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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    [pib] GRID-INDIA is now a Miniratna Company

    PIB | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    What is the news-

    • Grid Controller of India Limited (GRID-INDIA) reached a significant milestone as it was honored with the prestigious status of Miniratna Category-I Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) by the Ministry of Power.

    About Grid Controller of India Limited (GRID-INDIA)

    • Founding: Established in 2009, GRID-INDIA plays a vital role in ensuring the smooth operation of the Indian Power System.
    • Mandate: GRID-INDIA is tasked with overseeing the seamless transfer of electric power within and across regions, facilitating transnational power exchanges, and ensuring reliability, economy, and sustainability in the power sector.
    • Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs) and NLDC: GRID-INDIA comprises five RLDCs and the National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC), collectively managing the All India synchronous grid.
    • Functions: Managing one of the world’s largest and most intricate power systems, GRID-INDIA handles diverse challenges arising from the integration of power systems, rising energy demands, and the proliferation of Renewable Energy (RE) sources.

    What are Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)?

    • CPSEs are companies in which the central government holds a majority stake (usually more than 51%).
    • These enterprises operate across various sectors, including manufacturing, infrastructure, energy, telecommunications, and financial services.
    • CPSEs are governed by the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) under the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises.

    Within the CPSEs, there are further classifications based on their financial performance, operational autonomy, and strategic importance:

    Maharatna Companies Navratna Companies Miniratna Companies
    Categories Single category Single category Two categories (Category-I and Category-II) based on the Autonomy
    Eligibility Criteria Annual turnover of ₹25,000 crore, net worth of ₹15,000 crore, and net profit of ₹5,000 crore over the last three years A composite score of at least 60% based on various parameters such as net profit, net worth, total manpower cost, cost of production, PBDIT (Profit Before Depreciation, Interest, and Taxes) to turnover ratio, and other operational and financial parameters. Satisfactory operational and financial performance, as per government guidelines
    Operational Autonomy High degree of operational autonomy and financial powers Moderate degree of operational autonomy and financial powers Limited operational autonomy and financial powers
    Investment Authority Authority to make strategic investments, undertake mergers and acquisitions, and form joint ventures or collaborations without seeking government approval Authority to undertake investment decisions, execute projects, and form joint ventures or subsidiaries within prescribed limits without seeking government approval Authority to make certain investment decisions, incur capital expenditure and undertake expansion projects within prescribed limits without seeking government approval
    Number of Companies Limited number of companies (currently 10 Maharatna companies) Limited number of companies (currently 14 Navratna companies) Larger number of companies (over 70 Miniratna companies)
    Examples Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), NTPC Limited Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) Container Corporation of India (CONCOR), National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO), Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID)

     

    PYQ:

    2011: Why is the Government of India disinvesting its equity in the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)?

    1. The Government intends to use the revenue earned from the disinvestment mainly to pay back the external debt.
    2. The Government no longer intends to retain the management control of the CPSEs.

    Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Tobacco: The Silent Killer

    In news: Tobacco Board  

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Major Crops & Cropping Patterns

    Why in the news?

    • The Tobacco Board has authorised a crop size of 100 million kg for Karnataka during the year 2024-25.

    Tobacco in Indian Economy

     

    • It is a drought tolerant, hardy and short duration crop which can be grown on soils where other crops cannot be cultivated profitably.
    • In India, Tobacco crop is grown in an area of 0.45 M ha (0.27% of the net cultivated area) producing ~ 750 M kg of tobacco leaf.
    • India is the 2nd largest producer and exporter after China and Brazil respectively.
    • The production of flue-cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco is about 300 million kg from an area of 0.20 M ha while 450 M kg non-FCV tobacco is produced from an area of 0.25 M ha.
    • In the global scenario, Indian tobacco accounts for 10% of the area and 9% of the total production.

     About Tobacco Board 

    • The Tobacco Board was constituted as a Statutory Body on 1st January, 1976 under Section (4) of the Tobacco Board Act, 1975.
    • It operates under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
    • It is headquartered in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.

    The primary objective of the Tobacco Board is-

    • To promote the orderly development of the tobacco industry in India, particularly in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, which are the major tobacco-growing regions in the country.

    Key Functions and Responsibilities  

    1. Regulation and Control: The Tobacco Board regulates the production, curing, grading, and marketing of Virginia tobacco, which includes Flue-Cured Virginia (FCV) and Burley tobacco varieties.
    2. Licensing and Registration: It monitors and issues licenses and registrations to tobacco growers, manufacturers, exporters, and dealers involved in various stages of the tobacco supply chain.
    3. Research and Development: It collaborates with agricultural research institutes, universities, and industry stakeholders to introduce new technologies, best practices, and crop varieties to enhance the productivity and profitability of tobacco farming.
    4. Market Promotion: It promotes Indian tobacco products in domestic and international markets through trade fairs, exhibitions, buyer-seller meets, and promotional campaigns.
    5. Price Stabilization: It intervenes in the market to stabilize prices, mitigate price fluctuations, and protect the interests of farmers against adverse market conditions.
    6. Quality Control and Grading: It operates grading centers and quality testing laboratories to assess the quality characteristics of tobacco and facilitate fair trade practices in the industry.

    PYQ:

    Q.With reference to the “Tea Board” in India, consider the following statements:

    1. The Tea Board is a statutory body.
    2. It is a regulatory body attached to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
    3. The Tea Board’s Head Office is situated in Bengaluru.
    4. The Board has overseas offices at Dubai and Moscow.

    Which of the statements given above are correct? (2022)

    1. 1 and 3
    2. 2 and 4
    3. 3 and 4
    4. 1 and 4

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Consider the following statements regarding the cultivation of Tobacco in India:

    1. Tobacco is a drought tolerant, hardy and short duration crop.
    2. India is the 2nd largest producer and exporter after China and Brazil respectively
    3. In the global scenario, Indian tobacco accounts for 10% of the area and 9% of the total production.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Insights from the WMO’s State of the Climate Report, 2023

    IOCRPrelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    What is the news-

    • The World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) recent State of the Climate report highlights unprecedented climatic shifts, with numerous indicators reaching record levels.

    About World Meteorological Organization

    • It is an intergovernmental organization and a specialized agency of the UN for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences.
    • It was established in 1950 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
    • It origin traces to the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873.
    • Currently it has a membership of 191 countries. India is also a member.

    Key Highlights of the State of the Climate Report, 2023

    [1] Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

    • Record-High Concentrations: GHGs like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide reached record levels in 2022, contributing to global warming. The concentration of GHGs observed in 2022 is the latest year for which consolidated global values are available (1984–2022).
    • Long-term Trend: The rise in GHG concentrations underscores the urgent need for concerted efforts to mitigate their impact.

    [2] Surface Temperature

    • Historic Spike: Global surface temperatures in 2023 surged to 1.45 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, marking the highest recorded temperature. This temperature rise is attributed to the combined effects of rising GHG concentrations and the onset of El Nino in 2023.
    • El Nino Influence: The onset of El Nino exacerbated temperature extremes globally, amplifying the impacts of climate change.

    [3] Ocean Heat Content (OHC)

    • Unprecedented Heat: Ocean heat content reached its highest level in the observational record of 2023. The ocean heat content (OHC) refers to the total amount of heat the oceans store.
    • Long-term Trend: The continual increase in OHC underscores the ongoing challenge of ocean warming and its implications for marine ecosystems.

    [4] Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)

    • Widespread Occurrence: The global ocean experienced a significant increase in marine heatwave (MHW) coverage in 2023. The average daily marine heatwave coverage reached 32%, surpassing previous records set in 2016.
    • Duration and Intensity: Prolonged MHWs pose threats to marine biodiversity, ecosystems, and fisheries, highlighting the urgency of climate action.

    [5] Antarctic Sea-Ice Extent

    • Record Low: Antarctic sea-ice extent plummeted to 1.79 million km2 in February 2023, the lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. The extent remained below average throughout the year, signalling ongoing trends of sea-ice loss in the Antarctic region.
    • Persistent Decline: The continued decline in Antarctic sea-ice extent underscores the vulnerability of Polar Regions to climate change.

    [6] Glacier Mass Balance

    • Unprecedented Loss: Glaciers worldwide experienced the largest annual loss of ice on record in 2022-2023. The annual mass balance, which measures the amount of mass gained or lost by glaciers, dropped to a new low of ‘–1.2 metre water equivalent’.
    • Regional Disparities: Glacial mass balance varied across regions, with North American and European glaciers particularly affected by ice loss.

    Significance of the report

    • The figures presented in the WMO report underscore the magnitude of climate change impacts on various Earth systems.
    • Urgent action is needed to address rising GHG emissions, mitigate temperature extremes, protect marine environments, and preserve critical cryospheric regions.

    PYQ:

    2018: “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by

    1. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
    2. The UNEP Secretariat
    3. The UNFCCC Secretariat
    4. The World Meteorological Organisation

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  • Freedom of Speech – Defamation, Sedition, etc.

    PIB’s Fact Check Unit: Combating Misinformation in India

    PIBPrelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    Why in the news-

    • Weeks ahead of the election, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology on Wednesday notified the Press Information Bureau’s Fact Check Unit (FCU) as the designated body to flag misinformation about Central government departments to social media platforms.

    Why PIB?

     

    • Under the GoI (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) is entrusted with the responsibility of disseminating information about government policies, schemes, and programs through various mediums of communication.
    • In fulfilling its role, the Ministry publicizes the policies, initiatives, schemes, and programs of the Government of India through press releases, press conferences, webinars, publication of books, etc.
    • To carry out this crucial function, the Ministry has several attached and subordinate offices, including the Press Information Bureau (PIB).

    What is Fact Check Unit (FCU)?

    • The Fact Check Unit’s mandate arises from the IT Rules, 2021, which stipulate that social media platforms risk losing legal liability protections if they fail to address notified misinformation promptly.
    • The unit verifies claims about government policies, regulations, announcements and measures.
    • Through an established rigorous fact-checking procedure, the PIB Fact Check Unit helps in dispelling myths, rumours and false claims, and provides accurate and reliable information to the public.

    Operational Framework

    • The FCU, led by senior DG/ADG level officer of the Indian Information Service (IIS), operates under the supervision of the Principal Director General of PIB.
    • Its mandate includes verifying claims related to government policies, regulations, and announcements through a rigorous fact-checking process.
    • The Unit reports to the Principal Director General, PIB who functions as the Principal Spokesperson of the Government of India.

    Fact-Check Mechanism

    • Query Handling: Users submit requests via WhatsApp, email, or a web portal, which are processed as ‘Queries’ by the Unit.
    • Verification Process: Actionable Queries relevant to the Government of India undergo thorough verification using official sources and technological tools.
    • Publication of Fact Checks: Verified information is categorized as Fake, Misleading, or True, and published on the Unit’s social media platforms for public awareness.

    Categories of Fact-Checked Content

    1. Fake: Factually incorrect information intentionally or unintentionally disseminated to deceive or manipulate the audience.
    2. Misleading: Information presented with partial truths, selective facts, or distortion to mislead recipients.
    3. True: Information verified to be factually accurate after rigorous investigation.

    PYQ:

    2017: Democracy’s superior virtue lies in the fact that it calls into activity-

    1. The intelligence and character of ordinary men and women.
    2. The methods for strengthening executive leadership.
    3. A superior individual with dynamism and vision.
    4. A band of dedicated party workers.

     

    Practice MCQ:

    The centre has recently established the Fact Check Unit (FCU) as a designated body to flag misinformation in India. In this regard, consider the following statements:

    1. Establishment of FCU is mandated under the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.
    2. The FCU is led by an officer of the Indian Audit and Accounts Service (IAAS).

    Which of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. Only 1
    2. Only 2
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

     

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  • Nuclear Energy

    Onward to Thorium

    Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Why in the News?

    Recently, at the start of March 2024, our 500-MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) began fuel-loading, marking the successful completion of commissioning trials and rectification of a range of first-of-its-kind equipment in the fast breeder reactor technology.

    Context:

    • Homi Bhabha’s spirit of self-reliance has enabled the autonomous pursuit of ‘Thorium Goals’.
    • His proposed three-stage strategy aims to develop critical nuclear technologies, starting with modest uranium resources, and achieve a large-scale thorium-based energy program.
    • The largest contributor to the climate change-related existential threat we face has created an immediate demand for large-scale deployment of nuclear power plants.
    • BHAVINI, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) are responsible for building and operating the PFBR.

    What is the significance of thorium in making India energy self-sufficiency?

      • Meeting Energy Demand:
    • Boosting Domestic Market: 
        • Given the size of India’s population and its economy, its energy demands would lead to serious challenges to energy security.
        • For ‘Vikasit Bharat’, India needs around three-and-a-half times more energy, which can come only from nuclear energy, specifically thorium.
      • Reducing Imports:
        • India has been dependent on energy imports all along. Thorium presents us with a unique opportunity to become energy self-sufficient.
        • Renewable energy, including large hydropower projects, can, at best, meet current energy needs.
    • Building Global Perspective:
      • India’s long-term Energy security:
        • Looking towards India’s level of nuclear energy deployment will, the PFBR is expected to become operational, paving India into the second stage of its three-stage nuclear power programme.
        • It works as the gateway for meeting the country’s energy needs for a long time into the future, leveraging India’s vast thorium resources, which are the largest in the world.
      • Further, there is no other clean energy source available on the Indian landmass that can cope with India’s energy needs.

    Future Scope:

    • Transitioning to Better Fuel:
        • A high-assay, low-enriched uranium (LEU) and thorium fuel capable of delivering a seven-times larger fuel burn-up in the PHWR design is needed.
        • ANEEL fuel has been designed and will be available shortly. The ANEEL fuel concept could also bring the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR300-LEU), a fully developed design immune to any severe accident-related anxiety, to reality.
    • Concurrent fuel Recycling Processes:
        • A Fast Reactor Fuel Cycle Facility (FRFCF) that would work alongside the PFBR is coming up.
        • Once a sizeable inventory of uranium-233 accumulates, we must bring in reactors specifically designed for thorium and the related fuel-cycle facilities, constituting the third stage of our nuclear power program.
    • Advancement in Fast Reactor Technology:
        • The rapid deployment of PHWRs based on imported uranium allows for the advancement of thorium utilization in PHWRs, facilitating the deployment of third-stage thorium reactor systems, reducing spent fuel inventory, and proliferation resistance, and enhancing safety and economy.
        • The fast reactor systems with faster growth based on inherently better breeding performance are needed.
        • More reactors on the PFBR model must be constructed to consolidate sodium-cooled fast reactor technology, a key feature of the second stage of the nuclear program.
    • High-temperature reactor:
      • Thorium utilization can be improved in high-temperature reactors to produce low-cost hydrogen with minimal carbon footprint.
      • Direct hydrogen production without electricity would make hydrogen production cheaper and less dependent on hydrogen electrolyzers.

    Conclusion: The beginning of fuel-loading in PFBR is a significant step that must be celebrated to motivate our scientists and prepare them for the bigger tasks ahead. Sustained encouragement backed up by a demanding but conducive framework around them is the need of the hour. One must move on the thorium path, though it has no parallel anywhere else in the world.

     

    Mains PYQ:

    1. With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (UPSC 2018)
    2. Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of a fast breeder reactor program in India? (UPSC 2017)

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  • Minimum Support Prices for Agricultural Produce

    Guaranteed MSP is an ethical imperative

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Agriculture and related issues

    Why in the news? 

    As the upcoming general elections approach, agricultural issues have once again become the focus of attention.

    Context-

      • Farmers from the regions known for the Green Revolution have journeyed to the outskirts of the capital not only to express their concerns but also to influence the topics being discussed in the election campaigns.
    • What is the guarantee on MSP?
      • There are legal provisions for farmers to get the MSP for all 23 crops when they sell them—a guarantee by the government to ensure that prices do not fall below the minimum. 

    Key issues related to MSP in India (Produce and perish trap in India)

    • Inadequate implementation of MSP- Despite annual announcements, the implementation of Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 23 crops across both kharif and rabi seasons still needs to be improved.
      • Only a small fraction, around 6% of farmers (as per The Shanta Kumar Committee, in its 2015 report), particularly those growing paddy and wheat in states like Punjab, actually benefit from MSP.
    • Vicious Cycle of Debt and Suicide– Farmers trapped in a cycle of produce and perish face crippling debt and tragically, suicides. The inability to sell crops at MSP exacerbates financial struggles.
    • Dependency on Intermediaries The MSP procurement system frequently relies on intermediaries like middlemen, commission agents, and officials from Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs). 
      • This setup can pose difficulties for smaller farmers, limiting their access to these channels and resulting in inefficiencies and diminished benefits for them.
    • Inconsistent Implementation Across States- While some states like Maharashtra and Karnataka have made efforts towards ensuring MSP through legislative measures, there are challenges due to a lack of political will and comprehensive strategies.
    • Financial Burden on Government- The government bears a substantial financial burden in procuring and maintaining buffer stocks of MSP-supported crops.
      • This allocation of resources detracts from potential investments in other agricultural or rural development initiatives.
    • Lack of political will- Unable to prevent purchasing of food crops below the MSP.  For example, A few years ago, Maharashtra attempted to amend its Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act to prevent the purchase of agricultural produce below MSP, but the effort failed due to a lack of political will and a comprehensive strategy

    What are the measures suggested?

    • Amendment to State APMC Acts or Essential Commodities Act- Minor amendments to these laws could introduce provisions ensuring that transactions of farmers’ produce do not occur below the MSP.
    • Development of Backward and Forward Linkages- Alongside legal recourse to MSP, it is proposed to develop essential backwards and forward linkages. This includes crop planning, market intelligence, and the establishment of post-harvest infrastructure for the storage, transportation, and processing of farm commodities.
    • Enhancing MSP- There’s a suggestion to enhance MSP to provide a 50% profit margin over total cost, which is seen as feasible considering the current margins.
    • Effective Procurement and Distribution- Emphasizing the need for effective procurement and distribution mechanisms as envisioned under the National Food Security Act, 2013, to ensure MSP and address hunger and malnutrition.
    • Scheme ensure MSP- Recognizing the potential of schemes like PM-AASHA, which comprises price support, price deficiency payment, and incentives to private traders to ensure MSP, although it’s noted that such schemes have been sidelined in policy circles.
    • Reducing Intermediaries’ Share– Establishing a legally binding MSP may reduce the share of intermediaries, leading to resistance from them.
      • However, this reduction could lead to farmers receiving a higher percentage of the price paid by consumers.
    • Addressing Free Market Dogma- Critiquing the adherence to free market ideology and advocating for government intervention, particularly in ensuring a legally binding MSP, to address the ongoing crisis in farmer incomes.

    Conclusion: Inadequate MSP implementation leads to a vicious cycle of debt and dependence on intermediaries. Solutions include legal guarantees, better procurement, reducing intermediary influence, and challenging free market ideologies to ensure fair compensation for farmers.

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  • Forest Fires

    Forest Fires in the Nilgiris

    Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the news?

    Forest fires have been ongoing in the Coonoor forest range of the Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu for the past week.

    Context:

    • The Indian Air Force has recently joined the firefighting operations led by the state forest department.
      • A Mi-17 V5 helicopter has been deployed to conduct numerous Bambi Bucket operations, delivering approximately 16,000 liters of water to extinguish the fires.

    What are Forest Fires/Wildfires?

    Forest fires, also known as wildfires, are uncontrolled fires that occur in forests, grasslands, or other wild areas. These fires can spread rapidly, fueled by dry vegetation, high temperatures, low humidity, and strong winds.

    There are three types of Forest Fires:

    • Surface Fires: These fires burn along the forest floor, consuming vegetation and leaf litter. Surface fires are typically less intense and move relatively slowly compared to other types of wildfires. They are often caused by natural factors like lightning strikes or human activities such as campfires.
    • Ground Fires: Ground fires occur beneath the surface of the forest floor, burning through layers of organic matter like peat and roots. These fires can smolder for extended periods, producing significant heat and damage to the soil. Ground fires are often difficult to detect and extinguish, posing a long-term threat to forest ecosystems.
    • Crown Fires: Crown fires are the most severe type of wildfire, burning through the upper canopy of trees. These fires spread rapidly, driven by strong winds and dry conditions, and can cause extensive damage to forested areas. Crown fires are challenging to control and extinguish, posing significant risks to both property and lives.

    What is the frequency of Forest Fires in India?

    • Period of Fires in India– 
        • April-May are usually the worst fire months across the country.
        • June to November is considered to be forest fire season in India, with hundreds of thousands of small and large fires burning every year.
    • Affected areas in India- 
        • According to the 2019 India State of Forest Report (ISFR) published by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, over 36% of India’s forest cover was susceptible to frequent fires.
        • Approximately 4% of the forest cover was categorized as extremely prone to fire, while an additional 6% was classified as very highly fire-prone.
    • Most Forest Fire Regions-
      • As per the FSI, dry deciduous forests are more susceptible to severe fires, whereas evergreen, semi-evergreen, and montane temperate forests exhibit lower susceptibility to fires.
      • Northeast India, Odisha, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Uttarakhand are identified as the regions most susceptible to forest fires
      • During March 2023, extensive bushfires erupted in Goa, prompting an inquiry into their possible human origins.
      • In 2021, a series of forest fires occurred in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, the Nagaland-Manipur border, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat, encompassing several wildlife sanctuaries.

    Incidents of Forest Fires in 2024

      • During the past week, Mizoram reported the highest number of forest fires, totaling 3,738, followed by Manipur with 1,702, Assam with 1,652, Meghalaya with 1,252, and Maharashtra with 1,215.
    • Forest fires have been increasing since early March along the:
      • Konkan belt in Maharashtra,
      • South-coastal Gujarat along Gir Somnath and Porbandar,
      • Southern Rajasthan and adjoining south-western districts of Madhya Pradesh,
      • Coastal and interior Odisha, and adjoining Jharkhand.
    • Forest Fires in South India– Certain forest areas in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are susceptible to fires.
      • However, as per the FSI, forests in southern India, characterized by mainly evergreen or semi-evergreen vegetation, are relatively less prone to fires. Nonetheless, Tamil Nadu has witnessed wildfires in its forests in recent years.

    What are the reasons behind Forest Fires in 2024?

    • Highest Temperature: February 2024 was exceptionally hot over Southern India, the hottest since 1901, with January ranking as the fifth warmest in over a century.
    • Early build-up of heat load: Recorded maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures have remained above normal over the southern states for the past two months, leading to an early build-up of heat load in the region well before the onset of the summer season.
    • Excess Heat Factor (EHF): The IMD has warned of the significantly higher-than-normal prevalence of EHF over western Andhra Pradesh and neighboring Karnataka. EHF predicts the likelihood of a heatwave over a region, with maximum temperatures reaching 40 degrees Celsius, unusual for mid-March.
    • Mild Aridity: In the absence of rain and prevailing high temperatures, the IMD has classified almost all districts of southern India under mild aridity.
    • Climatic Conditions: High aridity, above-normal day temperatures, clear sky conditions, and calm winds during the early phase of the summer season contribute to the spike in forest fire incidents in southern India this year.

    Suggestive measures to address Forest Fires:

    • Prevention: Implementing fire prevention measures such as creating firebreaks, clearing vegetation around vulnerable areas, and enforcing restrictions on activities that can cause fires.
    • Early Detection: Installing and maintaining fire detection systems including lookout towers, satellite monitoring, and automated sensors to detect fires early. And Training and equipping forest rangers and firefighters with the skills and tools needed to identify and report fires promptly.
    • Rapid Response: Establishing communication networks to coordinate response efforts among firefighting agencies, emergency services, and other stakeholders. Strategies Pre-positioning firefighting equipment and resources in strategic locations to facilitate rapid deployment.

    Conclusion: Forest fires, prevalent in India, pose significant threats to ecosystems and communities. Climatic factors exacerbate the situation. Urgent measures including prevention, early detection, and rapid response are essential to mitigate these risks and safeguard our forests.

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Changing cancer nomenclature can improve treatment outcomes: doctors 

    Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the news? 

    Physicians have expressed the necessity to categorize Cancers based on their genetic characteristics.

    Context:

    • An updated classification system could aid patients in comprehending the reasoning behind their treatment.
    • While two individuals may share the same type of cancer, their therapies could vary due to differences in the biological mechanisms driving their tumors.

    What motivates the need for change?

    •  Not limited to cancers of a single organ: With technological improvements, doctors are also able to find which genetic mutations are responsible for a tumor in many cases and target them with drugs.
      • All cancers from the same organ don’t always share the same mutations, and these mutations aren’t limited to cancers of a single organ
    • Access life-saving drugs sooner: This development in precision oncology requires cancers to be classified based on their molecular and genetic characteristics rather than the organ in which they originate, a team of researchers from France has written in a paper.
      • This way, according to them, cancer patients can also access life-saving drugs sooner. Oncologists spend a lot of time testing new drugs in clinical trials in a sequential manner, leading to “delay in treatment access”.

    Has sequential testing caused delays? 

      • A 2012 clinical trial conducted in the U.S. explored the efficacy of the drug nivolumab across various cancer types, including melanoma and kidney cancer. Nivolumab targets a specific protein receptor found in certain tumors, and it showed promising results by alleviating symptoms in individuals with tumors expressing this protein
    • Challenges Due to Traditional Organ-Based Classification-
      • Hindered by the traditional classification-Despite promising outcomes, the next logical step of testing nivolumab in individuals with tumors expressing the protein, regardless of cancer origin, was hindered by the traditional classification of cancers based on their organ of origin (e.g., breast, kidney, lung).
      • Multiple trials needed: As a consequence, researchers were compelled to conduct separate trials for each type of cancer, leading to significant delays in drug accessibility for patients with tumors expressing the targeted protein.
      • Time taking trails: Each trial requires substantial time and resources, from recruitment to data analysis, prolonging the process of drug approval and availability for specific cancer subtypes.

    Significance of categorizing cancers based on their genetic characteristics-

    • Faster drug development and availability: By targeting specific genetic mutations rather than specific cancer types, clinical trials for drugs can encompass all cancer types with those mutations. This approach potentially expedites the trial process, leading to faster drug development and availability.
    • Reduces confusion among the patient: The revamped classification system not only accelerates clinical trial timelines but also enhances patient understanding of treatment rationale. Patients often receive different therapies for the same cancer due to diverse underlying biological mechanisms. Aligning cancer names with biological mechanisms reduces confusion and helps patients comprehend the reasoning behind their treatment plans.
    • Personalized treatment: Physicians, including Dr. Jobanputra, emphasize the importance of educating patients about the molecular characteristics of their cancers. As the approach to cancer treatment becomes more personalized, understanding these molecular aspects becomes crucial as they directly impact prognosis and treatment costs.
    • Reducing the timing in trial-naming cancers based on their biological characteristics rather than their anatomical origin can significantly reduce the time required to conduct clinical trials. This shift eliminates the need for separate trials for each cancer type defined by organ of origin, streamlining the research process

    Challenges in Implementing the Proposed Cancer Classification Change:

    • Limited Access to Genetic Testing: The accessibility and affordability of genetic testing are major hurdles, particularly in regions like India where many patients cannot afford these tests.
      • Without widespread access to such tests, implementing a classification system based on molecular alterations becomes impractical.
    • Financial Barriers to Genetic Testing: The cost of genetic testing in Indian labs and abroad is prohibitively high for many patients, further exacerbating the issue of limited access.
      • Addressing these financial barriers is crucial for ensuring equitable access to precision oncology.
    • Lack of Patients in Clinical Trials: Clinical trials based on molecular signatures require a significant number of patients with each type of cancer to produce meaningful results.
      • Without adequate representation across cancer types, there is a risk of generalizing results, limiting the effectiveness of precision oncology approaches.
    • Time-taking Process: Transitioning to a new diagnostic nomenclature based on molecular alterations will likely occur gradually and require careful implementation.
      • While the proposed change has the potential to improve drug accessibility, its full realization will take time and concerted effort to overcome various challenges.

    Conclusion: Categorizing cancers based on genetic characteristics can streamline treatment, improve drug accessibility, and enhance patient understanding. However, challenges like limited access to genetic testing and lack of patient representation in trials must be addressed.

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  • Women Safety Issues – Marital Rape, Domestic Violence, Swadhar, Nirbhaya Fund, etc.

    [pib] NCW-RPF Collaboration to prevent Women Trafficking

    PIB | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Statutory, Regulatory & Various Quasi-Judicial Bodies

    What is the news-

    NCW-RPF MoU: Key Objectives

     

    1. Prevention and Rescue: The MoU aims to prevent human trafficking and facilitate the rescue of trafficked women through joint efforts.
    2. Role of RPF Personnel: RPF personnel stationed at railway stations are crucial in preventing trafficking and addressing crimes against women.
    3. Expanding Collaboration: NCW, which established an Anti-Human Trafficking Cell on April 2, 2022, has already been working with the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) to combat the trafficking of women.

     

    About National Commission for Women (NCW)

    • The NCW is the Statutory Body generally concerned with advising the government on all policy matters affecting women.
    • It was established on 31 January 1992 under the provisions of the Indian Constitution as defined in the National Commission for Women Act, 1990.
    • The first head of the commission was Jayanti Patnaik.
    • The Indian Constitution doesn’t contain any provision specifically made to favor women intrinsically.
    • Article 15 (3), Article 14 and Article 21 protect and safeguard women. They are more gender-neutral.

    Objectives

    • The objective of the NCW is to represent the rights of women in India and to provide a voice for their issues and concerns.
    • The subjects of their campaigns have included dowry, politics, religion, equal representation for women in jobs, and the exploitation of women for labor.
    • They have also discussed police abuses against women.

    Composition of the NCW

    The Commission shall consist of:

    • Chairperson: To be nominated by the Central Government.
    • Five Members: To be nominated by the Central Government from amongst persons of ability, integrity and standing who have had experience in law or legislation, trade unionism, management of an industry potential of women, women’s voluntary organizations (including women activists), administration, economic development, health, education or social welfare;
    • Special Representations: At least one Member each shall be from amongst persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes respectively;

    Powers of NCW

    • Provide consultation on all major policy matters that affect women.
    • Issuing summons for the examination of documents and the witnesses.
    • Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office.
    • Receiving evidence on affidavits
    • Discovery and production of documents
    • Summoning and enforcement

    Functions of the NCW

    • Submission of Annual Reports: Table reports should be submitted to the Central Government every year, when deemed appropriate by the commission. These reports focus on the functioning and working of the safeguards.
    • Investigation and Examination: Proper investigation and examination are conducted under the Constitution and other laws, primarily aimed at protecting the rights of women.
    • Review and Scrutiny of Laws: Constant review and scrutiny of all laws are undertaken, with necessary amendments and alterations made to meet the needs of the current world.
    • Prevention of Violations: Ensuring there is no violation against women and taking due care of such cases to protect their rights.
    • Handling Complaints and Suo Motu Matters: Handling complaints and addressing suo motu matters about the deprivation of rights of women, with a focus on implementing laws favoring women’s welfare.
    • Assessment of Development and Progress: Assessing the development and progress of the women community at both the Center and State levels.
    • Identification and Mitigation of Systemic Limitations: Understanding the limitations in the system and devising strategic plans and mechanisms to address them effectively.

    Issues faced by NCW

    • Limited Enforcement Power: The NCW is only recommendatory and lacks the power to enforce its decisions, often taking action only when issues are brought to light.
    • Lack of Constitutional Status: The Commission lacks constitutional status, resulting in no legal powers to summon police officers or witnesses.
    • Dependency on Grants: NCW’s functions are heavily dependent on grants offered by the central government, with insufficient financial assistance to cater to its needs.
    • Limited Autonomy in Member Selection: The Commission does not have the power to choose its own members, impacting its autonomy and effectiveness.

    PYQ:

    Q.Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (2017)

     

    Q.According to the Constitution of India, it is the duty of the President of India to cause to be laid before the Parliament which of the following?

    1. The Recommendations of the Union Finance Commission
    2. The Report of the Public Accounts Committee
    3. The Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General
    4. The Report of the National Commission for the Scheduled Castes

    Select the correct answer the using the codes given below:

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 4 only
    3. 1, 3 and 4 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Practice MCQ:

    Which of the following does not constitute to the powers of National Commission for Women (NCW)?

    1. Issuing summons
    2. To make any record public
    3. Receiving evidence on affidavits
    4. Enforcing legal action against individuals

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  • Oil and Gas Sector – HELP, Open Acreage Policy, etc.

    [pib] International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE)

    IOCR | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Why in the news-

    • The 41st Steering Committee Meeting of the International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE) is being convened in New Delhi.
    • The IPHE Steering Committee Meetings held biannually serve as a crucial platform for fostering international collaboration and coordination among member countries, stakeholders, and decision-makers.

    What is a Fuel Cell?

     

    • A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy into electricity of a fuel and an oxidizing agent.
    • It generates electrical energy from fuel through an electrochemical reaction, offering high efficiency and zero emissions.
    • They are an innovative technology poised to revolutionize electricity generation, often referred to as the “battery of the future“.
    • Fuel cells provide high efficiency, low emissions, and can be used in various applications.
    • Note: Any electrochemical cell generates DC (Direct Current) output.

    Working of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell

    • Hydrogen fuel cells operate on the principle of electrochemical reactions.
    • Hydrogen gas (H2) is fed into the anode (negative electrode) of the fuel cell, while oxygen (usually from the air) is fed into the cathode (positive electrode).
    • At the anode, hydrogen molecules are split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-).
    • The protons travel through an electrolyte to the cathode, while the electrons flow through an external circuit, generating electricity.
    • At the cathode, oxygen molecules react with the protons and electrons to form water (H2O), which is the only byproduct of the process.

    About IPHE

    • The IPHE was established in 2003 as an international inter-governmental partnership led by the US.
    • It aims to accelerate progress in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
    • IPHE comprises 21 member countries and the European Commission as a non-voting member.
    • Member countries include major economies such as the United States, Japan, Germany, China, South Korea, and Canada, among others including India.
    • Additionally, the United Kingdom, Russia, and Singapore have also been mentioned in various contexts within the provided sources but are NOT explicitly listed as members of IPHE.

    Objectives of the IPHE

    • Faster Transition: IPHE aims to facilitate and accelerate the transition to clean and efficient energy and mobility systems using hydrogen and fuel cell technologies across different applications and sectors.
    • Information Sharing Platform: The partnership provides a platform for sharing information on member country initiatives, policies, technology status, safety, regulations, codes, standards, and outreach efforts.
    • Advancing Clean Hydrogen Technologies: IPHE promotes a sustainable future by highlighting the versatility of hydrogen in various industries and its role in decarbonizing energy systems.

    Key Initiatives: H2-DEIA Platform

    • In 2023, IPHE announced the launch of the H2-DEIA platform in partnership with the Hydrogen Council.
    • It is dedicated to advancing diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) within the hydrogen and fuel cell economy.
    • It aims to foster a diverse workforce, share best practices, and support workforce development in the hydrogen sector.

    PYQ:

    Q.With reference to ‘Fuel Cells’ in which hydrogen-rich fuel and oxygen are used to generate electricity, consider the following statements:

    1. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the fuel cell emits heat and water as by-products.
    2. Fuel cells can be used for powering buildings and not for small devices like laptop computers.
    3. Fuel cells produce electricity in the form of Alternating Current (AC).

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (CSP 2015)

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Regarding the International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE), consider the following statements:

    1. IPHE is an international inter-governmental partnership based on the auspices of the United Nations.
    2. India is a member of IPHE.

    Which of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. Only 1
    2. Only 2
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Climate Change Negotiations – UNFCCC, COP, Other Conventions and Protocols

    IPEF: India to join US-led Co-operative Program on Carbon Market

    IOCR | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    What is the news-

    • India has decided to participate in one of the four cooperative work programmes initiated under the ‘Clean energy pillar’ of the US-led Indo Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF).
    • India will join the cooperative working group on carbon markets, with the Ministry of Power leading the initiative.

    What are Carbon Markets?

     

    • Carbon markets, also known as emissions trading systems or cap-and-trade programs, are market-based mechanisms designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
    • Article 6 of the Paris Agreement (2015) provides for the use of international carbon markets by countries to fulfil their Nationally Determined Contributions.
    • A regulatory authority, typically a government or regional organization, sets an overall limit or cap on the amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by covered entities within a specific jurisdiction or sector.
    • Entities get permits for emissions. They can trade these permits with others.
    • Entities must have enough permits to cover their emissions. If they don’t, they buy more.

     What is the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)?

    • It is a US-led initiative that aims to strengthen economic partnerships among participating countries to enhance resilience, sustainability, inclusiveness, economic growth, fairness, and competitiveness in the Indo-Pacific region.
    • The IPEF was launched in 2021 with a dozen initial partners who together represent 40% of the world GDP.
    • The IPEF is NOT a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) but allows members to negotiate the parts they want to.

    Four main “Pillars” of IPEF

     

    1. Trade that will include digital economy and emerging technology, labour commitments, the environment, trade facilitation, transparency and good regulatory practices, and corporate accountability, standards on cross-border data flow and data localisations;
    2. Supply chain resilience to develop “a first-of-its-kind supply chain agreement” that would anticipate and prevent disruptions;
    3. Clean energy and decarbonization will include agreements on “high-ambition commitments” such as renewable energy targets, carbon removal purchasing commitments, energy efficiency standards, and new measures to combat methane emissions; and
    4. Fair Economy Agreement, with commitments to enact and enforce “effective tax, anti-money laundering, anti-bribery schemes in line with [American] values”.

    Members Countries include:

    • Currently, India and 13 countries other located in the Pacific Ocean are its members: Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam.

    How is IPEF different from other trade deals?

    • No market access or tariff reductions have been outlined in the IPEF, although experts say it can pave the way to trade deals.
    • It’s not a take-it-or-leave-it arrangement, like most multilateral trade deals are.
    • Since the IPEF is not a regular trade pact, the members so far are not obligated by all the four pillars despite being signatories.

    PYQ:

    Q.Regarding “carbon credits”, which one of the following statements is not correct? (2011)

    1. The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol
    2. Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota
    3. The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide emission
    4. Carbon credits are traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations Environment Programme.

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Regarding the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), consider the following statements:

    1. It is a US-led initiative launched in 2021.
    2. It is basically a Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
    3. India is not a member of IPEF.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None

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  • Air Pollution

    Highlights of the World Air Quality Report, 2023

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the news-

    • India has been ranked as the third-most polluted country in 2023, following Bangladesh and Pakistan, according to the ‘World Air Quality Report 2023’ by IQAir.
    • IQAir is a Swiss air quality technology company, specializing in protection against airborne pollutants, developing air quality monitoring and air cleaning products

    Comparative Analysis

     

    • Previous Rankings: In 2022, India held the eighth position among the most polluted countries with an average PM2.5 concentration of 53.3 micrograms per cubic meter, demonstrating a marginal increase in pollution levels.
    • Global Rankings: The report ranked 42 Indian cities among the top 50 most polluted cities globally, with Begusarai, Guwahati, and Delhi leading the list.

    Key Highlights

    (A)  Most Polluted Indian Cities:

    • Ten out of the top 11 most polluted cities in the world are from India, the other being Lahore in Pakistan.
    • Begusarai, located in Bihar, witnessed a significant increase in PM 2.5 concentration from 19.7 micrograms per cubic metre in 2022 to 118.9 micrograms per cubic metre in 2023.
    • Guwahati’s PM2.5 concentration doubled from 51 to 105.4 micrograms per cubic meter between 2022 and 2023.
    • Delhi saw an increase in PM2.5 concentration from 89.1 to 92.7 micrograms per cubic meter over the same period.
    • Other Indian cities featuring in the top 50 most polluted cities of the world list included Greater Noida (11), Muzzafarnagar (16), Gurgaon (17), Arrah (18), Dadri (19), Patna (20), Faridabad (25), Noida (26), Meerut (28), Ghaziabad (35) and Rohtak (47).

    (B) Global Insights:

    • Oceania—comprising Australia, New Zealand, and French Polynesia—remained the region with the cleanest air in 2023.
    • The report highlighted the top five most polluted countries worldwide, including Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Tajikistan, and Burkina Faso.
    • Seven countries which met the WHO annual PM2.5 guideline (annual average of 5 µg/m3 or less) included Australia, Estonia, Finland, Grenada, Iceland, Mauritius, and New Zealand.
    • Despite previous declines, China experienced a 6.3% increase in PM2.5 concentration in 2023, signalling a concerning trend.
    • For the first time, Canada emerged as the most polluted country in Northern America, reflecting regional air quality challenges.
    • Africa remains the most underrepresented continent, with a third of the population still lacking access to air quality data.

    What are Particulate Matters (PM)?

     

    • Particulate matter (PM) consists of a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air.
    • These particles come from various sources, including vehicle emissions, industrial processes, construction activities, agricultural activities, wildfires, and natural dust.
    • PM can be classified into different size categories based on its aerodynamic diameter.
    • Common size fractions include PM10 (particles with a diameter of 10 micrometres or smaller) and PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller).
    • PM 2.5 are so small that they can penetrate deep into the respiratory system and enter the bloodstream, posing significant health risks.
    • Long-term exposure to elevated levels of PM2.5 has been linked to reduced lung function, aggravated asthma, and increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.

    PYQ:

    Q.Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three Mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (2015)

     

    Q.In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index? (2016)

    1. Carbon dioxide
    2. Carbon monoxide
    3. Nitrogen dioxide
    4. Sulphur dioxide
    5. Methane

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 2, 3 and 4 only
    3. 1, 4 and 5 only
    4. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Consider the following statements:

    1. Particulate matter (PM) consists of a mixture of solid particles as well as liquid droplets suspended in the air.
    2. PM 2.5 can penetrate deep into the respiratory system and enter the bloodstream, posing significant health risks.
    3. Natural dust does not contribute to PM.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None

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  • Digital India Initiatives

    [pib] Government e Marketplace (GeM)  

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    gem

    Why in the news-

    • The government’s procurement portal, GeM (Government e-Marketplace), is looking to encourage more and more start-ups and small and micro enterprises to list themselves as sellers.

    About Government e-Marketplace (GeM) 

    • The GeM is a one-stop National Public Procurement Portal to facilitate online procurement of common use Goods & Services required by various Government Departments / Organizations / PSUs.
    • It was launched in 2016 by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
    • It has been developed by the Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals (under MCI) with technical support from the National e-governance Division (MEITy).

    Functions for GeM

    • Enhancement of Public Procurement: GeM aims to enhance transparency, efficiency, and speed in public procurement processes.
    • Paperless and Cashless Transactions: It is a completely paperless, cashless, and system-driven e-marketplace that enables procurement of common-use goods and services with minimal human interface.
    • Facilitation of Best Value: GeM provides the tools of e-bidding, reverse e-auction, and demand aggregation to facilitate government users in achieving the best value for their money.
    • Mandatory Purchases by Government Users: The purchases through GeM by Government users have been authorized and made mandatory by the Ministry of Finance by adding a new Rule No. 149 in the General Financial Rules, 2017.

    Key Developments on GeM:

    • GeM Outlet Stores: GeM has introduced outlet stores for various product categories like SARAS, Ajeevika, Tribes India, Startup Runway, Khadi India, India Handloom, India Handicraft, Divyangjan, etc.
    • Bamboo Market Window: GeM, in collaboration with the National Bamboo Mission, has introduced a dedicated window on its portal for marketing Bamboo Goods.
    • Country of Origin Tag: Since 2020, the government has made it mandatory for sellers on the GeM portal to clarify the country of origin of their goods when registering new products.

    PYQ:

    Q.‘SWAYAM’, an initiative of the Government of India, aims at (2016) –

    1. Promoting the Self Help Groups in rural areas
    2. Providing financial and technical assistance to young start-up entrepreneurs
    3. Promoting the education and health of adolescent girls
    4. Providing affordable and quality education to the citizens for free

     

    Practice MCQ:

    With reference to the Government e-Marketplace (GeM), consider the following statements:

    1. It is a one-stop National Public Procurement Portal launched in 2016.
    2. It is developed by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)

    Select the correct option:

    1. Only 1
    2. Only 2
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Understanding dialysis outcome patterns in India through a nationwide study 

    Explained | Indian Society | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Why in the News? 

    Recently, there are some findings from a nationwide private haemodialysis network’, the Lancet Regional Health-Southeast Asia, on the survival of patients receiving haemodialysis in India

    Context:

    • India has amongst the highest number of patients receiving chronic dialysis, globally estimated at around 1,75,000 people in 2018. Daily, the number of patients on dialysis has been increasing.
    • The launch of the National Dialysis Service in 2016 to improve access, and ongoing efforts to develop affordable dialysis systems, are all underlined by the rising incidence of end-stage renal disease in the country.

    What is Hemodialysis?

    A machine filters wastes, salts and fluid from your blood when your kidneys are no longer healthy enough to do this work adequately.

     

    Key Highlights as per study:

    • Survival with Centre- and Patient-Level: The study found that both centre- and patient-level characteristics are associated with survival rates among patients undergoing haemodialysis.
    • Unexplained Variation Between Centres: Despite considering various centre-based characteristics, there remained unexplained variations in survival rates between dialysis centres across India. This suggests that factors beyond those accounted for in the study may influence patient outcomes.
    • Large Sample Size: The study included a substantial sample size of over 23,600 patients undergoing haemodialysis at any centre in the NephroPlus network between April 2014 and June 2019. This large sample size enhances the robustness of the study’s findings.
    • Primary Outcome: The primary outcome of the study was all-cause mortality, measured from 90 days after patients joined a center. This outcome measure provides valuable insights into patient survival rates over time following the initiation of haemodialysis treatment.
    • Consideration of Individual-Level Variables: The study accounted for various individual-level variables such as sex, smoking status, medical history (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, hepatitis B, hepatitis C), education level, monthly household income, dialysis frequency, and vascular access. These variables offer comprehensive insights into patient characteristics and their impact on survival rates.
    • Evaluation of Centre-Level Variables: Centre-level variables, including the frequency of nephrologist visits, number of beds, number of staff, and number of patients, were also considered. These variables help assess the influence of center resources and practices on patient outcomes.

    What were the measuring differences?

    • Limited Data: The only significant study conducted previously in Andhra Pradesh used claims data from a publicly-funded insurance scheme between 2008 and 2012. It included 13,118 beneficiaries and reported a 10.2% mortality rate within six months of starting hemodialysis.
    • Absence of Centre-Level Effects: The previous study did not consider center-level effects on survival, limiting the understanding of differences in survival rates between dialysis centers, as observed in other countries.
    • Gaps in Understanding: Major gaps existed in understanding dialysis outcome patterns in India due to the absence of comprehensive studies, hindering efforts to improve patient care.
    • Lack of National Benchmark: There was no established national benchmark for survival rates among patients undergoing dialysis in India at the time of the study.
    • Need for Further Research: The study highlighted the importance of conducting more extensive research to fill the gaps in knowledge and establish benchmarks for dialysis outcomes in India.

    What is the recent issue related to the Mortality rate? 

      • Administrative challenges associated with Mortality:
        • Impact of Centre-Level Factors: Including center-level factors such as staffing, care processes, and patient volume in the analysis reduced the variability in survival rates across dialysis centers by 31%. This suggests that center-level characteristics play a significant role in influencing patient outcomes and survival rates.
        • Survival Range: After adjusting for multi-level factors, the estimated 180-day survival among patients undergoing hemodialysis ranged between 83% and 97%. This variability indicates differences in survival outcomes across dialysis centers in India.
      • Urban-Rural Divide: Patients attending rural dialysis centers experienced a 32% higher mortality rate compared to those at urban centers. This disparity underscores the unique challenges faced by rural healthcare facilities in providing hemodialysis services.
    • Patient Characteristics Associated with Mortality:
      • Catheter-Based Vascular Access: Patients using catheter-based vascular access had a higher mortality rate compared to those using arteriovenous fistula or graft access.
      • Financial Support: Patients receiving financial support for dialysis treatment through government panel schemes or private insurance had a lower mortality rate compared to those paying out-of-pocket.
      • Dialysis Vintage: There was an inverse relationship between mortality rate and dialysis vintage, with patients receiving dialysis for at least a year before joining a center experiencing a 17% lower mortality rate than those starting dialysis less than 30 days before joining.
      • Presence of Diabetes: The presence of diabetes was associated with a higher mortality rate among hemodialysis patients.

    Way Forward:

    • Establishment of National Benchmark: The study proposes the first national benchmark for survival among dialysis patients in India. This benchmark will serve as a reference point for evaluating the quality of care and outcomes across dialysis centres in the country.
    • Ongoing Quality Improvement Programs: As dialysis access continues to expand in India, ongoing quality improvement programs are crucial for ensuring that patients receive the best possible care and experience optimal outcomes at the point of care.
    • Collaborative Quality Improvement System: The authors emphasize the need for a collaborative quality improvement system across the country to address the increasing demand for dialysis services. This system should involve stakeholders at various levels of healthcare delivery to enhance standards of care and patient outcomes.
    • Understanding Multilevel Effects: It is essential to understand the multilevel effects of both centre- and patient-level characteristics on dialysis outcomes. Establishing national standards for dialysis outcomes in India requires comprehensive insights into these factors to drive improvements in care delivery.
    • Comparison and Monitoring: Establishing national benchmarks enables comparison and monitoring of dialysis centres’ performances over time. This approach facilitates the identification of variations in practice patterns and outcomes, paving the way for targeted interventions and improvements in healthcare delivery.

    Conclusion: The nationwide study on haemodialysis outcomes in India highlights disparities and the need for standardized care. Establishing national benchmarks, ongoing quality improvement, and collaborative efforts are essential for enhancing dialysis care and patient outcomes.

    Mains PYQ-

    Q- Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC IAS/2015)

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  • Indian Missile Program Updates

     The MIRV leap that fires up India’s nuclear deterrence

    Explained | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Why in the news? 

    • The Agni-5 ballistic missile test dubbed the “Divyastra”, that was conducted by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), is strategically consequential

    Context:

    • With a range of over 5,000 kilometers, the Agni-5 is the longest-range missile India has tested so far. But it is not simply its range but, equally, its potency that represents a watershed moment for India’s nuclear deterrent.
    • The potency of India’s nuclear deterrent is enhanced because this variant is integrated with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs).

    What are MIRVs?

    MIRVs- A MIRV is a ‘missile bus’ whose passengers are nuclear bombs and which facilitates a single booster to deliver them to different targets. It means  MIRV can target multiple targets that can be hundreds of kilometers apart with a single missile.

    Background:

    • In 1970, the U.S. started to deploy the Minuteman III, the first MIRV-ed intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) with three warheads on each missile. In 1971, it deployed the Poseidon, the first MIRV-ed submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) which had the capability of carrying up to 10 warheads on each missile
    • The Soviet Union followed the U.S. and by the 1970s developed its own MIRV-ed ICBM and SLBM technology.
    • China has developed and deployed MIRV technology with multiple warheads placed on its DF-5B ICBMs
    • France and the United Kingdom are known to have MIRV-equipped missiles.

    Why MIRV technology is so lethal? 

    Unlike conventional missiles that deploy a single warhead, MIRV-equipped missiles can release multiple warheads from the missile at varying speeds and trajectories.

    A comparison with China-

    • India’s Late Entry: While MIRV technology is not new globally, India’s development of MIRV-capable ballistic missiles marks its entry into a select group of nations possessing such capabilities, including the established nuclear powers like the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom.
    • Potential for Damage Limitation: MIRV-tipped missiles are crucial for striking multiple targets simultaneously and evading ballistic missile defenses. China’s advancements in ballistic missile defenses, such as the HQ-19 interceptors, pose a challenge, although their efficacy against India’s Agni series missiles, especially the Agni-5, still needs to be improved.
    • Need for Further Testing: While integrating MIRV technology into the Agni-5 is a significant step, continued testing and refinement will be necessary to enhance the credibility and effectiveness of India’s nuclear ballistic missile arsenal. The Indian armed services are likely to seek multiple tests to ensure reliability and readiness.

    The complications against the development of MIRV-capable ballistic missiles include:

    • Nuclear Warhead Miniaturization: Achieving miniaturization of nuclear warheads is a demanding technical requirement for MIRV-capable missiles. Inadequate nuclear testing by India has compromised the extent to which warheads could be miniaturized for MIRV applications.
    • Receptacle Weight Reduction: The receptacle that carries the warhead or re-entry vehicle must be of low weight or mass before release from the Post Boost Vehicle (PBV). This requirement adds complexity to the design and engineering of the missile system.
    • Precision Configuration: Re-entry vehicles must be precisely configured to fit into the missile and separate from the PBV, which needs to be manoeuvrable. This necessitates meticulous design and testing to ensure proper functionality.
    • Guidance and Accuracy: Guidance and accuracy are essential for MIRV-capable missiles, as re-entry vehicles must be spin-stabilized during atmospheric re-entry. Achieving the required level of precision adds another layer of complexity to the development process.
    • Geographic Limitation: MIRV-based missiles can only strike multiple targets within their geographic footprint. This limitation requires careful consideration in strategic planning and deployment.
    • Limited Nuclear Testing: India’s limited nuclear testing history has restricted the extent to which warheads could be miniaturized and MIRV technology could be developed. This lack of testing has posed challenges to Indian missile and nuclear engineers.
    • Integration Challenges: Integrating warheads with missiles involves complex processes and requires coordination among various agencies, such as the Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL) and Advanced Systems Limited (ASL). Overcoming integration challenges adds to the difficulty of MIRV development.
    • Decoys and Countermeasures: Uncertainty remains regarding whether the Agni-5 missile can carry decoys and chaff, especially during the boost and intermediate phases of flight. Integrating countermeasures adds additional technical challenges.
    • Launch Platform: Agni-5 is expected to be launched from a road-mobile platform, which introduces logistical and operational considerations for deployment.

    Future Scope for Indian Projects:

    • Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) Testing: India is set to test a long-range SLBM, which will be launched from its nuclear ballistic missile submarines. This project aims to further enhance India’s nuclear deterrence capabilities by adding a sea-based component to its arsenal.
    • Continued Development by DRDO and AEC: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) of India are expected to continue their collaboration in developing advanced missile and nuclear technologies. This collaboration underscores India’s commitment to strengthening its defense capabilities.
    • Strategic Focus on China: The development of the Agni-5 with MIRV capability specifically addresses potential threats from China’s missile and missile defense programs. India’s strategic focus remains on maintaining a credible deterrent vis-à-vis China.
    • Enhanced Nuclear Capabilities: The successful test of the Agni-5 MIRV missile marks a significant milestone in India’s quest to become a highly credible nuclear and missile power. It signifies India’s determination to bolster its nuclear capabilities to counter emerging threats effectively.

    Conclusion:

    India’s MIRV advancements, though challenging, augment nuclear deterrence against China. Continued testing and SLBM development signify India’s commitment to bolstering defense capabilities and ensuring regional stability.

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  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

    Many elections, AI’s dark dimension

    Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the news? 

    With a series of elections to be held across the world in 2024, the potential of AI to disrupt democracies cannot be dismissed.

    • The rapid development of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) and its potential evolution into Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) could have significant implications for elections.

    AI and the Electoral landscape in India (Possible opportunities and Concerns):

    Opportunities: 

    • Campaign Strategy Revolution: AI tools like sentiment analysis and chatbots optimize campaign strategies, making them more efficient and cost-effective.
    • Disinformation Campaigns: AI facilitates can also be used against targeted disinformation campaigns, spreading fake news tailored to specific demographics or regions.
    • Technological Advancements: Rapid developments in AI technologies simulate real-world interactions and have the potential to influence electoral dynamics significantly.
    • Micro-Targeting Voters: AI enables precise targeting based on data like demographics and online behaviour, enhancing campaign effectiveness.
    • Influence through Personalization: Tailored messages resonate better with voters, potentially swaying opinions.

    Concerns

    • Quality and Quantity of Misinformation: In the upcoming 2024 elections, AI-driven disinformation campaigns are expected to overwhelm voters with vast quantities of incorrect information, including hyper-realistic Deep Fakes and micro-targeted content.
    • Challenges to Democracy: The disruptive potential of AI in influencing electoral behaviour necessitates the implementation of robust checks and balances to prevent AI-driven manipulation and ensure the integrity of democratic processes.
    • Deep Fake Concerns: There are fears of AI-powered “Deep Fake Elections,” where AI-generated content manipulates and confuses voters. This phenomenon may exploit existing societal attitudes, such as the reported support for authoritarianism in India.
    • Propaganda Techniques: AI facilitates the development of sophisticated propaganda techniques, aiming to mislead and manipulate voters. As elections progress, newer methods emerge, potentially leading to the proliferation of Deep Fake content.
    • Disinformation Amplification: AI technology amplifies the spread of falsehoods and misinformation, posing a significant threat to democracies by confusing and misleading the electorate on an unprecedented scale.

    What are ways to tackle AI ‘determinism’? (Way Forward):

    • Mitigate voter mistrust: AI-deployed tactics may erode trust in democratic institutions and processes, highlighting the need for measures to counter AI determinism and mitigate voter mistrust.
    • Checks and Balances: While acknowledging AI’s considerable potential, it is imperative to implement checks and balances to mitigate its harmful effects and safeguard against AI’s unpredictable behavior.
    • Inconsistencies in AI Models: Public scrutiny over inaccuracies associated with AI models, such as those observed with Google, underscores the inherent dangers of relying solely on AI for decision-making without adequate validation and oversight.
    • Existential Threats: Beyond biases in design and development, AI systems pose existential threats, including adversarial capabilities like poisoning, backdooring, and evasion, which undermine the reliability and effectiveness of AI solutions.
    • Mitigating Adversarial Capabilities: Current concepts and ideas for mitigating adversarial capabilities in AI systems are insufficient, requiring further research and development to address the inherent vulnerabilities and risks associated with AI technology.

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  • Electoral Reforms In India

    How were the new Election Commissioners selected? | Explained

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Statutory, Regulatory & Various Quasi-Judicial Bodies

    Why in the news? 

    The President has appointed Gyanesh Kumar and Sukhbir Singh Sandhu, both retired IAS officers, as Election Commissioners (ECs) to fill up two vacancies in the three-member Election Commission of India

    Context:

    • Article 324 of the Indian Constitution dictates the appointment of Election Commissioners, granting the Election Commission of India (ECI) authority over the supervision, guidance, and management of elections.
    • The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) are nominated by the President of India. While traditionally an executive prerogative, recent efforts aim to enhance inclusivity and transparency in this selection process.

    How were the new ECs selected?

    • Selection Committee: Comprising Prime Minister, Union Cabinet Minister, and Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
      • Six names were shortlisted for consideration by the selection committee.
      • Headed by the Union Minister for Law and Justice and includes two officials with the rank of Secretary to the government.
      • The shortlisting was done by a committee which, according to the  Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023.
      • The final appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) is made by the President of India based on the recommendations of the Selection Committee.

    What was the process before this?

    • Historical Background: Initially, the EC consisted only of the CEC for nearly 40 years after the adoption of the Constitution in 1949. It wasn’t until October 1989 that the EC became a multi-member body.
    • Appointment Rescission: In January 1990, the appointment of two Election Commissioners was rescinded shortly after their appointment.
    • Enactment of Law: In 1991, a law was enacted to determine the conditions of service for the CEC and ECs. This law was amended in 1993. However, it did not specify an appointment process for the CEC and ECs.
    • Appointment Process: In the absence of a specified process in parliamentary law, the appointment of the CEC and ECs has been at the discretion of the President. The Law Ministry typically presents a panel of names to the Prime Minister, who then recommends one of them as an EC to the President.
    • Appointment Convention: It became customary to appoint officials as ECs initially, and upon the completion of the CEC’s tenure, the senior EC would be elevated to the position of CEC.

    What did the SC rule on the process?

    • Anoop Baranwal vs Union of India: In the case of Anoop Baranwal versus Union of India, a five-member Constitution Bench ruled that the power to appoint the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and other Election Commissioners (ECs) was not intended to be exclusively vested in the executive branch. Instead, it was subject to any law made by Parliament.
    • Interim Arrangement: Since no such law had been enacted since the inception of the Constitution, the court established an interim arrangement for the appointment of CEC and ECs. This interim arrangement was to remain in place until Parliament formulated its law regarding the appointment process.
    • Composition of Appointment Committee: The court specified that appointments should be made by a three-member committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (or the leader of the largest party in the Opposition), and the Chief Justice of India.
    • Response: In response to the court’s directive, Parliament enacted the 2023 Act, which received presidential assent and was notified in December 2023

    What is the criticism against the Act?

    • Executive Majority: Critics argue that the new Act has altered the composition of the selection panel by removing the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and replacing them with a Union Minister. This change results in a two-one majority for the executive within the three-member committee.
    • Supreme Court’s Response: Despite challenges and requests for a stay on the implementation of the new Act, the Supreme Court has consistently refused to intervene, allowing the Act to proceed.
    • Upholding Constitutional Principle: Critics argue that by shifting the balance of power within the selection panel in favor of the executive, the Act undermines the constitutional principle of maintaining the autonomy and impartiality of constitutional bodies like the Election Commission.

    Conclusion:

    In moving forward, it’s imperative to restore balance in Election Commissioner appointments, ensuring judicial oversight, transparency, and inclusivity. Legislative reforms should reflect constitutional principles, safeguarding the independence of constitutional bodies and preserving democratic integrity.

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  • Indian Ocean Power Competition

    All eyes are now on the Indian Ocean region

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Why in the News? 

    Since October 2023, the Indian government has shifted its focus from the Indo-Pacific to the Indian Ocean, diverting attention from strengthening the Quad alliance.

    • Both the Western Indian Ocean and the Northern Indian Ocean have become active geographies again.

    What are the reasons behind this Policy Shift?

    • Maldives and China- The Maldives, under President Mohamed Muizzu, is strengthening ties with China, potentially straining its relationship with India.
    • Sri Lanka and India- Sri Lanka has shown sensitivity to India’s security concerns by imposing a moratorium on foreign research ships, including Chinese ones, to its ports.
    • India-Mauritius Cooperation– India’s SAGAR policy resulted in inaugurating infrastructure in the Agaléga Islands, enhancing Mauritius’s capability to manage its Extended Economic Zone.
    • Geopolitical Dynamics-  The Western Indian Ocean and Northern Indian Ocean regions are witnessing increased activity, including conflicts and disruptions in maritime trade routes.
      • Example-In the Western Indian Ocean, the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas has escalated, leading to attacks by Houthi rebels on international shipping.
    • China’s Naval Expansion- China aims to assert dominance in the region by expanding its naval footprint and fostering partnerships with countries under the string of pearls policy like the Maldives.
    • India-China Strategic Competition– India and China are engaged in strategic competition, highlighted by China’s efforts to create an adverse environment for India’s security and its quest for naval bases in key locations.

    Suggestive measures:

    • Shift in Focus to Indian Ocean: India should prioritize the Indian Ocean region over the Indo-Pacific and convey this clearly to its strategic partners.
    • Evaluation of Existing Mechanisms: There is a need for a critical audit of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) due to their perceived underperformance and ineffectiveness.
    • Proposal for a New Mechanism: India should consider advocating for the creation of a new organization focused on bolstering maritime security and promoting the Blue Economy in the Indian Ocean region.
      • This proposed organization could include India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Comoros, and Madagascar.
      • The ninth seat may be kept for the Maldives if it adopts a sensible policy. This group can be named the ‘Indian Ocean Cooperation Organisation.
    • Enhancement of Indian Navy: India should allocate new budgetary resources to strengthen its Navy further, aiming to make it the third or fourth most powerful navy globally, in line with India’s ambition to become the third-largest economy.

    Conclusion

    India’s policy shift towards the Indian Ocean region necessitates prioritizing strategic partnerships, auditing existing mechanisms, advocating for new collaborative initiatives, and enhancing naval capabilities to safeguard regional security and promote economic prosperity.

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  • Electoral Reforms In India

    Model Code of Conduct: Everything you need to know

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Representation Of People’s Act

    Why in the news-

    • As the Election Commission of India (EC) announced the dates for the upcoming Lok Sabha elections, the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) came into force immediately and will be in place till election results are announced.

    Understanding the Model Code of Conduct (MCC):

    • The MCC is a set of guidelines published by the Election Commission of India (ECI) for conduct during the election campaign and polling.
    • It is applicable to political parties and candidates.
    • It also explains how parties can lodge complaints to the EC observers in case of dispute and instructs how the Ministers of the parties in power must conduct themselves when the MCC is in force.
    • In 2019, a *new addition regarding election manifestos was added, instructing parties to not issue promises which were ‘repugnant to the ideals of the Constitution’.

    When was it introduced?

    • The EC traces its introduction to the 1960 Assembly elections in Kerala.
    • During simultaneous polls to the Lok Sabha and Assemblies in several States in 1962, the EC circulated the code to all recognized parties, which followed it “by and large”.
    • In October 1979, the EC came up with a comprehensive code that saw further changes after consultations with parties.

    Is the MCC a law?

    • The MCC is NOT a statutory document – NOT enforceable by any laws passed by the Parliament.
    • Violating many of its guidelines may not attract punitive action.
    • Exceptions: Several actions such as causing tension between castes, religious or linguistic communities, appealing to caste or communal feeling for securing votes, etc., are listed as ‘electoral offenses’ and ‘corrupt practices’ under the Indian Penal Code and the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

    Enforcement and Applicability:

    • The MCC comes into force immediately when the election schedule is announced by the Election Commission and remains in operation till the election process is complete, i.e. results are announced.

    [A] All Elections

    1. The MCC is applicable to all elections to the Lok Sabha, State Assemblies.
    2. It is also applicable for State Legislative Council elections from Local Bodies, and Graduates’ and Teachers’ Constituencies.

    [B] Obligations put on

    1. Listed Political Parties and Candidates: While listed political parties and candidates are bound to follow the MCC
    2. Non-Political Organizations Supporting Political Entities: Non-political organizations which hold campaigns favouring a political party or candidate are bound to follow specific guidelines mentioned by the EC.
    3. Government-Funded Entities: All organizations, committees, corporations, commissions funded wholly or partially by the Centre or State are bound by the MCC.

    How is the MCC enforced?

    • All officers including Police: Before holding polls for the General or State Assembly elections, the Election Commission issues guidelines to the government to shift out all officers including police who are posted in their home district, and who have completed/completing three out of four years in that district to ensure no interference.
    • Specially appointed EC officers: The MCC is then implemented by the newly appointed officials and nodal EC officers monitor compliance.

    Guidelines Issued during MCC

    [A] For Parties and Candidates:

    • Campaigning Bar: No election campaigning is allowed within the constituency 48 hours before the close of polls.
    • Restrictions on Speech: Political parties and candidates are advised to refrain from commenting on all aspects of private life of the leaders, workers of other parties, limiting criticisms to only their policies, programmes, past records and works.
    • Maintaining Social Harmony: They must also not indulge in activities aggravating existing differences or create mutual hatred between different castes, religious and linguistic communities. Appeals to caste or communal feelings for securing votes are also prohibited.
    • Others: Specific guidelines cover election campaigning, procession, canvassing, use of funds, and behavior during public meetings.

    [B] For Governments:

    • Prior approval on Policies: The Union Ministries will need prior approval of the Election Commission on any policy announcements, fiscal measures, taxation issues, financial reliefs when the MCC is in force.
    • Screening in State: Similar guidelines apply to State governments where proposals must be referred to a screening committee which will then forward it to the Chief Electoral Officers who will not forward it to the EC unless the instructions applicable to the case are not clear.
    • Level-playing field: State/ Union governments must keep public places like maidans and helipads available impartially for all parties and candidates to ensure a level-playing field.

    Guidelines for Poll Manifestos (wef 2019)

    • Manifestos must not contain anything repugnant to the ideals enshrined in the Constitution.
    • They must reflect the rationale for welfare scheme promises and indicate ways to meet the financial requirements for it.
    • The manifesto documents must not be released during the prohibitory period (when MCC kicks in).

    How are violations dealt with?

    • Any complaint regarding elections should be brought to EC observers, Returning Officer, local magistrate, Chief Electoral Officer or the Election Commission itself.
    • In response, any directions issued by the EC, Returning officer, District Election Officer shall be strictly complied with.

    PYQ:

    Consider the following statements:​

    1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.​
    2. In 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.​
    3. As per the existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.​

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?​ (2021)

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only​
    3. 1 and 3
    4. 2 and 3​

     

    Practice MCQ:

    The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) has come into effect in India ahead of general elections. In this regard, consider the following statements:

    1. MCC comes into effect immediately after announcement of election dates and sustains till the last vote is cast.
    2. Apart from Political Parties and Candidates, it is applicable to non-political organizations supporting political entities.
    3. No election campaigning is allowed within the constituency 24 hours before the close of polls.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None

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  • Intellectual Property Rights in India

    Passing Off under Trademark Rules

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Intellectual Property Rights

    Why in the news?

    • A lady in New Delhi successfully obtained trademark for her Momos brand from New Delhi High Court, after a similar trademark infringed upon her rights and reputation.
    • The lady’s legal action invoked ‘passing off’ provisions, seeking cancellation of the infringers’ trademark under relevant sections of the Trademarks Act.

    What are Trademarks?

    • A trademark is a symbol, design, word, or phrase that is identified with a business. Registering a trademark allows its owner to claim “exclusive rights” to its usage.
    • The Trademarks Act of 1999 governs the regime of trademarks and their registration in India.
    • It guarantees protection for trademarks registered with the Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trademarks, also known as the trademark registry.
    • According to Section 25 of the 1999 Act, once registered, a trademark is valid for 10 years and can be renewed by the owner periodically.

    Concept of ‘Passing Off’

    • ‘Passing off’ entails deceptive practices where one brand attempts to profit from the reputation of another through misrepresentation.
    • In Cadila Healthcare Limited vs. Cadila Pharmaceuticals Limited (2001), the Supreme Court defined passing-off as a form of unfair trade competition, where one brand seeks to profit from the established reputation of another through deceptive means.
    • Infringed parties can seek injunctions, damages, or accounts against the infringing entity to mitigate the damages caused.

    Application in the Present Case: Grounds for Trademark Refusal

    • Legal Provisions: Sections 11(1), 11(2), 11(3)(a), and 47 of the Trademarks Act outline grounds for refusal to register trademarks and provisions for removal from the register.
    • Likelihood of Confusion: Trademarks resembling earlier trademarks, leading to public confusion, are ineligible for registration under Section 11(1).
    • Protection of Distinctive Marks: Section 11(2) prohibits registration of marks that take unfair advantage of or harm the reputation of well-known trademarks.
    • Non-Compliance and Non-Usage: Section 47 allows removal of trademarks from the register for non-compliance or non-use, subject to aggrieved parties’ applications.

    Back2Basics: Trademarks vs. Patents

    Trademark Patent
    Purpose Identify and distinguish goods or services Protect new and inventive products or processes
    Laws and Provisions Trademarks Act, 1999 Patents Act, 1970
    Subject Matter Signs like logos, brand names, slogans, packaging Inventions including products, processes, methods
    Duration of Protection 10 years.

    Indefinite with periodic renewal

    		 Typically 20 years from the filing date
    Registration Process File application with Trademarks Registry (i.e. Controller General of Patents) File application with Indian Patent Office
    Rights Granted Exclusive use of the trademark in connection with goods or services Exclusive rights to exploit the invention commercially

     

    PYQ:

    Consider the following statements:

    1. According to the Indian Patents Act, a biological process to create a seed can be patented in India.
    2. In India, there is no Intellectual Property Appellate Board.
    3. Plant varieties are not eligible to be patented in India.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 and 3 only
    2. 2 and 3 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 1, 2 and 3

     

    Practice MCQ:

    With reference to Trademarks in India, consider the following statements:

    1. Trademark can be a symbol, design, word or even a phrase.
    2. It allows its owner to claim “exclusive rights” to its usage
    3. It is valid for 5 years.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None

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