth and coerce locals to join their movement.
    • Urban Presence: Maoists extend their influence to semi-urban and urban areas, facilitated by educated intellectuals.

    Strategies used by LWEs and Maoists

    • Utilization of State Structures: Maoists exploit state structures to further their agenda and weaken enforcement.
    • Recruitment and Fundraising: They recruit and raise funds for insurgency, often through legal means.
    • Urban Shelters: Maoists establish urban shelters for underground cadres.
    • Legal Assistance: Legal aid is provided to arrested cadres.
    • Mass Mobilization: They mobilize masses on issues relevant to their cause.

    Government Initiatives for LWE-Affected Areas

    • Aspirational Districts Programme: Monitoring of development initiatives in affected districts.
    • Education and Infrastructure: Building schools and improving road connectivity in affected areas.
    • Naxal Surrender Policy: Aimed at reintegrating misguided youth and hardcore extremists.
    • National Policy Action Plan: Development-focused policy to address LWE challenges.

    SAMADHAN Doctrine: A Comprehensive Strategy

    • Smart Leadership: Effective leadership at all levels.
    • Aggressive Strategy: Proactive measures to counter extremism.
    • Motivation and Training: Training of security personnel and motivation for operations.
    • Actionable Intelligence: Intelligence-driven operations.
    • Harnessing Technology: Use of technology for surveillance and monitoring.
    • Strategic Action Plans: Tailored action plans for each theater of conflict.
    • Financial Isolation: Cutting off financial support to extremist groups.

    Way Forward

    • Dual Objective: Military defeat of insurgents and ideological resolution of grievances.
    • Institutional Overhauls: Reforms in governance and security institutions.
    • Coordinated Efforts: States must coordinate operations to deny space to Maoists.
    • Population Segregation: Separating civilians from insurgents, both operationally and ideologically.
    • Economic Development: Addressing resource conflicts through inclusive economic development.

    Conclusion

    • Understanding the complex dynamics of Maoism and Left-Wing Extremism is crucial for formulating effective counterinsurgency strategies.
    • By addressing root causes, implementing targeted initiatives, and adopting a comprehensive approach, India can mitigate the impact of LWE and pave the way for sustainable peace and development in affected regions.

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Have India’s health centres really ‘collapsed’?

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    health centres

    In the news

    • Public health centres in India have long been shrouded in infamy, perceived as symbols of systemic failure.
    • The effectiveness of primary healthcare in India has always been a topic of discussion, with calls for strengthening these services through government commitment to accessibility, affordability, and quality care.

    PYQ from CSE Mains 2021:

     

    Q. “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.

    Health Centres in India

    • Primary Health Centres (PHCs) also known as Public HCs play a crucial role in providing comprehensive healthcare services to the population.
    • The first PHC in India was established following the proposal of the PHC concept in a paper submitted to the Executive Board of the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 1975.
    • The establishment of PHCs gained further momentum with the International Conference on PHC held in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978.
    • They are a fundamental component of the healthcare system, with Medical Officers at these centers required to hold an MBBS degree.
    • India boasts a vast public health infrastructure with 23,391 PHCs and 145,894 sub-centers, serving a substantial percentage of the population.
    • PHCs cover a significant portion of outpatient care, including services for non-communicable diseases, maternal health, and child health.

    Importance of Health Centres

    • Foundational Role: Health centres form the backbone of India’s public health system, providing primary care to millions.
    • Access and Affordability: With nearly two lakh centres across the country, they aim to offer accessible and affordable healthcare, particularly in rural areas.
    • Impact on Equity: Effective health centres can mitigate social and health inequities, reducing reliance on costly private healthcare and preventing households from falling into poverty due to healthcare expenses.

    Unveiling the Reality

    • Evidence of Progress: Surveys conducted across five states reveal a pattern of improving quality and utilization of health services over time, albeit at a slow pace.
      1. In Himachal Pradesh, functional health centres serve 83% of the population.
      2. Chhattisgarh has shown a radical expansion in the public provision of healthcare, with increased facilities, medicines, and staff presence.
      3. Bihar lags behind, with dismal quality of health centres and some sub-centres being dormant or non-existent.
    • Policy Interventions: Increased health expenditure, initiatives like the National Rural Health Mission, and state-specific schemes have contributed to incremental improvements.
      1. The share of health expenditure in the Union Budget increased drastically.
      2. The National Health Mission’s share shrank from 69% to 44%, while allocations for the Ayushmann Bharat program and new AIIMS hospitals surged.
      3. COVID-19 led to a sustained increase in patient utilization of public health facilities, indicating growing trust in the system.

    Challenges and Gaps

    • Underutilization: Despite improvements, health centres still face challenges such as high staff absenteeism, limited services, and poor infrastructure.
    • Lacunas: Health workers report irregular flow of funds, lack of facilities like toilets and transport, and inadequate supply of drugs and testing equipment.
    • Social Discrimination: Caste and gender dynamics influence access to and quality of healthcare, perpetuating inequalities. Upper-caste doctors display disparaging attitudes towards marginalized communities, while upper-caste families disrespect Dalit ANMs.
    • Gender Disparities: Women, particularly frontline health workers, play a crucial role in rural health settings but often face neglect and discrimination.

    Way forward

    • Holistic Investment: While progress has been made, it remains patchy, with allocations often prioritizing tertiary healthcare over primary care.
    • Designated allocations: The composition of the healthcare budget has remained stagnant, with minimal increases in the share allocated to primary healthcare.
    • Policy Reform: The paper advocates for substantial support from the central government to enable poorer states to replicate successful initiatives and enhance the role of health centres in public healthcare delivery.

    Conclusion

    • India’s health centres, though fraught with challenges, embody resilience and potential.
    • By addressing systemic gaps and prioritizing primary healthcare, the nation can harness the transformative power of these centres to achieve equitable and accessible healthcare for all.

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  • Air Pollution

    MethaneSAT: Revolutionizing Methane Emission Tracking

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

     

    MethaneSAT

    In the news

    • MethaneSAT, the latest addition to the space technology arsenal, promises to revolutionize the tracking and measurement of methane emissions globally.
    • Launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon9 rocket, this innovative satellite is set to provide unparalleled insights into methane emissions, aiding in the fight against climate change.

    Methane Emissions

     

    • Methane, organic compound composed of carbon and four hydrogen atoms (CH4).
    • Second-biggest anthropogenic contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide, 80 times more potent.
    • Global Warming Potential (GWP) measures warming caused by substance relative to carbon dioxide over a century.
    • Methane GWP100: 28, nitrous oxide 265, sulphur hexafluoride 23,500.
    • Short-lived climate pollutant, breaks down in a few years unlike carbon dioxide.
    • Sources: Cattle-farming, landfills, wastewater treatment, rice cultivation, industrial processes.
    • Energy, agriculture, waste sectors primary emitters, responsible for 30% of global warming.
    • Livestock emissions, including manure and gastroenteric releases, account for 32% of human-caused emissions.
    • Global Methane Pledge: Launched at UN COP26 climate conference in Glasgow. Over 90 countries signed, led by United States and European Union (India not signed up).

     Unraveling MethaneSAT

    • MethaneSAT is an initiative of the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), in collaboration with Harvard University, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and the New Zealand Space Agency.
    • Equipped with a high–resolution infrared sensor and a spectrometer, MethaneSAT can detect methane concentrations as small as three parts per billion.
    • With a wide-camera view of about 200 km by 200 km, MethaneSAT can identify both small and large emitters, filling critical data gaps.

    Key Features

    • Data Accessibility: MethaneSAT will provide its data for free in near real-time, empowering stakeholders and regulators to take timely action to curb methane emissions.
    • Cloud Computing and AI: Google’s cloud-computing and AI technology will be used to analyze the vast amount of data collected by MethaneSAT, ensuring efficient processing and interpretation.

    Significance of Methane Emission Monitoring

    • Greenhouse Gas Impact: Methane, though invisible, is a potent greenhouse gas and a major contributor to global warming, second only to carbon dioxide.
    • Health Hazards: Methane emissions also contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, posing serious health risks and causing premature deaths.
    • Fossil Fuel Operations: The bulk of human-caused methane emissions stem from fossil fuel operations, making it imperative to monitor and reduce these emissions.

    Implications  

    • Global Impact: The launch of MethaneSAT aligns with the growing momentum for stringent methane management policies worldwide.
    • Transparency: Publicly available data from MethaneSAT will hold governments and corporations accountable for their methane emission reduction commitments.
    • Behavioral Change Challenges: While the data from MethaneSAT can drive awareness, behavioral changes among polluters are not guaranteed, highlighting the need for complementary regulatory measures.

    Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2019:

    Q.Consider the following:

    1. Carbon monoxide
    2. Methane
    3. Ozone
    4. Sulphur dioxide

    Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2, 3 and 4 only

    (c) 1 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”pty7uzivfd” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

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  • Primary and Secondary Education – RTE, Education Policy, SEQI, RMSA, Committee Reports, etc.

    Holistic Progress Card (HPC): Revolutionizing Student Assessment

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Holistic Progress Card

    In the news

    • The traditional report cards of students are undergoing a transformation with the introduction of the Holistic Progress Card (HPC) by the National Council for Educational and Research Training (NCERT).
    • This innovative approach aims to evaluate not just academic performance but also various aspects of a child’s holistic development.

    What is the Holistic Progress Card (HPC)?

    • 360-Degree Evaluation: Departing from the conventional marks or grades-based assessment, the HPC adopts a comprehensive evaluation approach.
    • Student-Centric Assessment: Students are actively engaged in the assessment process through class activities, allowing them to demonstrate diverse skills and competencies.
    • Peer and Self-Assessment: Students participate in evaluating their own and their classmates’ performance, fostering self-awareness and peer collaboration.

    Key Features of the HPC

    • Classes Involved: The HPC was created for the foundational stage (Classes 1 and 2), preparatory stage (Classes 3 to 5), and middle stage (Classes 6 to 8). Efforts are currently underway to develop a similar framework for the secondary stage.
    • Parameters of Evaluation: Besides academics, students are evaluated on self-awareness, relationships, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and creativity. Students reflect on their progress after each activity by circling statements like “I learned something new,” “I expressed creativity,” or “I helped others.”
    • Method of Evaluation:
      1. Self-Assessment: Included in the HPC for all students from Class 1 to Class 8. In middle school (Classes 6 to 8), students set academic and personal goals with specific timelines at the start of the year. The middle stage HPC also involves an “ambition card” where students list their goals for the year and areas for improvement, along with the skills and habits needed to achieve them.
      2. Parental Involvement: Parents provide feedback on homework completion, classroom engagement, and the child’s ability to balance screen time with extracurricular activities at home, thus connecting home and school.
      3. Peer Evaluation: Students evaluate their classmates’ participation in learning and engagement after each classroom activity.

    Implementation and Adoption

    • Rollout across States: The HPC has been sent to all states and Union Territories, with several already adopting it for Classes 1 to 8.
    • Regional Customization: States have the flexibility to modify the HPC to suit their regional requirements while adhering to the overarching principles.

    Rationale behind the Change

    • Focus on Higher-Order Skills: The shift from rote memorization to higher-order skills evaluation aligns with the objectives of NEP 2020 and NCF SE.
    • Promotion of Holistic Development: The HPC aims to communicate students’ strengths and areas of improvement, fostering self-esteem and self-awareness.

    Benefits and Implications

    • Comprehensive Evaluation: The HPC promotes a holistic assessment approach, encompassing academic achievements and critical skill development.
    • Shift to Formative Assessment: By emphasizing formative assessment, the HPC encourages competency-based evaluation and continuous improvement.
    • Insights for Teachers and Parents: Teachers and parents gain valuable insights into each student’s learning journey, enabling personalized support and guidance.

    Conclusion

    • The introduction of the Holistic Progress Card marks a significant step towards redefining student assessment in India.
    • By prioritizing holistic development and competency-based evaluation, the HPC aims to nurture well-rounded individuals capable of thriving in a rapidly evolving world.

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  • Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

    India ranks 113 out of 190 countries in Women, Business and Law Index by World Bank

    DOMRPrelims Only | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Role Of Women & Women Organization

    In the news

    • India’s ranking in the World Bank’s Women, Business and Law index saw a significant improvement, climbing to 113 out of 190 countries in the latest edition of the report.
    • It is intriguing to know that none of the countries globally achieved a full score in the new index, indicating pervasive gender disparities in legal rights worldwide.

    About Women, Business and Law Index

    • The Women, Business and Law Index is a World Bank initiative aimed at measuring how laws and regulations impact women’s economic opportunity.
    •  The index provides objective and measurable benchmarks for evaluating global progress towards legal gender equality.
    •  Range from 0 to 100, where 100 denotes equal legal rights for men and women.
    •  The report assesses eight critical areas: mobility, workplace, pay, marriage, parenthood, entrepreneurship, assets, and pension.
    • The 2024 edition marks the 10th iteration of the report.

    India’s Performance

    • Legal Rights Gap: Indian women now enjoy 60% of the legal rights granted to men, slightly below the global average of 64.2%.
    • Regional Comparison: India outperformed its South Asian counterparts, where women typically have access to only 45.9% of the legal protections compared to men.
    • Supportive Frameworks: India’s performance in establishing supportive frameworks fell short, with only 54.2% of the necessary frameworks in place.
    • Policy Efforts: India aims to increase female labour force participation, which stood at 37% in 2022-23, significantly lower than many advanced economies.
    • OECD Comparison: The female labour force participation rate in OECD countries exceeded 50% in 2022, highlighting the gap India seeks to bridge.

    Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2015:

    ‘Global Financial Stability Report’ is released by which organisation?

    (a) Organization for Economic Cooperation and development (OECD)

    (b) World Economic Forum

    (c) World Bank

    (d) World trade Organization (WTO)

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”k8i0fixnya” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

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  • Indian Navy Updates

    INS Jatayu: India’s new Naval Base in Lakshadweep

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    In the news

    • The Naval Detachment Minicoy will transition into INS Jatayu, an upgraded naval base, symbolizing India’s commitment to bolstering security infrastructure in the strategic Lakshadweep Islands.
    • This development underscores the Indian Navy’s strategic imperative to fortify its presence in the region.

    About INS Jatayu

    • Upgrade to Naval Base: INS Jatayu will be elevated to a fully-fledged naval base, equipped with essential infrastructure such as an airfield and housing facilities.
    • Strategic Location: Situated amidst vital Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs), the Lakshadweep Islands hold immense strategic importance, serving as a gateway to the Indian Ocean.
    • Enhanced Operational Capability: The transformation of Naval Detachment Minicoy into INS Jatayu signifies a significant augmentation of the Navy’s operational capabilities in the region.
    • Geopolitical Dynamics: Against the backdrop of evolving geopolitical dynamics, particularly China’s increasing influence in the Indian Ocean Region, the establishment of INS Jatayu assumes greater significance.

    minicoy jatayu

    A Strategic Asset: Lakshadweep Archipelago

    • Geographical Context: Lakshadweep, comprising 36 islands, lies strategically between the Indian mainland and the Maldives, serving as a vital link in India’s maritime security architecture.
    • Maritime Highways: Minicoy, in particular, is strategically positioned along key maritime highways, including the Eight Degree Channel and the Nine Degree Channel.

    Future Prospects and Challenges

    • Operational Implications: The establishment of INS Jatayu will bolster the Navy’s operational reach and responsiveness, enabling effective anti-piracy and anti-narcotics operations in the western Arabian Sea.
    • Ecological Considerations: The fragile ecology of the island poses challenges for infrastructure development, necessitating meticulous planning and environmental clearances.
    • Operational Expansion: The proposed airfield at INS Jatayu will facilitate operations for various aircraft, bolstering the Navy’s surveillance capabilities and extending its operational reach.

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  • Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

    ADITI Scheme to Fund India’s Defence Start-ups

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    In the news

    • The recently launched ADITI scheme by the Union Minister of Defence marks a new era in promoting innovations in critical and strategic defence technologies.

    About ADITI Scheme

    • Scheme Objective: Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX (ADITI) is aimed at fostering innovations in critical and strategic defence technologies.
    • Development Goals: The scheme targets the development of approximately 30 deep-tech critical and strategic technologies within the proposed timeframe.
    • Eligibility Criteria: Start-ups can avail grant-in-aid of up to Rs 25 crore for their research, development, and innovation efforts in defence technology.
    • Budget Allocation: ADITI is backed by a budget of Rs 750 crore spanning from 2023-24 to 2025-26.
    • Framework: It operates within the iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) framework under the Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence.

    Features of the Scheme

    • Bridge-building Initiative: ADITI aims to establish a ‘Technology Watch Tool’ to bridge the gap between the modern Armed Forces’ expectations and requirements and the capabilities of the defence innovation ecosystem.
    • Incentives for Innovators: iDEX has been expanded to iDEX Prime, offering increased assistance from Rs 1.5 crore to Rs 10 crore, motivating young innovators to participate.
    • National Transformation: Initiatives like ADITI, iDEX, and iDEX Prime are instrumental in propelling India towards becoming a knowledge society.
    • Youth Empowerment: The scheme aims to nurture youth innovation, propelling the country forward in the realm of technology.

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