परिचय 

1940 में रिचर्ड ब्राडली ने भारत को “भिखारी का कटोरा” कहा क्योंकि यह भारी मात्रा में खाद्यान्न आयात के लिए अमेरिका पर निर्भर था।  

हरित क्रांति 1960 के दशक में नॉर्मन बोरलॉग द्वारा शुरू की गई एक पहल थी। उन्हें विश्व में ‘हरित क्रांति के जनक’ के रूप में जाना जाता है।  

इस प्रयास के कारण उन्हें 1970 में नोबेल शांति पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया, क्योंकि उन्होंने गेहूं की उच्च उपज वाली किस्में (HYVs) विकसित की थीं।  

हरित क्रांति का तात्पर्य तीसरी दुनिया के देशों में आधुनिक इनपुट्स, प्रौद्योगिकियों, HYVs, कृषि मशीनीकरण और सिंचाई सुविधाओं के उपयोग पर आधारित फसल उत्पादन में कई गुना वृद्धि से है।

भारत में हरित क्रांति  

भारत में हरित क्रांति का नेतृत्व मुख्य रूप से एम.एस. स्वामीनाथन ने किया।  

1961 में, एम.एस. स्वामीनाथन ने नॉर्मन बोरलॉग को भारत आमंत्रित किया, जिन्होंने मेक्सिको, जापान आदि में हुई क्रांति जैसी भारतीय कृषि में बदलाव की सलाह दी।  

हरित क्रांति की शुरुआत इंटेंसिव एग्रीकल्चर डिस्ट्रिक्ट प्रोग्राम (IADP) के साथ प्रयोगात्मक रूप से भारत के 7 जिलों में की गई।  

1965-66 में उच्च उपज वाली किस्मों (HYV) का कार्यक्रम शुरू किया गया, जिसे भारत में हरित क्रांति की शुरुआत माना जाता है।  

1967-68 से 1977-78 तक फैली हरित क्रांति ने भारत को खाद्यान्न की कमी वाले देश से दुनिया के प्रमुख कृषि राष्ट्रों में बदल दिया।  

हरित क्रांति के परिणामस्वरूप, विकासशील देशों में नई, उच्च उपज वाली किस्मों के बीजों की शुरुआत के कारण खाद्यान्न (विशेष रूप से गेहूं और चावल) के उत्पादन में भारी वृद्धि हुई, जिसकी शुरुआत 20वीं सदी के मध्य से हुई थी।

भारत में हरित क्रांति का इतिहास 

हरित क्रांति का इतिहास 1940 के दशक से जुड़ा है, जब अमेरिका ने मैक्सिको में कृषि प्रौद्योगिकी के विकास में मदद के लिए एक वैज्ञानिक अभियान शुरू किया। उच्च उपज वाली किस्में (HYVs) इस नई तकनीक का मुख्य केंद्र थीं।  

नॉर्वे में जन्मे और अमेरिका में कार्यरत कृषि वैज्ञानिक डॉ. नॉर्मन बोरलॉग ने बौनी किस्मों के गेहूं के ‘चमत्कारी बीज’ (HYV) का नवाचार किया।  

1943 में, भारत ने दुनिया के सबसे भयानक खाद्यान्न संकट का सामना किया; बंगाल अकाल, जिसमें लगभग 40 लाख लोग भूख के कारण पूर्वी भारत में मारे गए।  

1947 में स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के बाद भी 1967 तक सरकार मुख्य रूप से खेती के क्षेत्रों के विस्तार पर ध्यान केंद्रित करती रही। लेकिन जनसंख्या वृद्धि खाद्यान्न उत्पादन की तुलना में कहीं अधिक तेज गति से हो रही थी।  

इसने उपज में वृद्धि के लिए तत्काल और कठोर कार्रवाई की आवश्यकता पैदा की। यह कार्रवाई हरित क्रांति के रूप में सामने आई।  

भारत में हरित क्रांति की शुरुआत 1960 के दशक के अंत में हुई। हरित क्रांति 1967 से 1978 की अवधि के दौरान मुख्य रूप से पंजाब और हरियाणा के कुछ हिस्सों में कार्यान्वित हुई।  

इस चरण में हरित क्रांति केवल गेहूं और चावल पर केंद्रित थी। भारत के डॉ. एम.एस. स्वामीनाथन ने हरित क्रांति का नेतृत्व किया।  

इसके विपरीत, 1980 के दशक में कृषि वृद्धि (हरित क्रांति की दूसरी लहर) में लगभग सभी फसलों को शामिल किया गया, जिसमें चावल भी था, और यह पूरे देश में फैल गई।

हरित क्रांति के उद्देश्य  

लघु अवधि: 

हरित क्रांति का मुख्य उद्देश्य भारत की भूख की समस्या को हल करना था, विशेषकर दूसरे पंचवर्षीय योजना के दौरान।

दीर्घकालिक:  

इसका दीर्घकालिक उद्देश्य समग्र कृषि का आधुनिकीकरण था, जो ग्रामीण विकास, औद्योगिक विकास, बुनियादी ढांचे और कच्चे माल पर आधारित था।

रोज़गार:  

कृषि और औद्योगिक क्षेत्र दोनों में श्रमिकों को रोजगार प्रदान करना।

वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन:  

ऐसे मजबूत पौधों का उत्पादन करना जो अत्यधिक जलवायु और बीमारियों का सामना कर सकें।

कृषि जगत का वैश्वीकरण: 

प्रौद्योगिकी को गैर-औद्योगिक देशों में फैलाना और प्रमुख कृषि क्षेत्रों में कई कंपनियों की स्थापना करना।

हरित क्रांति की मुख्य विशेषताएं 

उच्च उपज वाली किस्में (HYVs):  

ये आनुवंशिक रूप से संशोधित बीज होते हैं, जो सामान्य फसलों की तुलना में 2 से 3 गुना अधिक उपज दे सकते हैं।  

यह बौनी किस्म होती है, जिसका घना छत्र होता है और इसे अधिक पानी, रासायनिक उर्वरक, कीट और खरपतवार से सुरक्षा की आवश्यकता होती है क्योंकि यह बहुत नाजुक होती है।  

यह फसल की मिट्टी की तैयारी जैसे गतिविधियों की भी मांग करती है। इसकी छोटी उत्पादन अवधि होती है, जिससे कम समय में अधिक उत्पादन संभव हो पाता है।

सिंचाई सुविधाएं:  

1960 में कुल सिंचित क्षेत्र केवल 30 मिलियन हेक्टेयर था, और पूरे भारत में सिंचाई का विस्तार करना एक कठिन कार्य था।  

ऋण आवश्यकताएं: 

हरित क्रांति के लिए किसानों की जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए ग्रामीण ऋण और सूक्ष्म वित्त का एक मजबूत नेटवर्क आवश्यक था।  

कृषि का व्यवसायीकरण:  

फसलों के लिए न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य (MSP) की शुरुआत ने किसानों को अधिक फसल उगाने का प्रोत्साहन दिया।  

कृषि मशीनीकरण:

फसल उत्पादन बढ़ाने के लिए कृषि मशीनीकरण की आवश्यकता थी।  

कमान क्षेत्र विकास कार्यक्रम (CADP):  

CADP की शुरुआत 1974 में हुई, जिसमें दो विधियाँ शामिल थीं:  

– फार्म में विकास गतिविधियाँ: इसमें कृषि नहरों का निर्माण, जुताई, समतलीकरण, कली तैयार करना आदि शामिल हैं।  

– फार्म के बाहर विकास गतिविधियाँ: इसमें सड़कों का निर्माण, ग्रामीण संपर्क, विपणन, परिवहन, संचार आदि शामिल हैं।  

रासायनिक उर्वरकों का उपयोग: 

भारतीय मिट्टी में नाइट्रोजन की कमी होती है, इसलिए 4:2:1 के मानक अनुपात में NPK उर्वरक का उपयोग किया गया, लेकिन वास्तविक अनुपात 3:8:1 था।  

कीटनाशक, रोगनाशक और खरपतवारनाशक का उपयोग: 

कीट, बीमारियों और खरपतवारों से फसलों की सुरक्षा के लिए कीटनाशकों और रोगनाशकों का उपयोग किया गया।  

ग्रामीण विद्युतीकरण: 

कृषि मशीनीकरण बढ़ाने के लिए ग्रामीण विद्युतीकरण एक पूर्व शर्त थी।  

भूमि धारण और भूमि सुधार:

भूमि धारण का मतलब भूमि का एकीकरण है, और भूमि सुधारों में बिचौलियों और जमींदारी व्यवस्था का उन्मूलन, किरायेदारी सुधार आदि शामिल हैं।  

हरित क्रांति में महत्वपूर्ण फसलें:  

मुख्य फसलें गेहूं, चावल, ज्वार, बाजरा और मक्का थीं।  

नई रणनीति में खाद्यान्नों के अलावा अन्य फसलों को शामिल नहीं किया गया।  

गेहूं कई वर्षों तक हरित क्रांति की मुख्य धुरी बना रहा।

भारत में हरित क्रांति के चरण 

(1) हरित क्रांति का पहला चरण (1965-66 से 1980)  

भारत को तत्काल खाद्य आपूर्ति और खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में आत्मनिर्भरता की सख्त आवश्यकता थी। गेहूं क्रांति मेक्सिको, मिस्र जैसे विभिन्न तीसरी दुनिया के देशों में सफल रही थी।  

हरित क्रांति का पहला चरण न केवल फसल विशेष था बल्कि क्षेत्र विशेष भी था, क्योंकि:  

– पंजाब में कृषि अवसंरचना अच्छी तरह से विकसित थी, जबकि हरियाणा और पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश ने अपनी निकटता का लाभ उठाया, जहां सिंचाई सुविधाएं आसानी से विस्तारित की जा सकती थीं।  

– यह क्षेत्र प्राकृतिक आपदाओं से मुक्त था।  

यह चरण IADP और IAAP कार्यक्रमों के साथ प्रयोगात्मक रूप से शुरू हुआ, लेकिन मुख्य पहल 1965-66 की वार्षिक योजना के दौरान HYV कार्यक्रम था।  

1974 में कमांड एरिया डेवलपमेंट प्रोग्राम के साथ हरित क्रांति को फिर से महत्व दिया गया।  

1950-51 में खाद्यान्न उत्पादन केवल 25 मिलियन टन था और 1965-66 में यह 33 मिलियन टन था। 1980 में यह 100 मिलियन टन तक पहुंच गया, जो 10 वर्षों में तीन गुना वृद्धि थी।  

यह चरण मुख्य रूप से गेहूं उत्पादन पर केंद्रित था, जो 5 वर्षों में 2.5 गुना बढ़ा। इसे हरित क्रांति कहा गया।  

इसने भारत को खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में आत्मनिर्भरता प्रदान की, और कुपोषण, अकाल, गरीबी और भुखमरी की घटनाओं को कम किया। भारत “भिखारी का कटोरा” की छवि से सफलतापूर्वक बाहर आ गया।

(2) हरित क्रांति का दूसरा चरण (1980-1991)  

छठी और सातवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना के दौरान, गीली कृषि (मुख्य रूप से चावल) पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया।  

पहले चरण में चावल उत्पादन केवल 1.5 गुना बढ़ा था। ऐसे क्षेत्र जिनमें 100 सेमी से अधिक वर्षा होती थी, जैसे पश्चिम बंगाल, बिहार, पूर्वी उत्तर प्रदेश, असम, तटीय मैदानों को लक्षित किया गया।  

इस चरण में आंशिक सफलता मिली, और कृष्णा-गोदावरी डेल्टा और कावेरी बेसिन ने अपेक्षित परिणाम दिए। पश्चिम बंगाल और बिहार ने भी उत्पादन में वृद्धि दिखाई।  

हालांकि, चावल की उत्पादकता की पूरी क्षमता को संस्थागत कारकों जैसे भूमि सुधार, किरायेदारी आदि के कारण महसूस नहीं किया जा सका।  

किसानों की पारंपरिक सोच भी हरित क्रांति के दूसरे चरण की सफलता में एक प्रमुख बाधक थी।

(3) हरित क्रांति का तीसरा चरण (1991-2003) 

आठवीं और नौवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना के दौरान, शुष्क भूमि कृषि पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया, और कपास, तिलहन, दालें, बाजरा आदि में उच्च उपज वाली किस्में (HYV) पेश की गईं। इस चरण को आंशिक सफलता मिली।  

उप-आर्द्र और अर्ध-शुष्क क्षेत्रों की स्थिति में सुधार के लिए एकीकृत जलग्रहण प्रबंधन कार्यक्रम (IWMP) शुरू किया गया।  

हालांकि, यह केवल नर्मदा-तापी दोआब, तुंगभद्रा बेसिन और भीमा-कृष्णा बेसिन में ही कुछ हद तक सफल रहा।  

नौवीं योजना के अंत के बाद, सरकारी नीतियों के दृष्टिकोण में एक मौलिक बदलाव आया।  

हरित क्रांति वाले क्षेत्रों में पारिस्थितिकीय प्रभावों के कारण, कृषि पारिस्थितिकी, संरक्षण विधियों और सतत विकास पर आधारित संतुलित कृषि वृद्धि की नई अवधारणा (10वीं योजना) सामने आई।  

पूरे कृषि क्षेत्र को लक्षित किया गया, और इसे ‘इंद्रधनुष क्रांति’ के रूप में जाना जाता है।  

इंद्रधनुष क्रांति की प्रक्रिया 1980 के दशक में पीली क्रांति (तिलहन), नीली क्रांति (मत्स्यपालन), श्वेत क्रांति (दूध, 1970 के दशक में), ब्राउन क्रांति (उर्वरक) और सिल्वर क्रांति (कुक्कुट पालन) के साथ संबद्ध थी।  

11वीं योजना में, इस विचार को संतुलित वृद्धि के साथ सतत कृषि तक बढ़ाया गया, जिसे समावेशी वृद्धि कहा जाता है।

भारत में हरित क्रांति का प्रभाव  

फसल उत्पादन में भारी वृद्धि: 

1978-79 में 131 मिलियन टन अनाज उत्पादन हुआ, जिससे भारत दुनिया के सबसे बड़े कृषि उत्पादक देशों में से एक बन गया।  

खाद्यान्न आयात में कमी: 

भारत खाद्यान्न में आत्मनिर्भर हो गया और केंद्रीय भंडार में पर्याप्त स्टॉक था। समय-समय पर भारत खाद्यान्न निर्यात करने की स्थिति में भी था। प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की शुद्ध उपलब्धता भी बढ़ी।  

किसानों को लाभ:  

हरित क्रांति ने किसानों की आय के स्तर को बढ़ाने में मदद की। किसानों ने अपनी अधिशेष आय का उपयोग कृषि उत्पादकता में सुधार के लिए किया।  

विशेष रूप से बड़े किसानों को इस क्रांति का लाभ मिला, जिन्होंने HYV बीज, उर्वरक, मशीनरी आदि जैसे विभिन्न इनपुट्स में भारी निवेश किया।  

इसने पूंजीवादी कृषि को भी बढ़ावा दिया और कृषि में अधिशेष उत्पन्न किया, जिससे इसका व्यवसायीकरण हुआ।  

औद्योगिक विकास:  

हरित क्रांति से बड़े पैमाने पर कृषि मशीनीकरण हुआ, जिससे ट्रैक्टर, हार्वेस्टर, थ्रेशर, डीजल इंजन, इलेक्ट्रिक मोटर, पंप सेट आदि जैसी विभिन्न मशीनों की मांग बढ़ी।  

रासायनिक उर्वरक, कीटनाशक, रोगनाशक, खरपतवारनाशक की मांग भी काफी बढ़ी।  

कई कृषि उत्पादों का उपयोग कृषि आधारित उद्योगों में कच्चे माल के रूप में किया गया।  

कृषि प्रसंस्करण उद्योगों और खाद्य प्रसंस्करण उद्योगों के विकास ने टियर- II/III शहरों का औद्योगिकीकरण किया और शहरीकरण की दर में वृद्धि हुई।  

ग्रामीण रोजगार:  

हरित क्रांति के कारण कई फसलों और उर्वरकों के उपयोग के कारण श्रम शक्ति की मांग में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई।  

इसने न केवल कृषि श्रमिकों के लिए बल्कि औद्योगिक श्रमिकों के लिए भी रोजगार के कई अवसर पैदा किए, जैसे कि फैक्ट्रियों और जलविद्युत स्टेशनों की स्थापना।  

हरित क्रांति ने भूख और अकाल को समाप्त करने में मदद की।  

इसने ग्रामीण बुनियादी ढांचे के विकास को भी बढ़ावा दिया, जो हरित क्रांति की पूर्व शर्त थी।

भारत में हरित क्रांति के नकारात्मक प्रभाव 

सीमित खाद्यान्न पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना:  

हालाँकि गेहूं, चावल, ज्वार, बाजरा और मक्का जैसी फसलों को हरित क्रांति से लाभ हुआ, लेकिन अन्य फसलें जैसे कि मोटे अनाज, दालें और तिलहन इसके दायरे में नहीं आईं।  

व्यावसायिक फसलें जैसे कपास, जूट, चाय और गन्ना भी लगभग अनछुई रही।  

HYVP का सीमित कवरेज: 

उच्च उपज वाली किस्मों का कार्यक्रम (HYVP) केवल पांच फसलों तक सीमित था: गेहूं, चावल, ज्वार, बाजरा और मक्का।  

आर्थिक प्रभाव: 

– व्यक्तिगत अंतर: अलग-अलग स्थानों पर आय में अंतर के कारण व्यक्तियों के बीच भेदभाव बढ़ा।  

– क्षेत्रीय अंतर: फसल उत्पादन में अंतर के कारण पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश और पूर्वी उत्तर प्रदेश के बीच अंतर बढ़ा।  

– राज्य स्तर पर अंतर: 1960 में पंजाब और बिहार दोनों राज्यों का फसल उत्पादन समान था, लेकिन हरित क्रांति के कारण 1990 तक इन दोनों राज्यों के बीच उत्पादन में बड़ा अंतर आ गया।  

– ऋण जाल: अनौपचारिक ऋण सेवाओं की वृद्धि के कारण श्रमिकों और किसानों को ऋण के जाल में फंसने की समस्या उत्पन्न हुई।  

रासायनिक उपयोग का अत्यधिक प्रयोग: 

हरित क्रांति ने पेस्टिसाइड्स और सिंथेटिक नाइट्रोजन उर्वरकों के बड़े पैमाने पर उपयोग को बढ़ावा दिया।  

हालाँकि, किसानों को इनकी उच्च जोखिम वाली उपयोगिता के बारे में कोई जानकारी नहीं दी गई, जिससे फसलों को नुकसान हुआ और पर्यावरण एवं मिट्टी प्रदूषण की समस्या बढ़ी।  

जल का अत्यधिक उपयोग:  

हरित क्रांति के दौरान उगाई गई फसलें जल की अधिक खपत करने वाली थीं।  

मिट्टी और फसल उत्पादन पर प्रभाव:  

बार-बार फसल चक्रीकरण के कारण मिट्टी के पोषक तत्व समाप्त हो गए।  

नई किस्मों के बीजों की जरूरत को पूरा करने के लिए उर्वरकों का उपयोग बढ़ा, जिससे मिट्टी के pH स्तर में वृद्धि हुई।  

रासायनिक उर्वरकों के कारण मिट्टी में फायदेमंद सूक्ष्मजीव नष्ट हो गये, जिससे उपज में गिरावट आई।  

सामाजिक प्रभाव:

– ग्रामीण भूमिहीनता में वृद्धि: छोटे और सीमांत किसान भूमि विहीन हो गए और कृषि श्रमिक बन गए, जिससे ग्रामीण गरीबी और स्वास्थ्य समस्याएं बढ़ीं।  

– मशीनीकरण के कारण बेरोजगारी: कृषि मशीनीकरण के कारण रोजगार के अवसर घटे।  

– पितृसत्तात्मक संरचना की मजबूती: महिलाओं के खिलाफ भेदभाव, भ्रूण हत्या, दहेज प्रथा में वृद्धि हुई।  

स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव: 

रासायनिक उर्वरकों और पेस्टिसाइड्स का बड़े पैमाने पर उपयोग (जैसे फॉस्फामिडोन, मेथोमिल, फोरेट, ट्रियाज़ोफोस, और मोनोक्रोटोफोस) ने कई गंभीर स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं को जन्म दिया, जिनमें कैंसर, गुर्दे की विफलता, मृत बच्चे और जन्म दोष शामिल हैं।

निष्कर्ष  

भारत में हरित क्रांति का उद्देश्य देश में खाद्यान्न की आत्मनिर्भरता हासिल करना था, जिसे सफलतापूर्वक प्राप्त किया गया है। अब इसे एक सतत कृषि पद्धति में परिवर्तित करना आवश्यक है।  

इसके अलावा, हरित क्रांति को कहीं अधिक व्यापक क्षेत्र में लागू किया जा सकता है और इसे हरित क्रांति से “सर्वकालिक क्रांति” (Evergreen Revolution) में बदलने की आवश्यकता है।  

यह कृषि में वही वैज्ञानिक क्रांति थी जिसे औद्योगिक देशों ने पहले ही अपना लिया था, और भारत ने इसका सफल रूप से अनुकूलन और हस्तांतरण किया।  

हालाँकि, खाद्य सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करने के अलावा पर्यावरण, गरीब किसानों की स्थिति, और उनके लिए रासायनिक उपयोग के बारे में शिक्षा जैसे अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पहलुओं की उपेक्षा की गई।  

आगे बढ़ने के लिए नीति निर्माताओं को गरीबों को अधिक सटीक रूप से लक्षित करना चाहिए ताकि वे नई तकनीकों से अधिक प्रत्यक्ष लाभ प्राप्त कर सकें, और ये तकनीकें पर्यावरणीय दृष्टिकोण से भी अधिक सतत होनी चाहिए।

UPSC भारत में एक केंद्रीय निकाय है जो सिविल सेवा परीक्षा (CSE) जैसी परीक्षाओं का आयोजन करता है, जिसके माध्यम से IAS, IPS, IFS आदि जैसी शीर्ष सरकारी सेवाओं में उम्मीदवारों की भर्ती की जाती है। UPSC सिविल सेवा के साथ-साथ रक्षा सेवाओं के लिए भी उम्मीदवारों की भर्ती करता है।

सामग्री सूची

• UPSC पद सूची और वेतन
• UPSC सेवाओं की सूची
• IAS अधिकारी की नौकरी और वेतन
• भारत में IPS अधिकारी का मासिक वेतन
• IFS – UPSC नौकरियों की सूची और वेतन
• IRS – UPSC नौकरियों की सूची
• UPSC नौकरियां – पात्रता
• CSE तैयारी रणनीति पर ऑनलाइन कार्यशाला

UPSC पद सूची और वेतन
सिविल सेवा परीक्षा (CSE) एक राष्ट्रीय स्तर की प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक परीक्षा है। यह परीक्षा UPSC द्वारा लगभग हर साल आयोजित की जाती है।

CSE को आमतौर पर IAS परीक्षा के नाम से भी जाना जाता है।

UPSC CSE के माध्यम से भारत सरकार के अंतर्गत 3 सेवाओं के लिए नौकरशाहों (सिविल सेवकों/उच्च सरकारी अधिकारियों) की भर्ती की जाती है:

• अखिल भारतीय सेवाएं
• ग्रुप A सेवाएं या केंद्रीय सेवाएं
• ग्रुप B सेवाएं या राज्य सेवाएं

ग्रुप A और ग्रुप B दोनों अधिकारियों का प्रारंभिक वेतन INR 56,100 से शुरू होता है, जिसमें यात्रा भत्ता (TA), महंगाई भत्ता (DA), और मकान किराया भत्ता (HRA) शामिल नहीं हैं। कैबिनेट सचिव के पद के लिए IAS अधिकारी का अधिकतम मासिक वेतन INR 2,50,000 तक पहुंच सकता है। हालांकि, वेतन वरिष्ठता और पद के अनुसार बदलता है।

हर साल लाखों भारतीय युवा इस परीक्षा की तैयारी शुरू करते हैं, लेकिन केवल कुछ ही उम्मीदवार इसे पास कर पाते हैं क्योंकि यह देश की सबसे कठिन और अप्रत्याशित परीक्षाओं में से एक है।

UPSC सेवाओं की सूची

अखिल भारतीय सेवाएं:

• भारतीय प्रशासनिक सेवा (IAS)
• भारतीय विदेश सेवा (IFS)
• भारतीय पुलिस सेवा (IPS)

ग्रुप A सेवाएं या केंद्रीय सेवाएं:

• भारतीय लेखा और लेखा परीक्षा सेवा (IA&AS)
• भारतीय सिविल लेखा सेवा (ICAS)
• भारतीय कॉर्पोरेट कानून सेवा (ICLS)
• भारतीय रक्षा लेखा सेवा (IDAS)
• भारतीय रक्षा संपदा सेवा (IDES)
• भारतीय सूचना सेवा, जूनियर ग्रेड (IIS)
• भारतीय डाक सेवा (IPoS)
• भारतीय P&T लेखा और वित्त सेवा (IP&TAFS)
• भारतीय रेलवे सुरक्षा बल सेवा (IRPFS)
• भारतीय राजस्व सेवा (कस्टम और अप्रत्यक्ष कर) (IRS-C&IT)
• भारतीय राजस्व सेवा (आयकर) (IRS-IT)
• भारतीय व्यापार सेवा (ITS)

ग्रुप B सेवाएं या राज्य सेवाएं:

• सशस्त्र बल मुख्यालय सेवा
• दिल्ली, अंडमान और निकोबार द्वीप समूह, लक्षद्वीप, दमन और दीव, और दादरा और नगर हवेली सिविल सेवा (DANICS)
• दिल्ली, अंडमान और निकोबार द्वीप समूह, लक्षद्वीप, दमन और दीव, और दादरा और नगर हवेली पुलिस सेवा (DANIPS)
• पांडिचेरी सिविल सेवा (PONDICS)

UPSC नौकरी सूची और वेतन
सभी UPSC पदों की वेतन संरचना लेवल 10 पे मैट्रिक्स से शुरू होती है, और वेतन बैंड ₹56,100 से ₹2,50,000 प्रति माह के बीच होता है।

यह वेतनमान वरिष्ठता, अनुभव और पद के अनुसार बढ़ता जाता है, जिसमें ग्रुप A और ग्रुप B अधिकारियों को भी अन्य भत्ते जैसे महंगाई भत्ता (DA), यात्रा भत्ता (TA), और मकान किराया भत्ता (HRA) प्रदान किए जाते हैं।

उच्चतम पद, जैसे कैबिनेट सचिव के लिए, वेतन ₹2,50,000 प्रति माह तक हो सकता है।

UPSC IAS अधिकारी की नौकरी और वेतन

IAS पद	सेवा के वर्ष	ग्रेड पे	मूल वेतन
एसडीएम, अवर सचिव, सहायक सचिव	1 से 4 वर्ष	5400	Rs. 56, 100
एडीएम, उप सचिव, अवर सचिव	5 से 8 वर्ष	6600	Rs. 67,700
डीएम, संयुक्त सचिव, उप सचिव	9 से 12 वर्ष	7600	Rs. 78, 800
डीएम, विशेष सचिव सह आयुक्त, निदेशक	13 से 16 वर्ष	8700	Rs. 1, 18, 500
मंडल आयुक्त, सचिव सह आयुक्त, संयुक्त सचिव	16 से 24 वर्ष	8700	Rs. 1, 44, 200
मंडल आयुक्त, प्रधान सचिव, अतिरिक्त सचिव	24 से 30 वर्ष	12000	Rs. 1, 82, 200
मुख्य सचिव, अतिरिक्त मुख्य सचिव	30 से 33 वर्ष	NA	Rs. 2, 05, 400
कैबिनेट सचिव और सचिव	34 से 36 वर्ष	NA	Rs. 2, 25, 000
भारत के कैबिनेट सचिव	37+ वर्ष	NA	Rs. 2, 50, 00

भारत में IPS अधिकारी का मासिक वेतन

IPS पद	मूल वेतन
उप पुलिस अधीक्षक	Rs. 56,100
अतिरिक्त पुलिस अधीक्षक	Rs. 67,700
वरिष्ठ पुलिस अधीक्षक	Rs. 78,800
उप निरीक्षक जनरल पुलिस	Rs. 1,31,100
निरीक्षक जनरल पुलिस	Rs. 1,44,200
पुलिस महानिदेशक	Rs. 2,05,400
सीबीआई या आईबी के निदेशक / पुलिस महानिदेशक	Rs. 2,25,000

IRS – UPSC नौकरियों की सूची

IRS पद	वेतनमान
आयकर सहायक आयुक्त	₹15,600 से ₹39,100 + ग्रेड पे ₹5,400
आयकर संयुक्त आयुक्त	₹15,600 से ₹39,100 + ग्रेड पे ₹6,600
आयकर उप आयुक्त	₹15,600 से ₹39,100 + ग्रेड पे ₹7,600
आयकर अतिरिक्त आयुक्त	₹37,400 से ₹67,000 + ग्रेड पे ₹8,700
आयकर आयुक्त	₹37,400 से ₹67,000 + ग्रेड पे ₹10,000
आयकर मुख्य आयुक्त	₹75,000 से ₹80,000
आयकर प्रधान आयुक्त	₹75,000 से ₹80,000
आयकर प्रधान मुख्य आयुक्त	₹80,000 (स्थिर)

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UPSC नौकरियों की पात्रता

राष्ट्रीयता:

1. भारतीय प्रशासनिक सेवा (IAS), भारतीय विदेश सेवा (IFS), और भारतीय पुलिस सेवा (IPS) के लिए उम्मीदवार को भारत का नागरिक होना चाहिए।
2. अन्य सेवाओं के लिए, उम्मीदवार निम्न में से कोई भी हो सकता है:
   (a) भारत का नागरिक
   (b) नेपाल का नागरिक
   (c) भूटान का नागरिक
   (d) तिब्बती शरणार्थी जो 1 जनवरी 1962 से पहले भारत आए थे और स्थायी रूप से भारत में बसने का इरादा रखते थे
   (e) भारतीय मूल का व्यक्ति जो पाकिस्तान, बर्मा, श्रीलंका, केन्या, उगांडा, संयुक्त गणराज्य तंजानिया, जाम्बिया, मलावी, जायर, इथियोपिया और वियतनाम से भारत में स्थायी रूप से बसने का इरादा रखते हुए आया हो।

ध्यान दें:
उम्मीदवारों में से जिनके लिए पात्रता प्रमाणपत्र की आवश्यकता है, उन्हें परीक्षा में सम्मिलित किया जा सकता है, लेकिन नियुक्ति का प्रस्ताव केवल तब दिया जाएगा जब उन्हें भारत सरकार द्वारा आवश्यक पात्रता प्रमाणपत्र जारी किया जाएगा।

न्यूनतम शैक्षिक योग्यता:

मापदंड	विवरण
न्यूनतम शैक्षिक योग्यता	उम्मीदवार के पास किसी भी मान्यता प्राप्त विश्वविद्यालय से स्नातक (ग्रेजुएट) डिग्री होनी चाहिए, जो भारत के केंद्रीय या राज्य विधानमंडल द्वारा अधिनियमित हो, या संसद द्वारा स्थापित संस्थानों से प्राप्त हो, या विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग अधिनियम, 1956 की धारा 3 के तहत विश्वविद्यालय के रूप में मान्यता प्राप्त हो, या समकक्ष योग्यता प्राप्त हो।
आयु सीमा	(1) उम्मीदवार की आयु कम से कम 21 वर्ष और अधिकतम 32 वर्ष होनी चाहिए।
आयु में छूट	अधिकतम आयु सीमा को निम्नलिखित के अनुसार छूट दी जा सकती है:
(a) अनुसूचित जाति/जनजाति (SC/ST)	5 वर्ष तक
(b) अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग (OBC)	3 वर्ष तक (आरक्षण के पात्र उम्मीदवारों के लिए)
(c) रक्षा सेवा के कर्मी	3 वर्ष तक (यदि विदेशी देश के साथ युद्ध के दौरान या disturbed क्षेत्र में ऑपरेशन के दौरान विकलांग हुए हैं)
(d) पूर्व सैनिक/कमिशन अधिकारी (ECOs/SSCOs)	5 वर्ष तक (पूर्व सैनिकों के लिए, जिनका कम से कम 5 वर्षों का सैन्य सेवा अनुभव है और जो रिहा हो गए हैं)
(e) ECOs/SSCOs	5 वर्ष तक (जो 5 वर्षों की सैन्य सेवा पूरी कर चुके हैं और जिनकी नियुक्ति बढ़ाई गई है)
(f) बेंचमार्क विकलांगता वाले व्यक्ति (PwBD)	10 वर्ष तक (जिनमें अंधत्व/दृष्टिहीनता, बहरापन/कम सुनाई देना, मोटर डिसेबिलिटी, मानसिक बीमारी, मस्तिष्क पक्षाघात आदि शामिल हैं)

उम्मीदवार के पास किसी भी मान्यता प्राप्त विश्वविद्यालय से स्नातक (ग्रेजुएट) डिग्री होनी चाहिए, जो भारत के केंद्रीय या राज्य विधानमंडल द्वारा अधिनियमित हो, या संसद द्वारा स्थापित किसी अन्य शैक्षिक संस्थान से प्राप्त हो, या विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग अधिनियम, 1956 की धारा 3 के तहत विश्वविद्यालय के रूप में घोषित हो, या समकक्ष योग्यता प्राप्त हो।

आयु:

(1) उम्मीदवार की आयु 21 वर्ष होनी चाहिए और 32 वर्ष से अधिक नहीं होनी चाहिए।

(2) उपर्युक्त निर्धारित आयु सीमा में निम्नलिखित परिस्थितियों में छूट दी जा सकती है:

(a) अनुसूचित जाति या अनुसूचित जनजाति से संबंधित उम्मीदवारों के लिए अधिकतम पांच वर्ष की छूट।

(b) अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग (OBC) से संबंधित उम्मीदवारों के लिए अधिकतम तीन वर्ष की छूट, यदि वे आरक्षण का लाभ लेने के योग्य हैं।

(c) रक्षा सेवा कर्मियों के लिए अधिकतम तीन वर्ष की छूट, जो किसी विदेशी देश के साथ युद्ध या disturbed क्षेत्र में ऑपरेशन के दौरान विकलांग हो गए हैं और इसके परिणामस्वरूप रिहा हुए हैं।

(d) पूर्व सैनिकों के लिए, जिनमें कम से कम पांच वर्षों की सैन्य सेवा की हो, और जिनमें कमिशन अधिकारी और इमरजेंसी कमिशन अधिकारी (ECOs)/शॉर्ट सर्विस कमिशन अधिकारी (SSCOs) शामिल हैं, अधिकतम पांच वर्ष की छूट।

(e) ECOs/SSCOs के लिए जिन्होंने सैन्य सेवा के पांच वर्षों का प्रारंभिक कार्यकाल पूरा किया है, अधिकतम पांच वर्ष की छूट।

(f) बेंचमार्क विकलांगता वाले व्यक्तियों (PwBD) के लिए अधिकतम 10 वर्ष की छूट, जिनमें निम्नलिखित विकलांगताएं शामिल हैं:
(i) अंधता और दृष्टिहीनता;
(ii) बहरापन और सुनने में कठिनाई;
(iii) मोटर विकलांगता जिसमें मस्तिष्क पक्षाघात, कुष्ठ रोग, बौनेपन, अम्लीय हमले के शिकार, और मांसपेशियों का कमजोर होना शामिल है;
(iv) आत्मकेंद्रित, बौद्धिक विकलांगता, विशेष शैक्षिक विकलांगता और मानसिक बीमारी;
(v) उपर्युक्त श्रेणियों (i) से (iv) में से किसी एक या अधिक विकलांगताओं के साथ व्यक्तियों में से बहु-विकलांगता, जिसमें बहरा-अंधा होना भी शामिल है।

प्रवेश प्रयासों की संख्या:

प्रत्येक उम्मीदवार, जो परीक्षा में बैठने के योग्य है, उसे CSE में कुल छह (6) प्रयास की अनुमति होगी। हालांकि, SC/ST/OBC और PwBD श्रेणी के उम्मीदवारों के लिए प्रयासों की संख्या में छूट उपलब्ध होगी, जो अन्यथा योग्य हैं। इस श्रेणी के उम्मीदवारों के लिए उपलब्ध प्रयासों की संख्या छूट के अनुसार निम्नलिखित है:

फीस:

उम्मीदवारों (महिला/SC/ST/बेंचमार्क विकलांगता वाले उम्मीदवारों को छोड़कर, जिन्हें शुल्क भुगतान से छूट प्राप्त है) को 100 रुपये (सिर्फ सौ रुपये) की शुल्क राशि का भुगतान करना आवश्यक है।

UPSC CSE को कैसे क्लियर करें!

1. पाठ्यक्रम को अपने कमरे की तरह जानें।
2. पिछले वर्षों के प्रश्न पत्रों का विश्लेषण करें।
3. NCERT किताबों से शुरुआत करें।
4. उन्नत संदर्भ पुस्तकों से नोट्स बनाएं।
5. दैनिक MCQs का प्रयास करें।
6. दैनिक उत्तर लेखन का अभ्यास करें।
7. मेंटर के मार्गदर्शन में आगे बढ़ें।

GS4 Micro-themes Analysis

UPSC GS4 Paper, 2024
UPSC Syllabus	Micro themes	UPSC PYQs	Year	Marks
1.Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in – Human Actions; Dimensions of Ethics; Ethics – in Private and Public Relationships.	Applied Ethics	“In Indian culture and value system, an equal opportunity has been provided irrespective of gender identity. The number of women in public service has been steadily increasing over the years.” Examine the gender specific challenges faced by female public servants and suggest to increase their efficiency in discharging their duties and maintaining high standards of probity.	2024	10
		Gobal warming and climate change are the outcomes of human greed in the name of development, indicating the direction in which extinction of organisms including human beings is heading towards loss of life on Earth. How do you put an end to this to protect life and bring equilibrium between the society and the environment ?	2024	10
		The application of Artificial Intelligence as a dependable source of input for administrative rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically examine the statement from the ethical point of view.	2024	10
	Determinants of Ethics	“The concept of Just and Unjust is contextual. What was just a year back, may turn out to be unjust in today’s context. Changing context should be constantly under scrutiny to prevent miscarriage of justice.” Examine the above statement with suitable examples.	2024	10
	Dimensions of Ethics	“Ethics encompasses several key dimensions that are crucial in guiding individuals and organizations towards morally responsible behaviour.” Explain the key dimensions of ethics that influence human actions Discuss how these dimensions shape ethical decision-making in the professional context.	2024	10
3.Attitude: Content, Structure, Function; its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour; Moral and Political Attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion.	Attitude for Civil Servants	Mindless addiction to Form, ignoring the Substance of the matter, results in rendering of injustice. A perceptive civil servant is one who ignores such literalness and carries out true intent. Examine the above statement with suitable illustrations.	2024	10
5.Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and World	Immanuel Kant	“In law, a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics, he is guilty if he only thinks of doing so.” — Immanuel Kant	2024	10
	Sardar Patel	“Faith is of no avail in the absence of strength. Faith and strength, both are essential to accomplish any great work.” — Sardar Patel	2024	10
	Swami Vivekananda	“Learn everything that is good from others, but bring it in, and in your own way absorb it, do not become others.” — Swami Vivekananda	2024	10
7.Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems; Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions; Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical Guidance; Accountability and Ethical Governance; Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance; ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding; Corporate Governance	Ethical Issues in International Relations and funding	“It is not enough to talk about peace, one must believe in it; and it is not enough to believe in it, one must act upon it” In the present context, the major weapon industries of the developed nations are adversely influencing continuation of number of wars for their own self-interest, all around the world. What are the ethical considerations of the powerful nations in today’s international arena to stop continuation of ongoing conflicts?	2024	10
	Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Ethical Guidance	The soul of the new law, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) is Justice, Equality and Impartiality based on Indian culture and ethos. Discuss this in the light of major shift from a doctrine of punishment to justice in the present judicial system.	2024	10
8.Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service; Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity; Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to information; Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service Delivery, utilization of Public Funds, Challenges of Corruption.	Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct	The ‘Code of Conduct and ‘Code of Ethics’ are the sources of guidance in public administration. There is code of conduct already in operation, whereas code of ethics is not yet put in place. Suggest a suitable mode. for code of ethics to maintain integrity, probity and transparency. governance.	2024	10
	Quality of Service Delivery	Mission Karmayogi is aiming for maintaining a very high standard of conduct and behaviour to ensure efficiency for serving citizens and in developing oneself. How will this scheme empower the civil servants in enhancing productive efficiency and delivering the services at the grassroots level?	2024	10

GS3 Microthemes Analysis

UPSC GS3 Paper, 2024
Subject	UPSC Syllabus	Microthemes	UPSC PYQs	Marks	Year
Economic Development	01. Indian Economy (issues re: planning, mobilisation of resources, growth, development, employment);	Monetary policy	What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.	10	2024
	02. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it	Inclusive Growth	Examine the pattern and trend of public expenditure on social services in the post-reforms period in India. To what extent this has been in consonance with achieving the objective of inclusive growth?	10	2024
	12.Effects of Liberalisation on the economy; Changes in Industrial policy & their effects on industrial growth	Labour Reforms	Discuss the merits and demerits of the four ‘Labour Codes’ in the context of labour market reforms in India. What has been the progress so far in this regard?	15	2024
	13. Infrastructure (energy, ports, roads, airports, railways); Investment models	Airports related Infrastructure	What is the need for expanding the regional air connectivity in India? In this context, discuss the government’s UDAN Scheme and its achievements.	15	2024
Agriculture	04. Major Crops – Cropping patterns in various parts of the country	Millets	Explain the role of millets for ensuring health and nutritional security in India.	10	2024
	05. Different types of irrigation and irrigation systems	Irrigation system and Challenges	What are the major challenges faced by Indian irrigation system in recent times? State the measures taken by the government for efficient irrigation management.	15	2024
	08. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and MSP; PDS (objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping, issues of buffer stocks & food security), Technology Missions	Buffer stock & food Security	Elucidate the importance of buffer stocks for stabilizing agricultural prices in India. What are the challenges associated with the storage of buffer stock? Discuss.	15	2024
	11. Land Reforms in India	Land Reforms	What were the factors responsible for the successful implementation of land reforms in some parts of the country? Elaborate.	10	2024
Environment	17. Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment	EIA	What role do environmental NGOs and activists play in influencing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) outcomes for major projects in India? Cite four examples with all important details.	10	2024
		Environmental Pollution and Mitigation	Industrial pollution of river water is a significant environmental issue in India. Discuss the various mitigation measures to deal with this problem and also the government’s initiatives in this regard.	10	2024
Disaster Management	18. Disaster and Disaster Management	Disaster Risk Reduction	What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also mention the global targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030).	15	2024
		Urban floods	Flooding in urban areas is an emerging climate-induced disaster. Discuss the causes of this disaster. Mention the features of two such major floods in the last two decades in India. Describe the policies and frameworks in India that aim at tackling such floods.	15	2024
S&T	14. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life	Tech in crisis Management	The world is facing an acute shortage of clean and safe freshwater. What are the alternative technologies which can solve this crisis? Briefly discuss any three such technologies citing their key merits and demerits.	15	2024
		Tech solutions for daily challenges	What is the technology being employed for electronic toll collection on highways? What are its advantages and limitations? What are the proposed changes that will make this process seamless? Would this transition carry any potential hazards?	10	2024
	16. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights	Intellectual Property Rights	What is the present world scenario of intellectual property rights with respect to life materials? Although, India is second in the world to file patents, still only a few have been commercialized. Explain the reasons behind this less commercialization.	10	2024
		Space Technology	What are asteroids? How real is the threat of them causing extinction of life? What strategies have been developed to prevent such a catastrophe?	15	2024
Internal Security	21. Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention.	Data Governance	Describe the context and salient features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 Total	10	2024
		Role of Media and Social Networking sites in Internal Security Threats	Social media and encrypting messaging services pose a serious security challenge. What measures have been adopted at various levels to address the security implications of social media? Also suggest any other remedies to address the problem.	15	2024
	22. Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism.	Border Area Management	India has a long and troubled border with China and Pakistan fraught with contentious issues. Examine the conflicting issues and security challenges along the border. Also give out the development being undertaken in these areas under the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) and Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme.	15	2024
		Organized Crime and Terrorism	Explain how narco-terrorism has emerged as a serious threat across the country. Suggest suitable measures to counter narco-terrorism.	10	2024

GS2 Microthemes Analysis

UPSC GS2 Paper, 2024
Subject	UPSC Syllabus	Micro-Themes	UPSC PYQs	Marks	Year
Polity	01. Indian Constitution-Historical underpinnings & evolution; Features, amendments, significant provisions, basic structure of Constitution	Fundamental Rights	Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the Constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of a child in the womb to establish its paternity.	15	2024
	02. Functions & responsibilities of the Union and the States; issues and challenges of federal structure;	Federalism	What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism.	15	2024
	03. Separation of Powers between different organs, dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions	Executive Vs Legislature	“The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of the parliamentary supremacy.” Elucidate.	10	2024
	04. Devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein	Local Self Government	Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies.	10	2024
	05. Comparison of Indian constitutional scheme with other countries’	Constitutional Comparison	Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of the US constitution	15	2024
	07. Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity	Judiciary	Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most powerful judiciary?	15	2024
		Alternate Dispute Resolution	Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases ?
	08. Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.	Elections	Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation-one election” principle.	10	2024
Governance	09. Appointment to various Constitutional posts; Constitutional Bodies (powers, functions and responsibilities); Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-judicial bodies	Constitutional Bodies	“The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the legality of expenditure but also its propriety.” Comment.	10	2024
	11.Development processes and the development industry —the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.	Donor Agencies	Public charitable trusts have the potential to make India’s development more inclusive as they relate to certain vital public issues. Comment.	10	2024
	15. Transaparency and accountability (institutional and other measures); Citizens Charter, E-Governance (applications, models, successes, limitations, potential)	Citizens Charter	The Citizens’charter has been a land mark initiative in ensuring citizen-centric administration. But it is yet to reach its full potential. Identify the factors hindering the realisation of its promise and suggest measures to overcome them.	15	2024
		E-governance	e-governance is not just about the routine application of digital technology in service delivery process. It is as much about multifarious interactions for ensuring transparency and accountability. In this context evaluate the role of the ‘Interactive Service Model’ of e-governance.	15	2024
	16. Role of Civil Services in a democracy.	Civil Services	The Doctrine of Democratic Governance makes it necessary that the public perception of the integrity and commitment of civil servants becomes absolutely positive. Discuss.	10	2024
Social Justice	13. Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.	Health	In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.	15	2024
		Education	What are the aims and objects of the recently passed and enforced, The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024? Whether University/State Education Board examinations, too, are covered under the Act ?	15	2024
	14. Issues relating to poverty and hunger	Poverty	Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle?	10	2024
IR	18.Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.	Bilateral Relations	Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this relationship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition?	10	2024
		Central Asia	Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics.	10	2024
	19.Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.	Emerging World Order	The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.	10	2024
	20.Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.	United Nations	Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security’. Evaluate the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) and its associated bodies in addressing and mitigating this threat at the international level.	15	2024

GS1 has 15 syllabus topics spanning across 6 subjects. Within the 15 syllabus topics, each topic has at least 8 to 10 Microthemes.
Example: syllabus topic ‘01. Indian Culture- Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture’ from ancient to modern times, which corresponds to Art and Culture subject has 8 Microthemes that see repeated questions.

In total there are approximately 200 Mains Microthemes spanning across all GS papers.
More often than not, preparing these Microthemes will require you to go beyond core books.

GS1 Microthemes Analysis 

Subject	UPSC Syllabus	Microthemes	UPSC PYQs	Marks	Year
Art and Culture	01. Indian Culture- Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.	Civilizations and their Highlights	Underline the changes in the field of society and economy from the Rig Vedic to the later Vedic period.	10	2024
		Kingdoms and their Highlights	Estimate the contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi for the development of art and literature of South India.	10	2024
			“Though the great Cholas are no more yet their name is still remembered with great pride because of their highest achievements in the domain of art and architecture.” Comment.	15	2024
Modern History	03. Freedom Struggle- Various stages, important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country	Various stages of Freedom struggle	What were the events that led to the Quit India Movement? Point out its results.	10	2024
World History	05. History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.	Industrial Revolution	How far was the Industrial Revolution in England responsible for the decline of handicrafts and cottage industries in India?	15	2024
		World wars	How far is it correct to say that the First World War was fought essentially for the preservation of balance of power?	15	2024
Society	06. Salient features of Indian Society; Diversity of India;	Diversity and pluralism	What is regional disparity? How does it differ from diversity? How serious is the issue of regional disparity in India?	15	2024
			Critically analyse the proposition that there is a high correlation between India’s cultural diversities and socio-economic marginalities.	15	2024
		Family	Intercaste marriages between castes which have socio-economic parity have increased, to some extent, but this is less true of interreligious marriages. Discuss.	10	2024
	07. Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues.	Population and associated issues	What is the concept of a ‘demographic winter’? Is the world moving towards such a situation? Elaborate.	10	2024
		Poverty and Developmental issues.	In dealing with socio-economic issues of development, what kind of collaboration between government, NGO’s and private sector would be most productive?	10	2024
		Women and Associated concerns	Distinguish between gender equality, gender equity and women’s empowerment. Why is it important to take gender concerns into account in programme design and implementation?	10	2024
		Population and associated issues	Why do large cities tend to attract more migrants than smaller towns? Discuss in the light of conditions in developing countries.	10	2024
	09. Globalisation and its effects on Indian society	Women Migration	Globalization has increased urban migration by skilled, young, unmarried women from various classes. How has this trend impacted upon their personal freedom and relationship with family?	15	2024
	10. Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.	Social empowerment	Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution. Comment.	15	2024
Geography	11. Salient Features of World Physical Geography	Climatology	What are aurora australis and aurora borealis? How are these triggered?	15	2024
	12. Distribution of key Natural Resources (world, South Asia and Indian subcontinent)	Water Management	The groundwater potential of the gangetic valley is on a serious decline. How may it affect the food security of India?	15	2024
	14. Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc.,	Cyclone	What is sea surface temperature rise? How does it affect the formation of tropical cyclones?	10	2024
		Cloudbursts	What is the phenomenon of ‘cloudbursts’? Explain.	10	2024
		Tornado	What is a twister? Why are the majority of twisters observed in areas around the Gulf of Mexico?	15	2024

1. What would you do in such a situation? 
2. Examine your options and consequences in the light of the ethical questions involved. 
3. How can data ethics and drug ethics save humanity at large in such a scenario?

Dr. Srinivasan faces a significant ethical dilemma between meeting corporate expectations and maintaining the ethical standards required in pharmaceutical research. Given the stakes involved it is essential to act in the interest of data integrity and patient safety.

What Would You Do in Such a Situation?

1. Reject Unethical Shortcuts: This includes refusing to manipulate clinical data, ignoring informed consent, or using patented compounds illegally.
2. Uphold Integrity: Follow all necessary regulatory protocols, such as rigorous testing and informed consent for all participants in clinical trials, and ensure the drug undergoes the full review process by regulatory authorities (e.g., FDA, EMA).
3. Communicate with Management: about the dangers and long-term repercussions of unethical practices, including potential legal liabilities, reputational damage, and harm to patients. Eg- Eg. Ranbaxy was fined $500 million by the U.S. FDA for taking unethical shortcuts, including falsifying drug test results
4. Seek Alternative Solutions: I would explore alternative solutions, such as increasing resources, extending timelines, or collaborating with external experts to meet the targets ethically.
5. Involve Ethical Committees: I would bring the issue to the company’s ethical review board or external advisory committees to ensure that decisions are guided by ethical principles.
6. Consider Whistleblowing as a Last Resort if management insists on unethical practices and refuses to address concerns. Eg- Theranos case

Options and Consequences in Light of Ethical Questions Involved:

Option	Pros	Cons
Proceed with Unethical Shortcuts	– Faster market entry, potential financial gains.	– Legal issues, reputational damage, harm to patients.
	– Short-term pressure relief.	– Loss of trust in the company, future lawsuits.
Follow Ethical Protocols	– Ensures patient safety, scientific integrity.	– Delayed market entry, losing competitive edge.
	– Avoids legal risks and maintains reputation.	– Financial impact due to slower processes.
Communicate Concerns to Management	– Promotes transparency and prevents long-term risks.	– Possible pushback from management.
	– Builds trust within the organization.	– Delays in the drug’s market release.
Explore Ethical Alternatives	– Fast-tracks the process within ethical bounds.	– May not fully meet market demands.
	– Can secure regulatory fast-tracking without risk.	– Requires additional resources and investment.
Whistleblowing	– Protects public safety and maintains integrity.	– Possible personal risks for Dr. Srinivasan.
	– Ensures accountability and ethical practice in research.	– Internal conflicts and potential legal battles within the company.

How Can Data Ethics and Drug Ethics Save Humanity at Large in Such a Scenario?

1. Data Integrity in Clinical Trials: Ensuring transparency and accuracy in clinical trials prevents the approval of unsafe or ineffective drugs. 

Data Ethics

1. Data Integrity in Clinical Trials: Ensuring transparency and accuracy in clinical trials prevents the approval of unsafe or ineffective drugs. Eg- in the Vioxx scandal, manipulated data led to thousands of deaths due to concealed adverse effects.
2. Preventing Bias and Misrepresentation: Proper data ethics ensures that data is not manipulated to support biased conclusions, preventing harm based on faulty research. Eg- AllTrials campaign
3. Safeguarding Privacy: Data ethics involves protecting participants’ personal and medical data, ensuring privacy and fostering trust in the system. Eg- In the UK Biobank, data from over 500,000 participants is securely stored with anonymization protocols
4. Informed Decision-Making on accurate, complete information.

Drug Ethics

1. Ensuring Patient Safety:  by requiring thorough testing before approval, ensuring that drugs are safe for use. Eg- The thalidomide crisis showed how neglecting drug ethics led to widespread harm.
2. Upholding Informed Consent: Ethical drug trials ensure participants are fully informed about risks and benefits, respecting their autonomy.
3. Respecting Intellectual Property encourage innovation and fair competition in pharmaceutical development. Eg- collaboration between Gilead Sciences and other pharmaceutical companies in sharing patents during the HIV treatment rollout
4. Preventing Drug Abuse and Over-Promotion:  regulate the marketing and promotion of drugs to prevent abuse and ensure that medicines are not overprescribed.
5. Balancing Profit and Public Health: Ethical drug practices ensure that public health is prioritized over corporate profits. Eg- Novartis providing drug Zolgensma for free to eligible patients with spinal muscular atrophy through a lottery system

“Science and ethics are not separate realms; they are intertwined. Integrity in science is essential for the progress of society.”

1. Discuss all options available to the District Collector as a District Magistrate. 
2. What suitable actions can be taken in view of mutually compatible interests of the stakeholders? 
3. What are the potential administrative and ethical dilemmas for the District Collector?

According to the Falkenmark Water Index, almost 76% of people in India live in water scarce conditions. Balancing the immediate needs of the public, ensuring economic stability, and addressing environmental sustainability requires a thoughtful, multi-stakeholder approach that prioritizes both equity and long-term resource management.

Guiding Principle – “सर्वे जनाः सुखिनो भवन्तु” (Sarve Janāḥ Sukhino Bhavantu) – “May all beings be happy.”

Options Available to the District Collector:

1. Enforce Water Conservation for All Stakeholders: enforcing strict rules on groundwater extraction for both farmers and industries.

1. Pros: Ensures equity in water usage, addressing farmers’ grievances about preferential treatment to industries.
2. Cons: Could cause tension with industries and lead to job losses if industrial processes are halted or limited.
3. Negotiate with Farmers: The DC can meet with the farmer delegation and explain the urgency of the water crisis and proposing temporary restrictions.

1. Pros: Defuses tensions, promotes trust, and potentially avoids prolonged protests.
2. Cons: May not fully address the immediate water shortage, as some farmers may remain dissatisfied with water restrictions.
3. Set Prioritized Water Allocation: Introduce priority-based water allocation, ensuring drinking water needs are met first, followed by essential agricultural and industrial uses.

1. Pros: Ensures fair distribution of water based on need and importance, striking a balance between agricultural and industrial use.
2. Cons: Both industries and farmers may still feel some restrictions, which could lead to dissatisfaction.
3. Introduce Temporary Rationing of Water: Impose water rationing on both farmers and industries, regulating usage through a quota system to prevent over-exploitation.

1. Pros: Encourages equitable distribution of scarce water resources and minimizes conflict 
2. Cons: May hinder productivity in both agriculture and industry.
3. Engage in Community-Level Water Harvesting: Mobilize community-level water conservation programs such as rainwater harvesting and rejuvenation of local ponds or lakes.

1. Pros: Strengthens water security for all stakeholders, promotes community involvement, and offers a long-term solution.
2. Cons: Immediate water shortage concerns remain, as such projects take time to implement.

Actions to Address Stakeholders’ Interests:

Farmers:

1. Balanced Water Use Regulations: Implement fair regulations limiting water usage for both farmers and industries to ensure equitable distribution of water.
2. Promote Efficient Water Usage: Introduce water-efficient irrigation systems like drip irrigation.
3. Immediate Relief for Farmers: Offer financial compensation or subsidies for water-saving technologies.

Industries:

1. Utilize Treated Wastewater for non-essential processes to reduce their dependency on freshwater. Eg- Naroda industrial estate in Gujarat
2. Water Quota System that fairly allocates water for industrial use while ensuring minimal impact on the water crisis.
3. Incentivize Sustainable Practices such as recycling water or reducing consumption.

General Public:

1. Public Awareness and Transparency: Eg- Cape Town’s Day Zero campaign reduced public water consumption by over 50%.
2. Prioritized Water Allocation: Ensure that drinking water needs are prioritized above agricultural and industrial demands, emphasizing the importance of addressing human needs first.
3. Community-Level Water Harvesting: Mobilize efforts for rainwater harvesting. Eg- Rajasthan’s Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan

DEWAS MODEL- IAS officer Umakant Umrao in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh – creating over 16,000 ponds for water conservation and increasing groundwater levels.

Potential Administrative and Ethical Dilemmas:

Administrative Dilemmas:

1. Balancing Economic Stability vs. Resource Conservation: balancing the need for industries to remain operational and sustain employment against the necessity of conserving water to prevent a crisis.
2. Conflict Between Stakeholders (Farmers vs. Industry) creating a perception of bias in the administration’s decisions. This could create tension and social unrest.
3. Resource Allocation Under Crisis: Allocating water for critical needs such as drinking water, while limiting its use for agriculture and industry, poses a challenge in ensuring equitable resource management.
4. Use of Authority vs. Public Perception: The administrative challenge lies in maintaining authority without alienating the farming community. The District Collector must navigate this without appearing heavy-handed, while still enforcing necessary restrictions.

Ethical Dilemmas:

1. Equity vs. Efficiency: Ensuring fairness in water allocation between farmers and industries while maintaining operational efficiency is a complex ethical issue. Treating one stakeholder preferentially can lead to accusations of favoritism.
2. Transparency vs. Public Trust:  Allegations of bribery by industries can undermine the credibility of water restrictions and cause widespread discontent.
3. Immediate Needs vs. Long-Term Sustainability: Focusing solely on immediate water needs without addressing long-term water management could exacerbate the problem in the future.
4. Economic Livelihood vs. Environmental Responsibility: The ethical responsibility to preserve water resources clashes with the need to keep industries operational to prevent unemployment. 

In the face of this severe water crisis, the District Collector’s leadership will be tested. Upholding ethical principles and fostering mutual understanding will not only alleviate immediate tensions but also cultivate a sustainable and equitable approach to water resource management.

1. What should be Sneha’s course of action? 
2. How would she justify what she chooses to do? 
3. In this case, how is medical ethics compromised with vested personal interest?

As Warren Buffett once said, “It takes 20 years to build a reputation and five minutes to ruin it.“ In Sneha’s case, being entrusted with the responsibility of managing the procurement for a super-specialty center requires her to prioritize transparency, fairness, and ethical standards over personal considerations.

Guiding Principle – “स्वार्थसंपन्नं कर्म न धर्माय कल्पते” (Svārthasaṃpannaṃ Karma Na Dharmāya Kalpate) – “Actions driven by self-interest do not lead to righteousness.”

Course of Action for Sneha:

1. Declare the Conflict of Interest to the hospital management and procurement committee. This will ensure honesty and transparency, upholding professional ethics.
2. Recuse Herself from the Decision-Making Process: She can delegate the responsibility of vendor selection to an impartial subcommittee. This demonstrates a commitment to objectivity and fairness. 
3. Follow Hospital Governance Guidelines on procurement and conflict of interest, seeking advice from the legal or compliance department if needed.
4. Establish Transparent Procurement Criteria: These criteria should focus on aspects like quality of equipment, pricing, warranties, after-sales service, and vendor reliability.
5. Engage a Diverse Committee consisting of members from diverse departments (medical, financial, technical), allowing for multiple perspectives in the decision-making process.
6. Maintain Complete Documentation of the Process including all communications, evaluations, and justifications for the final decision. This creates a transparent paper trail that can be reviewed if any concerns arise later. 
7. Consider External Auditing or third-party evaluation of the procurement process to further ensure fairness and transparency.
8. Communication with Vendors – Equal treatment and Clear communication about timelines, expectations, and selection criteria should be maintained.
9. Handle the Outcome with Integrity: Regardless of whether her brother’s company is selected or not, Sneha should ensure that she communicates the decision in a professional and transparent manner, especially within her family and among the stakeholders.

Justification for Sneha’s Decision:

1. Transparency and Integrity: Declaring the conflict of interest and recusing herself shows professional integrity, demonstrating that Sneha prioritizes the hospital’s interests over personal ones.

1. Fairness in Procurement:mDelegating the decision-making process ensures fair competition among vendors and guarantees that the hospital gets the best value for its investment.
2. Maintaining Reputation: By stepping aside, Sneha avoids any appearance of impropriety, preserving both her own reputation and the hospital’s credibility.
3. Protecting Long-Term Trust that the hospital management and colleagues have placed in her, avoiding any backlash or future doubts about her judgment.
4. Setting Ethical Precedents: By handling the situation ethically, Sneha sets a strong example for others, reinforcing virtue ethics, which emphasizes character and moral integrity.

How Medical Ethics is Compromised with Personal Interest:

1. Compromised Patient Care: Awarding a contract to her brother without merit risks compromising equipment quality, ultimately affecting patient care.
2. Breach of Professional Ethics: Favoring family in procurement violates impartiality, a core principle under the Indian Medical Council Regulations (2002).
3. Conflict of Interest: It leads to decisions that benefit an individual (in this case, Sneha’s brother) over the hospital’s duty to prioritize patient welfare and cost-effectiveness.
4. Erosion of Trust: Favoring a family member could lead to suspicion and distrust among colleagues, other vendors, and hospital stakeholders. 
5. Ethical Duty to Patients: The principle of non-maleficence—“do no harm”—is core to medical ethics. 
6. Negative Impact on Professional Integrity: Sneha’s involvement in awarding a contract to her brother could result in allegations of nepotism, damaging her own professional integrity and future career prospects, especially if suboptimal products are delivered.
7. Violation of Fiduciary Duty: Sneha’s fiduciary responsibility to the hospital is compromised by personal interests. 

“Integrity is doing the right thing, even when no one is watching.” — C.S. Lewis

By choosing to prioritize integrity and transparency, she can ensure that her decisions serve not only her brother’s interests but, more importantly, the well-being of the patients and the reputation of the hospital.

Rohit, who himself was leading one of the contingents, got a message through his intelligence source that about ten hard core naxalites were hiding in a particular village with sophisticated weapons. Without wasting any time, Rohit reached the target village with his team and laid out a foolproof cordon and started carrying out a systematic search. During the search, his team managed to overpower all the naxalites along with their automatic weapons. However, in the meantime, more than five hundred tribal women surrounded the village and started marching towards the target house. They were shouting and demanding the immediate release of insurgents since they are their protectors and saviors. The situation on the ground was becoming very critical as the tribal women were extremely agitated and aggressive. Rohit tried to contact his superior officer, IG (Special Operations) of the state on the radio set and in mobile phone, but failed to do so due to poor connectivity. Rohit was in great dilemma since out of the naxalites apprehended, two were not only hard core top insurgents with prize money of ten lakhs on their heads, but were also involved in a recent ambush on the security forces. However, if he did not release the naxalites, the situation could get out of control since the tribal women were aggressively charging towards them. In that case, to control the situation Rohit might have to resort to firing which may lead to valuable loss of lives of civilians and would further complicate the situation. 

1. What are the options available with Rohit to cope with the situation? 
2. What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by Rohit? 
3. Which of the options, do you think, would be more appropriate for Rohit to adopt and why?
4. In the present situation, what are the extra precautionary measures to be taken by the police in dealing with women protesters?

Former PM Manmohan Singh termed Naxalism as India’s biggest internal threat. Rohit’s operation successfully captured key insurgents, but the protest by tribal women creates a moral and operational challenge. He must balance immediate security needs with the long-term goal of maintaining peace, while adhering to ethical policing standards.

Options Available to Rohit:

1. Release the Naxalites: This may de-escalate the situation immediately, but compromises justice and rule of law, violating the ethical principle of Kantian duty.
2. Negotiate with the Women: Rohit could demonstrate empathy, patience, and non-violence by explaining legal consequences, urging peaceful dispersion. 
3. Use Non-lethal Force: Employing non-lethal measures like tear gas shows prudence and respect for human rights, balancing utilitarianism by minimizing harm while maintaining public order.
4. Wait for Reinforcements: Waiting for backup demonstrates temperance and strategic thinking, ensuring that due process is followed while preventing unnecessary escalation.
5. Strategic Retreat: A temporary retreat would show wisdom and foresight, prioritizing the value of life and avoiding immediate confrontation, in line with virtue ethics.

Ethical Dilemmas Faced by Rohit:

1. Public Safety vs. Law Enforcement: Balancing public safety with capturing dangerous insurgents.
2. Use of Force vs. Human Rights: The potential need for force conflicts with the ethical duty to respect human rights, especially of vulnerable civilians.
3. Duty to Arrest vs. Public Sentiment: While Rohit’s duty is to uphold the law, he faces the challenge of balancing this with the sentiments and loyalty of the tribal community toward the naxalites.
4. Moral Responsibility vs. Professional Obligations: protecting the lives of the tribal women while ensuring public safety.
5. Justice vs Immediate Peace: Upholding law by detaining insurgents or releasing them to avoid unrest.
6. Short-term De-escalation vs. Long-term Security: The dilemma of whether to release the naxalites for immediate calm or risk long-term instability if they remain at large.
7. Non-Violence vs. Enforcement: The dilemma between adhering to the value of non-violence (by not using force against the women) and the need for strict enforcement to prevent insurgents from escaping.
8. Lack of Superior Guidance: Acting without immediate instructions from higher authorities

Most Appropriate Option:

Negotiate with the Women and De-escalate the Situation:

Course of Action	Justification
Call for Backup and Reinforcements	Ensures that law enforcement is reinforced without resorting to drastic measures
Use Non-Lethal Crowd Control Methods	Ensures civilian safety and prevents escalation to violence, upholding non-violence principles.
	Allows the police to maintain control of the situation without compromising public trust.
Initiate Dialogue with Tribal Leaders	Demonstrates empathy and promotes trust-building.
	Encourages peaceful resolution.
Secure the Insurgents and Hold Position	Upholds justice by preventing the release of dangerous criminals, ensuring long-term security of the region.
	Demonstrates operational discipline, balancing tactical needs with civilian considerations.
Avoid Use of Lethal Force at All Costs	Prevents civilian casualties, which would escalate the situation and harm the public image of the police force.
	Aligns with human rights principles and shows commitment to minimizing harm, which is essential for public trust.

Precautionary Measures for Dealing with Women Protesters:

1. Avoid Use of Force: Under no circumstances should lethal force be used against women protesters; non-lethal measures should only be employed as a last resort.
2. Engage Female Officers: Deploy female police officers to interact with the protesters, as this may calm the crowd and avoid escalation.
3. Maintain Clear Communication: Make an effort to communicate clearly with the women, ensuring they understand that the police are there for their safety and are not enemies.
4. Respect Cultural Sensitivities: Understand the cultural dynamics of the tribal women and avoid actions that could be perceived as disrespectful or oppressive.
5. Document the Situation: Ensure video recording of the events for transparency and accountability, to protect both the police and the community from later allegations of misconduct.

During the 2018 Sterlite Protest in Tamil Nadu, Rajesh Das, Additional Director General of Police (Law and Order), led efforts to manage the protests, deploying female police officers and prioritizing non-violent methods like negotiation and dialogue.

“Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be achieved by understanding.” — Albert Einstein

Rohit is faced with a delicate situation that requires both strategic thinking and moral courage. The ethical principles of non-violence, duty, and long-term societal stability should guide his actions, ensuring both justice and peace in the region.

 It was noted that unemployment was relatively high in the state. The problem of unemployment amongst graduates and those with higher education was much more grave. Thus they were vulnerable and soft targets. 

 In the review meeting taken by him with senior officers of DIG Range and above, it came to light that a new terrorist group has emerged at the global level. It has launched a massive drive to recruit young unemployed people. Special focus was to pick young people from a particular community. The said organization seemed to have the clear objective of utilizing/using them for carrying out militant activities. It was also gathered that the said (new) group is desperately trying to spread its tentacles in his state. 

 A definite/reliable intelligence tip was received by the State CID and Cyber Cell that a large number of such unemployed youth have already been contacted by the terrorist outfit/group through social media and local communal organizations and other contacts. The need of the hour was to act swiftly and to check these elements/designs before they assume serious proportions. 

 Discrete inquiries made by the police, through the Cyber Cell, revealed that good numbers of unemployed youth are very active on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. On an average, many of them were spending 6-8 hours each day, using electronic devices/internet, etc. It also came to light that such unemployed youth were showing sympathy and endorsing the messages received from certain persons, allegedly the contact persons of that global terrorist group. Their social media accounts revealed their strong affinity to such groups in as much as many of them started forwarding anti-national tweets on their WhatsApp and Facebook, etc. It seemed that they succumbed to their ploy and started propagating secessionist ideology. Their posts were hyper-critical of the government’s initiatives, policies and subscribing to extreme beliefs and promoting extremism

1. What are the options available to Raman to tackle the above situation? 
2. What measures would you suggest for strengthening the existing set-up to ensure that such groups do not succeed in penetrating and vitiating the atmosphere in the state? 
3. In the above scenario, what action plan would you advise for enhancing the intelligence gathering mechanism of the police force?

In a recent case, a WhatsApp group named ‘Ghazwa E Hind’ was created by a Pakistani national, targeting Indian youths for radicalization​. Similarly, 22 individuals from Kerala were found to have traveled to Afghanistan in 2016 to join ISIS. 

Guiding Principle – “सत्यमेव जयते नानृतं” (Satyameva Jayate Nanritam) Truth alone triumphs, not falsehood.

Options for Raman to Tackle the Situation:

1. Take Strict Action Against Radicalized Youth:

1. Raman can initiate legal action, including arrests and detentions, against those already showing signs of radicalization. This could involve invoking anti-terror laws like the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) to curb further escalation.
2. Pros: Immediate containment of potential threats, sends a strong message to deter others.
3. Cons: Risks alienating the community and pushing some youth further into extremism due to perceived government oppression.
4. Consider It as a Social Problem and Focus on De-Radicalization:

1. Raman could approach the issue from a social reform perspective, viewing radicalization as a result of unemployment and disenfranchisement. Initiating counseling programs, educational campaigns, and engagement with community leaders can help bring vulnerable youth back into mainstream society.
2. Pros: Provides a long-term solution by addressing root causes of radicalization, fosters trust between law enforcement and the community.
3. Cons: Slow to show results, potential criticism for being too lenient on those already involved in extremist activities.
4. Madhyam Marga – A Middle Path:

1. Raman can adopt a balanced approach that combines strict law enforcement with community engagement and employment programs. This includes strengthening surveillance mechanisms, taking legal action against hardcore offenders while simultaneously focusing on job creation and education initiatives to prevent others from falling prey to extremist ideologies.
2. Pros: Balanced approach reduces immediate threats while addressing root causes, minimizes alienation of the community.
3. Cons: Requires significant coordination between multiple government agencies and can be resource-intensive.

Measures to Strengthen the Existing Set-up:

1. Enhancing Intelligence Networks: Raman can take inspiration from J&K Multi-Agency Intelligence Grid  that brings together the Intelligence Bureau (IB), state police, military intelligence, and other central agencies to track and prevent the spread of terrorism.
2. Cyber Cell Expansion and Use of AI and big data analytics to monitor extremist content on social media, similar to hate speech detection algorithms used by Facebook and Twitter. Eg- Kerala Police’s Cyberdome initiative
3. Youth Engagement and Employment Drives: Launching a skill development program like the Nai Udaan Scheme in Jammu and Kashmir that can provide job opportunities for vulnerable youth, addressing the root cause of radicalization.
4. De-Radicalization Programs to provide counseling, psychological support, and education aimed at reintegrating the youth into society. Eg- Malaysia’s “Rukun Tetangga” (Community Development) de-radicalization program
5. Strict Regulation of Communal Organizations: Ensure that local communal organizations are closely monitored, and if any show signs of involvement in radicalizing youth, initiate strict actions under relevant laws, such as the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). Eg- action against organizations like the Popular Front of India (PFI)
6. Community Policing and Engagement to build trust and act as a bridge between law enforcement and citizens. Eg. Maharashtra Police’s Mohalla Committees.
7. Preventive Legislation and Monitoring: Strengthen laws on terrorist financing and online radicalization, using tools like the National Security Act, ensuring social justice in enforcement.
8. Public Awareness Campaigns: Initiate public awareness campaigns on the dangers of extremism, incorporating Gandhian values of Satyagraha and moral education.

Action Plan for Enhancing Intelligence Gathering Mechanism:

1. Enhanced HUMINT Networks: Deploy undercover officers and increase human intelligence (HUMINT) efforts by recruiting local informers within vulnerable communities
2. AI-based Predictive Policing: Implement AI tools to analyze social media and identify extremist activities early, following the successful use of predictive policing in the US and UK.
3. Establish Intelligence Sharing Networks: Set up a dedicated Intelligence Fusion Center in the state that can bring together law enforcement agencies (state police, cyber units, anti-terrorism squads) and central agencies (like IB and NIA) to share real-time information and intelligence.
4. Law Enforcement Training: regular intelligence training for local police officers to improve their ability to identify potential extremist activities in their jurisdiction. 
5. Public Participation: anonymous public reporting systems like hotlines, apps, or online platforms where people can report suspicious online activity related to terrorist recruitment

“The greatest weapon against terrorism is not the gun, but the unity of communities and the strength of hope.”

By fostering unity and hope among young people, and by utilizing advanced intelligence mechanisms, the state can effectively counter the allure of extremist ideologies and create a safer environment for all its citizens.

this scenario. You confront substantial issues about the business’s environmental footprint. In 2023, your organization had a significant increase of 48% in greenhouse gas emissions compared to the levels recorded in 2019. The significant rise in energy consumption is mainly due to the surging energy requirements of your data centers, fuelled by the exponential expansion of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Al-powered services need much more computational resources and electrical energy compared to conventional online activities, notwithstanding their notable gains. The technology’s proliferation has led to a growing concern over the environmental repercussions, resulting in an increase in warnings. Al models, especially those used in extensive machine learning and data processing, exhibit much greater energy consumption than conventional computer tasks, with an exponential increase.

Although there is already a commitment and goal to achieve net zero emissions by 2030, the challenge of lowering emissions seems overwhelming, as the integration of Al continues to increase. To achieve this goal, substantial investments in renewable energy use would be necessary. The difficulty is exacerbated by the competitive environment of the technology sector, where rapid innovation is essential for preserving market standing and shareholders’ worth. To achieve a balance between innovation, profitability and sustainability, a strategic move is necessary that is in line with both, business objectives and ethical obligations.

 (a) What is your immediate response to the challenges posed in the above case? 

 (b) Discuss the ethical issues involved in the above case. 

 (c) Your company has been identified to be penalized by technological giants. What logical and ethical arguments will you put forth to convince about its necessity? 

 (d) Being a conscience being, what measures would you adopt to maintain balance between Al innovation and environmental footprint?

“Technology must be harnessed not only to improve human lives but also to preserve the environment we all share.” — Satya Nadella

As the CEO of ABC Incorporated, facing a 48% rise in emissions since 2019, I must strategically address these challenges while maintaining innovation and profitability, ensuring we meet our commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2030.

Guiding Principle –  “प्रकृतिः रक्षणं धर्मः” (Prakritiḥ Rakṣaṇaṃ Dharmaḥ)

Immediate Response to Challenges

1. acknowledge the environmental concerns raised and emphasize the company’s commitment to sustainability.
2. Conduct an Emissions Audit: Initiate a thorough assessment of current emissions profile to identify major sources and areas for improvement. Eg. Microsoft’s AI-driven emissions tracking tool.
3. Invest in Renewable Energy such as solar and wind, to mitigate our carbon footprint. E.g. Infosys source over 58% of its energy needs from renewable energy.
4. Enhance Energy Efficiency: including AI optimization to reduce computational demands. Eg. DeepMind’s use of AI to cut energy usage in Google’s data centers by 30%.
5. Engage Stakeholders: Schedule meetings with relevant stakeholders to discuss actionable solutions. Collaborate with environmental activists, regulatory bodies, and the public to align our sustainability goals with community expectations.
6. Set Interim Goals: Establish measurable milestones toward our 2030 net-zero target to maintain accountability and transparency. Eg. Amazon’s Climate Pledge which includes interim goals on its path to net-zero by 2040.
7. Long-Term Strategy Reassessment: Establish a sustainability task force to evaluate how the company can balance innovation with environmental goals.

Ethical Issues Involved

1. Environmental Responsibility: As a leading tech company, ABC Inc. has a moral obligation to reduce its environmental footprint, particularly in light of the growing AI-driven energy consumption.
2. Sustainability vs. Profit: Balancing rapid innovation and profit with the ethical duty of reducing environmental impacts.
3. Public Accountability: ignoring social responsibility to mitigate its environmental impact and disregarding public and environmental welfare.
4. Equity and Justice: Environmental harm disproportionately affects poorer communities, often those residing in the Third World. 
5. Transparency and Greenwashing: Transparent reporting and action are essential to avoid misleading consumers, investors, and regulators.
6. Utilitarianism: Bentham’s principle of the greatest happiness suggests that our actions should maximize overall well-being. Failing to address emissions can lead to severe consequences for future generations.
7. Gandhian Ethics: Gandhi’s emphasis on “Sarvodaya” (the welfare of all) highlights the need to consider the broader implications of our technological advancements on society and the environment.
8. Corporate Morality: The ethical principle of corporate social responsibility demands that businesses act in ways that benefit society, not just shareholders.
9. Intergenerational Justice: We hold a moral obligation to future generations to preserve the environment, making it essential to act responsibly today.

Arguments Against Penalties from Technological Giants

Logical arguments:

1. Commitment to Sustainability: Emphasize our proactive steps toward achieving net-zero            emissions by 2030, demonstrating our commitment to environmental stewardship.
2. Investment in Green Technology: Argue that penalizing us could deter future investments in sustainable technologies, which ultimately benefits the industry and society.
3. Highlight Contextual Challenges: The company operates in the Third World, where infrastructure challenges may delay rapid transitions to renewable energy.
4. Economic Impact: Highlight potential economic ramifications of penalties, including job losses and reduced innovation, which would harm not just our company but the broader technological landscape.
5. Collaborative Solutions: Advocate for collaboration rather than penalties, suggesting partnerships with larger tech firms to develop sustainable AI practices.

Ethical arguments:

1. Deontological argument: Punishing ABC  without considering our genuine efforts toward meeting our climate goals undermines the ethical principle of fairness.
2. Utilitarian argument: Cutting off or penalizing a company that is contributing to AI innovation—which has far-reaching societal benefits—could slow down progress on a global scale.
3. Good Faith Actions: Highlighting that ABC Inc. is acting in good faith by immediately addressing concerns, conducting audits, and prioritizing investments in sustainable technologies.
4. Ethical Leadership: Position ABC Incorporated as a leader in ethical practices within the tech industry, aiming to set a precedent for balancing innovation with sustainability.

Measures to Balance AI Innovation and Environmental Footprint

1. AI Optimization: Eg: Google has achieved significant energy savings by optimizing its data center cooling systems using AI.
2. Carbon Offsetting: Invest in carbon offset projects, such as reforestation or renewable energy initiatives, to compensate for emissions that cannot be eliminated. 
3. Sustainable Product Design: Design AI products with energy efficiency in mind, ensuring that they require less computational power without sacrificing performance. 
4. Employee Training and Awareness: Implement sustainability training programs that encourage innovative thinking around energy use.
5. Partnerships for Sustainability: 

1. Work with other tech companies and environmental NGOs to drive industry-wide solutions for reducing AI’s environmental footprint.
2. Establish a sustainability innovation fund to support startups and researchers working on reducing emissions in tech industries.

6. Renewable Energy Integration: Partner with governments or private enterprises to co-invest in green infrastructure in the Third World
7. Gradual Transition to Green Computing: Eg- Explore opportunities in quantum computing as a future, energy-efficient computing option.

As Mahatma Gandhi once said, “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed.” By embracing renewable energy, optimizing AI models for efficiency, and fostering transparent communication with stakeholders, ABC Inc. can balance profitability with sustainability, ensuring long-term growth that benefits both the business and society.

The National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB)- Mission Karmayogi, launched in 2020,  aims to create a competent civil service rooted in Indian ethos, with a shared understanding of India’s priorities, working in harmonization for effective and efficient public service delivery. 

Key Aims of Mission Karmayogi

1. Capacity Building at All Levels: building a robust capacity framework for all civil servants across ranks. 
2. Continuous Learning and Development: lifelong learning culture through the iGOT Karmayogi platform.
3. Behavioral and Attitudinal Transformation: promoting values such as integrity, empathy, and citizen-centric governance.
4. Data-Driven Decision Making: improve governance efficiency and accountability.
5. Better government-citizen interaction– make government officials more supportive of citizens and businesses.

Empowering Civil Servants to Enhance Productive Efficiency

1. Aligning work allocation of civil servants by matching their competencies to the requirements of the post, such that transition from ‘Rule based’ to ‘Role based’ HR Management is smoothly attained
2. Digital Learning Platform (iGOT-Karmayogi): Platform offers five functional hubs for online learning, career management, and networking. Eg- Over 15 lakh officers completed modules on data analytics and governance.
3. Behavioral and Functional Reforms: Promotes empathy, teamwork, and ethical conduct in civil servants. Eg- Emphasizes merit-based progression with 360-degree feedback.
4. Emphasizing on ‘on-site’ learning to complement the ‘off-site’ learning.
5. Collaborative Learning Ecosystem: Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), Karmayogi Bharat, manages digital training infrastructure and program implementation.
6. Calibrating all Civil Service positions to a Framework of Roles, Activities, and Competencies (FRAC) approach and to create and deliver learning content relevant to the identified FRAC in every Government entity.
7. Making available to all civil servants, an opportunity to continuously build and strengthen their Behavioral, Functional, and Domain Competencies in their self-driven and mandated learning paths.

John Maynard Keynes once noted, “The difficulty lies, not in the new ideas, but in escaping from the old ones.” Mission Karmayogi tries to address this by equipping civil servants with the skills, knowledge, and ethics needed for effective governance. 

Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad (6.4.17), which states, “Yatra nāryastu pūjyante ramante tatra devatāḥ,” meaning “Where women are honored, there the gods dwell.”  

From 1951, when the first woman joined the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), until 2020, women have made up only 13% of all IAS officers. According to DoPT, representation of women in public service has risen to around 30% in 2020 from 2000.

Indian culture and value system providing an equal opportunity irrespective of gender identity

1. Education for Women: Ancient texts like the Rigveda highlight the roles of women scholars like Gargi and Maitreyi
2. Matrilineal Societies: in communities like the Nayars of Kerala and the Khasis of Meghalaya women inherit property
3. Role of Women in Bhakti Movement: Saints like Mirabai and Akkamahadevi promoted equality in spiritual pursuits.
4. Indian culture has long revered Ardhanarishvara, a deity representing the fusion of male and female principles, symbolizing balance and equality between genders.

Gender specific challenges 

1. PERSONAL FACTORS:

1. Workplace Harassment: Eg. NCW reported a 14% increase in workplace harassment complaints in 2022, which often affects women’s mental health and professional growth.
2. Work-Life Balance: Eg. A survey by LBSNAA highlighted that over 60% of female officers cited family commitments as a challenge to their career progression.
3. Lack of Mentorship and Networking Opportunities: Many women public servants lack access to informal networks of mentorship and support, which are essential for career advancement.
4. CULTURAL FACTORS:

1. Gender Bias and Stereotypes: Women are often perceived as less capable of handling high-pressure positions, particularly in roles involving law enforcement and policing.
2. Social Attitudes: Traditional societal norms lead to a lack of support for women in public roles, particularly in rural or conservative areas, limiting their effectiveness.
3. Intersectional Challenges: Caste, class, and domicile constitute additional challenges for women. Eg. between 1970 and 2020, 41% women IAS officers listed their domicile as Chandigarh, 32% as Uttarakhand, and 29% as Telangana, against 3% from Tripura and 5% from Odisha and Mizoram. (TCPD-IAS).
4. INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS:

1. Glass Ceiling and “Broken Rung” Phenomenon: Despite qualifications, women face barriers to promotions and leadership roles due to gender stereotypes and bias, limiting their career progression. Eg. While women constitute about 30% of the public sector workforce, they hold only 13% of senior positions, as per the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions report.
2. Systematic Issues: Political interference, limited recognition, frequent transfers, and stress hinder their career growth.

Measures 

1. Strengthening Implementation of Workplace Policies: effective implementation of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013 and Vishakha guidelines with robust internal complaints committees and zero tolerance towards harassment. 
2. Regular awareness programs and gender-sensitization training can create a safer work environment.
3. Promoting Flexible Work Arrangements like flexible work hours and remote working options can help women balance their personal and professional responsibilities. 
4. Mentorship Programs: Eg. Initiatives like “She Leads,” introduced by UN Women.
5. Increasing Women’s Representation in Decision-Making Roles: enforce gender quotas in higher positions, similar to the 33% reservation for women in local bodies.

As per 2021 UNDP report on Gender Equality in Public Administration, “Gender equality is at the core of an inclusive and accountable public administration.” Enhancing women representation is imperative not just for Gender Justice but also for Good Governance.

As pointed out by VP Dhankhar, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) reflect the revolutionary change from colonial ‘Dhanda vidhan’ to Modern ‘Nyaya vidhan’ and from a punitive to a more restorative approach by keeping the focus on justice rather than punishment. 

BNS’s Soul as Justice, Equality, and Impartiality Based on Indian Culture and Ethos

1. Dharma-Centric Justice: BNS promotes justice as a moral duty, focusing on restoring balance and harmony in society rather than merely punishing offenders.
2. Revising Terminology and Examples: BNY modify terminology such as ‘unsound mind’ to ‘mental illness,’ aligning with contemporary medical terminology in accordance with the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017.
3. It abolishes the offense of sedition, which has been criticized for suppressing free speech and dissent. 
4. Focus on Rehabilitation over Retribution – the BNS introduces community service (Section 4(f)) as a form of punishment for certain crimes. These include small theft, defamation, and attempt to die by suicide with an intention to keep a public official from discharging her duty.
5. Inclusivity – the transgender community has been included in the definition of gender under BNS, which was not previously included in the IPC. 
6. Gender Justice – Clause 69 of the BNS penalises sexual intercourse through the employment of “deceitful means”. Further, age of marriage and age of consent have been made uniform, to make rape of a girl below 18 years of age a crime, irrespective of her marital status and relationship with the accused, as the Court had decreed in Independent Thought v UOI. 
7. Social harmony and order– under Clause 103, for the first time it also recognises murder on the ground of race, caste, or community as a separate offence. 

Issues with the Shift

1. No break from colonial legacy- number of crimes with punishments of rigorous imprisonment and death penalty have increased, no mention of custodial torture and accountability on police forces. 
2. Challenges in Implementation: such as insufficient infrastructure and trained personnel for rehabilitative justice.
3. Risk of Leniency: The focus on rehabilitation might be seen as being too lenient in certain cases, potentially undermining deterrence and justice for the victims.

Way Forward

1. Police and other concerned authorities must be sensitized to sexual violence sans sexual orientations or gender bias.
2. comprehensive guidelines and personalization of community service – assignments should be tailored to match the offender’s rehabilitation needs and skills, ensuring meaningful and beneficial contributions to the community.
3. Collaboration with community organizations– partnerships with NGOs, community organizations, and local authorities can help effectively design, implement, and supervise community service programs. 

As Dr. B.R. Ambedkar once said, “Justice has always evoked ideas of equality and of proportion of compensation.” The BNS marks a significant shift towards a more equitable and culturally resonant judicial framework.

“Codes of ethics keep an organization’s soul intact, while the code of conduct keeps its hands clean.”

While a Code of Conduct governs actions through established rules, a Code of Ethics ensures that civil servants are morally guided to act beyond mere compliance, instilling ethical principles in decision-making.

Code of Conduct stems from: Provisions of constitution : Article 309 to 311  Conduct rules: Code of Civil services conduct rules 1964,  Central services conduct rules 1964,  All India services CR 2014  Indian penal code, official secret act, prevention of corruption act.

Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics as Sources of Guidance

Aspect	Code of Conduct	Code of Ethics
Definition	A set of specific rules outlining acceptable behavior.	A set of guiding principles based on values and morals.
Guiding Principle	“Do as per the rules.”	“Do what is right.”
Focus	What employees must do.	What employees should do.
Purpose	Regulates actions and behavior of employees.	Guides decision-making based on moral and ethical principles.
Scope	Focuses on compliance with laws and regulations.	Broad focus on integrity, fairness, and moral responsibility.
Enforcement	Enforced through disciplinary actions for breaches.	Promotes self-regulation and moral accountability.
Flexibility	Rigid and structured, leaves little room for interpretation.	Flexible and adaptable to various situations.
Outcome	Ensures adherence to rules and legal requirements.	Ensures actions align with values like integrity and fairness.
Responsibility	Organizational compliance and order.	Personal moral responsibility and ethical leadership.
Examples	No corruption, punctuality, conflict of interest rules.	Integrity, transparency, fairness in decision-making.

A Code of Ethics promotes proactive transparency beyond legal compliance, exemplified by the RTI Act, which could foster deeper accountability. Scandals like the Vyapam scam and 2G spectrum case, highlight the need for integrity to prevent moral lapses. Furthermore, India’s corruption rankings and cases like the Commonwealth Games scandal demonstrate the need for probity in public life.

Model Code of Ethics

• Hota Committee: Recommended ethics training for civil servants to foster professionalism and prevent corruption.
• Santhanam Committee: Highlighted the need for strengthening institutional mechanisms like Lokpal and vigilance commissions to oversee adherence to ethical standards in governance.

Integrity

1. Honesty and Truthfulness: Public officials must provide accurate information. Eg- transparency in Aadhaar data usage.
2. Conflict of Interest: Officials must avoid personal gains from public decisions. Eg- T.N. Seshan ensuring impartiality in elections.
3. Commitment to Public Interest based on utilitarian principle of Greatest happiness of greatest number. 
4. Professional Excellence: continuous learning and professional development, encouraging civil servants to enhance their skills, knowledge, and competencies to serve the public better. (Hota Committee)

Probity

1. Financial Integrity: Use public funds solely for intended purposes. Eg- E. Sreedharan ensuring zero corruption in Metro contracts.
2. Respect for Rule of Law: act in accordance with legal regulations and standards. Adhering to the law ensures that decisions are consistent, just, and equitable, and it prevents abuse of power.
3. Stewardship: exercise prudence in resource allocation and management to maximize societal benefits.

Transparency

1. Proactive Disclosure: suo-motu disclosure under Section 4 of the RTI Act, 2005.
2. Openness to Scrutiny: Encourage public audits of decision-making. Eg- MGNREGA
3. Public Engagement:  Be open, transparent and responsive, and respect and assist all persons in their dealings with public organizations.  

United Kingdom: Nolan Principles Australia: Public Service Code of Ethics –  impartiality, accountability, respect, and integrity. It also includes whistleblower protection mechanism, regular training and compliance checks. USA – Sunshine Act, 1976 – mandates that meetings of federal agencies must be conducted openly and that their records should be accessible to the public.

The rule of law depends on public officials acting ethically. Thus, a comprehensive, actionable and enforceable Code of Ethics can strengthen civil servants’ role as a “steward” for the public.