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  • Food Processing Industry: Issues and Developments

    Hidden Costs of Agri-Food Systems  

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Food Processing & Related Industries In India

    Central Idea

    • A recent United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report highlights the enormous hidden costs of global agri-food systems, totalling over $10 trillion.
    • In countries like India, these costs, amounting to nearly 11% of GDP, manifest in various forms such as increased poverty, environmental damage, and health issues.
    • The report suggests a transformation of agri-food systems, advocating for multi-cropping systems as a solution to enhance farmer well-being, community nutrition, and ecological health.

    About Agri-Food Systems 

    • “Agri-food systems” refer to the complex network of activities, processes, and actors involved in the production, processing, distribution, and consumption of food.
    • This system encompasses everything from agricultural production (farming) to the final food products consumed by individuals.

    Intensive Agriculture: Impacts and Trends

    • Green Revolution Legacy: India’s agricultural productivity boost over the past five decades has largely been due to mono-cropping and chemical-intensive farming, particularly in paddy and wheat cultivation.
    • Nutritional and Ecological Consequences: This shift has led to a decline in crop diversity, impacting household nutrition and causing ecological issues like groundwater depletion.
    • Economic Viability: The privatization of agricultural inputs has increased farmer indebtedness, making agriculture increasingly unviable in India.

    Crop Favoritism and Food Security Concerns

    • Public Distribution System (PDS): The National Food Security Act 2013 ensures food security for a significant portion of the Indian population, but the procurement policy heavily favours rice and wheat.
    • Decline in Coarse Grains: The focus on rice and wheat has led to a reduction in the cultivation of nutritionally rich coarse grains.
    • Water-Intensive Crops: Policies have also encouraged the cultivation of water-intensive cash crops like sugarcane, impacting biodiversity and water resources.
    • Impact of Global Trade: International market fluctuations and trade relations have historically influenced food production systems in countries like India, affecting local agricultural practices and crop choices.

    Promise of Crop Diversification

    • Agroecology Principles: Multi-cropping systems, rooted in agroecology, can revitalize land and soil health while providing diverse crop yields.
    • Ecosystem Services: These systems offer multiple benefits, including cash provision, food production, and ecosystem services like nitrogen fixation and biodiversity support.
    • Nutritional and Environmental Benefits: Diversified farming can improve soil health and provide a more nutritious food basket, addressing the hidden costs of current agricultural practices.

    Challenges and Transition Strategies

    • Gradual Transition: A systematic shift from mono-cultivation to diversified farming is necessary, involving stages like non-pesticide management and natural farming practices.
    • Economic Modelling: Preliminary economic models suggest that diversified farming can sustain farm incomes and improve ecological outcomes in both the short and long term.
    • Addressing Transition Challenges: Overcoming hurdles related to local seeds, market access, labor requirements, and institutional support is crucial for a successful transition.

    Conclusion

    • The FAO report underscores the urgent need to transform agri-food systems to address their hidden costs.
    • Multi-cropping systems offer a viable path forward, promising to enhance ecological health, farmer well-being, and community nutrition.
    • However, this transition requires concerted efforts from various stakeholders, including institutions, policymakers, and farmers, to create economic incentives and support mechanisms for adopting sustainable agricultural practices.

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  • Global Geological And Climatic Events

    Cyclone Michaung makes landfall

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Central Idea

    • Cyclone Michaung (name suggested by Myanmar) makes landfall in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
    • Michaung is the fourth tropical cyclone over the Bay of Bengal this year.

    About Cyclone Michaung

    • Uncommon Intensity: December cyclones in the North Indian Ocean typically do not reach high intensities. Michaung, with its severe storm classification, is an exception.
    • Upgraded Intensity: Initially predicted as a tropical cyclone, IMD upgraded Michaung to a ‘severe’ storm due to its unexpected intensification.
    • Heat Index Contribution: The intensification is attributed to the above-normal heat index values off the southern Andhra Pradesh coast.

    Indian Tropical Storms: An Overview

    • Annual Cyclones: The North Indian Ocean basin averages about five cyclones per year, predominantly in the Bay of Bengal.
    • Arabian Sea Cyclones: Though less frequent, Arabian Sea cyclones often reach higher intensities and can cause extensive damage.
    • Peak Cyclone Seasons: Cyclones are most common during pre-monsoon (April-June) and post-monsoon (October-December) months, with May and November seeing more intense storms.

    Factors Influencing Storm Intensification

    • Ocean Heat: Cyclones draw energy from warm ocean temperatures, typically around 26 degrees Celsius or higher.
    • Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential (TCHP): This oceanographic parameter is crucial in cyclone genesis and intensification.
    • Complex Atmospheric Conditions: Various atmospheric factors like wind shear, convection, and air-sea interactions also play a role in cyclone development.
    • Coriolis Effect: This effect influences cyclone formation in the northern hemisphere, causing air to move anticlockwise in low-pressure areas.

    Back2Basics: Extratropical and Tropical Cyclones

    • General Definition: Cyclones are large-scale air systems rotating around a low-pressure center, often accompanied by violent storms.
    • Extratropical Cyclones: Found outside the tropics, these cyclones have a cold core and gain energy from interactions between cold and warm air masses. They can form over both land and sea.
    • Tropical Cyclones: These form in tropical regions and are powered by the condensation of water vapor. They lack associated warm or cold fronts and are known as hurricanes or typhoons in different regions.

    Cyclone Naming Process

    • Rotational Basis for Naming: The naming of cyclones is done by countries on a rotational basis, following certain existing guidelines.
    • Responsibilities of RSMCs and TCWCs: Worldwide, there are six regional specialized meteorological centers (RSMCs) and five regional Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWCs) mandated for issuing advisories and naming of tropical cyclones.
    • IMD’s Role: IMD is one of the six RSMCs providing tropical cyclone and storm surge advisories to 13 member countries under the WMO/Economic and Social Commission for Asia-Pacific (ESCAP) Panel.
    • Naming Authority of IMD: RSMC, New Delhi, is also mandated to name the tropical cyclones developing over the north Indian Ocean, including the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
    • Guidelines for Naming: Some rules are to be followed while naming cyclones, such as being neutral to politics, religious beliefs, cultures, and gender, avoiding offensive or cruel names, and keeping the name short and easy to pronounce.
    • Future Naming: After ‘Michaung’, the next cyclone as per India’s suggestion will be named ‘Tej’.

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  • Indian Navy Updates

    Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s Naval Legacy

    Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    navy

    Central Idea

    • On Navy Day, December 4, PM Modi highlighted Chhatrapati Shivaji’s understanding of naval power and announced the incorporation of his emblem on naval officers’ epaulettes.

    Indian Navy’s Acknowledgment of Maratha Heritage

    • Training Establishment: The Indian Navy’s training facility in Lonavla is named INS Shivaji.
    • Administrative Hub: The Western Naval Command’s logistics and administrative center in Mumbai is named INS Angre, after Kanhoji Angre, a prominent Maratha naval commander.
    • New Naval Ensign: The Indian Navy’s new Ensign, unveiled in 2022, features the octagonal design of Shivaji’s seal, symbolizing his maritime vision.

    About Maratha Navy

    Details
    Foundation and Expansion – Founder: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

    – First Vessel: Built around 1654 near Kalyan

    – Strategic Naval Bases: Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg, Khanderi, Colaba

    – Philosophy: Principle of ‘Jalameva yasya, balameva tasya’ (‘He who rules the seas is all powerful’).
    Composition and Command – Personnel: Native Konkani sailors and mercenaries

    – Notable Commanders: Shivaji Maharaj, Admiral Kanhoji Angre
    Naval Fleet and Technology – Ship Types: ‘Gurab’ (large, three-masted) and ‘Galbat’ (smaller, faster),  Tarande , Shibad, Pal, Taru, Tirkiti and Machchava.

    – Artillery and Arms: Equipped with various cannons, known for innovative naval tactics
    Tactics and Strategies – Coastal Dominance: Excelling in coastal defense

    – Guerrilla Tactics: Using hit-and-run tactics, exploiting shallow creeks and bays
    Major Conflicts and Battles – Against European Powers: Engagements with the British and Portuguese

    – Conflict with the Siddis: Ongoing conflicts with the Siddis of Janjira
    Decline and Legacy – Reasons for Decline: Internal strife, technological advancements by Europeans, rise of British naval power

    – Legacy: Remembered for resisting colonial powers, protecting the western coast of India

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  • LGBT Rights – Transgender Bill, Sec. 377, etc.

    No, one Centre of Excellence in Transgender Care is not enough

    op-ed snap | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Social Empowerment

    Transgenders in India- History of community, Types and laws applicable to them - TheLawmatics

    Central idea 

    The article discusses AIIMS’ initiative to establish a Centre of Excellence for transgender healthcare, addressing historical discrimination and legal recognition challenges. It explores legislative milestones, emphasizing comprehensive healthcare for the transgender community.

    Key Highlights:

    • AIIMS’ Vision for Transgender Healthcare: AIIMS, New Delhi, plans a Centre of Excellence for transgender healthcare in 2024, aiming to address historical discrimination and marginalization.
    • Legal Recognition Milestone: Legal recognition for transgender people initiated with the NALSA v Union of India (2014) judgment, endorsing their fundamental rights.
    • Legislative Emphasis on Healthcare: The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2019) and Transgender Persons Rules, 2020 emphasize holistic healthcare, sensitivity training, and equal opportunities for the community.

    Key Challenges:

    • Structural Barriers: Transgender community faces obstacles like exclusionary infrastructure, lack of trained healthcare workers, and limited availability of gender-affirming services.
    • Coercive Surgery Mandate: The Transgender Act mandates surgery for legal recognition, contradicting the NALSA judgment against insisting on sex reassignment surgery.
    • Government Healthcare Limitations: Primary and secondary healthcare lack transgender-inclusive services, relying on tertiary institutes and private providers for gender-affirming procedures.

    Key Terms/Phrases:

    • Conversion therapy, transgender rights, sex reassignment surgery, gender-affirming services.
    • Fundamental rights, mental, sexual, and reproductive health, legal recognition.
    • Transgender-inclusive wards, equal opportunity policy, Centres of Excellence, Centres of Inclusion.

    Key Quotes/Statements:

    • “Transgender people have been historically discriminated against and marginalised — pathologised and labelled mentally diseased.”
    • “Transgender people are legally guaranteed equal access to healthcare. Yet, it is denied.”
    • “The plan to open a Centre of Excellence at AIIMS-Delhi is a welcome step but should not be considered a panacea for all ills.”

    Key Examples/References:

    • NALSA v Union of India (2014): Legal recognition and endorsement of fundamental rights for transgender people.
    • Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2019) and Transgender Persons Rules, 2020: Legislation emphasizing comprehensive healthcare and inclusivity.
    • AIIMS-Delhi’s Centre of Excellence: An initiative to address healthcare needs of the transgender community.

    Key Facts/Data:

    • Legal recognition for transgender people in India began with the NALSA judgment in 2014.
    • The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act enacted in 2019.
    • Transgender Persons Rules, 2020 outlined guidelines for transgender-inclusive healthcare.

    Critical Analysis:

    • Misplaced Focus on Coercive Surgery: Contradiction with the NALSA judgment raises concerns about legal recognition.
    • Limited Government Initiatives: Transgender individuals often rely on private providers and tertiary institutes due to inadequate government support.
    • AIIMS-Delhi Initiative’s Positive Impact: While a positive step, challenges persist in ensuring comprehensive transgender healthcare across India.

    Way Forward:

    • Curriculum Revision: Revise the medical curriculum to cater to the needs of gender-diverse people.
    • Inclusive Services: Ensure transgender-inclusive services in all government medical colleges and hospitals.
    • Prioritize Centers of Inclusion: Advocate for Centers of Inclusion providing essential healthcare at grassroots levels over Centers of Excellence at premier institutes.
    • Legal Recognition Advocacy: Advocate for legal recognition without coercive surgery, aligning with the NALSA judgment.

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  • North-East India – Security and Developmental Issues

    UNLF Peace Accord: Why one pact is not peace

    op-ed snap | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Linkages Between Development & Spread Of Extremism

    Central idea 

    In a volatile state like Manipur, peace agreements can be challenging to implement because of the multiplicity of stakeholders and their divergent interests and grievances

    Key Highlights:

    • Welcoming a Milestone Accord: Recent peace accord between UNLF in Manipur and the government of India viewed positively for its potential impact on regional normalcy.
    • Regional Peace Trends: Successful peace deals in Northeastern states like Mizoram, Tripura, and Shillong, along with significant progress in Assam through accords with separatist groups.

    Key Challenges:

    • Lurking Threat of Looted Arms: The presence of approximately 4,500 looted arms in various hands poses a substantial threat to the journey towards lasting peace.
    • Complexities in UNLF Accord: Lack of clarity on the terms of the UNLF peace accord and potential complications arising from the involvement of militants in ethnic conflicts.
    • Diverse Demands and Historical Grievances: Reconciling diverse demands and historical grievances from various ethnic and tribal communities in Manipur emerges as a complex challenge.

    Key Terms/Phrases:

    • Peace Dynamics: Peace accord, insurgency, Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement.
    • Challenges in Reconciliation: Multiplicity of stakeholders, ethnic conflicts, geopolitical factors.
    • Key Players: Separatist groups, militant factions, political negotiations.

    Key Quotes/Statements:

    • “Any peace initiative is welcome — more so if it deals with a militant group abjuring arms to join the mainstream.”
    • “The biggest hurdle in the road to peace remains the floating looted arms numbering around 4,500 in various hands.”
    • “Diverse demands from various ethnic and/or tribal communities… making it hard to arrive at a resolution that satisfies all parties.”

    Key Examples/References:

    • Positive Precedents: Peace accords in Mizoram, Tripura, Shillong, and Assam leading to regional normalization.
    • NSCN-IM Accord: The signing of an accord by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland — Isak-Muivah (NSCN-IM) in 2015.
    • Militant Factions in UNLF: Presence of factions like the Pambei faction advocating for dialogue.

    Key Facts/Data:

    • Ban Extension: The ban extension on nine Meiti extremist groups, including UNLF and Manipur People’s Army (MPA).
    • Surrender Statistics: Tripartite accords initiated by the Centre since 2014 leading to 6,112 insurgents surrendering.
    • Arms Challenge: Presence of 4,500 looted arms posing a significant challenge to peace efforts.

    Critical Analysis:

    • Distrust and External Influences: Challenges in implementing peace agreements due to historical distrust, external influences, and divergent interests.
    • Fragility of Agreements: The fragility of peace agreements highlighted by disruptions caused by extremist factions or splinter groups.
    • State’s Volatility: Manipur’s volatile state demands comprehensive efforts for lasting peace.

    Way Forward:

    • Addressing Arm Threat: Focus on resolving the issue of looted arms to ensure a major cause of concern is adequately addressed.
    • Transparent Communication: Clearly communicate the terms of the UNLF peace accord to manage expectations and foster understanding.
    • Holistic Approach: Focus on political negotiations, rehabilitation of displaced individuals, and dismantling militant-controlled zones.
    • Inclusive Engagement: Engage all political parties, appoint a political negotiator, and seek a comprehensive agreement that satisfies various stakeholders.

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  • A dark shadow on New Delhi’s credibility

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    RAW had recruited three warlords in Afghanistan, says book

    Central idea 

    The article explores the credibility crisis faced by India in the realm of covert operations, focusing on recent legal challenges and a lack of trust with the U.S. The key themes include the impact on international relations, the dynamics of intelligence sharing, and the need for a balanced diplomatic approach to maintain India’s global image.

    Key Highlights:

    • Espionage and Covert Operations: Recent U.S. indictment against Nikhil Gupta for targeting Khalistani separatists in North America.
    • Credibility Challenges: Multiple legal challenges to Indian intelligence operations abroad, raising questions about New Delhi’s credibility.
    • Global Reach of Indian Security: Operations against Khalistani and Pakistani operatives in various countries, showcasing India’s security establishment’s capabilities.

    Key Challenges:

    • Credibility Crisis: Impact on New Delhi’s credibility in covert capacities and public messaging.
    • Trust Deficit: Lack of trust and information sharing between India and the U.S.
    • Diplomatic Balancing Act: Juggling international engagements and addressing concerns from western allies.

    Key Terms/Phrases:

    • Covert Operations Dynamics: Espionage, intelligence, and covert operations.
    • Targeted Groups: Khalistani separatists, extradition, extra-judicial actions.
    • International Relations: Trust deficit, bilateral ties, Five Eyes intelligence partnership.

    Key Quotes/Statements:

    • “In the shadowy world of espionage, intelligence and covert operations, the only rule is to never get caught carrying out a mission.”
    • “Trust is still an issue.”
    • “India’s double standard in its international engagements.”

    Key Examples/References:

    • Legal Battles: Forcible return of UAE princess, Latifah, and the “attempted kidnap” of Mehul Choksi.
    • Convictions and Challenges: Conviction of Indian naval officers in Qatar for espionage.

    Key Facts/Data:

    • Alleged Operations: Involvement of Indian agencies in operations against Khalistani and Pakistani operatives globally.
    • Information Gaps: Lack of full information sharing between the U.S. and India regarding the alleged conspiracy.

    Critical Analysis:

    • Credibility Concerns: Questions raised about India’s credibility in covert operations and international engagements.
    • Trust Dynamics: Ongoing trust deficit between India and the U.S. impacting information sharing.
    • Image Management: Balancing India’s image globally, considering hard and soft power approaches.

    Way Forward:

    • Transparent Investigations: Address credibility concerns through thorough and transparent investigations.
    • Enhanced Information Sharing: Strengthen trust and information-sharing mechanisms with international partners.
    • Adaptive Diplomacy: Evaluate and adjust India’s approach to covert operations to align with international norms.
    • Diplomatic Outreach: Enhance diplomatic efforts to manage relationships with western allies and neighbors.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-China

    Places in news: Julian Felipe Reef

    world map | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Julian Felipe Reef

    Central Idea

    • The Philippines confirmed that more than 135 Chinese vessels made incursion on Julian Felipe Reef (also known as Whitsun Reef), a place off its coast.

    About Julian Felipe Reef

    • Julian Felipe Reef is part of the Spratly Islands, located in the West Philippine Sea, a portion of the South China Sea.
    • It lies within the Philippines’ exclusive economic zone.
    • It is a large boomerang-shaped shallow coral reef.

    Recent Dispute

    • The reef gained international attention in early 2021 when a large number of Chinese vessels, described by the Philippines as maritime militia, were spotted at the reef.
    • It is subject to a territorial dispute involving several countries, primarily the Philippines, China, and Vietnam.
    • The Philippines claims the Reef as part of its territory, specifically within its 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone, under the UNCLOS.
    • This dispute is part of the larger and complex South China Sea territorial disputes involving various countries in the region.
    • The Philippines has sought international arbitration under UNCLOS to assert its claims.

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  • Vaishali Rameshbabu: India’s New Chess Grandmaster

    Prelims Only | Trivia | Mains Paper 1:

    Grandmaster

    Central Idea

    • Grandmaster Title: Indian chess player Vaishali Rameshbabu ( Pragnananda’s sister) has achieved the Grandmaster title by crossing 2,500 FIDE ranking points at the IV El Llobregat Open in Spain.
    • Significance: She becomes only the third Indian woman player to earn this title, joining the ranks of Koneru Humpy and Harika Dronavalli.

    Understanding the Grandmaster Title

    • Highest Chess Honor: The Grandmaster title is the pinnacle of achievement in chess, awarded by the International Chess Federation (FIDE).
    • Prestige: It signifies recognition as one of the world’s most talented chess players, proven in highly competitive environments.

    Other Recognized Chess Titles

    • FIDE Titles: Besides Grandmaster, FIDE awards seven other titles, including International Master (IM), FIDE Master (FM), Candidate Master (CM), Woman Grandmaster (WGM), Woman International Master (WIM), Woman FIDE Master (WFM), and Woman Candidate Master (WCM).
    • Lifetime Validity: All FIDE titles, including the Grandmaster title, are valid for life, barring revocation due to offenses like cheating.

    History and Criteria of Grandmaster Title

    • Origins: The term ‘grandmaster’ dates back about a century and was formalized by FIDE in 1950.
    • Initial Awardees: The first batch of Grandmaster titles in 1950 included 27 players, such as then-world champion Mikhail Botvinnik.
    • Current Criteria: To achieve the Grandmaster title, a player must reach a FIDE Classical or Standard rating of 2,500 and earn three Grandmaster norms.
    • Grandmaster Norms: These norms are based on stringent rules regarding tournament performance, including a performance rating of 2,600 or higher in a FIDE tournament with specific conditions.

    Vaishali Rameshbabu’s Path to Grandmaster

    • Performance: Vaishali’s achievement of the Grandmaster title is a testament to her exceptional performance in international chess tournaments.
    • Representation: Her success adds to India’s growing reputation as a powerhouse in the global chess community.

     

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  • Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

    Centre approves fourth phase roll-out of GIAN Scheme

    Schemes | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    Central Idea

    • The Ministry of Education is preparing to restart the fourth phase of Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN) scheme.

    Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN)

    • The GIAN was initiated in 2015.
    • It is a project under the Ministry of Education.
    • Coordinating Body: IIT Kharagpur
    • Purpose: To harness the expertise of international scientists and entrepreneurs, fostering their involvement with Indian higher education institutions.
    • This initiative aims to enhance India’s academic resources, speed up quality improvements, and raise India’s scientific and technological standards to a globally competitive level.

    Key Components of GIAN

    • Foreign experts receive an honorarium to cover their travel and other expenses.
    • These international experts/faculties conduct short-term courses in Indian institutions.
    • Initially aimed at fostering India-USA collaborations, the program later expanded its reach.
    • Course durations vary, ranging from a minimum of one week to a maximum of three weeks.
    • Foreign experts can receive a total payment of up to US$ 8000 (~ ₹7 lakh) for 12 to 14 hours of teaching and up to US$ 12000 (~ ₹12 lakh) for 20 to 28 hours, covering their travel and honorarium.

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  • Telecom and Postal Sector – Spectrum Allocation, Call Drops, Predatory Pricing, etc

    What is Vo5G (Voice over 5G)?

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Central Idea

    • India witnessed a significant improvement in call quality with the introduction of VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution) in 2016, offering clearer voice calls compared to 3G/2G networks.
    • With the advent of 5G in India, there’s growing anticipation for a new calling standard, Vo5G (Voice over 5G), already deployed in several countries.

    What is Vo5G?

    • Definition: Vo5G, also known as Voice over New Radio (VoNR), is the next generation of voice calling, utilizing 5G networks for voice transmission.
    • Advantages: It leverages 5G’s speed, capacity, and responsiveness to enhance voice call quality.
    • Global Trend: While Vo5G is gaining traction globally, its adoption in countries like India is still in the nascent stages.

    VoNR vs. VoLTE: The Advancements

    • Call Quality: VoNR offers superior call quality with advanced audio codecs, thanks to 5G’s higher bandwidth.
    • Connection Time: Reduced network latency in 5G ensures faster call connections with VoNR.
    • Reliability: VoNR promises better call continuity with lower packet loss, potentially reducing voice cut-outs.
    • Network Transition: VoNR aims to eliminate call drops experienced during the transition from 5G to 4G for VoLTE calls.

    Requirements for Vo5G

    • Compatible Device: Users need a Vo5G-supported phone, typically available in models released after 2022 with 5G capabilities.
    • Carrier Support: A network provider that offers Vo5G services is essential, along with a plan that includes Vo5G calling.
    • 5G Coverage: Effective use of Vo5G requires being in an area with 5G network coverage.

    VoNR in India

    • Availability: As of now, VoNR is not available in India, despite the ongoing 5G rollout in major cities.
    • Carrier Testing: Leading carriers like Reliance are reportedly testing VoNR for seamless integration with existing 4G and 5G networks.
    • Timeline: The exact timeline for VoNR’s widespread availability in India remains uncertain.

    Try this question from CSP 2019:

    Q.With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference/differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)?

    1. LTE ‘is commonly marketed as 3G and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G.
    2. LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is voice-only technology.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”l68j4x9ayu” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    Population-Level Genome Sequencing and Its Impact

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    ‘deCODE’ Initiative

    Central Idea

    • The UK recently completed sequencing half a million whole genomes, nearly 0.7% of its population, under ‘deCODE’ Initiative.
    • Various countries have launched large-scale genome projects, with some focusing on specific populations like African ancestry.

    About ‘deCODE’ Initiative

    • Inception: Launched in Iceland in 1996, deCODE genomics enrolled most of the Icelandic population for genetic studies.
    • Contributions: The initiative enhanced disease genetics understanding and set standards for handling genomic data, integrating medical records with genealogies.

    Merit of Large-Scale Sequencing

    • Disease Research and Understanding: Large-scale genome sequencing allows researchers to identify genetic variations associated with various diseases. This information is crucial for understanding the genetic basis of diseases, including rare genetic disorders and complex conditions like cancer.
    • Personalized Therapies: With a better understanding of an individual’s genetic makeup, it becomes possible to develop personalized and targeted therapies. 
    • Genetic Counseling: Large-scale genome sequencing provides valuable information for genetic counseling, helping individuals and families understand their risk for certain genetic conditions.
    • Identification of Rare Variants: Large-scale sequencing efforts contribute to the identification of rare genetic variants that might be responsible for certain diseases. These discoveries are essential for expanding our knowledge of the genetic landscape and improving diagnostic capabilities.
    • Population Genetics and Evolution: Genome sequencing on a large scale allows researchers to study the genetic diversity within populations. This information is valuable for understanding human evolution, migration patterns, and population-specific genetic traits.

    Ethical and Regulatory Challenges

    • Privacy Concerns: Genome sequencing generates highly sensitive and personal information. There is a risk that genetic data could be misused or lead to privacy breaches.
    • Informed Consent: Obtaining informed consent for genome sequencing is complex due to the vast amount of information generated and the potential for incidental findings.
    • Data Ownership and Control: Balancing individual rights with the need for research and medical advancements requires careful consideration of data sharing, ownership, and access policies.
    • Genetic Discrimination: Concerns about genetic discrimination in areas such as employment, insurance, and education may discourage individuals from undergoing genome sequencing. L
    • Access to Genetic Services: Disparities in access to genetic services and genomic technologies may exacerbate existing healthcare inequalities.
    • Ethical Use of Genetic Data in Research: Researchers must adhere to ethical standards when using genetic data in research. This includes obtaining proper consent, ensuring data security, and transparently communicating the purpose and potential risks of the research.

    Long-Term Impact and Future Prospects

    • Beyond Individual Health: Population-scale genomics will enhance our understanding of human evolution, migration, and adaptation.
    • Personalized Medicine: It paves the way for personalized healthcare based on individual genetic profiles.
    • Billion Genome Project: The possibility of sequencing a billion genomes in a single project is on the horizon, alongside individuals’ rights to access and understand their own genomic data.

    Conclusion

    • Population-scale genomics is at the forefront of a genomic revolution, with the potential to transform healthcare, deepen our understanding of human biology, and shape our approach to medicine and biology.
    • This evolving field promises to bring personalized, precise treatments and a richer comprehension of our genetic heritage.

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Six Exoplanets found in the Coma Berenices Constellation

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    exoplanet

    Central Idea

    • Six exoplanets have been discovered orbiting HD 110067, a bright star in the Coma Berenices constellation, approximately 100 light-years away.
    • The planets’ radii range between that of Earth and Neptune, classifying them as ‘sub-Neptunes’.

    About Sub-Neptune Exoplanets

    • Prevalence: Sub-Neptunes are commonly found in close-in orbits around more than half of all Sun-like stars.
    • Mystery: Despite their prevalence, the composition, formation, and evolution of these planets remain largely unknown.

    Observational Details

    • TESS Observations: NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) observed dips in HD 110067’s brightness in 2020 and 2022.
    • CHEOPS Contribution: Additional observations from the CHaracterising ExOPlanets Satellite (CHEOPS) helped confirm the presence of six planets transiting the star.
    • Orbital Calculations: The study calculated the orbits of all six planets, ranging from about nine days for the innermost planet to approximately 54 days for the outermost planet.

    Characteristics of the Planets

    • Mass and Density Estimates: The planets have relatively low densities, suggesting the presence of large, hydrogen-rich atmospheres.
    • Resonant Orbits: All six planets are in resonant orbits, indicating regular gravitational interactions among them.
    • System’s Age: The resonant orbits suggest that the system has remained largely unchanged since its formation, estimated to be at least four billion years ago.

    HD 110067’s Uniqueness

    • Brightness and Host Status: HD 110067 is the brightest star known to host more than four transiting exoplanets.
    • Potential for More Discoveries: There is a possibility of additional planets within or beyond the star’s temperate zone, though such observations have not yet been made.
    • Learning Opportunity: The HD 110067 system presents a unique opportunity to study sub-Neptunes and understand how such planetary systems form and evolve.

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  • Government Budgets

    Off-Budget Borrowing in India and its Fiscal Implications

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Central Idea

    • In recent years, India’s fiscal management has faced the significant challenge of off-budget borrowings by various states.
    • These borrowings, while providing short-term financial relief, have raised concerns regarding the overall fiscal health and transparency of the country’s finances.

    Understanding Off-Budget Borrowings

    • Definition: Off-budget borrowings are debts incurred not directly by the government but by public sector units or special purpose vehicles, with principal and interest serviced from the budget.
    • Legislative Oversight: These borrowings are not subject to legislative scrutiny and are outside the budget.
    • FRBM Act Bypass: They allow governments to circumvent borrowing limits set under the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003.

    How are off-budget borrowings raised?

    • Issuance of Bonds: The government can ask an implementing agency to raise the required funds from the market through loans or by issuing bonds.
    • Utilizing savings: For example, the food subsidy is one of the major expenditures of the Centre. In the Budget presentation for 2020-21, the government paid only half the amount budgeted for the food subsidy bill to the Food Corporation of India. The shortfall was met through a loan from the National Small Savings Fund.
    • Borrowing: Other PSUs have also borrowed for the government. For instance, public sector oil marketing companies were asked to pay for subsidized gas cylinders for PM Ujjwala Yojana beneficiaries in the past.
    • Bank sources: Public sector banks are also used to fund off-budget expenses. For example, loans from PSU banks were used to make up for the shortfall in the release of fertilizer subsidy.

    Prevalence of Off-Budget Borrowings

    • Recent Trends: Off-budget borrowings were rampant until recently, with significant amounts in states like Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, and Sikkim.
    • Magnitude: Estimates show ₹2.79 trillion in 2020-21 and ₹1.71 trillion in 2021-22.
    • Fiscal Transparency Concerns: The 15th Finance Commission and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) have flagged these borrowings for undermining fiscal transparency and sustainability.

    Centre’s Stance on Off-Budget Borrowings

    • Past Practices: The Centre had substantial off-budget borrowings, reaching ₹1.62 trillion in 2018-19.
    • Recent Changes: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the end of such borrowings in the Union Budget for 2020-21, reducing them significantly in subsequent years.

    Centre’s Measures against State Off-Budget Borrowings

    • New Policy: In March 2022, the Centre declared that state off-budget borrowings would count towards their regular borrowing ceiling.
    • Impact on States: This policy limited states’ borrowing capacity, leading to cash flow issues in some states and prompting protests and threats of legal action.

    Current State of India’s Balance Sheet

    • Reduction in Off-Budget Borrowings: States’ off-budget borrowings are expected to decrease to ₹18,499 crore in 2022-23.
    • Overall Fiscal Health: True fiscal sustainability requires both the Centre and states to align their deficits with FRBM Act targets.
    • Deficit Targets: The FRBM Act aims for the elimination of a revenue deficit and a fiscal deficit of 3% of GDP. However, in 2023-24, 11 states are projected to have a revenue deficit, and the aggregate fiscal deficit of all states is expected to be 3.1%. The Centre’s revenue and fiscal deficits are anticipated to be 2.9% and 5.9% of GDP, respectively.

    Conclusion

    • The clampdown on off-budget borrowings is a step towards greater fiscal discipline in India.
    • While it has led to immediate challenges for some states, the long-term goal is to enhance fiscal transparency and sustainability in line with the FRBM Act.
    • Achieving these targets will be crucial for the overall health of India’s economy.

    Try this PYQ:

    With reference to the Union Government, consider the following statements:

    1. The Department of Revenue is responsible for the preparation of Union Budget that is presented to the Parliament.
    2. No amount can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India without the authorization from the Parliament of India.
    3. All the disbursements made from Public Account also need authorization from the Parliament of India.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 2 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • Pratap Bhanu Mehta writes: How Henry Kissinger tricked the world

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    In Vietnam, Henry Kissinger was worse than a fraud | The Hill

    Central idea

    Henry Kissinger’s enigmatic legacy, spanning 80 years, encapsulates both admiration and criticism, depicting him as a “miracle man” and a “confidence man.” His influence on post-World War II global affairs prompts reflection on the intricate dynamics of power and diplomacy, posing ethical questions about leadership.

    Key Highlights:

    • Henry Kissinger’s Impact: Henry Kissinger, a pivotal figure in post-World War II global affairs, has left an indelible mark, often hailed as a “miracle man” but critiqued as a “confidence man.”
    • Confidence Man Persona: Described as immensely talented and charming, Kissinger projected an aura of indispensability, successfully ingraining himself in the power structures globally for nearly 80 years.
    • Ambiguous Morality: The term “confidence man” encapsulates Kissinger’s ability to project charm while potentially having a morally hollow core, raising questions about the ethical dimensions of his actions.
    • Longevity and Influence: Despite controversies and criticisms, Kissinger’s influence endured, evident in his 100th birthday gala hosting the world’s elite and maintaining access to leaders like President Xi even in his later years.

    Key Challenges:

    • Moral Ambiguity: Kissinger’s approach to power and diplomacy raises ethical concerns, as he seemed more inclined towards realpolitik and a will to power than moral considerations.
    • Impact on Global Conflicts: The decisions and actions condoned by Kissinger, such as the delayed peace agreement in Vietnam and support for controversial military interventions, are linked to significant human suffering and casualties.

    Key Phrases:

    • Confidence Man: A term used to characterize Kissinger’s charismatic yet potentially morally questionable persona, emphasizing his knack for presenting himself as indispensable.
    • Will to Power: Kissinger’s approach to diplomacy is seen as a will to power, prioritizing the acquisition and maintenance of power as a measure of success.

    Key Quotes:

    • Eqbal Ahmad’s Assessment: “Kissinger was not a miracle man. He was a confidence man.”
    • Kissinger’s Perspective: “There are two kinds of realists: Those who manipulate facts and those who create them.”

    Key Examples and References:

    • Crimes and Controversies: Kissinger’s involvement in delaying the Vietnam Peace Agreement, bombing of Cambodia, ignorance of the East Pakistan genocide, and support for interventions like in East Timor and Argentina.
    • Greg Grandin’s Estimate: Historian Greg Grandin approximates around four million deaths attributable to Kissinger’s decisions.

    Critical Analysis:

    • Moral Objectivity: Kissinger’s approach challenges the conventional moral objectives associated with realism, portraying power as the ultimate measure of success.
    • Survival Mentality: The analysis suggests that Kissinger’s worldview was shaped by a fear of powerlessness, instilled by the European experience, driving him to prioritize power at any cost.

    Way Forward:

    • Reflection on Morality: Evaluating the moral implications of diplomatic actions, emphasizing a balance between realism and ethical considerations in global affairs.
    • Global Accountability: Reflecting on Kissinger’s legacy prompts a broader discussion on holding powerful figures accountable for decisions that impact millions of lives.

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  • Judicial Reforms

    On Constitution Day, more people-friendly laws

    op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    Simplifying the law for the citizens of India

    Central idea

    The Indian government, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, is actively simplifying legal language to promote “Access to Justice,” making legal texts more understandable for every citizen. This strategic initiative, aligned with constitutional principles, addresses historical ambiguities and leverages technology to enhance accessibility, contributing to global legal recognition and fostering a transformative journey toward inclusive justice.

    Key Highlights:

    • Legal Language Simplification: The Indian government, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, is undertaking a mission to simplify legal language, aligning with the vision of “Access to Justice” and aiming to make legal texts more accessible to the common citizen.
    • Constitutional Principle: The initiative reflects the constitutional principle that legal language should be understandable to every citizen, emphasizing the importance of ensuring citizens comprehend their rights and responsibilities.
    • Correction of Ambiguities: The government is addressing historical ambiguities in legal language, such as those in Sections 213 and 214 of the IPC, to enhance legal precision and effective enforcement, eliminating potential loopholes.
    • Global Recognition: The government’s commitment to simplifying legal language has gained international recognition, positioning India as a forward-thinking adopter of progressive measures for legal accessibility.
    • Digital Transformation: The simplification efforts align with the Digital India campaign, leveraging technology to enhance accessibility, with online platforms and digital resources making legal information more readily available.

    Key Challenges:

    • Historical Complexities: Addressing historical intricacies in legal language poses a challenge, requiring thorough examination and correction of ambiguities that have persisted over time.
    • Public Engagement: While seeking public input in the simplification process is a positive step, ensuring effective public engagement and capturing diverse perspectives can be challenging.

    Key Phrases:

    • Access to Justice: The overarching vision guiding the simplification initiative, aiming to remove barriers of legal complexity that hinder the common citizen’s understanding of legal texts.
    • Legal Empowerment: The goal of simplification extends beyond language, aiming to empower citizens with legal knowledge, fostering a sense of legal empowerment among the diverse population.

    Key Quotes:

    • “We must see that the constitution is not only passed by the Constituent Assembly but that it is also worked by the common people of the country.” – B R Ambedkar
    • “The government envisions a legal landscape where language is not a barrier but a bridge to justice.”

    Critical Analysis:

    • The reduction in legal disputes due to misunderstandings and misinterpretations underscores the positive impact of the simplification initiatives in fostering a clearer legal framework.

    Way Forward:

    • Continue the integration of plain language drafting principles into legal education to nurture a generation of legal professionals capable of navigating legal intricacies with clarity and precision.
    • Sustain efforts to engage the public in the simplification process, ensuring diverse perspectives are considered for comprehensive legal accessibility.
    • Monitor and evaluate the impact of simplification on reducing legal disputes and enhancing India’s global economic competitiveness.
    • Explore additional measures, such as comprehensive glossaries in multiple languages, to further enhance the understanding of legal language among citizens.

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  • India, disability inclusion and the power of ‘by’

    op-ed snap | Indian Society | Mains Paper 1: Social Empowerment

    Article: How COVID-19 has fared for persons with disabilities: International Day of Disabled Persons 2020 — People Matters

    Central idea

    The central idea underscores the need for a bottom-up approach, private sector engagement, and innovative models like the SPARK project to bring about attitudinal shifts, economic opportunities, and social recognition for persons with disabilities, ultimately fostering a more equitable and inclusive global development agenda.

    Key Highlights:

    • Disability Intersectionality: Disability intersects with social, economic, and gender vulnerabilities, necessitating comprehensive consideration for equitable action.
    • Global Disability Statistics: Globally, 1.3 billion people live with disabilities, with 80% in developing countries and 70% residing in rural areas.
    • Exclusionary Systems: Current systems designed for non-disabled persons lead to exclusion, resulting in higher instances of poverty, limited education access, and social discrimination for people with disabilities.
    • Importance of Language: The distinction between “for” and “by” in disability inclusion is crucial. Inclusion should involve persons with disabilities in the process, not just for them.
    • Economic Impact: Inclusion of persons with disabilities in the economy could boost global GDP by 3% to 7%, emphasizing the economic benefits of inclusion.
    • Employment Scenario: Current employment scenarios limit job opportunities for persons with disabilities, contradicting the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
    • Rural Challenges: Persons with disabilities in rural areas face heightened challenges, including limited access to education, employment, and exclusion from developmental schemes.
    • UDID Card and Government Schemes: In India, UDID cards and various government schemes exist for persons with disabilities, emphasizing the need for awareness and last-mile connectivity of benefits.
    • SPARK Project: The ILO and IFAD’s SPARK project focuses on disability inclusion in rural areas, with Disability Inclusion Facilitators (DIFs) leading awareness and engagement efforts.

    Key Challenges:

    • Awareness and Accessibility: Limited awareness and accessibility to government benefits for persons with disabilities, particularly in rural areas.
    • Societal Perception: Persons with disabilities often face societal perceptions that view them as objects of charity rather than active participants in decision-making processes.
    • Climate Calamities: Rural areas with high agricultural dependence face increased risks from climate calamities, further impacting persons with disabilities.
    • Private Sector Engagement: While a robust legal framework exists, greater engagement with the private sector is crucial for promoting the employment of persons with disabilities.

    Key Quotes:

    • “For is often used when a person is receiving something and By is to identify the agent performing an action.”
    • “Disability inclusion is rooted in assuring the rights of persons with disabilities and recognizing the economic benefits of inclusion.”
    • “It is about time that the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritized at the center of the global development agenda.”

    Key Terms:

    • Intersectionality: The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as disability, gender, and economic status, which creates overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.
    • UDID Card: Unique ID for persons with disabilities, a card established as part of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016) in India.
    • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all.
    • Disability Inclusion Facilitators (DIFs): Individuals trained to engage with communities, raise awareness, and identify barriers to inclusion for persons with disabilities.

    Key Phrases:

    • Economic Consequences of Exclusion: Refers to the impact on the global GDP when excluding persons with disabilities from the workforce, as highlighted in the ILO study.
    • Last-Mile Connectivity: Ensuring the final leg of delivery or accessibility of government benefits to the remotest areas, especially in the context of persons with disabilities.
    • Social Development Dimension: Viewing disability inclusion not only as a matter of rights but also as a crucial aspect of social development.

    Key Statements:

    • “Disability as an identity and entity exists at the intersection of multiple vulnerabilities — social, economic, and gender — with each facet requiring careful consideration when conceptualizing action for equity.”
    • “The inclusion of persons with disabilities into the economy can help boost global GDP between 3% to 7%, as per the study by the International Labour Organization.”
    • “It is about time that the voices and needs of persons with disabilities be prioritized at the center of the global development agenda.”

    Key Examples and References:

    • The SPARK Project: Implemented by the ILO and IFAD, the SPARK project in Maharashtra demonstrates successful inclusion efforts led by persons with disabilities.
    • International Labour Organization (ILO): Referenced for its study on the economic consequences of excluding persons with disabilities from the workforce.
    • Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016): Legislation in India that includes provisions for UDID cards and various schemes for persons with disabilities.

    Key Facts:

    • Global Disability Statistics: Approximately 1.3 billion people globally live with some form of disability, with 80% residing in developing countries.
    • Rural Challenges: In India, 70% of persons with disabilities live in rural areas, facing greater challenges in accessing education and employment opportunities.
    • Economic Impact: Inclusion of persons with disabilities in the workforce could boost global GDP by 3% to 7%, according to the ILO study.

    Key Data:

    • Percentage of Global Population with Disabilities: 1.3 billion people, equivalent to nearly the entire population of India.
    • Percentage of Persons with Disabilities in Developing Countries: 80%, with 70% residing in rural areas.
    • Impact on Global GDP: Inclusion of persons with disabilities can boost global GDP by 3% to 7%, according to the ILO.

    Critical Analysis:

    • Bi-Directional Link: Evidence shows a connection between disability, poverty, nutrition, and hunger, emphasizing the need for inclusive opportunities and employment in rural areas.
    • Societal Perceptions: Persons with disabilities often face societal perceptions that view them as objects of charity rather than active participants in decision-making processes.
    • Private Sector Engagement: The importance of engaging the private sector and building confidence in hiring workers with disabilities is highlighted.

    Way Forward:

    Prioritize the voices and needs of persons with disabilities at the core of the global development agenda for genuine inclusion and social justice. This involves awareness, engagement, and a bottom-up approach to disability inclusion, especially in rural areas.

     

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary

    Places in news | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    asola bhatti

    Central Idea

    • The Delhi High Court is considering staying a forest department ‘Walkathon’ event in the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary.

    About Asola Bhatti WLS

    • Location: Situated in the southern part of Delhi and extends into Faridabad and Gurugram districts of Haryana.
    • Spread: Occupies 32.71 sq. km on the Aravalli hill range’s Southern Delhi Ridge, bordering Delhi and Haryana.
    • Connectivity: Forms a part of Rajasthan’s Sariska Tiger Reserve to the Delhi Ridge.
    • Vegetation: Classified under Northern Tropical Thorn Forests.
    • Plant Adaptations: Features plants with xerophytic characteristics like thorns, wax-coated and succulent leaves.
    • Flora: Characterized by the presence of the exotic Prosopis juliflora and the native Diospyros montana.
    • Wildlife Diversity: Home to species such as Golden Jackals, Striped-Hyenas, Indian Crested-Porcupines, Civets, Jungle Cats, various snakes, Monitor Lizards, and Mongoose.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    UAE launches ALTÉRRA Fund for Climate Investments

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Climatic Change

    Central Idea

    • The United Arab Emirates, as the host of COP-28, has committed US$30 billion to establish ALTÉRRA, a climate investment fund.

    What is ALTÉRRA Fund?

    • Fund Objective: ALTÉRRA aims to mobilize US$250 billion globally by 2030, aspiring to be the largest fund dedicated to climate investments.
    • Focus: The fund is designed to transform emerging markets and developing economies through climate investments.
    • Clean Energy in India: An initial portion of the fund is allocated for developing over 6.0 GW of new clean energy capacity in India, including 1,200 MW of wind and solar projects expected to be operational by 2025.
    • Financial Requirements: Emerging markets and developing economies reportedly need US$2.4 trillion annually by 2030 to address climate change.
    • Key Verticals: ALTÉRRA will focus on four main areas: Energy Transition, Industrial Decarbonisation, Sustainable Living, and Climate Technologies.

    Leadership and Management

    • Chair: COP-28 President, Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, will chair the ALTÉRRA fund.
    • Management Entity: Lunate, an independent global investment manager, has established ALTÉRRA.
    • Domicile: The fund is domiciled in the Abu Dhabi Global Market.

    Mission and Impact

    • Transformational Solution: ALTÉRRA is positioned as a transformative solution for attracting private capital into climate-focused investments.
    • Multiplier Effect: The fund’s scale and structure are expected to create a significant impact in climate investment.
    • Reflection of COP Presidency’s Action Agenda: The launch of ALTÉRRA aligns with the UAE’s COP Presidency Action Agenda and efforts to make climate finance more available, accessible, and affordable.

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  • Climate Change Negotiations – UNFCCC, COP, Other Conventions and Protocols

    India pitches for Green Credit Scheme at COP28

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Climatic Change

    Central Idea

    • India introduced the Green Credits Scheme at COP28 in Dubai. PM Modi emphasized that this program goes beyond the commercial nature of carbon credits, offering a broader environmental impact.

    What is Green Credits Programme?

    • Objective: The initiative aims to generate Green Credits through plantation on degraded wasteland.
    • Inception: Launched in October by the Environment Ministry, it is designed to incentivize various environment-positive actions.
    • Action Areas: Includes tree plantation, water management, sustainable agriculture, waste management, air pollution reduction, mangrove conservation, ecomark label development, and sustainable building.
    • Scope beyond Carbon: Unlike existing carbon credit systems, this program extends incentives to actions beyond carbon emission reductions, such as water conservation and soil improvement.

    Distinctive Features

    • Market-Based Approach: The program aims to create a market for trading green credits, similar to carbon credits, where companies can earn credits for environmental actions and trade them.
    • Development Stage: Methodologies and standards for measuring and verifying such actions are under development, and the market for these credits is yet to be established.
    • Initial Buyers: It is anticipated that private companies might purchase these green credits to fulfill their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) obligations.
    • Wider Beneficiaries: Unlike carbon markets, which primarily target industries and corporations, the green credit program can benefit individuals and communities as well.

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  • Sugar Industry – FRP, SAP, Rangarajan Committee, EBP, MIEQ, etc.

    Pressmud for Green Energy and CBG Production

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    pressmud

    Central Idea

    • Leading Sugar Producer: Since 2021-22, India has surpassed Brazil to become the world’s leading sugar producer.
    • Second-Largest Exporter: India also holds the position of the second-largest sugar exporter globally.
    • Ethanol Biofuel Sector Growth: The expansion of this sector has bolstered the sugar industry and improved the financial health of sugar mills.

    Pressmud: A Valuable Byproduct

    • Pressmud, also known as filter cake or press cake, is an agricultural waste product from sugar production.
    • It is obtained during the repeated filtration of cane juice before sugar extraction.
    • Approximately 3-4 percent of press mud is produced per tonne of crushed cane.
    • Traditionally, pressmud is recycled as manure through composting and supplied to local farmers.
    • Recognized as a resource for green energy, pressmud can be used to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion, leading to compressed biogas (CBG) creation.
    • It is beneficial for crops and horticulture due to its richness in micronutrients.

    Challenges with Pressmud

    • Storage Issues: Pressmud undergoes gradual decomposition, complicating long-term storage and increasing production costs.
    • Price Increase: The recognition of its potential has led to a substantial rise in pressmud prices.

    Pressmud as CBG Feedstock: Advantages and Challenges

    • Supply Chain Simplification: Using pressmud eliminates complexities associated with agricultural residue supply chains.
    • Quality and Pre-treatment: Unlike municipal solid waste, pressmud’s quality is consistent, and it lacks lignin, reducing pre-treatment costs.
    • Conversion Efficiency: Pressmud is more efficient and economical as a feedstock for CBG production compared to cattle dung and agricultural residue.
    • Economic and Competitive Factors: The increasing price of pressmud and competition for its use in fertilizers and bio-composting pose challenges.

    Regional Production and Sugar Mills in India

    • Primary Sugarcane States: Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra contribute significantly to India’s sugarcane cultivation.
    • Operational Sugar Mills: As of 2022-23, India had 531 operational sugar mills.
    • Sugar and Pressmud Production: The total sugar production was 32.74 million tonnes, with approximately 11.4 million tonnes of pressmud.

    Potential and Future Steps

    • CBG Potential: The available pressmud can generate significant quantities of CBG, valued at substantial economic returns.
    • Required Interventions: To maximize this potential, states need to implement bioenergy policies, control pressmud prices, and establish long-term agreements with sugar mills.
    • Research and Training: Developing storage technologies for pressmud and conducting training for CBG plant operators are essential.

     Back2Basics: Sugarcane By-products

    Description Uses
    Bagasse Fibrous residue left after sugarcane crushing. – Biofuel for energy production

    – Raw material for paper, board, building materials
    Molasses Thick, dark syrup produced during sugar refining. – Alcohol production (e.g., rum)

    – Sweetener in animal feed

    – Base for fermentation products

    – Ingredient in food products
    Vinasse (Distillery Waste) Liquid waste from ethanol production using molasses. – Liquid fertilizer

    – Biogas production
    Carbon Dioxide Gas produced during fermentation in sugar manufacturing. – Carbonation in beverages

    – Enhancing plant growth in greenhouses
    Fly Ash Ash produced from burning bagasse. – Material in cement and concrete

    – Soil amendment in agriculture
    Heat Energy Thermal energy generated from manufacturing processes. – Cogeneration for electricity and heating

     

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