The Ministry of Steel unveiled the world’s first Taxonomy of Green Steel, setting a benchmark for decarbonizing the steel industry.
About theGreen Steel Taxonomy:
What is it?
A formal framework introduced by India to define and promote the production of steel with reduced carbon emissions.
It sets clear standards for what constitutes green steel, aiming to help the Indian steel sector transition to low-carbon production methods.
The taxonomy defines greenness percentages based on the steel plant’s carbon emission intensity.
Seeks to ensure that production aligns with India’s goal of net-zero emissions by 2070.
Key Features
Emissions Threshold: Green Steel is defined based on emissions intensity, with steel plants needing to keep emissions below 2.2 tCO2 per tonne of finished steel (tfs) to be classified as green.
Star Rating System:
Five-star: Emission intensity lower than 1.6 t-CO2e/tfs.
Four-star: Emission intensity between 1.6 and 2.0 t-CO2e/tfs.
Three-star: Emission intensity between 2.0 and 2.2 t-CO2e/tfs.
Steel exceeding 2.2 t-CO2e/tfs does not qualify as green steel.
Emissions Scope: Includes Scope 1, Scope 2, and limited Scope 3 emissions, covering production, agglomeration, beneficiation, and emissions from raw materials and intermediates.
Certification: NISST will oversee Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV), issuing greenness certificates and star ratings annually.
Review Period: The thresholds for green ratings will be reviewed every 3 years.
Significance
Environmental Sustainability: Aims to reduce carbon footprint in line with national climate goals.
Market Creation: Promotes innovation in low-carbon steel products.
Global Competitiveness: Ensures Indian steel meets international sustainability standards.
Guidance for Industry: Encourages adoption of greener practices.
Other Key Initiatives
National Mission on Green Steel (NMGS): Policy support, funding, and incentives for low-carbon technologies.
Electrification of Steelmaking: Use of electric arc furnaces (EAF) to reduce reliance on coal.
Hydrogen-based Steelmaking: Exploring hydrogen as a clean fuel.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Technologies to capture CO2 emissions.
Public Procurement Policies: Promotes green steel use in public infrastructure.
Research and Development: Investments in low-carbon technologies and materials.
PYQ:
[2020] Steel slag can be the material for which of the following
1. Construction of base road
2. Improvement of agricultural soil
3. Production of cement
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Q) Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in the UNSC. (UPSC CSE 2015)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have previously ‘India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in the UNSC’ (in 2015).
Pakistan will join the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) as a non-permanent member for a two-year term, starting January 1, 2025. This is Pakistan’s eighth term. Half of the 10 elected members for 2025-26 will be from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Pakistan, Denmark, Greece, Panama, and Somalia will replace Ecuador, Japan, Malta, Mozambique, and Switzerland.
Today’s editorial underscores the implication of Pakistan as a non-permanent member of the UNSC.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
On January 1, 2025, Pakistan will begin its eighth term as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for two years.
Significance of Pakistan’s Election as a Non-Permanent Member of the UNSC
Pakistan’s election as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for the 2025-2026 term is significant for several reasons:
Representation of OIC: With Pakistan’s entry, half of the elected UNSC members will be from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), highlighting the bloc’s influence within the Council and potentially shaping discussions on issues pertinent to member states, particularly those related to Islamic nations.
Diplomatic Leverage: Pakistan aims to use its position to strengthen ties with the Taliban in Afghanistan, leveraging support from allies like Russia and China for diplomatic rehabilitation efforts. This could reshape regional dynamics and influence international responses to Afghanistan.
Focus on Key Issues: Pakistan intends to prioritize peacekeeping and humanitarian issues, particularly in conflict zones like Gaza and Kashmir, framing its agenda around combating terrorism while attempting to shift scrutiny away from its own challenges related to terrorism.
Pakistan’s Approach to Its Responsibilities in the UNSC
Pakistan is expected to approach its responsibilities in the UNSC with a clear agenda:
Anti-India Initiatives: Historically, Pakistan has utilized its UNSC membership to advocate against India, particularly regarding Kashmir. It is likely to continue this trend by pushing for discussions on Kashmir and presenting claims against India’s actions in the region.
Islamophobia Narrative: Pakistan has previously attempted to introduce Islamophobia into discussions on terrorism, seeking to frame it as a justification for violence. This narrative may resurface during its term, especially with support from OIC countries.
Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Efforts: As a major contributor to UN peacekeeping missions, Pakistan will likely emphasize its role in peacekeeping operations and humanitarian assistance, attempting to position itself as a responsible global actor despite its contentious regional relationships.
Expectations for India
India should prepare for several outcomes as Pakistan assumes its role in the UNSC:
Increased Anti-India Rhetoric: India can expect Pakistan to leverage its UNSC platform for anti-India initiatives, including attempts to highlight alleged human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir and presenting dossiers against India concerning terrorism.
Limited Multilateral Cooperation: Despite any bilateral engagements that may occur outside the Council, enhanced multilateral cooperation is unlikely. Historical patterns suggest that countries aligned with Pakistan may support anti-India drafts within the UNSC.
Focus on Counter-Terrorism Issues: India should remain vigilant as Pakistan seeks to frame itself as a victim of terrorism while attempting to label India similarly. This could manifest in proposals aimed at listing Indian nationals or organizations under UN sanctions.
Way forward:
Strengthen Diplomatic Engagements: India should enhance its diplomatic outreach to UNSC members, particularly the P5 countries, to counter any anti-India initiatives by Pakistan. Building stronger alliances with like-minded countries can help mitigate any biased resolutions or discussions on Kashmir and terrorism.
Focus on Counter-Narratives and Humanitarian Diplomacy: India should actively engage in countering Pakistan’s use of Islamophobia and terrorism-related narratives. By promoting peacekeeping contributions, humanitarian assistance, and multilateral cooperation
The outbreak reported in the first week of December 2024 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which has already claimed more than 400 lives and is yet to be classified, has sparked concerns that it might be an example of Disease X.
What is Disease X?
Definition: Disease X is a hypothetical term coined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018 to represent an unknown pathogen that could potentially cause a global epidemic or pandemic.
Conceptual Origin: The term was created in the aftermath of the Ebola epidemic (2014-2016) to emphasise the need for preparedness against unpredictable infectious diseases.
Nature of Disease X: It serves as a placeholder for both “known unknowns” (threats we are aware of but do not fully understand) and “unknown unknowns” (threats we are not yet aware of). This acknowledges the likelihood of future pandemics without specifying their characteristics.
Potential Pathogens: Disease X could originate from a variety of sources, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, helminths, or prions. Historical data indicates that about 70% of emerging infectious diseases have zoonotic origins, meaning they are transmitted from animals to humans.
Emerging Disease Patterns: The emergence of new diseases is often linked to ecological disruptions caused by human activities such as deforestation and urbanisation, which increase contact between humans and wildlife.
Why is it Important to Prepare for Disease X?
Global Health Security: Preparing for Disease X is essential for protecting public health globally. The emergence of new pathogens can lead to widespread illness and mortality, as demonstrated by COVID-19.
Unpredictable Nature of Outbreaks: The unpredictable emergence of infectious diseases necessitates robust surveillance and rapid response systems. Being prepared helps mitigate the impact of unforeseen threats.
Increasing Frequency of Outbreaks: The frequency of novel outbreaks has significantly increased since the mid-20th century due to environmental changes, urbanization, and human encroachment on wildlife habitats.
Economic Impact: Pandemics can have devastating economic consequences, disrupting trade, travel, and healthcare systems. Preparedness can help minimize these impacts.
What should be done to prevent this? ( Way forward)
Advances in Science and Technology: Investments in research, genomic sequencing, artificial intelligence, and public health infrastructure enhance our ability to detect and respond to emerging diseases quickly.
International Cooperation: Global collaboration is crucial for effective outbreak response. Initiatives like the WHO’s priority pathogen list and proposed Pandemic Treaty aim to foster a unified approach to health emergencies.
Equitable Access to Resources: Ensuring equitable access to diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines across all countries is vital for effective pandemic response, particularly in low- and middle-income nations.
Mains PYQ:
Q COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid the management of the pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020)
The ongoing debate on simultaneous elections, commonly referred to as One Nation One Election (ONOE), presents a valuable opportunity to highlight a fundamental aspect of local democracy: the need for elections to Urban Local Governments (ULGs).
What is the Significance of Urban Local Government elections?
Decentralized Governance: ULGs are crucial for decentralized self-governance, which is fundamental to democratic functioning at the grassroots level.
Service Delivery: ULGs are responsible for delivering essential civic services such as water, sanitation, public health, and urban planning, which directly affect citizens’ quality of life.
Local Democracy: Regular elections to ULGs ensure democratic legitimacy, enabling citizens to participate in the governance process at the local level and hold local representatives accountable.
Economic and Social Impact: ULGs play a vital role in urban development, economic growth, and social well-being. As cities are responsible for a significant portion of the country’s GDP, well-governed local bodies contribute to national prosperity.
Why is Voter Turnout in Urban Local Elections Typically Lower?
Lack of Awareness: Voter awareness regarding local elections is often lower than that for state or national elections, leading to reduced participation.
Perceived Impact: Many voters feel that the impact of urban local elections is less significant compared to state or national elections, resulting in voter apathy.
Political Disengagement: In many cases, urban residents may feel disconnected from local governance, especially when local issues are not perceived as urgent or when political campaigns do not adequately address them.
Timing and Scheduling Issues: Elections to ULGs may be held at different times or not synchronized with other elections, causing confusion and disengagement.
Voter Fatigue: Frequent elections at different levels may contribute to voter fatigue, lowering participation rates in local elections.
What reforms are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of urban local governments?
Empower State Election Commissions (SECs): Strengthening SECs by granting them autonomy and resources for conducting timely and fair elections is essential. Currently, many SECs lack the authority to carry out ward delimitation effectively, which delays elections.
Regular Elections: Ensuring that ULGs hold regular elections every five years is crucial. The recent acceptance of recommendations by the High-Level Committee (HLC) for synchronizing local body elections with state and national polls is a positive step in this direction.
Decentralization of Powers: The 74th Constitutional Amendment aimed at decentralizing powers to ULGs; however, actual implementation has been inconsistent.
Public Participation: Encouraging greater public involvement in decision-making processes will enhance transparency and accountability within ULGs. This can be achieved through community engagement initiatives and participatory budgeting processes.
Way forward:
Strengthen Institutional Capacity and Autonomy: Empower State Election Commissions (SECs) with the necessary authority and resources to ensure timely and independent elections.
Promote Public Engagement and Accountability: Encourage active public participation through initiatives like community engagement, participatory budgeting, and transparency in governance. This will improve the responsiveness of ULGs to citizen needs and foster stronger local democracy.
Mains PYQ:
Q The strength and sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their formative phase of ‘Functions, Functionaries and Funds’to the contemporary stage of ‘Functionality’. Highlightthe critical challenges faced by local institutions in terms of their functionality in recent times. (UPSC IAS/2020)
The DAE—Homi Bhabha Chair for Distinguished Scientists/Professors was launched in 2021 by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
About DAE – Homi Bhabha Chair Scheme
Details
Aims and Objectives
To recognize outstanding contributions by scientists, including retired professionals, in atomic energy and related technologies.
Allow retired professionals to continue research aligned with the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
Focus on research in sensitive atomic energy technologies, benefiting strategic sectors.
Provisions and Features
Honorarium: Rs. 200,000 per month (capped at last drawn salary).
Contingency Grant: Rs. 76,000 per year for secretarial assistance, telephone bills, etc.
Equipment and Book Allowance: Rs. 1,25,000 for equipment and Rs. 10,000 for books.
Transport Allowance: Fixed monthly transport allowance for those without an official vehicle.
Structural Mandate and Implementation
Eligibility: Open to distinguished scientists, including retirees involved in critical atomic technologies.
Tenure: 1 to 5 years, decided by a Selection Committee.
Implementation: Administered by DAE, providing research support and necessary infrastructure.
Present Challenges
Financial Constraints: Budget limitations can affect the scale of research.
Integration of New Technologies: Adapting to the fast-changing technological landscape poses challenges.
Coordination across Stakeholders: Bureaucratic delays and communication issues can arise.
Who was Homi Bhabha?
Homi Jehangir Bhabha (1909–1966) was a pioneering Indian physicist and the father of India’s nuclear programme.
He founded the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in 1945 and the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (later Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, BARC) in 1954.
Bhabha formulated India’s three-stage nuclear power programme in the 1950s and emphasized nuclear power for military and energy purposes.
He was the first Indian to receive the Adams Prize in 1942 and served as the President of the UN Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in 1955.
Bhabha activated Apsara, Asia’s first research reactor, at BARC in 1956, and was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1954.
PYQ:
[2015] Indira Gandhi Peace Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for 2014 was given to which of the following?
The Kalyan civil court ruled that Durgadi Fort is owned by the Maharashtra government, dismissing the claims of the Majlis-E-Mushawarat Trust.
The Trust first filed its claim in 1976, arguing that the fort houses a mosque and an idgah (prayer hall) alongside a temple dedicated to Goddess Durga.
Key facts aboutDurgadi Fort:
Historical Significance
It dates back to the 16th century, part of the Bijapur-based Adil Shahi Sultanate, located in Kalyan.
Mentioned in Britishdocuments since 1570, housing a tomb, prayer place, and other structures.
In 1760, after the Marathas captured Kalyan, they built a wooden temple dedicated to Durgadevi and renamed it Durgadi Killa.
After the Britishtook control in 1818, the temple ceased to function, and by 1876, the image of the goddess was stolen.
Geographical Location
Located in Kalyan (Thane district), about 50 km northeast of Mumbai it is situated on elevated ground and offers scenic views over the Ulhas River.
Cultural and Religious Impact
The fort had a significant religious impact on both Hindus and Muslims.
It originally housed a mosque and was later modified to include a Durga temple by the Marathas.
The fort has been a site of communal tensions, reflecting the complex intersection of religious identity and historical heritage in Maharashtra.
[2018] Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement? (a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution. (b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV. (c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III. (d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘Right to Life and Personal Liberty’ (in 2018), and ‘scope of Fundamental Rights’ (in 2017).
In the UK parliament, Ms Leadbeater shared a harrowing case of a music teacher’s agonizing death from bile duct cancer to highlight the suffering faced by terminally ill patients during the presentation of the bill. The Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25, allows terminally ill adults with less than six months to live to seek physician-assisted dying.
Today’s editorial highlights the possible impacts of Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
While presenting the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25 (The Assisted Dying Law) to the British House of Commons, Member of Parliament Kim Leadbeater shared a harrowing account of an “agonising death.”
What are the ethical implications of legalising assisted dying?
Autonomy and Personal Choice: It emphasizes the right of individuals to make decisions about their own bodies and lives, particularly in the context of terminal illness. Advocates argue that respecting personal autonomy is fundamental to human dignity.
Slippery Slope Concern: Critics warn that legalizing assisted dying could lead to broader interpretations of who qualifies for assistance, potentially endangering vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and disabled, who might feel pressured to choose death over being a burden.
Moral Conflict: The issue creates a moral dilemma between the sanctity of life and compassion for those suffering unbearable pain. Opponents often cite religious or philosophical beliefs that uphold the inviolability of life, while proponents argue for compassion and relief from suffering.
How do current legislative proposals address concerns about patient safety and coercion?
Current legislative proposals, such as the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25, incorporate several measures aimed at addressing concerns about patient safety and coercion:
Strict Eligibility Criteria: The law only permits assisted dying for terminally ill adults with a prognosis of less than six months to live, ensuring that only those facing imminent death can seek assistance.
Independent Assessments: Requests for assisted dying must be signed off by two independent doctors, which helps safeguard against coercion and ensures that patients are making informed decisions.
Reflection Period: A mandatory 14-day reflection period allows individuals to reconsider their decision, further protecting against impulsive choices made under distress.
Judicial Oversight: Final approval from a High Court judge is required before any assisted dying can occur, adding layer of scrutiny to prevent misuse.
What is the public sentiment regarding assisted dying, and how does it influence policy?
Public sentiment regarding assisted dying is increasingly supportive, influencing policy discussions in several ways:
Growing Acceptance: Surveys indicate a rising acceptance of assisted dying among the public, particularly in cases involving terminal illness. This shift reflects changing attitudes towards end-of-life choices and personal autonomy.
Impact on Lawmakers: As public opinion evolves, lawmakers may feel compelled to act by constituents’ views, leading to legislative proposals like the recent Bill. The release from party whips during voting indicates an acknowledgement of the issue’s complexity and the need for individual conscience in decision-making.
Influence of Personal Stories: Personal narratives shared by advocates, such as Kim Leadbeater’s account of a music teacher’s agonising death, resonate with the public and lawmakers alike, highlighting the real-life implications of assisted dying laws. These stories can sway opinions and catalyze legislative action.
Way forward:
Promote Palliative Care and Awareness: Simultaneously invest in accessible and quality palliative care services to provide comprehensive support for terminally ill patients, while fostering public awareness about end-of-life options to ensure informed and compassionate decision-making.
Strengthen Safeguards and Monitoring: Implement robust mechanisms to prevent misuse, including regular audits, transparent reporting, and enhanced judicial and medical oversight, ensuring the law remains strictly within its intended scope.
The Union Health Ministry has urged states to make snakebites a Notifiable Disease, meaning both private and public hospitals must report it to the government.
Snakebites Menace in India:
Snakebites are a significant public health concern in India, with approximately 3 to 4 millioncases reported annually.
It causes an estimated 58,000 deaths every year, according to the 2020 Indian Million Death Study.
States such as Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat report the highest number of snakebites.
The National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAPSE), launched by the government earlier in 2024, aims to halve snakebite deaths by 2030 and includes making snakebites notifiable.
What are Notifiable Diseases?
Notifiable diseases are those that must be reported to the government for effective public health monitoring and management. These are typically:
Infectious diseases likely to cause outbreaks.
Diseases that result in deaths or require quick action to prevent wider transmission.
Legal Basis:
According to WHO’s International Health Regulations, 1969, disease reporting is mandatory for global surveillance.
The primary law governing notifiable diseases is the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 which outlines the reporting requirements for diseases considered a public health threat.
However, the specific list of notifiable diseases can vary across different states and is typically determined by the respective state governments under their individual public health acts.
Common examples of notifiable diseases include tuberculosis, HIV, cholera, malaria, dengue, and hepatitis.
Why snakebite is considered a Notifiable Disease?
Snakebites can cause severe health issues, including paralysis, fatal hemorrhages, and tissue damage, making it crucial for timely intervention.
Victims need immediate antivenom treatment to prevent death and long-term effects.
In 2009, the WHO added snakebite to its list of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD), acknowledging its widespread impact on public health.
Making snakebites a notifiable disease will enhance surveillance, help track case numbers, and improve treatment strategies across the country.
It will ensure the availability of adequate antivenoms in regions where snakebites are frequent.
Medical staff will receive training to handle snakebite cases effectively, reducing mortality rates.
The Ministry of Development of North-East Region has provided progress update regarding various projects under the Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East Region (PM-DevINE) Scheme.
About the PM-DevINE Scheme:
Details
PM-DevINE is a Central Sector scheme introduced under the Union Budget 2022-23, aiming to drive development in the North Eastern Region (NER) through infrastructure and social projects.
Aims and Objectives
Infrastructure Development: Enhance connectivity and accessibility in NER, aligned with PM GatiShakti.
Social Development: Address critical issues and improve residents’ quality of life.
Livelihood Opportunities: Focus on creating opportunities for youth and women.
Structural Mandate and Implementation
Nodal Agency: Ministry of Development of North-East Region.
Approval: Cabinet approved on 12th October 2022.
Central Funding: 100% central funding for projects.
Outlay: Rs. 6600 crore for FY 2022-23 to FY 2025-26.
Project Sanctions: 35 projects worth Rs. 4857.11 crore sanctioned as of November 2024.
State-wise Project Analysis
Sikkim: Passenger Ropeway System (completed), Skywalk Project (13% completed).
Mizoram: Bamboo Link Roads (28% completed).
Nagaland: Special Development Projects (30% completed).
Assam: School Transformations (55% completed), IT Park Construction (23% completed).
Manipur: Infrastructure for Manipur Technical University (25% completed).
Tripura: Solar Micro Grid (30% completed), Skill Development Centre (work started).
The Government has empowered Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) to operate Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras (PMBJK), aiming to provide generic medicines at affordable prices to underserved rural areas.
AboutPradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras (PMBJK) by PACS:
Details
PMBJKs were established in November 2008.
Government-established outlets that provide affordable, quality generic medicines.
Operated by PACS (Primary Agricultural Credit Societies) in rural areas.
PACS are empowered to run these Kendras to ensure accessibility in remote regions under the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP).
Aims and Objectives
To provide affordable medicines, promote healthcare equity, and reduce medical expenses for farmers, while generating local employment and ensuring PACS’ financial sustainability through the sale of medicines and allied products.
Structural Mandate and Implementation
Administered by the Department of Pharmaceuticals under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers;
Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) is the implementation agency.
Implementation:
PACS receive technical and administrative support from the Department of Pharmaceuticals.
PACS leverage their existing infrastructure, including land, buildings, and storage, to run the Kendras.
PACS-run Kendras receive a 20% incentiveon monthly purchases, capped at Rs. 20,000 per month.
Kendra owners receive a 20% margin on MRP (excluding taxes).
They can sell allied medical products.
Features and Significance
Affordable Medicine Distribution: Ensures that generic medicines are affordable in rural areas.
Economic and Healthcare Benefits: Reduces medical costs and improves healthcare outcomes for farmers.
Alignment with National Health Policy: Supports equitable healthcare access, especially in remote areas.
Strengthening Rural Infrastructure: Utilizes PACS’ infrastructure to boost rural healthcare.
PYQ:
[2015] Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest?
Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav of the Allahabad High Court made comments against the Muslim community at an event organized by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad’s legal cell, which has caused a lot of public criticism.
What are the key ethical principles outlined in the code of conduct for judges?
Majority Rule: Justice Yadav stated that India would function according to the wishes of the majority, referring to Hindus as the “bahusankhyak” (majority) community. He implied that the values taught to children in one community differ significantly from those in another, particularly regarding animal slaughter practices.
Critique of Muslim Practices: He criticized certain practices within the Muslim community, such as polygamy and triple talaq, while asserting that Hindus revere women as goddesses. This comparison has been interpreted as a direct attack on Islamic traditions.
Response from Legal Community: The Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reforms has called for an inquiry into Justice Yadav’s conduct, arguing that his statements violate judicial ethics and undermine public confidence in the judiciary. Prominent legal figures have also suggested impeachment proceedings against him.
How do codes of conduct vary across different jurisdictions and judicial systems?
United States: The American Bar Association has established Model Rules of Professional Conduct which emphasize independence, integrity, and impartiality.
United Kingdom: The Judicial Conduct Investigations Office oversees judicial behavior, with a focus on maintaining public confidence in the judiciary.
India: The Restatement of Values of Judicial Life serves as a guiding document for judges, emphasizing the need for impartiality and respect for constitutional values.
What are the consequences for judges who violate the code of conduct?
In-House Procedures: Many jurisdictions have internal mechanisms allowing for complaints against judges to be investigated without public embarrassment.
Impeachment: In severe cases, judges can be impeached for misconduct, requiring a significant legislative majority to proceed.
Public Reprimand or Suspension: Depending on the severity of the violation, judges may receive reprimands or temporary suspensions from their duties.
Way forward:
Strengthen Accountability Mechanisms: Establish clearer and more transparent procedures for addressing judicial misconduct, including an independent body to investigate complaints and ensure timely action, thus preserving public trust in the judiciary.
Promote Judicial Sensitivity and Training: Implement regular training programs on diversity, impartiality, and the ethical responsibilities of judges to reinforce the importance of maintaining neutrality and respect for all communities, both in and out of the courtroom.
The Opposition in Rajya Sabha is preparing to move a motion for impeachment of Allahabad High Court Judge for the same controversial remarks inciting communal hatred.
Impeachment Processfor Judges in India:
About
The process involves Parliament passing an address to the President to remove the judge.
To pass the motion, two–thirds of the MPs present and voting in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha;
Must approve it, with a majority of more than 50% of the total membership of each House.
Key Constitutional Provisions
Article 124(4): The judge can only be removed by a Presidential order, passed after a majority vote in both Houses of Parliament.
The vote must come from two-thirds of the members present and voting.
Articles 218 of the Constitution extends the same rules to High Court judges.
The impeachment process ensures judicial independence by maintaining a high bar for removal, limiting political influence.
Grounds for Impeachment
A judge of the Supreme Court or High Court can be impeached on two grounds: “proved misbehaviour” or “incapacity” as per the Constitution of India.
Further clarified in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, including:
Misuse of office
Grave offences that undermine the judge’s integrity
Contravention of the provisions of the Constitution.
What does the process entail?
Procedure under the Judges Inquiry Act, 1968:
Initial Step: The impeachment motion must be signed by at least 100 MPs in the Lok Sabha and 50 MPs in the Rajya Sabha.
Committee Formation: Once the motion is introduced, the Speaker or Chairperson of the respective House forms a three-member inquiry committee:
Headed by the Chief Justice of India or a Supreme Court judge.
The second member is usually a Chief Justice of any High Court.
The third member is a distinguished jurist, appointed by the Speaker or Chairman.
Inquiry Process: The committee investigates the charges, cross-examines witnesses, and regulates its procedure.
The committee may also request a medical test if the charge relates to mental incapacity.
Outcome: If the committee finds the judge not guilty, the motion is dismissed. If found guilty, it will be reported back to the House for further action.
Instances of Impeachment in India:
1993: Justice V Ramaswami (Supreme Court) faced impeachment proceedings on financial impropriety. The motion was unsuccessful despite a guilty finding.
2011: Justice Soumitra Sen (Calcutta High Court) was impeached for corruption but resigned before Lok Sabha could take up the matter.
2015: Justice S K Gangele (Madhya Pradesh High Court) faced impeachment on charges of sexual harassment, but the committee cleared him in 2017.
2015: Justice J B Pardiwala (Gujarat High Court) faced impeachment for controversial remarks about reservation but the motion was dropped after the judge expunged the remarks.
2017: Justice C V Nagarjuna (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana High Court) faced impeachment for financial misconduct and victimizing a Dalit judge, but the motion was not pursued.
Mains PYQ:
Q Distinguish between laws and rules. Discuss the role of ethics in formulating them. (UPSC IAS/2020)
The University Grants Commission (UGC) released the Draft UGC (Minimum Standards of Instructions in the Award of UG and PG Degrees) 2024 to bring sweeping reforms in India’s higher education sector.
The new regulations will apply to all Central, State, Private, and Deemed Universities across India.
Back2Basics: University Grants Commission (UGC)
UGC was inaugurated in 1953 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, then Minister of Education.
it was established as a statutory body in November 1956 under the UGC Act 1956.
The Sargeant Report (1944) recommended a University Grants Committee, established in 1945, initially handling all universities by 1947.
Post-independence, the University Education Commission (1948) under Dr. S Radhakrishnan proposed reorganizing the committee along the lines of the UK’s University Grants Commission.
A proposal to replace UGC with the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) is under consideration.
UGC handles:
Providing funds to higher education institutions.
Coordination, determination, and maintenance of academic standards.
About the Draft UGC Regulations, 2024:
Aims and Objectives
To reform India’s higher education system.
To introduce flexibility, multidisciplinary learning, and inclusivity in higher education while removing disciplinary rigidities.
Key Provisions and Features
Biannual Admissions: Institutions can admit students twice a year (July/August and January/February).
Multiple Entry and Exit: Students can enter or exit their programs multiple times, with continuous assessments, recognition of prior learning, and the possibility to pursue two programs at the same time.
Flexibility for Students: Students can choose any discipline for UG and PG programs, irrespective of their background, subject to clearing entrance exams (e.g., CUET or university-specific exams).
Minimum Attendance Requirement: Institutions will set the minimum attendance based on program-specific requirements and statutory approvals, in line with the NEP 2020.
UG Degree Credits: At least 50% of credits must be earned in the major discipline for an undergraduate degree. The remaining 50% credits can be from skill courses, apprenticeships, or multidisciplinary subjects.
Duration of Degrees: UG degrees can be completed in 3 to 4 years, depending on the course structure. PG degrees will typically take 1 to 2 years, though they can be longer or shorter based on the program.
Accelerated and Extended Degree Programs:
ADP (Accelerated Degree Programs): Allows students to complete their degree in a shorter duration while covering the full curriculum.
EDP (Extended Degree Programs): Extends the duration for students who need more time to complete the program.
Up to 10% of the sanctioned intake can be earmarked for ADP. Students can choose ADP or EDP by the end of the first or second semester.
ADP/EDP degrees will include a note specifying the adjusted duration, while ensuring the full academic content is covered.
Postgraduate Eligibility: Students completing a four-year undergraduate degree (Hons./Research, BTech, BE) will be eligible for a two-year postgraduate program.
PYQ:
[2012] Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education?
Directive Principles of State Policy
Rural and Urban Local Bodies
Fifth Schedule
Sixth Schedule
Seventh Schedule
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 2 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
PYQ Relevance: Q) What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (UPSC CSE 2021)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have always focused on ‘Food Security’ (in 2021), ‘conventional energy generation’ (in 2020) and ‘India’s Energy Security’ (in 2017).
“Food insecurity and energy poverty are critical to ensuring global stability, but addressing them in isolation is inadequate,” cautions the World Bank in its latest climate and development report. The intertwined crises of food and energy security are shaping the course of the 21st century, posing significant threats to global stability. Food production is under pressure from climate change, population growth, and inequality, while energy systems grapple with geopolitical conflicts, aging infrastructure, and a slow shift away from fossil fuels.
Today’s editorial explores their deep interconnection and intensifies the challenge: agriculture, vital for humanity, is both a major energy consumer and a driver of climate change.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
In a virtual address at the 5th Energy Finance Conference, it was emphasized that energy-reliant agricultural systems struggle to adapt to climate-induced changes in food production, underscoring their interlinked challenges.
Impact of Energy Price Fluctuations on Food Production and Security
Dependency on Fossil Fuels: Agriculture relies heavily on fossil fuels for mechanization, irrigation, fertilizer production, and transportation. This dependence creates a cycle where rising energy prices lead to increased costs for food production, directly impacting food security.
Volatility in Natural Gas Prices: Natural gas is crucial for fertilizer production so fluctuations in its prices can significantly affect fertilizer costs and, consequently, global food prices. For instance, geopolitical actions such as export bans can disrupt supply chains, exacerbating food insecurity in countries reliant on imports.
Climate Change Effects: Erratic weather patterns due to climate change further strain agricultural output, putting the livelihoods of billions at risk.
Nearly 11.8% of the global population faced severe food insecurity between 2020 and 2023, a figure expected to rise significantly.
Role of Sustainable Energy in Enhancing Food Security
Renewable Energy Investments: The transition to renewable energy presents opportunities for enhancing food security. Investments in renewable technologies can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower operational costs for agricultural practices.
Innovative Solutions: Solar-powered irrigation and biomass energy solutions could transform agricultural productivity. However, high costs and inadequate infrastructure limit their adoption in low-income countries where they are needed most.
Reducing Vulnerability: Clean energy solutions can help mitigate the vulnerability of food systems to energy price shocks. By integrating renewable energy into agricultural practices, countries can improve resilience against climate-induced disruptions.
Strategies to Address the Nexus of Water, Energy, and Food Security (Way Forward)
Integrated Policy Approaches: A holistic approach that integrates water management with energy and food policies is essential. This includes promoting water-efficient agricultural practices and investing in infrastructure that supports sustainable resource management.
Investment in Renewable Technologies: Increasing investments in renewable energy infrastructure can support agricultural productivity while reducing carbon emissions. This includes expanding access to clean energy solutions for rural areas to enhance agricultural efficiency.
Financial Support for Vulnerable Communities: Providing financial resources and technical support to low-income nations is crucial for enabling them to transition towards sustainable practices without exacerbating poverty. Targeted investments can help build resilience against climate impacts while ensuring food security.
The government is set to introduce the Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024, and the Coastal Shipping Bill, of 2024, aiming to drive critical reforms and deliver transformative changes to strengthen and revitalize the shipping industry.
Have the Merchant Shipping Act, of 1958, and the Coasting Vessels Act, of 1838 failed?
The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, and the Coasting Vessels Act, 1838, do not meet contemporary maritime needs and regulatory requirements as follows:
Regulatory Gaps: Significant gaps exist for offshore vessels, which account for nearly 50% of Indian-flagged vessels. The current framework fails to regulate these vessels adequately.
Seafarer Welfare Limitations: Welfare provisions are restricted to Indian-flagged ships, neglecting the majority of Indian seafarers (85%) who work on foreign-flagged vessels.
Lack of Legal Framework: There is no effective legal framework to regulate private sector participation in maritime training, leading to unauthorized institutions operating without oversight.
Inadequate Implementation of International Conventions: The existing laws lack provisions to implement various international conventions that India has signed or plans to ratify.
What are the key features of the New Merchant Shipping Bill 2024?
Ease of Registration: The Bill allows for reduced ownership thresholds (from 100% to 51%) for Indian entities and permits foreign entities to hold shares in Indian vessels while ensuring majority ownership remains with Indians.
Expanded Scope of Vessels: It broadens the definition of ‘vessels’ to include a variety of crafts (e.g., submersibles, barges), ensuring comprehensive regulatory oversight.
Temporary Registration for Ship Recycling: Introduces provisions for temporary registration of vessels destined for demolition, facilitating operations in ship recycling hubs like Alang.
Strengthened Coastal Security: Empowers authorities to issue instructions across all vessel categories to enhance coastal security.
Integration with International Standards: Aligns with global best practices from leading maritime jurisdictions like the U.K., Norway, and Singapore.
What are some of the international maritime conventions that India has ratified?
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS): Establishes minimum safety standards in the construction and operation of ships.
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW): Sets standards for training and certification of seafarers.
Maritime Labour Convention (MLC): Focuses on the rights and welfare of seafarers, ensuring decent working conditions.
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC): Addresses liability for oil pollution damage from ships.
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL): Aims to minimize pollution from ships, covering various aspects of marine pollution.
Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC): Limits the liability of shipowners in case of maritime claims.
Wreck Removal Convention: Provides a legal framework for the removal of wrecks to prevent marine pollution.
Will the new Bills address maritime training and education as well?
Yes, the new Merchant Shipping Bill, of 2024, specifically addresses maritime training and education, aiming to fill regulatory gaps and ensure standardization.
Establishment of a Legal Framework: The new Merchant Shipping Bill introduces clear legal provisions to regulate maritime training institutes, addressing the absence of such a framework in the existing law.
Elimination of Unauthorised Institutes: It empowers the government to act against unauthorised maritime training institutes, ensuring only approved institutions operate and deliver high-quality, standardised education.
Alignment with Global Standards: The Bill ensures maritime training aligns with international best practices, enhancing the employability and skills of Indian seafarers in the global maritime sector.
Way forward:
Robust Implementation and Monitoring: Ensure effective enforcement of the new Bills by establishing transparent regulatory mechanisms, leveraging technology for compliance, and regular monitoring to address gaps swiftly.
Stakeholder Engagement and Capacity Building: Foster collaboration between the government, private sector, and international maritime bodies to enhance infrastructure, promote innovation, and build capacity for sustainable growth in the maritime sector.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organisational, technical and procedural initiatives taken to improve maritime security. (UPSC IAS/2022)
The Union Ministry of Culture is planning to revive and relaunch the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) and is considering the formation of an autonomous body to help preserve India’s ancient texts.
Why Center is re-evolving this scheme?
Currently, the NMM operates as part of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
The new entity, expected to be named the National Manuscripts Authority, will likely function as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
About the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM):
Aims and Objectives
To document, conserve, digitize, and disseminate India’s manuscript heritage.
Set up over 100 Manuscripts Resource Centres and Manuscripts Conservation Centres across India.
Manuscripts are often on materials like paper, bark, cloth, metal, or palm leaf, and are at least 75 years old, with significant scientific, historical, or aesthetic value.
India has an estimated 10 million manuscripts covering various themes, languages, scripts, and illustrations.
Manuscripts primarily contain knowledge content, unlike historical records.
80% of manuscripts are privately owned, limiting public availability.
Structural Mandate
Formed in 2003 by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
Managed by the National Archives of India.
Currently operates as part of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
Features and Programs under the Mission
Documented metadata for 5.2 million manuscripts and digitized 300,000 titles, though only a third of them have been uploaded.
Only 70,000 of the 130,000 manuscripts uploaded are accessible for viewing due to the absence of an access policy.
Preventive and curative conservation of 9 crore folios has been conducted over 21 years.
PYQ:
[2008] Recently, the manuscripts of which one of the following have been included in the UNESCO’s Memory of World Register?
A stocktake visit for the India-AustraliaComprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) recently concluded in New Delhi.
Key Takeaways from the Meet
The discussions covered a wide range of critical aspects of the CECA, including:
Trade in goods and services
Mobility and agri-tech cooperation
Market access modalities that align with India’s food security objectives.
Both sides emphasized their shared commitment to ensuring that the CECA produces meaningful benefits and delivers a balanced outcome for both nations.
The discussions have opened up pathways for enhanced collaboration in areas such as agricultural innovation, market access, and supply chain resilience.
About India-Australia CCEA Negotiations:
CECA is a comprehensive trade agreement between India and Australia.
More comprehensive than the earlier India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) , which is a limited trade agreement in force since December 2022.
Negotiations for CECA began in May 2011, suspended in 2016, and re-launched in 2021 after concluding the ECTA.
So far 10 rounds of negotiations have taken place.
Key Features of CECA:
Covers goods, services, digital trade, government procurement, and Rules of Origin/Product-Specific Rules Schedule.
New areas: competition policy, MSMEs, innovation, agri-tech, critical minerals, sports.
India-AU Trade Statistics:
2023-24:
India’s imports from Australia fell by 15% to USD 16.15 billion.
India’s exports to Australia rose by 14.23% to USD 7.94 billion.
Australia is India’s 13th largest export destination and 14th largest import source.
PYQ:
[2017] ‘Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA)’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of negotiations held between India and:
(a) European Union
(b) Gulf Cooperation Council
(c) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(d) Shanghai Cooperation Organization
PYQ Relevance: Q) The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategically to counter China’s political and economic dominance.” Explain this statement with examples. (UPSC CSE 2024)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains is recently focusing on growing Chinese dominance in West and Central Asia (2024) and the power play struggle between the USA and China (2022).
China has been using its ‘slicing strategy’ of debt trap to evolve as a global power by countering the USA and its ‘String of Pearls’ theory to circle out Indian activities.
Today’s editorial explores the implications of the China-Nepal-India trio, the ongoing negotiations, and the need for a sustained dialogue. This content can be used to represent Chinese dominance in regional geopolitics and the challenges arising due to it.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The recent agreements between Nepal and China mark a significant step in the regional geopolitics of South Asia, particularly under the framework of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
While the signing of these agreements is a positive development, India must continue negotiations to ensure effective implementation and address potential challenges due to Chinese dominance in the region.
Recent Developments in Nepal-China Relations: In December 2024, Nepal’s Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli concluded a four-day official visit to China, during which several key agreements were signed, including a framework cooperation agreement related to the BRI.
Key Points of the Nepal-China Agreements: • Framework Cooperation Agreement: This agreement lays the groundwork for various infrastructure projects, including: – Tokha-Chhahare Tunnel; – Hilsa Simkot Road Project; – Kathmandu-Khandbari Road; – Kimathanka Bridge; – Cross-border railway project from Rasuwagadhi to Kathmandu; – Amargadhi City Hall.
• Focus on Implementation: The Nepali government emphasized the importance of not just signing agreements but also effectively implementing them. Past experiences have shown that while many agreements were signed, tangible progress on the ground has been limited. • Investment Modalities: The negotiations included discussions on financing modalities, with a shift from strictly “grants” to more flexible terms such as “aid.”This change aims to facilitate broader investment opportunities from various sources, including private sectors and international financial institutions.
Challenges Ahead for Nepal-China Relationship:
• Implementation Gaps: Historical precedents indicate that many signed agreements have not translated into actionable projects. There is a pressing need for both governments to focus on practical steps that will lead to real-world outcomes. • Project-Specific Negotiations: Future negotiations are expected to be project-specific, which may complicate the overarching framework if not managed effectively. Clear communication and defined objectives will be essential in these discussions. • Geopolitical Considerations: As Nepal navigates its relationships with neighboring countries like India and global powers such as the United States, balancing these interests while engaging with China will require careful diplomacy.
What were the substantive statements in Parliament on India-China relations?
Troop Disengagement and Temporary Measures: The External Affairs Minister highlighted the successful disengagement of troops following China’s military buildup and India’s counter-deployment, mentioning that temporary and limited measures were implemented at certain friction points to prevent further clashes.
However, he noted that these measures could be revisited as needed, indicating that while disengagement is a priority, the situation remains fluid.
Ongoing De-escalation Efforts: The Minister reiterated India’s stance that maintaining peace in border areas is essential for developing bilateral relations, suggesting that current troop deployments indicate that normalcy has not yet been restored.
Cautious Optimism in Bilateral Relations: The Minister indicated that while there has been some improvement in India-China relations following recent developments between Nepal-China, significantly remains a challenge.
He cautioned against expecting a major reset in relations until the border situation stabilizes and structural issues are addressed, particularly regarding economic security concerns with China.
What are the several key questions that remain unanswered?
Unclear Disengagement Terms: While disengagement is declared complete, India lacks clarity on its specifics.
Questions remain about access to traditional patrolling points in Depsang and Demchok, the concept of “coordinated patrolling,” and the implications of “temporary steps” that limit patrols and grazing rights for Indian troops.
Status Quo Concerns: The Minister stated that India will not accept unilateral changes to the status quo, yet China has altered it since April 2020.
Discussions with military officials suggest restricted access to traditional patrol points, highlighting a shift in how both countries view the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
India should prioritize restoring the previous status quo in patrolling and grazing activities.
Chinese Patrols in Arunachal Pradesh: Reports indicate that Chinese troops are attempting to patrol areas like the Yangtse, despite previous assertions that such demands were unreasonable. If no quid pro quo exists in this sector, it should be firmly denied.
Call for Restoration of Status Quo: The Army Chief emphasized returning to the status quo of April 2020, while the Ministry of External Affairs has shifted its language away from this goal. Accepting changed ground realities would play into China’s strategy of gradual territorial gains without provoking outright conflict.
What strategies can both countries employ to bridge this political divide?
Diplomatic Engagement: Regular high-level meetings and dialogues, such as those initiated between Prime Minister Modi and President Xi Jinping, can help rebuild trust.
Both nations should prioritize discussions on strategic issues beyond border conflicts, including economic cooperation, climate change, and technology.
Cultural and Economic Exchanges: Resuming direct flights, easing visa restrictions for citizens and diplomats, and promoting cultural exchanges (like film screenings) can enhance people-to-people connections.
This approach can foster goodwill and mutual understanding, essential for improving bilateral relations.
Institutional Frameworks: Establishing mechanisms for coordinated patrolling and joint military exercises can help manage tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
Additionally, creating platforms for multilateral discussions involving other regional players can facilitate broader cooperation and address shared security concerns.
According to the recently released ‘Emission Gap Report 2024’ presented by UNEP, Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions have reached a new high of 57.1 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2023, a 1.3% rise compared to 2022.
What are the key points of Emissions Gap Report 2024?
Urgent Emission Reduction Targets: To align with the 1.5°C goal of the Paris Agreement, global greenhouse gas emissions must decrease by 42% by 2030 and 57% by 2035 compared to 2019 levels.
For a 2°C target, reductions of 28% by 2030 and 37% by 2035 are necessary. Current commitments and policies are insufficient, putting the world on track for a temperature rise of 2.6-3.1°C, which would lead to severe climate impacts.
Potential for Significant Reductions: The report highlights that it is still technically feasible to achieve the 1.5°C pathway through aggressive action, including increased deployment of renewable energy sources like solar and wind, which could contribute 27% of the necessary reductions by 2030 and 38% by 2035.
Additionally, actions related to forests could provide around 20% of the potential reductions in both years. A comprehensive approach involving government action, investment in mitigation strategies, and international cooperation is essential to realize these opportunities.
What are the Global Emission trends?
Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have continued to rise, reaching a record high of 57.1 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2023. This marks an increase from previous years, with fossil fuel CO₂ emissions projected at 37.4 billion tonnes, up 0.8% from 2023, and total CO₂ emissions—including land-use changes—projected to be 41.6 billion tonnes in 2024.
The increase is attributed primarily to rising emissions from major economies such as China and India, with India experiencing the largest relative increase at 6.1% and China contributing the most in absolute terms.
The overall trend indicates that despite some positive developments in renewable energy adoption, there is no sign that global fossil fuel emissions have peaked, necessitating immediate and substantial reductions to meet climate targets.
What is the progress of G20 countries towards NDCs?
Mixed Progress on NDCs: Among G20 countries, six members (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, and Turkey) are projected to meet their unconditional Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets with current policies.
However, eight members (Argentina, Australia, Canada, the EU, South Korea, South Africa, and the United States) require further action to achieve their targets.
This indicates a significant disparity in progress across different G20 nations, with many needing to be on track to meet their commitments under the Paris Agreement.
Need for Enhanced Ambition: The G20 must significantly ramp up its climate ambitions in the next round of NDCs to align with the goals of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. This includes committing to substantial emissions reductions—42% by 2030 and 57% by 2035.
What is the NCD target?
Collective Emission Reduction Goals: G20 countries have pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), targeting a 42% reduction by 2030 and 57% by 2035, aligned with the Paris Agreement to limit warming below 2°C.
Diverse Member Targets and Progress: G20 members have varied NDC targets, such as China aiming to peak CO2 emissions by 2030 with a 60-65% reduction in carbon intensity, while Argentina caps net emissions at 483 million tons of CO2 equivalent.
What is needed to bridge the gap between 2030 and 2035 goals? (Way forward)
Significant Annual Emission Reductions: A reduction of 7.5% per year until 2035 is necessary to align with the 1.5°C pathway, while a 4% annual reduction is needed for the 2°C target.
Investment in Renewable Energy: The increased deployment of solar and wind technologies could deliver approximately 27% of the total emission reduction potential by 2030 and 38% by 2035.
Action on Forests: Protecting and restoring forests could provide around 20% of the required reductions in both years.
Comprehensive Policy Measures: A whole-of-government approach is essential, maximizing socioeconomic and environmental co-benefits while minimizing trade-offs.
Increased Mitigation Investment: A minimum six-fold increase in investments for climate mitigation is critical, necessitating reforms in global financial systems and strong private sector involvement.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases that cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (UPSC IAS/2022)
