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  • ISRO Missions and Discoveries

    After Chandrayaan-3, what has ISRO planned?

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    isro missions

    Central Idea

    • ISRO’s triumphant landing of the Chandrayaan-3 lander on the moon’s South Polar Region marks a significant achievement in space exploration.
    • As India emerges as a key player in the field, the focus now shifts to its multifaceted activities, upcoming missions, and technological advancements.

    Diverse ISRO Activities

    • Multifaceted Endeavors: ISRO’s operations span research, satellite development, rocket production, satellite tracking infrastructure maintenance, and more, catering to diverse space-related needs.
    • Key Focus Areas: Prominent areas of focus include the ‘Gaganyaan’ human spaceflight mission, Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD), SCE-200 engine development, and the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV).

    Glimpses of Upcoming Missions

    • Aditya L1: Scheduled for September 2023, Aditya L1 is a scientific mission to study the sun in detail, providing critical insights into solar activities.
    • NISAR Satellite: In January 2024, the joint ISRO-NASA NISAR satellite will study earth’s surface processes using advanced radar technology.
    • Gaganyaan G1 and G2 Flights: 2024 witnesses test flights of human-rated rockets, a prelude to India’s ambitious Gaganyaan human spaceflight.

    Beyond Launches: Technology Innovations

    • Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV-TD): Resembling the NASA Space Shuttle, RLV-TD’s design enables air propulsion or gliding, capable of lifting 20,000 kg to low-earth orbit.
    • Advanced Propulsion: ISRO explores advanced rocket fuels like methalox propellant and electric propulsion systems, enhancing efficiency and safety.

    Moon Missions and Lunar Exploration

    • Chandrayaan-3 and Beyond: Chandrayaan-3 paves the way for further lunar exploration, with plans for missions like LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration) in collaboration with JAXA.
    • LUPEX’s Ambitions: LUPEX aims to deploy a sophisticated lander and rover to study the moon’s South Polar Region, including subsurface sample extraction and night survival.

    Expanding Collaborations and Global Partnerships

    • Alternative Space Service Providers: ISRO fills gaps left by sanctions on Russia, launching OneWeb satellites and expectedly launching the European Space Agency’s PROBA-3 satellites.
    • Lunar Exploration with JAXA: Collaborating with JAXA for LUPEX showcases ISRO’s commitment to global partnerships in space exploration.

    Mars and Venus Missions

    • Mars Return Mission: ISRO plans a return to Mars, building on its previous successful Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan).
    • Venus Exploration: ‘Shukrayaan’: Ambitious plans to study Venus through the ‘Shukrayaan’ mission demonstrate ISRO’s expanding horizons in planetary exploration.

    Conclusion

    • ISRO’s remarkable accomplishments and future undertakings illuminate its stature as a global space powerhouse.
    • From lunar landings to solar studies, human spaceflight to interplanetary missions, ISRO continues to shape the landscape of space exploration.
    • By pushing boundaries, fostering innovation, and fostering international cooperation, ISRO cements its role in humanity’s journey to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos.

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  • Minority Issues – SC, ST, Dalits, OBC, Reservations, etc.

    Scholarship Schemes for Religious Minorities: Reality Check

    Schemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    minority minorities

    Central Idea

    • Education stands as a potent tool for nurturing socio-economic progress within a nation, especially for religious minorities.
    • However, recent years have witnessed discontinuation of key scholarship schemes, reduced funding, and a decline in beneficiaries, prompting concerns about the commitment to inclusive growth.

    Minority Educational Schemes: Overview

    • Pre-Matric Scholarship Scheme: Initially covering classes 1 to 10, now limited to classes 9 and 10.
    • Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme: Supports class 11 and above students, with increased funding this fiscal year.
    • Merit-cum-Means based Scholarship Scheme: Aided professional and technical courses, underwent significant funding reduction.
    • Maulana Azad National Fellowship (MANF): Provided financial assistance for research scholars but discontinued in 2022.
    • Padho Pardesh: Discontinued interest subsidy scheme for higher education abroad.
    • Begum Hazrat Mahal National Scholarship: Scholarship for meritorious girls discontinued.

    Policy Shift and Consequences

    • Change in Focus: Despite acknowledging the importance of education for religious minorities and inclusive growth, the government has discontinued two key educational schemes, narrowed the scope of another, and reduced expenditure on multiple programs by the Ministry of Minority Affairs.
    • Beneficiary Drop: Between 2019 and 2022, the number of beneficiaries under six educational schemes for religious minorities decreased by 7%, while government spending on these programs declined by around 12.5%.
    • Budget Cuts: The Ministry of Minority Affairs faced a budgetary reduction of 38.3% for the fiscal year 2023-24, from Rs 5,020.5 crore in 2022-23 to Rs 3,097 crore. Additionally, a significant portion of funds allocated in the previous year went unutilized.

    Importance of Strengthening Educational Aid

    • Diverse Religious Minorities: India encompasses over 30 crore people from religious minority communities, including Muslims (14.2%), Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.7%), Buddhists (0.7%), Jains (0.4%), and Zoroastrians.
    • Challenges Faced by Muslims: Muslims, the largest religious minority, confront challenges in areas like economics, health, and education. Their participation in formal employment remains low, with many working in the informal sector under poor conditions.
    • Sachar Committee Report: The Sachar Committee highlighted the deprivation and neglect faced by Muslims across various development dimensions, underscoring the need for affirmative action.
    • Formation of Ministry of Minority Affairs: Responding to these challenges, the UPA government established this Ministry in 2006 to ensure focused attention on the issues affecting minority communities.

    Challenges and Impact

    • Reduction in beneficiaries and funding has impacted the implementation of schemes, resulting in a widening gap in education and economic parameters.
    • Poor coverage of beneficiaries and unchanged low unit costs remain hurdles in scheme implementation.
    • Muslim students’ enrolment in higher education is lagging behind other communities, worsening the existing disparities.

    Way Forward

    • Strengthen educational aid through enhancing scholarships, such as pre-matric, post-matric, merit-cum-means, and national overseas scholarships.
    • Implement targeted schemes based on the 15-Point Programme to address development gaps in minority-concentrated localities.
    • Make scholarships demand-driven and provide additional financial resources to improve unit costs.
    • Increase the total budget allocation for the Ministry of Minority Affairs to address the deprivation in educational attainment for minorities.

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Patient Safety and Neonatal Care: India’s Efforts and Challenges

    | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Central Idea

    • The recent conviction of a former British nurse highlights the importance of patient safety in healthcare systems.
    • While neonatal safety is not governed by exclusive rules, there are provisions to ensure the wellbeing of newborns and minimize potential risks.

    Patient Safety Provisions in India

    • Defining Patient Safety: Patient safety is defined as freedom from harm or potential harm associated with healthcare provision, according to the ‘National Patient Safety Implementation Framework (2018-2025).’
    • Legal Protection: Patients in India are protected under various laws, including the Consumer Protection Act, Clinical Establishment Act, and mechanisms by the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority and Drugs Controller General of India to safeguard patients’ rights.
    • Fragmented Laws: Patient safety is governed by a range of laws, from the Hippocratic Oath to clinical establishment regulations, reflecting a multifaceted approach to ensure safe healthcare practices.

    Neonatal Safety and Care

    • Proactive Measures: While no exclusive rules exist for neonatal care, provisions against issues like mix-ups and abductions are present. Deliberate harm is extremely rare and often linked to complex psychiatric illnesses.
    • Comprehensive Provisions: Neonatal safety is ensured through comprehensive provisions that include staffing, equipment, infection control, parental involvement, training, and continuing medical education.
    • Human Errors: In a country with a high birth rate, human errors may occur in neonatal care, but planned, deliberate harm remains an exceptional occurrence.

    Neonatal Health Challenges

    • Global Neonatal Deaths: Despite a decline in global neonatal deaths, newborns face the highest risk of death within the first 28 days of life. A significant proportion of under-five deaths occur during the newborn period.
    • India’s Scenario: India’s infant mortality rate is gradually declining, but pre-term birth, complications during birth, infections, and birth defects remain major causes of neonatal deaths.
    • Improving Neonatal Survival: Ensuring proper neonatal care and addressing the key challenges can contribute to reducing neonatal mortality rates and improving child health outcomes.

    Promoting Neonatal Safety

    • Midwife-Led Continuity of Care: Professional midwives providing midwife-led continuity of care (MLCC) significantly reduce the risk of neonatal and pre-term birth. This approach emphasizes the importance of skilled care during childbirth and the immediate postnatal period.
    • Seeking Prompt Medical Care: Families are advised to seek prompt medical care in case of danger signs in newborns and to follow vaccination schedules for timely protection. This proactive approach helps prevent and manage potential health risks in neonates.
    • Ensuring Proper Training: Proper training of healthcare providers, especially those in neonatal services, is crucial for maintaining high-quality care and adherence to safety standards.

    Conclusion

    • Patient safety and neonatal care form the foundation of a robust healthcare system.
    • The challenges of neonatal care require ongoing attention, collaboration, and innovation to ensure the best outcomes for the youngest members of society.

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Somatic Genetic Variants: A genomic revolution hiding inside our cells

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    somatic gene

    Central Idea

    • The human genome, comprising 23 pairs of chromosomes, is the blueprint of our genetic makeup inherited from our parents.
    • The replication of this genetic information in nearly a trillion cells during development results in a complex mosaic of cellular diversity.
    • Despite remarkable DNA replication accuracy, mutations still occur.

    What are Somatic Genes?

    • Somatic genetic variants, also known as somatic mutations or somatic alterations, are genetic changes that occur in the cells of an organism’s body (somatic cells) during its lifetime.
    • These mutations are distinct from germline mutations, which are inherited from parents and are present in every cell of an individual’s body.
    • Somatic mutations are acquired after conception and are not passed on to future generations.
    • Somatic mutations can occur due to various factors, such as exposure to environmental mutagens (like radiation or chemicals), errors in DNA replication, and other cellular processes.
    • These mutations can affect the DNA sequence of specific genes, leading to changes in protein production or function.

    DNA Replication: The Copy-Paste Mechanism

    • Genetic Inheritance: Ovum and sperm carry parental genetic blueprints, which combine after fertilization.
    • Cell Division: The single fertilized cell, with 23 chromosomes, multiplies to form the human body’s trillions of cells.
    • DNA Replication Accuracy: Proteins proofread and correct DNA during replication, resulting in an error rate of 0.64-0.78 mutations per billion base pairs per division.

    Impact of Somatic Genetic Mutations

    • Dependent on Timing: Errors occurring after birth but during development are somatic genetic mutations.
    • Driver Mutations: Mutations that confer a fitness advantage to cells can lead to tumor formation and are called driver mutations.
    • Cellular Mosaic: Human body is a mosaic of cells with subtle genomic differences, influenced by somatic genetic variants.
    • Genetic Variants: Genetic variants within functional genome regions can affect protein encoding and regulation.

    Somatic Variants and Physiological Processes

    • Immune Cell Diversity: Immune cells undergo extensive somatic changes to create diverse antibodies recognise pathogens.
    • Recent Knowledge Explosion: Technological advancements in sequencing individual cells have led to an explosion of data and knowledge on somatic variants.
    • Cancer’s Role: Somatic genetic variants play a significant role in cancer development, aiding in early detection, diagnosis, and prognosis.

    Cancer Mutational Signatures

    • Mutational Signatures: Specific genetic variations and patterns are characteristic of certain cancers, enabling early detection.
    • Blood-Based Detection: Technologies identify tumour DNA in blood to detect cancer early.
    • Disease Progress Tracking: Cancer variations can be used to monitor disease progression and therapy response.

    Somatic Variants in Genetic Diseases

    • Genetic Diseases Origin: Many genetic disorders arise from somatic genetic variants, not inherited from parents.
    • Disease Severity and Timing: The severity and distribution of genetic diseases depend on the timing of somatic mutations during development.
    • Immune Disorders: Somatic changes can cause immune disorders and even beneficially reverse some genetic diseases.

    SMaHT Network: Understanding Somatic Mosaicism

    • Somatic Mosaicism: US has launched the ‘Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues’ (SMaHT) Network.
    • Aims: SMaHT aims to discover somatic variants, develop tools for study, and improve analysis for biological and clinical insights.
    • Investment and Research: The U.S. government has invested $140 million to study somatic variants in post-mortem samples.

    Implications and Future Prospects

    • Cellular Complexity: Studying somatic variants reveals the intricate diversity of cells and reshapes evolutionary understanding.
    • Disease Management: Understanding somatic genetic changes can advance disease understanding and management.
    • Innovative Approaches: Analyzing genes at the single-cell level paves the way for innovative disease approaches and insights into evolution.

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    State of India’s Birds (SoIB) Report, 2023: Key Highlights

    | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    bird

    Central Idea

    • The State of India’s Birds (SoIB) report based on data collected from approximately 30,000 birdwatchers has unveiled concerning trends regarding India’s bird population.
    • The study highlights a substantial decline in numerous bird species, attributing this decline to a range of factors.

    About SoIB Report

    • The SoIB report aims to evaluate the conservation status of a wide range of species regularly present in India.
    • It is published by a partnership involving 13 governmental and non-governmental organizations, including SACON, WII, and ZSI.
    • The report extensively employs data from over 30 million observations on eBird by more than 30,000 birdwatchers.
    • The report assesses distribution range size, abundance trends over the long term and since 2015, and information from the IUCN Red List to categorize Indian species into Low, Moderate, and High Conservation Priority tiers.

    Key Highlights of the Report

    • Widespread Decline: Among the species analyzed, 60% of those assessed for long-term trends show decline, while 40% exhibit a decline in current annual trends.
    • Raptors and Vultures: Birds consuming vertebrates and carrion, including raptors and vultures, have significantly declined, possibly due to pollutants or prey availability reduction.
    • Endemics and Biodiversity Hotspots: Endemic species in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot have experienced rapid declines over the past decades.
    • Positive Outlook: Certain generalist species, exemplified by the Indian peafowl, demonstrate remarkable increases in abundance, with a 150% rise observed over the past decades.
    • Conservation Priority: The report classifies species into High, Moderate, and Low Conservation Priority, with 178 species as High Priority, 323 as Moderate, and 441 as Low Priority. Noteworthy species include the Ruddy shelduck, Indian courser, Narcondam hornbill, and Nicobar megapode.

    Identified Threats to Bird Species

    • The report underscores threats encompassing forest degradation, urbanization, energy infrastructure.
    • Birds are highly impacted by environmental pollutants like Nimesulide affecting vulture populations, climate change’s impacts on migratory species, avian diseases, and illegal hunting and trade.

    Actions and Research Implications

    • Targeted Conservation: The report advocates for the conservation of specific groups, such as grassland specialists that have suffered a more than 50% decline, highlighting the importance of protecting and preserving grassland ecosystems.
    • Long-Term Monitoring: The significance of continuous, systematic bird population monitoring is emphasized to comprehend subtle fluctuations in bird numbers.
    • In-Depth Research: Further research is needed to understand the causes behind both declines and increases in bird populations.
    • Synergy among Policies: The report calls for the harmonization of policies related to river, water, and wasteland development, recognizing the multifaceted role of abundant, widespread bird species.
    • Citizen Participation: Citizen Engagement plays a pivotal role in biodiversity conservation, warranting an essential role in the action plan for bird population and habitat preservation.

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  • Financial Inclusion in India and Its Challenges

    Progress track: PM Jan Dhan Yojana’s Milestones

    | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Inclusive Growth & Issues

    jan dhan

    Central Idea

    • As the PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) completes 9 years, its remarkable journey is marked by over 50 crore bank accounts and deposits exceeding ₹2 lakh crore.
    • The scheme’s success lies in its commitment to financial inclusion, creating avenues for underprivileged segments to access banking services and government schemes.

    What is PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)?

    • The PMJDY is a financial inclusion program launched by the Indian government in 2014.
    • It is National Mission for Financial Inclusion to ensure access to financial services, namely, a basic savings & deposit accounts, remittance, credit, insurance, pension in an affordable manner.
    • Under the scheme, a basic savings bank deposit (BSBD) account can be opened in any bank branch or Business Correspondent (Bank Mitra) outlet, by persons not having any other account.

    Benefits under PMJDY

    • One basic savings bank account is opened for unbanked person.
    • There is no requirement to maintain any minimum balance in PMJDY accounts.
    • Interest is earned on the deposit in PMJDY accounts.
    • Rupay Debit card is provided to the account holder.
    • Accident Insurance Cover of Rs.1 lakh (enhanced to Rs. 2 lakh to new PMJDY accounts opened after 28.8.2018) is available with RuPay card issued to the PMJDY account holders.
    • An overdraft (OD) facility up to Rs. 10,000 to eligible account holders is available.

    Is PMJDY a success?

    • Dormancy of accounts: The PMJDY scheme has led to an increase in the number of bank accounts in rural areas. The percentage of zero-balance accounts has significantly decreased from 58% in March 2015 to a mere 8%, indicating a more active engagement with banking services.
    • Low or no transactions: Insurance coverage for the account holder is linked to their transaction history, and many accounts remain frozen due to lack of transactions, taking several weeks or months to reactivate.
    • False promise of overdraft: The promised overdraft facility of Rs 5000 for new account holders has not been provided as promised, leading to scepticism about the scheme’s success.
    • Payments bottleneck: The lack of proper connectivity, electricity, internet, and ATM facilities in rural areas has hindered the activation of RuPay cards and PIN numbers, which should have been considered before implementing such a large-scale program.

    Future prospects

    • Voluntary Participation: The government aims to persuade PMJDY account holders to opt for voluntary micro-insurance schemes like PMJJBY and Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana.
    • Persuasion over Compulsion: The focus is on financial literacy campaigns, special drives, and awareness programs conducted by banks to help account holders make informed choices.
    • Multi-Level Coordination: Collaboration with line ministries, including Anganwadi and Asha workers, enhances awareness campaigns and ensures wider coverage.
    • Leveraging Databases: Utilization of databases like the E-Shram portal for labour-related information aids in identifying potential beneficiaries.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Why El Nino is now India’s no. 1 Economic and Political Risk?

    | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Climatic Change

    el nino risk

    Central Idea

    • The emergence of El Nino as a significant climatic phenomenon in India carries dual implications – economic and political – as the country gears up for national elections in April-May 2024.
    • With its known ability to suppress rainfall and disrupt agricultural cycles, El Nino’s effects are already being felt.

    Understanding El Nino and La Nina

    • El Nino and La Nina are two opposite phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
    • ENSO is a naturally occurring phenomenon that involves the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere in the equatorial Pacific.

    Here is a detailed comparison of El Nino and La Nina

    El Nino La Nina
    Definition Warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures Cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures
    Frequency Every two to seven years Every two to seven years
    Duration Several months to a year or more Several months to a year or more
    Impact on winds Weakens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns Strengthens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns
    Impact on rains Reduces rainfall and can cause droughts Increases rainfall and can cause flooding
    Impact on temp. Warmer-than-average temperatures Colder-than-average temperatures
    Global effects Droughts in Asia and Africa, floods in Americas Floods in Asia and Africa, droughts in South America

    Impact on India

    El Nino La Nina
    Associated with weak monsoons and drought-like conditions in India Associated with above-normal rainfall and floods in India
    Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean rises above normal levels Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean drops below normal levels
    Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns
    Shift in the location of the jet stream, affecting the strength and direction of the monsoon winds Increase in the strength of the monsoon winds, bringing more moisture and rainfall to India
    Results in reduced rainfall, dry spells, and heatwaves, leading to crop failures and water scarcity Excessive rainfall can also lead to floods and landslides, causing damage to crops and infrastructure

    Broader Implications:

    [A] Agriculture

    • Rainfall Deficit: August’s nationwide rainfall stands at 30.7% below normal, erasing the initial 4.2% surplus from the southwest monsoon.
    • Strengthening El Nino: July saw the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) surpass the El Nino threshold, hitting 1 degree Celsius, suggesting an intensification of El Nino.
    • Projected Persistence: Forecasts predict El Nino’s continuation and possible strengthening during the 2023-24 winter season, potentially impacting the northeast monsoon and winter seasons.

    [B] Food Supply Challenges

    • Crucial Monsoon: Beyond crop yield, the southwest monsoon replenishes reservoirs and recharges groundwater, essential for agricultural success.
    • Rabi Season Dependence: The success of rabi season crops like wheat, mustard, and chickpea hinges on water reserves, primarily sourced from aquifers and reservoirs.
    • Supply-Demand Nexus: With rice and wheat stocks at a six-year low and food inflation at 11.5%, El Nino-induced shortfalls may exacerbate food inflation concerns.

    [C] Political Implications

    • Food Inflation: Examining consumer food price inflation leading up to previous Lok Sabha elections reveals its considerable impact on political outcomes.
    • Electoral Influence: The BJP’s 2019 electoral victory and the UPA’s 2014 defeat were partially attributed to the level of food inflation during those periods.
    • Government Actions: The Modi administration has already taken steps to ensure food availability, curb hoarding, and address potential food inflation concerns.

    Conclusion

    • El Nino’s emergence as a formidable environmental and political factor underscores the intricate interplay between climate patterns, agriculture, and political dynamics.
    • India’s ability to manage the far-reaching consequences of El Nino on food production and inflation will determine its capacity to address immediate challenges while considering the longer-term goals.

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  • Climate Change Negotiations – UNFCCC, COP, Other Conventions and Protocols

    GEF Assembly ratifies Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF)

    IOCR | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Climatic Change

    Central Idea

    • The Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF) has been officially ratified and inaugurated during the Seventh Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) held in Vancouver, Canada.

    Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF)

    Key Points
    Establishment Ratified and inaugurated during the Seventh Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
    Purpose Channels financial resources to achieve goals of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework established by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), by the year 2030.
    Financial Contributions Canada: 200 million Canadian dollars, United Kingdom: 10 million pounds.
    Alignment with Framework Accelerates progress towards halting biodiversity decline by 2030.
    Inclusivity and Indigenous Initiatives Allocates up to 20% for projects led by Indigenous communities.
    Focus on Vulnerable Nations Over a third of resources dedicated to support Small Island Developing States.
    Fulfilling Targets Contributes to commitment of $200 billion annually by 2030.
    Funding Requirements Approximately $40 million needed for operationalization by end of 2023.
    Future Contributions Dependent on domestic fiscal processes of key donors.
    Council Meetings First meeting in January 2024, aims to approve inaugural work program in June.
    Impact and Action Timely disbursement crucial for launching projects under the fund.

     About Global Environment Facility (GEF)

    • Establishment: The GEF was established on the eve of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).
    • Purpose: The GEF serves as an international financial institution that funds projects to address global environmental challenges, including biodiversity loss, climate change, land degradation, and pollution.
    • Funding Mechanism: It operates as a financial mechanism for several international environmental conventions, including:
    1. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),
    2. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and
    3. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
    • Structure: It has a governing body known as the GEF Council. The GEF is structured as a partnership between three main institutions:
    1. the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
    2. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and
    3. World Bank.
    • Funding Sources: The GEF is funded by contributions from its member countries, known as “donors.” Donors include both developed and developing nations, as well as international organizations.

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  • Nuclear Energy

    In news: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Disaster Management

    Central Idea

    • Japan has begun discharging treated radioactive wastewater from the disabled Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station into the Pacific Ocean in a plan endorsed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

    International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

    • IAEA is an international organization that plays a pivotal role in promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy while preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
    • It was established in 1957 as an autonomous agency under the UN is headquartered in Vienna, Austria.
    • It plays a crucial role in safeguarding the principles outlined in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1970.
    • Despite its independent treaty, the IAEA remains accountable to both the UN General Assembly and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).

    What does it do?

    • Promotion of Peaceful Nuclear Energy: Established amidst the Cold War’s geopolitical tension, the IAEA’s core mission centers on promoting the constructive application of nuclear energy.
    • Prevention of Military Use: The agency’s fundamental role is to prevent the diversion of nuclear programs for military intentions, ensuring compliance with international agreements.

    IAEA’s Tri-fold Missions

    • Peaceful Utilization: Fostering member states’ constructive adoption of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes constitutes a pivotal aspect of IAEA’s mission.
    • Safeguarding Measures: A cornerstone role of the IAEA involves implementing measures to verify the non-military use of nuclear energy, particularly through assessing declared nuclear activities and materials.
    • Nuclear Safety: The IAEA takes an active stance in advocating stringent standards of nuclear safety to prevent accidents and ensure public and environmental protection.

    Significant feature: IAEA’s Safeguards

    • Purpose of Safeguards: IAEA’s safeguards are mechanisms designed to affirm that a nation adheres to its international commitment against exploiting nuclear programs for weaponry purposes.
    • Verification Approach: Safeguards are founded on the meticulous examination of a state’s reported nuclear materials and activities, evaluating their accuracy and completeness.
    • Varied Verification Measures: The agency employs a range of verification tools, including on-site inspections, visits, and ongoing monitoring, ensuring rigorous oversight.

    Dual Dimensions of Safeguards

    • Declared Nuclear Material Verification: Through the inspection of reported nuclear materials and activities, IAEA ensures that a state remains transparent in its nuclear endeavors.
    • Non-Diversion Assurance: A significant facet is the assurance of the absence of undeclared nuclear materials or activities, thereby averting any unauthorized deviation from peaceful usage.

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  • Urban Transformation – Smart Cities, AMRUT, etc.

    Role of Urban Form in Heat Resilience

    | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    urban form

    Central Idea

    • A study conducted by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) in 2022 examines the relationship between diverse urban forms and their reactions to heat, offering insights that could guide India’s urban centers in combatting heat-related challenges.

    Distinct Urban Forms and Heat Resilience

    • Crucial Consideration: Urban form encompasses a city’s unique blend of natural and built components, shaping its activities and infrastructure.
    • Diverse Parameters: Urban form’s defining elements include urban morphology, aspect ratio, sky view factor (SVF), blue/green infrastructure (B/GI), floor space index (FSI), and street orientation.
    • Localized Study: CSE’s ongoing study focuses on 10 cities, such as Pune, Delhi, Kolkata, Bengaluru, and Jaipur, each revealing trends that could inform heat mitigation strategies.

    Unveiling Key Parameters and Findings

    • Urban Morphology: Varied urban morphologies, from open highrise to compact midrise, demonstrate lower land surface temperatures (LST) among heat pockets. Lowrise areas exhibit higher LST due to sparse vegetation and heat-trapping roofing materials, suggesting the potential for improvement.
    • Aspect Ratio: The ratio of building height to street width impacts heat retention. Higher aspect ratios correlate with lower LST, indicating the significance of narrower streets for reduced heat gain.
    • Sky View Factor: The visibility of sky between buildings influences heat dissipation. Elevated sky view factors increase LST by up to 10°C, highlighting the role of factors like road intersections and open parking lots.
    • Blue/Green Infrastructure: Vegetation significantly impacts microclimates. Effective vegetation cover (EVC), with a focus on trees, grass, and shrubs, can reduce LST by 2-4°C, demonstrating the need to prioritize tree-heavy greens.

    Policy Implications for Enhanced Heat Resilience

    • FSI and Urban Cooling: Higher floor space index (FSI) inversely correlates with LST, suggesting that denser urban configurations can alleviate heat.
    • Street Orientation: The orientation of streets affects sun exposure and wind, leading to differences in thermal comfort. North-south streets expose higher LST due to east-west sun exposure.
    • Contextual Cooling Solutions: Urban form-based codes can offer targeted cooling solutions. Diverse zones with customized regulations—shaded walkways, cool roofs, or high EVC—can cater to varied needs.

    Way Forward

    • Incorporating Learning: Urban planning must integrate findings from the study into building by-laws and master plans. Pune’s experience showcases the impact of SVF, aspect ratio, EVC, and urban morphology on heat gain.
    • Adaptation for Other Cities: Each city may face distinct drivers influencing heat resilience, necessitating customized solutions and urban planning modifications.
    • Economic Benefits: A 1°C temperature reduction corresponds to a 2% drop in the city’s power consumption, highlighting the financial advantages of heat mitigation strategies.

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  • President’s Rule

    In news: President’s Rule

    | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Central Idea

    • Amidst an escalating confrontation, Punjab Governor gave stern warning of invoking Article 356 (President’s Rule) in the state.

    Grim Situation in Punjab

    • Rampant Drug Abuse: The Governor cites reports from various agencies indicating widespread drug abuse in Punjab, raising significant concerns.
    • New Drug Sales Trend: An emerging trend of selling drugs within government-controlled liquor vends is noted by the Governor.
    • Ludhiana Liquor Vend Incident: Specific instances like the sealing of 66 liquor vends in Ludhiana by the Narcotics Control Bureau [NCB] and Chandigarh Police highlight the gravity of the issue.
    • Disturbing Law and Order Indicators: The Governor references a recent report by the Parliamentary Standing Committee indicating alarming drug exposure or addiction levels, implying a breakdown in law and order.
    • Public Response: The Governor underscores villagers’ resorting to street protests and forming their own defence committees against drug-related threats.

    Governor’s Discontent

    • Unfulfilled Information Requests: The Governor expresses dissatisfaction with CM’s reluctance to provide the requested information, highlighting Article 167’s mandate for the CM to respond to the Governor’s requests.
    • Alleged Deliberate Silence: The Governor implies that the Chief Minister’s apparent failure to respond might be a deliberate act of evasion.

    About President’s Rule

    • Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, commonly known as President’s Rule, empowers the President to impose central rule in a state where the constitutional machinery has broken down.
    • While initially intended for extraordinary circumstances, it has often been misused by central governments for political purposes.

    Provisions of Article 356:

    • Imposition of President’s Rule: Article 356 allows the President to withdraw the executive and legislative powers of a state government when it cannot function in accordance with the Constitution.
    • Triggering factors: The President can invoke Article 356 based on a report from the Governor or suo motu if the constitutional machinery has broken down in the state.
    • Duration: It can be imposed for six months at a time, with a maximum duration of three years.
    • Parliamentary approval: Every six months, Parliament’s approval is required to continue the imposition of the President’s Rule.

    Historical Origins

    • Inspiration from the Government of India Act, 1935: Article 356 was inspired by Section 93 of this act, which allowed the Governor of a province to assume the powers of the government under certain circumstances.
    • Controlled democracy: The provision provided some autonomy to provincial governments while enabling British authorities to exercise ultimate power when necessary.

    Political Misuse of Article 356

    • Early instances: During Congress’s dominance, Article 356 was used against governments of the Left and regional parties in states. Jawaharlal Nehru’s government utilized it six times until 1959, including to dislodge Kerala’s elected communist government.
    • Increasing misuse: In subsequent decades, Article 356 was used frequently against state governments by various central governments, including those led by Indira Gandhi and the Janata Party.

    Landmark Judgment: S R Bommai Case

    • Landmark Supreme Court ruling: In the 1994 R. Bommai v. Union of India case, the Supreme Court provided detailed guidelines on the use of Article 356.
    • Specific instances for imposition: The court stated that the President’s Rule can be invoked in cases of physical breakdown of the government or a ‘hung assembly.’
    • Curbing arbitrary use: The judgment emphasized the need to give the state government a chance to prove its majority or instances of violent breakdown before imposing the President’s Rule.

     

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  • ISRO Missions and Discoveries

    Unraveling the Lunar Landscape: Near, Far, and Dark Sides

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    far dark side lunar moon

    Central Idea

    • The Chandrayaan-3 mission’s recent lunar landing has sparked curiosity about the moon’s various sides – near, far, and even the intriguing ‘dark’ side.
    • Delving into these distinctions sheds light on the moon’s enigmatic nature and how space exploration helps us unravel its mysteries.

    Facts for Prelims

    Impact/Landing point names on Moon:

    1. Chandrayaan 1: Jawahar Point

    2. Chandrayaan 2: Tiranga Point

    3. Chandrayaan 3: Shivshakti Point

     Moon’s Visible and Hidden Faces

    • Near and Far Sides: The moon’s ‘near side,’ visible from Earth, covers around 60% of its surface. In contrast, the ‘far side’ remained hidden from us until modern spacecraft brought it into view.
    • Clarifying the ‘Dark’ Side: Often misconstrued as constantly dark, the ‘dark side’ simply refers to the unseen side. It gets illuminated during the ‘new moon’ phase, challenging the misconception of its perpetual darkness.

    Why is their composition different?

    • The composition of the Moon’s near and far sides is different, and scientists believe they have identified the reasons behind this discrepancy.
    • A study published in the journal Nature Geoscience reveals that the presence of KREEP, a rock enriched in potassium (K), rare-earth elements (REE), and phosphorus (P), plays a crucial role.

    Key Points from the Study:

    • Moons Near and Far Sides: The Moon’s near side, always facing Earth, has visible dark and light patches known as “maria.” Telescopic observations showed that these were not seas as early astronomers thought, but rather craters or volcanic features. The far side of the Moon has fewer maria than the near side.
    • Moon’s Formation: The uneven distribution of volcanism and the KREEP signature between the near and far sides of the Moon puzzled scientists.
    • Radioactive Unstable Elements: Potassium (K), thorium (Th), and uranium (U) are unstable, radioactive elements that have various isotopes with different numbers of neutrons. The radioactive decay of these elements generates heat that can melt rocks and contribute to volcanic activity.
    • Heat and Melting: The study found that the inclusion of KREEP in rocks not only enhances heating but also lowers their melting temperature. This combination increases volcanic activity beyond what is predicted by radiogenic decay models.
    • Geological Record: The Moon’s surface preserves geological events from the early history of the Solar System due to the absence of erosion processes. Concentrations of radioactive elements like uranium (U) and thorium (Th) on the near side provide insights into the Moon’s formation and early Earth conditions.

    Phases and Illumination

    • New Moon Phase: The ‘new moon’ phase unveils the moon’s ‘far side,’ exposing it to sunlight for about two weeks.
    • Historic Revelation: In 1968, astronauts aboard Apollo 8 became the first humans to observe the ‘far side,’ demystifying its hidden features.

    Chandrayaan-3’s Approach

    • Closest South Pole Landing: Chandrayaan-3’s landing at coordinates 69.36 S and 32.34 E marks the closest approach to the lunar South Pole.
    • Exploring Permanently Shadowed Regions: The strategic landing aimed to study regions that never receive sunlight, potentially containing frozen water ice and other lunar resources.
    • Sunlight Necessity: Vikram’s nearness to the South Pole ensures sunlight for solar battery recharging, crucial for its operation.
    • Choice of Landing Site: The decision to land on the ‘near side’ was driven by mission objectives, including real-time communication with Earth. Landing on the ‘far side’ would have required relay satellites and introduced delays.

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  • Primary and Secondary Education – RTE, Education Policy, SEQI, RMSA, Committee Reports, etc.

    Revised NCF: How school education could change

    | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    ncf

    Central Idea

    • The launch of the revised National Curriculum Framework (NCF) heralds a transformative era in Indian education.
    • Spearheaded by a 13-member steering committee led by Dr. K. Kasturirangan, former ISRO chief, the updated NCF is a milestone document shaping the contours of future school education.

    About National Curriculum Framework (NCF)

    • The NCF is a meta-framework that integrates the credits earned through school education, higher education, and vocational and skill education.
    • The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) is a cornerstone of the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
    • It consists of three verticals:
    1. National School Education Qualification Framework (NSEQF)
    2. National Higher Education Qualification Framework (NHEQF) and
    3. National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF)
    • There have been four revisions in NCF in the past: in 1975, 1988, 2000, and 2005.

    Key features of NCF

    • Multiple Languages Learning: In Classes 9 and 10, students embark on a journey of linguistic exploration involving three languages, with at least two originating from India’s diverse linguistic spectrum. Grades 11 and 12 entail the study of two languages, including one of Indian origin, aimed at cultivating a “literary level” of linguistic proficiency in at least one Indian language.
    • Flexible Board Exams: Students are granted the freedom to take Board exams twice within an academic year, with the highest score being retained.
    • Revised Mandatory and Optional Subjects: Departing from previous norms, Classes 9 and 10 see the inclusion of seven mandatory subjects, while Classes 11 and 12 witness six, providing a broader academic spectrum.
    • Varied Subject Combinations: Students have the freedom to select diverse subject combinations, transcending traditional divides between Science, Social Science, Art, Physical Education, and vocational fields.
    • Prominent Environmental Focus: The NCF integrates environmental awareness and sustainability throughout, with dedicated stages for embedding environmental education.
    • Content Distribution in Social Science: Classes 6 to 8 witness a redefined content distribution in Social Science, encompassing 20% local, 30% regional, 30% national, and 20% global perspectives.

    Significance of NCF

    • Structured Educational Stages: The NCF categorizes school education into four stages, fostering a structured and seamless learning progression: Foundational, Preparatory, Middle, and Secondary.
    • Focus on Interdisciplinarity: The framework empowers students to select subjects from various streams in grades 11 and 12, promoting interdisciplinary learning and expanding career prospects.
    • Learning Enrichment: The framework introduces an “Additional Enrichment Period” in grades 9 and 10, enabling students to deepen their knowledge in a chosen subject.
    • Competency-Based Approach: The NCF outlines competency goals for various subjects, promoting effective communication, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.

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  • Electronic System Design and Manufacturing Sector – M-SIPS, National Policy on Electronics, etc.

    Indian start-up joins Sodium Ion Battery Innovation

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    sodium ion battery

    Central Idea

    • Coimbatore-based start-up AR4 Tech has joined hands with Singapore’s Sodion Energy to revolutionize the energy storage landscape by producing sodium-ion battery packs for both local and global markets.
    • These sodium-ion batteries will find applications in converting conventional petroleum-based vehicles, primarily two-wheelers, into electric vehicles.

    What is Sodium Ion Battery (NIB)?

    • A NIB is a type of rechargeable battery that uses sodium ions as the charge carriers to store and release electrical energy.
    • Similar in principle to lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries offer an alternative energy storage solution with potential benefits such as cost-effectiveness and abundance of sodium resources.

    Key characteristics  

    • Working Principle: Sodium-ion batteries operate on the same basic principle as lithium-ion batteries. During charging, sodium ions are moved from the positive electrode (cathode) to the negative electrode (anode), and during discharge, they move back to the cathode, generating electrical energy in the process.
    • Sodium Anode: In a sodium-ion battery, the anode typically consists of materials that can intercalate (absorb) sodium ions during charging. Graphite and other carbon-based materials are commonly used for the anode in sodium-ion batteries.
    • Cathode Materials: Various materials can be used as cathodes in sodium-ion batteries, such as transition metal oxides or polyanionic compounds. These cathode materials allow sodium ions to be stored and released, enabling the battery’s energy storage function.
    • Electrolyte: The electrolyte in a sodium-ion battery is responsible for facilitating the movement of sodium ions between the anode and cathode during charge and discharge cycles. Sodium-ion batteries typically use a solid electrolyte or a liquid electrolyte containing sodium salts.

    Advantages offered

    • Abundance of Resources: Sodium is more abundant and widely available than lithium, which can potentially make sodium-ion batteries more cost-effective.
    • Environmental Impact: They may have a lower environmental impact compared to lithium-ion batteries due to the more widespread availability of sodium resources.

    Challenges

    • Energy Density: Sodium-ion batteries generally have lower energy density compared to lithium-ion batteries, which can limit their use in applications requiring high energy storage capacity.
    • Cycle Life: Ensuring a long cycle life (the number of charge and discharge cycles a battery can go through before losing capacity) remains a challenge for sodium-ion batteries.

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  • Nuclear Energy

    Fukushima Water Release: Facts and Controversies

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Fukushima

    Central Idea

    • Japan’s decision to release cooling water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean has sparked a complex debate.
    • Amidst concerns about radiation, environmental impact, and transparency, understanding the facts is vital.

    About Fukushima Disaster

    • The Fukushima disaster refers to a series of nuclear incidents that occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Okuma, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.
    • It followed the powerful earthquake and tsunami that struck on March 11, 2011.
    • The disaster resulted in the release of radioactive materials and had significant implications for both human health and the environment.
    • It is considered one of the most severe nuclear accidents in history, alongside the Chernobyl disaster.

    Why Fukushima Water is Being Released?

    • Storage Constraints: The Fukushima facility’s storage tanks are at full capacity due to the need for constant cooling of damaged reactors since the 2011 tsunami disaster.
    • Vast Water Volume: The plant requires 170 tons of cooling water daily, with rain and groundwater further exacerbating the issue. The site holds 1,343 million cubic meters of water across 1,046 storage tanks.
    • Release Process: Filtered water undergoes a one-kilometre tunnel before entering the Pacific Ocean. This process is expected to span 30 years while the radioactive waste remains on land.

    Regulatory Approval and Skepticism

    • Regulatory Endorsement: Both Japan’s atomic agency and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have approved the release, stating negligible radiological impact.
    • Skepticism and Concerns: Environmentalists, fishing experts, neighbouring states, and public sentiments accuse Japan of underplaying radiation levels. Concerns encompass ocean contamination, ecological harm, economic loss, and damage to reputation.

    Water Preparation and Tritium

    • Filter System: Contaminated water passes through the Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS), capable of filtering 62 radioactive elements but not tritium.
    • Tritium Dilution: The plant agency intends to dilute tritium concentration to 1,500 Becquerel per liter, a fraction of the safety standard, before releasing it.
    • Tritium Safety: Experts assert that tritium, a weak radioactive form of hydrogen, poses minimal risk as it emits weak beta particles, easily blocked by materials like plastic or skin.

    Pacific Ocean’s Role and Controversy

    • Dilution Principle: Experts stress that “the solution to pollution is dilution.” When water is sufficiently diluted, it becomes safe for both humans and the environment.
    • Tritium Focus and Critique: Greenpeace accuses the government and plant agency of focusing on tritium to divert attention from other radioactive elements that won’t be filtered out.
    • Alternatives and Considerations: Alternatives like additional tanks or evaporation exist. However, concerns over tank leaks and airborne radioactive releases complicate these options.

    Conclusion

    • The Fukushima water release debate presents a complex array of scientific, environmental, and geopolitical considerations.
    • Striking a balance between environmental preservation, public safety, and responsible nuclear waste management remains a challenging task.
    • As experts, activists, and governments deliberate, it’s essential to foster transparency, prioritize informed discussions, and seek solutions that minimize risks and promote global well-being.

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  • Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

    India and the Northern Sea Route

    Places in news | Economics | Mains Paper 3: External State & Non-State Actors: Challenges To Internal Security.

    Northern Sea Route

    Central Idea

    • Murmansk, the gateway to the Arctic and the starting point of the Northern Sea Route (NSR), is witnessing a growing Indian presence in cargo traffic.

    Why discuss this?

    • India accounts for 35% of the cargo handled by the Murmansk port in the first seven months of 2023.
    • This surge in Indian engagement in the Arctic holds significant implications for India’s economic and water security.

    About Northern Sea Route

    • The Northern Sea Route (NSR) is a maritime shipping route that runs along the northern coast of Russia, connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
      • The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.
    • It traverses the Arctic Ocean and Siberian coastline, providing a shorter route between Europe and Asia compared to the traditional routes through the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.
    • NSR stretches from the Barents Sea, near the Arctic archipelago of Novaya Zemlya, to the Bering Strait, separating Russia from Alaska

    Significance of the Arctic for India

    • Climate Impact: The Arctic’s susceptibility to climate change holds potential consequences for India, impacting economic and water security.
    • Resource Prospects: The Arctic region harbors substantial untapped hydrocarbon reserves, including oil, gas, coal, zinc, and silver, making it an enticing prospect for India’s energy needs.
    • Sustainable Approach: India’s Arctic Policy of 2022 underscores adherence to UN Sustainable Development Goals in the region’s economic development.

    India’s Arctic Journey

    • Historical Engagement: India’s connection with the Arctic dates back to the signing of the Svalbard Treaty in 1920.
    • Scientific Endeavors: India has undertaken various scientific studies and research initiatives in the Arctic, including atmospheric, marine, and glaciological studies.
    • Observations and Research: Notably, India’s research station “Himadri” in Ny-Alesund and its multi-sensor moored observatory and atmospheric laboratory demonstrate its commitment to Arctic research.

    Reviving the NSR

    • NSR Overview: The NSR is the shortest shipping route connecting Europe and Asia-Pacific countries, traversing the Arctic Ocean.
    • Distance Advantage: The NSR boasts potential distance savings of up to 50% compared to traditional routes via Suez or Panama, gaining prominence after the 2021 Suez Canal blockage.
    • Russia’s Role: Russia, equipped with a nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet, ensures safe navigation by breaking ice along the NSR.

    Drivers for India’s NSR Engagement

    • Cargo Traffic Growth: India’s involvement is fueled by the consistent rise in cargo traffic along the NSR, coupled with a 73% growth rate between 2018-2022.
    • Energy Imports: As India increasingly imports energy resources from Russia, the NSR offers a reliable and secure transportation avenue.
    • Strategic Transit: The Chennai-Vladivostok Maritime Corridor (CVMC) project aligns with India’s geographical position, enabling efficient transit routes and shorter transport times.

    Conclusion

    • India’s burgeoning involvement in the Arctic, underscored by its significant role in the Northern Sea Route’s cargo traffic, exemplifies its strategic pursuit of diversified energy resources and enhanced trade corridors.
    • As India forges partnerships with Russia and navigates the challenges of a changing Arctic landscape, it’s poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of Arctic trade and sustainable development.

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  • BRICS Summits

    BRICS inducts 6 new members to become BRICS Plus

    IOCR | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    brics plus

    Central Idea

    • The BRICS alliance, consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has extended invitations to six additional countries, namely Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Egypt, and Ethiopia.
    • This move aims to bolster the collective voice of the Global South and foster multipolarity in the international arena.

    Why discuss this?

    • As BRICS broadens its membership, it strengthens its claim to represent nearly half the world’s population and includes key oil-producing nations.
    • However, concerns also arise regarding China’s increasing influence within the alliance.

    BRICS Plus: Emerging Role

    • Heft and Influence: The inclusion of new members enhances BRICS’s position as a spokesperson for the developing world. The alliance currently represents 40% of the global population and over a quarter of the world’s GDP. With the addition of new members, it will encompass almost half the world’s population and include major oil-producing nations.
    • Global Solidarity: BRICS’s growth is driven by anti-US sentiment and a desire for multipolarity among countries in the Global South. It serves as a platform where nations can express solidarity and challenge Western-dominated narratives.

    BRICS: Evolution and Geopolitical Context

    • Emergence of BRICS: Established in 2009, BRICS initially comprised Brazil, Russia, India, and China, with South Africa joining in 2011. The alliance aimed to showcase the economic potential of these emerging markets.
    • Challenges and Opportunities: While BRICS’s economic performance has varied, geopolitical shifts like the Ukraine conflict have propelled it into a bloc with the potential to challenge Western influence and provide an alternative viewpoint.

    Dynamics of New BRICS Members

    • Unanimous Decisions: BRICS decisions require unanimous agreement from all members. While Russia and China face geopolitical challenges with the West, Brazil, South Africa, and India maintain significant partnerships with the US and Europe.
    • China’s Role: China is driving BRICS’s expansion, making membership expansion a core agenda item.
    • Inclusion of Iran: China and Russia’s influence is evident in the inclusion of Iran, highlighting their collaboration. This move brings together regional rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran within the same alliance, reflecting China’s mediation efforts.
    • Saudi Arabia’s Shift: Saudi Arabia’s inclusion marks its pursuit of a more independent foreign policy, diverging from its traditional US alliance.
    • Global Significance for Iran and Russia: For Iran and Russia, BRICS membership signifies their global partnerships and challenges to Western dominance.

    Implications for India

    • Balancing Act: India’s participation in the G7 summit and Quad summit reflects its multifaceted foreign policy approach. While engaging with Western alliances, India also places importance on its “anti-Western” stance within BRICS.
    • BRICS as a Non-Western Bloc: India views BRICS as a “non-Western” group and strives to maintain its independent voice within the alliance.
    • Concerns for India: Amid expansion, there are concerns that BRICS could tilt more toward China, potentially side-lining India’s interests.

    Conclusion

    • BRICS’s expansion signifies a step toward global multipolarity, providing a platform for diverse countries to unite against Western-centric narratives.
    • As the alliance grows, it gains greater representation and influence, strengthening the collective voice of the Global South.
    • However, with China’s increased influence, there are also legitimate concerns about the balance of power within BRICS and its impact on individual member states.

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  • ISRO Missions and Discoveries

    K Kasturirangan explains: Chandrayaan-3 and India’s Evolving Space Ambitions

    | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Central Idea

    • The successful Chandrayaan-3 mission not only marks a significant achievement for India’s space program but also signifies the nation’s attainment of a pivotal capability: direct physical access to another celestial body.
    • This accomplishment propels India into an elite group of spacefaring nations and affords participation in shaping future planetary exploration endeavors and resource extraction from space.

    Who is Dr. K. Kasturirangan?

    • Dr. K. Kasturirangan is a prominent Indian space scientist and engineer.
    • He led ISRO as Chairman from 1994 to 2003, overseeing achievements like PSLV launches and Chandrayaan-1.
    • Chandrayaan-1, under his leadership, discovered water molecules on the Moon.
    • He’s been active in promoting science education and enhancing research quality.
    • Dr. Kasturirangan chaired the committee behind India’s NEP 2020, focusing on holistic education.
    • His accolades include Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan awards.
    • He’s been involved in international collaborations and represented India globally.
    • Besides leadership, he’s made academic contributions in space and atmospheric sciences.
    • His influence spans various positions in scientific and academic institutions.

    India’s Integration into Planetary Exploration and Decision-Making

    • Access to Celestial Bodies: Chandrayaan-3 provides India with a tangible gateway to planetary bodies, elevating its status in space exploration.
    • Frontiers of Technology: India’s pioneering capabilities place it at the forefront of space technology, enabling participation in shaping future planetary explorations and resource extraction policies.
    • A Seat at the Table: India’s involvement in this realm positions it naturally within the club of nations that influence and formulate space-related policies, ending a history of exclusion.

    Now, India’s stature in Global Space Dynamics

    • Historical Context: India’s past exclusion from technological clubs has driven its pursuit of self-reliance and global influence, transforming from a dependent to a self-sufficient nation.
    • Space Diplomacy: Space capabilities will play a pivotal role in shaping global equations in the 21st century, and India’s active participation will bolster its international standing.
    • Equitable Contributions: Chandrayaan-3 bolsters India’s potential to play a decisive role in space-related international decision-making, strengthening its voice on equal terms.

    Chandrayaan-3’s Significance for ISRO

    • Planetary Exploration Strategy: Chandrayaan-3 showcases ISRO’s comprehensive planetary exploration capabilities, encompassing satellite deployment, lunar orbits, surface study, and landing.
    • Direct Lunar Access: The mission grants India direct physical access to the Moon, offering new avenues for lunar exploration and resource utilization.
    • Kasturirangan’s Vision: The vision of Dr. K. Kasturirangan, former ISRO chairman, harmonizes with Sarabhai’s principles, building upon a foundation of technological self-sufficiency.
    • Progressive Continuation: ISRO’s pursuits of planetary exploration and Chandrayaan missions align with the trajectory Kasturirangan initiated, enhancing the nation’s profile on the global stage.

    Completing the Transformation: From Development to Exploration

    • Sequential Alignment: ISRO’s evolution from developmental needs to commercial launches and now to scientific and planetary exploration reflects its responsiveness to India’s evolving requirements.
    • Government Support: ISRO’s consistent success has been underpinned by unwavering government backing, which has enabled the organization to expand its horizons.
    • Strategic Role: Space technology’s growing influence necessitates robust capabilities, and ISRO’s achievements foster meaningful international partnerships, enhancing India’s global prestige.

    Conclusion

    • Chandrayaan-3 is more than a singular event; it signifies India’s ascendancy as a formidable force in space exploration.
    • As the nation transitions from a developing to a developed status, its capabilities to explore, innovate, and collaborate extend far beyond Earth’s boundaries.
    • Chandrayaan-3’s impact extends beyond the Moon’s surface, fostering diplomatic connections, winning allies, and amplifying India’s influence on the global stage under the visionary guidance of Dr. K. Kasturirangan.

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  • Needed, a well-crafted social security net for all

    op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 3: Inclusive Growth & Issues

    What’s the news?

    • Over half of India’s salaried workforce lacks social security benefits, revealing stark inequality and a deficient system ranked poorly internationally, prompting calls for urgent reforms to ensure equitable coverage and protection for all segments of the workforce.

    Central idea

    • Recent statistics from the Periodic Labour Force Survey Annual Report 2021–22 highlight a grim reality: approximately 53% of India’s salaried workforce lacks access to social security benefits, including provident funds, pensions, health care, and disability insurance. This dire situation extends to the informal sector, where around 91% of the workforce operates without social security. Meanwhile, India’s social security system ranks dismally low, according to Mercer CFS.

    Plight of gig workers and the informal sector

    • Gig Workers: Approximately 1.3% of India’s active labor force comprises gig workers, yet they rarely have access to any form of social security benefit. This absence of coverage leaves them without essential protections such as provident funds, pensions, health care, and disability insurance.
    • Informal Sector: A staggering 91% of India’s workforce operates within the informal sector, where access to social security remains severely limited. This lack of coverage extends to essentials like provident funds, pensions, health care, and disability insurance, contributing to a vulnerable and marginalized workforce.

    Failures within existing social security schemes

    • Underutilization of Funds: The National Social Assistance Programme, which aimed to support elderly individuals without able-bodied earners, suffered from stagnant contributions and poor funding allocation. The Center’s contribution to old-age pension schemes remained below minimum wage levels.
    • Mismanagement of Funds: Instances of mismanagement are evident in various schemes. The CAG audit revealed that the National Social Security Fund had accumulated Rs. 1,927 crore since its inception, yet the entire amount remained unutilized. Similarly, funds collected for the social security of construction workers in Delhi were poorly utilized, with a significant portion going unspent.
    • Beneficiary Mismanagement: The CAG identified instances of funds being transferred to deceased beneficiaries, indicating flaws in the implementation of social security schemes.

    Lessons from Brazil’s General Social Security Scheme

    • Comprehensive Coverage: Brazil’s General Social Security Scheme offers a contribution-based approach that covers a wide range of situations, including accidents, disabilities, illness, family burdens, and even unemployment. This comprehensive coverage provides income support for workers and their families in various circumstances.
    • Government Backing: Brazil’s scheme is designed with provisions for government intervention. In cases where funds are lacking, the National Treasury steps in to ensure that social security benefits are sustained, providing a safety net for workers.
    • Ease of Access: The scheme in Brazil allows easy access to social security benefits through simple processes such as phone calls or bank visits. This user-friendly approach reduces bureaucratic hurdles for beneficiaries.
    • Inclusivity: The Brazilian scheme extends its coverage to even low-income insured individuals who face incarceration. This inclusive approach ensures that marginalized groups are not left without support.

    The Way Forward: Urgent reforms are needed

    • Addressing India’s social security crisis necessitates immediate and strategic reforms. Three fundamental principles guide this transformation:
    • Expanded Contribution: Enhancing contributions under the Employees’ Provident Fund Organization (EPFO) system for formal workers, coupled with partial contributions from informal workers with meaningful income, could lay the foundation for a more inclusive system.
    • Government Intervention: The government must intervene to support those who are unemployed or earning insufficiently. Providing social protection to the poorest 20% of the workforce, including elderly, pregnant, and disabled individuals, could amount to approximately ₹1.37 trillion, or approximately 0.69% of GDP in FY20.
    • Streamlined Framework: Reforms should streamline and simplify existing schemes, ensuring coverage of all sectors. Establishing a pan-India labor force card and extending successful schemes like the Building and Other Construction Workers Schemes could substantially improve coverage.

    Conclusion

    • As India transitions towards an aging society, ensuring social security for all workers becomes paramount. The focus must shift from rhetoric to tangible actions. Reforming social security will not only provide a safety net for workers but also contribute to equitable growth. By embracing comprehensive and inclusive policies, India can propel itself towards a more secure and prosperous future.

     

     

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  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

    Can AI be ethical and moral?

    op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 3: S&T – Applications In Everyday Life

    What’s the news?

    • In an era where machines and artificial intelligence (AI) are progressively aiding human decision-making, particularly within governance, ethical considerations are at the forefront.

    Central idea

    • Countries worldwide are introducing AI regulations as government bodies and policymakers leverage AI-powered tools to analyze complex patterns, predict future scenarios, and provide informed recommendations. However, the seamless integration of AI into decision-making is complicated by biases inherent in AI systems, reflecting the biases in their training data or the perspectives of their developers.

    Advantages of integrating AI into governance

    • Enhanced Decision-Making: AI assists in governance decisions by providing advanced data analysis, enabling policymakers to make informed choices based on data-driven insights.
    • Data Analysis and Pattern Recognition: AI’s capability to analyze complex patterns in large datasets helps government agencies understand trends and issues critical to effective governance.
    • Future Scenario Prediction: Predictive analytics powered by AI enable governments to anticipate future scenarios, allowing for proactive policy planning and resource allocation.
    • Efficiency and Automation: Integrating AI streamlines tasks, improving operational efficiency within government agencies through automation and optimized resource allocation.
    • Regulatory Compliance: AI’s data analysis assists in monitoring regulatory compliance by identifying potential violations and deviations from regulations.
    • Policy Planning and Implementation: AI’s predictive capabilities aid in effective policy planning and the assessment of potential policy impacts before implementation.
    • Resource Allocation: AI’s data-driven insights help governments allocate resources more effectively, optimizing limited resources for public services and initiatives.
    • Streamlined Citizen Services: AI-driven automation enhances citizen services by providing quick responses to queries through chatbots and automated systems.
    • Cost Reduction: Automation and efficient resource allocation through AI lead to cost reductions in government operations and services.
    • Complexity Handling: AI’s capacity to manage complex data aids governments in addressing intricate challenges like urban planning and disaster management.

    The ethical challenges related to the integration of AI into governance

    • Bias in AI: The biases inherent in AI systems, often originating from the data they are trained on or the perspectives of their developers, can lead to skewed or unjust outcomes. This poses a significant challenge in ensuring fair and unbiased decision-making in governance processes.
    • Challenges in Encoding Ethics: The article highlights the challenges of encoding complex human ethical considerations into algorithmic rules for AI. This difficulty is exemplified by the parallels drawn with Isaac Asimov’s ‘Three Laws of Robotics,’ which often led to unexpected and paradoxical outcomes in his fictional world.
    • Accountability and Moral Responsibility: Delegating decision-making from humans to AI systems raises questions about accountability and moral responsibility. If AI-generated decisions lead to immoral or unethical outcomes, it becomes challenging to attribute accountability to either the AI system itself or its developers.
    • Creating Ethical AI Agents: The creation of artificial moral agents (AMAs) capable of making ethical decisions raises technological and ethical challenges. AI systems are still far from replacing human judgment in complex, unpredictable, or unclear ethical scenarios.
    • Bounded Ethicality: The concept of bounded ethicality highlights that AI systems, similar to humans, might engage in immoral behavior if ethical principles are detached from actions. This concept challenges the assumption that AI has inherent ethical decision-making capabilities.
    • Lack of Ethical Experience in AI: The difficulty in attributing accountability to AI systems lies in their lack of human-like experiences, such as suffering or guilt. Punishing AI systems for their decisions becomes problematic due to their limited cognitive capacity.
    • Complexity of Ethical Programming: James Moore’s analogy about the complexity of programming ethics into machines emphasizes that ethics operates in a complex domain with ill-defined legal moves. This complexity adds to the challenge of ensuring ethical behavior in AI systems.

    Ethical Challenges: A Kantian Perspective

    • Kantian Ethical Framework: Kantian ethics, emphasizing autonomy, rationality, and moral duty, serves as a foundational viewpoint for assessing ethical challenges in the context of AI integration.
    • Threat to Moral Reasoning: Applying AI to governance decisions could jeopardize the exercise of moral reasoning that has traditionally been carried out by humans, as posited by Kant’s philosophy.
    • Delegation and Moral Responsibility: Kantian ethics underscores individual moral responsibility. However, entrusting decisions to AI systems raises concerns about abdicating this responsibility, a point central to Kant’s moral theory.
    • Parallels to Asimov’s Laws: The comparison with Isaac Asimov’s ‘Three Laws of Robotics’ highlights the unforeseen and paradoxical outcomes that can arise when attempting to encode ethics into machines, similar to the challenges posed by AI’s integration into decision-making.
    • Complexity in Ethical Agency: The juxtaposition of Kant’s emphasis on rational moral agency and Asimov’s exploration of coded ethics reveals the intricate ethical challenges entailed in transferring human moral functions to AI entities.

    Categories of machine agents based on their ethical involvement and capabilities

    • Ethical Impact Agents: These machines don’t make ethical decisions but have actions that result in ethical consequences. An example is robot jockeys that alter the dynamics of a sport, leading to ethical considerations.
    • Implicit Ethical Agents: Machines in this category follow embedded safety or ethical guidelines. They operate based on predefined rules without actively engaging in ethical decision-making. For instance, a safe autopilot system in planes adheres to specific rules without actively determining ethical implications.
    • Explicit Ethical Agents: Machines in this category surpass preset rules. They utilize formal methods to assess the ethical value of different options. For instance, systems balancing financial investments with social responsibility exemplify explicit ethical agents.
    • Full Ethical Agents: These machines possess the capability to make and justify ethical judgments, akin to adult humans. They hold an advanced understanding of ethics, allowing them to provide reasonable explanations for their ethical choices.

    Way forward

    • Ethical Parameters: Establish comprehensive ethical guidelines and principles that AI systems must follow, ensuring ethical considerations are embedded in decision-making processes.
    • Bias Mitigation: Prioritize data diversity and implement techniques to mitigate biases in AI algorithms, aiming for fair and unbiased decision outcomes.
    • Transparency Measures: Develop transparent AI systems with explainability features, allowing policymakers and citizens to understand the basis of decisions.
    • Human Oversight: Maintain human oversight in critical decision-making processes involving AI, ensuring accountability and responsible outcomes.
    • Regulatory Frameworks: Formulate adaptive regulatory frameworks that address the unique challenges posed by AI integration into governance, including accountability and transparency.
    • Capacity Building: Provide training programs for government officials to effectively manage, interpret, and collaborate with AI systems in decision-making.
    • Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Foster collaboration between AI experts, ethicists, policymakers, and legal professionals to create a holistic approach to AI integration.
    • Human-AI Synergy: Promote AI as a tool to enhance human decision-making, focusing on collaboration that harnesses AI’s strengths while retaining human judgment.
    • Testbed Initiatives: Launch controlled pilot projects to test AI systems in specific governance contexts, learning from real-world experiences.

    Conclusion

    • The integration of AI into governance decision-making holds both promise and perils. As governments gradually delegate decision-making to AI systems, they must grapple with questions of responsibility and ensure that ethics remain at the core of these advancements. Balancing the potential benefits of AI with ethical considerations is crucial to shaping a responsible and equitable AI-powered governance landscape.

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