Category: UPSC Preparation

X-Factor Notes on Transparency and Accountability for UPSC CSE Mains GS Paper II Prepared by Civilsdaily IAS’ Core Team & AIR 2, Animesh Pradhan

Previous Year Questions on Transparency and Accountability

[2021] An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. [2020] “Recent amendments to the Right to Information Act will have a profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss. [2019] There is a view that the Officials Secrets Act is an obstacle to the implementation of RTI Act. Do you agree with this view? Discuss. [2018] The Citizen’s Charter is an ideal instrument of organisational transparency and accountability, but it has its own limitations. Identify the limitations and suggest measures for greater effectiveness of the Citizen’s Charters. [2016] Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s participation in the governance system are interdependent. Discuss their relationship with each other in the context of India. [2015] If an amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Protection Act 2011 tabled in the Parliament is passed, there maybe no on left to protect. Critically Evaluate. [2013] Though Citizen’s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery organisations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens’ satisfaction and quality of services being provided. Analyse.

1. Transparency

“Democracy must be built through open societies that share information. When there is information, there is enlightenment. When there is debate, there are solutions.” – James Bovard

“Where a society has chosen to accept democracy as its creedal faith, it is elementary that the citizens ought to know what their government is doing.”  – Justice P N Bhagwati.

“Corruption thrives in the shadows, and transparency is the most effective antidote to corruption.” – Daniel Kaufmann

“A popular Government without popular information or the means of acquiring it is but a Prologue to a Farce or a Tragedy or perhaps both.” – James Madison

“There can be no faith in government if our highest offices are excused from scrutiny—they should be setting the example of transparency.”  – Edward Snowden

“Transparency refers to the increased flow of timely and reliable economic, social, and political information, which is accessible to all relevant stakeholders, promoting accountability and informed decision-making.” – World bank

As a principle, it mandates that public officials to act in a manner that is visible, predictable, and understandable. This openness promotes participation and accountability, allowing third parties to easily perceive and understand the actions being performed.

Transparency and Good Governance

1. Enhancing Accountability
   • Visibility of Actions: When government actions and decisions are transparent, public officials can be held accountable for their actions. Eg- RTI
   • Monitoring and Evaluation: Citizens and civil society organizations can monitor government performance, ensuring that officials meet their responsibilities and objectives. Eg– Public Financial Management System (PFMS) enables real-time tracking of government expenditures
2. Promoting Public Participation
   • Informed Citizenry: Transparency provides citizens with the information they need to engage meaningfully in governance processes. Eg- MyGov platform
   • Inclusive Decision-Making: Open access to information allows diverse voices to be heard, leading to more inclusive and representative decision-making.
3. Building Trust and Legitimacy
   • Trust in Institutions: Transparency builds public trust in government institutions by demonstrating that they operate openly and honestly.
   • Legitimacy of Governance: When citizens can see and understand government actions, they are more likely to view the government as legitimate and trustworthy.
4. Preventing Corruption
   • Deterrence: The risk of exposure and public scrutiny deters corrupt practices.
   • Detection: Transparent processes make it easier to detect and address corruption when it occurs. Eg- The Public Procurement Portal publishes details of government contracts and tenders, facilitating the detection of irregularities
5. Improving Efficiency and Effectiveness
   • Better Decision-Making: Access to comprehensive and accurate information allows for more informed and effective decision-making.
   • Resource Allocation: Transparency in budgeting and spending ensures that resources are allocated efficiently and effectively, reducing waste and mismanagement.
6. Strengthening the Rule of Law
   • Legal Clarity: Transparency in the legal and regulatory processes ensures that laws and regulations are clear and accessible to all.
   • Equal Enforcement: Open access to legal information helps ensure that laws are applied equally and fairly.

Challenges

1. Information Overload – Complex and voluminous data on government websites without proper summarization or categorization can lead to confusion and reduced public engagement.
2. Lack of institutionalization of social audits and citizen charters
3. Technological Barriers – Despite initiatives like Digital India, a significant digital divide still exists, limiting the reach of online transparency initiatives.
4. Political Resistance – Government officials or political leaders may resist transparency initiatives to maintain control, and power, or hide malpractices. Eg- exclusion of political parties under RTI
5. Cultural Factors – In some cultures, secrecy in governance is historically entrenched. In societies where hierarchical structures dominate, there may be resistance to transparency as it challenges traditional power dynamics.
6. Lack of Awareness and Education – Low awareness of the RTI Act among rural populations limits its effectiveness in promoting transparency.
7. Bureaucratic Hurdles – Complicated processes for filing RTI requests or accessing public records discourage citizens from seeking information.
8. Security Vs Transparency – Sensitive information related to defense or internal security is often exempt from public disclosure, potentially leading to a lack of transparency in certain areas.
9. Resource Constraints – Lack of adequate funding for maintaining and updating open data portals affect the quality and timeliness of information provided.
10. Legal Limitations – Inadequate whistleblower protection laws deter individuals from disclosing information about corruption or malpractice.
11. Data Integrity and Quality – Inaccurate or outdated information on government websites can mislead the public and undermine trust in transparency initiatives.

Strategies to Increase Transparency in Governance

1. Access to Information
   • Establish records management laws and computerisation
   • Publish government documents (e.g., ‘M’ books) on official websites
   • Implement web-based approval systems for various processes
2. Ethics and Integrity
   • Develop and implement a model code of conduct for political representatives, civil service, judiciary, and civil society groups
   • Remove all discretionary powers provided to officials under the law to prevent misappropriation
   • Public Hearings & Meetings: Ensure transparency in procedures and systems by opening them up for public review. Also, Conduct social audits and involve the public in policy-making processes.
3. Institutional Reforms
   • Proactive Disclosure of Information: Government departments should automatically disclose important information. This includes budgets, audits, and decision-making processes.
   • Annual Transparency Reports: Governments should publish annual reports detailing their activities, budget utilization, and audits to keep the public informed and engaged.
   • Public Service Agreements: Establish agreements for the delivery of services by executive agencies, holding them accountable objectively and transparently
   • Stakeholder Participation: Involve citizen committees, Citizen Boards and focus groups in the decision-making process
   • Easy Access to Government Officials: Make contact numbers of senior officials available for grievance registration
   • Citizen Service Facilitation Counters: Set up counters to facilitate public access to government services and information
4. Assessment and Monitoring
   • Performance Measurement and Management through performance indicators and annual performance white papers
   • Citizens’ Charter Implementation: Develop and implement citizens’ charters in all government departments to provide timelines for service delivery

Government Initiatives to Increase Transparency

1. Right to Information Act, 2005:
2. Citizen Charter Bill, 2011: Mandates public authorities to deliver services within specified timelines and establishes mechanisms for grievances if service commitments are not met.
3. E-Governance Initiatives: Utilizes ICT, including the Digital India mission, JAM trinity, and Direct Benefit Transfer, to improve public access to government information and services.
4. Simplifying Processes: The government has eliminated approximately 1,500 outdated rules and laws to streamline governance and increase transparency. Measures such as self-attestation and the elimination of interviews for junior positions also contribute to these goals.
5. AEBAS– Aadhar Enabled Biometric Attendance enables real-time and flawless monitoring of employee attendance thereby ensuring punctuality among employees,
6. e-Office aims to usher in more efficient, effective, and transparent inter-government and intra-government transactions and processes.
7. GeM: – Government e-Market (GeM) provided rich listing products for individual categories of Goods and Services, transparency and ease of buying, and a user-friendly dashboard for buying and monitoring supplies and payment.
8. The Web Responsive Pensioner’s Service provides a single-point web solution for pensioners to obtain comprehensive information relating to the status of the pension processing and payment.
9. The CAG’s Audit reports after they are tabled in the Parliament/Legislature, are uploaded on the website of CAG. Information related to the status of pension, GPF, and Gazetted Entitlement cases is available on the websites of the respective Account General’s Office.

Transparency Vs Privacy

“There is a fine balance required to be maintained between the right to information and the right to privacy, which stems out of the fundamental right to life and liberty. The citizens’ right to know should definitely be circumscribed if disclosure of information encroaches upon someone’s personal privacy. But where to draw the line is a complicated question.”                              – Dr. Manmohan Singh

Emphasizing Transparency:

1. Essential Nature: during the COVID-19 pandemic, the dissemination of affected individuals’ travel histories helped trace virus transmission chains, despite concerns about personal privacy.
2. Not Absolute: The Supreme Court’s judgment in the Puttaswamy case (2017) declared privacy a fundamental right but not an absolute one. This ruling supports the notion that personal data can be used for valid purposes, aligning with public health and safety.
3. Prevent Misuse: The RTI Act aims to curb the misuse of privacy claims that shield information necessary for public scrutiny.
4. Legal Safeguards: Under the RTI Act, Section 8(1)j, information that concerns personal privacy can be disclosed if there is an overriding public interest. Eg.- asset declarations by politicians.
5. Public Over Private: The principle that public interest trumps personal privacy is foundational to transparency laws.

Upholding Privacy:

1. Personal Sovereignty: The principle of “informational self-determination,” recognized internationally, supports individuals’ control over their personal data, starkly contrasting with approaches in totalitarian states.
2. Ensure Dignity: Privacy is linked to dignity and autonomy, essential for a free life.
3. Modern Needs: As the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) expands, laws need to evolve to protect personal data. Eg.- Personal Data Protection Bill.
4. Risk of Surveillance: The potential for surveillance and data misuse is a significant concern, incidents like the Pegasus spyware scandal, shows the risks of privacy breaches when government authorities have unrestricted access to personal data.

Balancing the two Rights:

Aspect	Balancing Transparency and Privacy
Legal and Ethical Standards	Comply with transparency laws and ethical guidelines while also adhering to data protection laws.
Consent and Control	Inform individuals about data collection and use, obtain explicit consent, and provide control over their data.
Security Measures	Disclose security measures to build trust and implement robust security protocols to protect data.
Data Anonymization	Share aggregated data for transparency while removing personally identifiable information to maintain privacy.
Transparency Reports	Regularly publish transparency reports and highlight steps taken to protect privacy.
Data Minimization	Collect only necessary data for transparency purposes and avoid collecting excessive or irrelevant information.
Access Controls	Limit access to data to authorized personnel only and implement role-based access controls to protect sensitive information.
User Rights	Allow individuals to access information about data usage and enable them to access, correct, and delete their data.
Accountability Mechanisms	Establish frameworks for oversight and appoint data protection officers or committees to ensure compliance.
Setting Boundaries	It’s critical to clearly define the extent to which private information can be disclosed, which will require continuous dialogue and legislative refinement.

Transparency and Confidentiality

Necessity of National Security Measures:

Aspect	Elaboration
National Security	Protects information related to national security and public safety. Eg- details of surgical strikes
Personal Privacy	Eg- Confidentiality of Aadhaar data, with stringent measures to protect citizens’ biometric information.
Effective Policy Formulation	Incrementalism in Policy Making supports the idea that confidential discussions lead to better policy decisions. Eg- Cabinet Committee meetings
Whistleblower Protection	Safeguards individuals who report corruption or misconduct from retaliation and ensure safety.
Strategic Advantage	Strategic Management Theory highlights the importance of secrecy in achieving competitive and operational advantages.
Diplomatic Relations	Confidential negotiations during the India-China border talks to ensure sensitive discussions remain undisclosed
Public Order and Stability	Withholding specific details of anti-terror operations in Jammu and Kashmir to avoid public panic and ensure operational success.
Protecting Sensitive Information	Encryption of sensitive government communications to prevent cyberattacks, as emphasized after incidents like the malware attack on Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

Way Forward:

1. Balance Secrecy and Disclosure: According to RTI Act’s Section 8(2), public interest can override secrecy when disclosure is more beneficial than harmful.
2. Reducing Overclassification: Officials should justify their reasons for classifying information.
3. Reform the Official Secrets Act: Based on the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission’s (ARC) recommendation, the OSA should be replaced with more transparent provisions within the National Security Act to suit a democratic society.

2. Accountability

“It is wrong and immoral to seek to escape the consequences of one’s acts.” –Mahatma Gandhi

“A body of men holding themselves accountable to nobody ought not to be trusted by anybody.” –  Thomas Paine

Accountability means decision-makers must justify their actions and inactions to those impacted by these decisions. It extends beyond mere hierarchical obligations to include responsibilities towards all stakeholders, such as citizens and civil society.

Various Forms of Accountability

1. External Accountability: Refers to the government’s responsibility to its citizens, primarily enforced via electoral processes.
2. Internal Accountability: Deals with the internal controls, checks, and balances within government agencies. Eg- the CAG of India plays a crucial role in auditing government expenditures, ensuring internal accountability.
3. Financial Accountability: Involves the review of financial requests from various departments by parliamentary committees.
4. Ethical Accountability: Concerns the ethical obligations between organizations and their members.
5. Professional Accountability: Relates to adherence to professional standards and codes of conduct enforced by employers or professional bodies.
6. Legal Accountability: Applies when individuals or organizations are held responsible under legal statutes.
7. Political Accountability: Enables citizens to hold elected officials accountable, crucial for upholding democratic values and human rights.

Mechanisms of Accountability

Category	Mechanism	Example
Constitutional	Judiciary	Supreme Court’s ruling on Section 377 decriminalizing homosexuality.
	Parliamentary Committees	PAC review of MGNREGA scheme implementation.
	Article 311	Provides safeguards to civil servants against arbitrary dismissal, removal, or reduction in rank.
Legal	RTI Act	RTI request revealing Aadhaar data breach in 2017.
	Whistleblower Protection	Protection under the Whistle Blowers Protection Act for an MCD employee.
	Lokpal and Lokayuktas	Karnataka Lokayukta’s chargesheet against senior IAS officer.
Institutional	CAG	CAG report on 2G spectrum allocation case.
	CVC	Investigation of corruption in the Food Corporation of India in 2021.
	Election Commission of India (ECI)	ECI’s cancellation of Vellore Lok Sabha election in 2019.
	Central Information Commission (CIC)	CIC’s directive to RBI to disclose willful defaulters list in 2015.
	CPGRAMS	A centralized system to monitor and address public grievances related to administrative functions.
Societal	Media and Civil Society	Media investigation into PM CARES Fund management in 2020.
	Participatory Budgeting	Citizens directly participate in budget formulation and monitoring the execution at the local government level. Eg- Gram Sabha
	Citizen Report Card	Participatory surveys provide quantitative feedback to service providers on citizens’ satisfaction with public services.
	Social Audit	Social audits of MGNREGA in Andhra Pradesh; Social audit initiatives by the Society for Social Audit, Accountability, and Transparency (SSAAT) in Telangana.
	Public Hearings (Jan Sunwai)	Jan Sunwais conducted by MKSS in Rajasthan, where officials are questioned in public about the implementation of welfare programs.

Challenges in Ensuring Accountability in Governance in India

Challenge	Description
Corruption	Corruption undermines trust in public institutions and hampers accountability mechanisms. Eg – Vyapam scam in Madhya Pradesh
Bureaucratic Red Tape	Excessive procedural formalities delay decision-making and accountability. Eg- delays in environmental clearances
Lack of Transparency	Limited access to government data restricts public scrutiny. Eg- refusal to disclose details of the electoral bonds scheme
Political Interference	Political influence compromises the neutrality and effectiveness of civil servants. Eg- Frequent transfers of IAS officer Ashok Khemka
Social Audit Limitations	The absence of mandated social audits leads to difficulties in verifying official actions and resistance from authorities.
Weak Legal Framework	Delays in implementing the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act
Limited Public Participation	Low public participation in the Gram Sabha, reduction in voting percentage etc.
Inefficiencies in Judicial System	Eg-  The long pendency of the 2G spectrum case, which took nearly a decade to reach a verdict
Resource Constraints	Understaffing and lack of funds for anti-corruption agencies like the CVC
Cultural Factors	Social norms that tolerate corruption (“speed money”) and lack of accountability.
Resistance to Change	Lack of enforcement of Supreme Court directives on police reforms and non-compliance of political parties with RTI directives.

Way Forward

1. Strengthening Legal Frameworks – Expedite the implementation of pending laws like the Whistle Blowers Protection Act and strengthen existing laws such as the Prevention of Corruption Act
2. Judicial Reforms – Implementing fast-track courts specifically for corruption and public interest litigation to ensure timely resolution of cases.
3. Enhancing Transparency Mechanisms – Strengthen the Central Information Commission (CIC) and State Information Commissions to reduce the backlog of RTI appeals and ensure compliance by public authorities.
4. Empowering Independent Institutions – Ensure sufficient staffing and funding for the CVC and CAG to carry out thorough investigations and audits without political interference.
5. Promoting Citizen Engagement – Expand the use of the MyGov platform to solicit citizen feedback on policy decisions and improve accountability through direct public involvement
6. Proactive Information Sharing – Eg- Implementing a public dashboard for major infrastructure projects, similar to the Pragati platform used by the Prime Minister’s Office to track project progress
7. Implement compulsory social audits for all government schemes by engaging community members in evaluating the implementation and impact of government programs.
8. Revising citizen charters to include penalty clauses for service delays and non-compliance, and ensuring widespread awareness among citizens
9. Limit discretionary powers in governance by defining clear rules and criteria for decision-making to minimize subjectivity. Eg- implementing automated systems for approvals and licenses
10. Create and enforce a code of conduct for civil servants involving training, regular evaluations, and clear disciplinary actions for violations
11. Regular Monitoring and Evaluation – Establishing a Performance Management and Evaluation System (PMES) across ministries to regularly review and publicly report on project outcomes

3. Citizen Charter

A Citizen’s Charter is a document that outlines the commitment of an organization to uphold certain standards, ensure quality, and deliver services within a specified timeframe.

It promotes transparency and accountability in administration by including mechanisms for addressing grievances.

Components of a Citizen Charter:

1. Vision and Mission Statement: Defines the organization’s core objectives and the principles guiding its operations.
2. Domain of the Organization: Specifies the range of topics and service areas covered by the organization, clarifying what users can expect in terms of service.
3. Standards, Quality, and Timeframes: Establishes the expected quality and timelines for service delivery, ensuring reliability and efficiency.
4. Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Details the process for addressing complaints, including how to access this service and what to expect during the redressal.
5. Citizen Responsibilities: Describes the duties and obligations of citizens in utilizing the services provided, promoting responsible engagement.
6. Additional Commitments: Includes guarantees such as compensation or other remedial actions in case of service failure, reinforcing the organization’s dedication to effective service delivery.

Significance of Citizen Charter:

1. Transparency and Accountability: Enhances clarity and accountability in public services by detailing what citizens can expect.
2. Citizen Participation: Boosts public involvement by informing citizens about organizational goals and procedures.
3. Improved Service Efficiency: Leads to more efficient and effective public service delivery.
4. Corruption Reduction: Helps reduce corruption by setting clear service standards.
5. Cost Reduction: Decreases costs and delays in public services, promoting efficient governance.
6. Equitable Services: Sets service standards that promote fair access and treatment for all citizens.

Issues:

1. Lack of Legal Enforcement: Citizen Charters aren’t legally binding, which limits accountability.
2. Inadequate Design: Many charters are poorly designed and lack essential information, weakening their impact.
3. Low Awareness: There is significant unawareness among both citizens and implementing agencies.
4. Limited Consultation: Charters often don’t involve consultations with end-users or NGOs, leading to gaps in service alignment.
5. Rare Updates: Many charters are outdated, having not been revised since the 1990s.
6. Overlooking Vulnerable Groups: Needs of groups like senior citizens and the disabled are often ignored.
7. Insufficient Training: Implementing staff frequently lack the training and ownership needed to enforce the charters effectively.
8. Complex Procedures: The process for complaints and grievances is often complicated and inaccessible.
9. No Independent Audits: The absence of audits undermines transparency and effectiveness.
10. Language Barriers: Charters are typically available only in English or Hindi, limiting accessibility for non-speakers.

Way Forward:

Recommendations by the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission (2nd ARC)

1. Decentralization of Charter Formulation: Customize Citizen Charters for different government departments to reflect their specific operational realities.
2. Extensive Consultation Process: Develop Citizen Charters through consultations within the organization and with inputs from civil society and experts.
3. Robust Redressal Mechanisms: Include compulsory redressal mechanisms in Charters to ensure compliance and accountability.
4. Periodic Evaluation by External Agencies: Regularly evaluate the effectiveness of Citizen Charters through external agencies and use the findings for improvement.
5. End-User Feedback for Benchmarking: Use feedback from service users to measure the performance of agencies and guide improvements.
6. Realistic Promise Setting: Focus on achievable promises to enhance trust and ensure service delivery within the capabilities of agencies.
7. Accountability for Results: Hold officials and agencies accountable for delivering on the commitments made in the Citizen Charters.
8. Adoption of the Sevottam Model: The Sevottam model was suggested by the 2nd ARC in its 12th report on “Citizen Centric Administration”.  This model combines the principles of ‘service’ and ‘uttam’ (excellence) and outlines a systematic approach:
   • Defining services and identifying clients.
   • Setting standards and norms for each service.
   • Developing capabilities to meet these standards.
   • Performing services to achieve the standards.
   • Monitoring and evaluating performance continuously.
   • Implementing continuous improvements based on evaluations.

These steps provide a comprehensive pathway to revitalize the Citizen Charter framework, ensuring it effectively meets the expectations of citizens and leads to a more accountable and responsive public service system.

4. Social Audit

Social audit is a collaborative process in which the public, particularly the beneficiaries, actively participate in evaluating the performance of government programs and projects. This form of audit allows people to directly assess and oversee the effectiveness of governmental initiatives, together with the administration.

Evolution of Social Audit in India:

1. Origin: Social audit originates from “Corporate Social Responsibility” (CSR), first adopted in Western countries. It was later incorporated by various corporate and social institutions worldwide. In the 1980s, it was introduced in the public sector, driven by a shift towards democratic governance and increased citizen participation.
2. 1979: In India, the concept of social audit was first initiated by Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) in Jamshedpur.
3. 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act: The momentum for social audit increased with the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, which empowered Gram Sabhas to audit Panchayat accounts.
4. Civil Society Initiatives (1990s onwards): Various civil society organizations and movements began conducting social audits to monitor the performance of various institutions.
5. 9th Five-Year Plan (2002-2007): It emphasized the role of Gram Sabhas in conducting social audits for the effective functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).
6. Right to Information Act, 2005: This act facilitated the indirect engagement of citizens in the social auditing of government operations.
7. MGNREGA 2006: The inclusion of Section 17, mandating transparency and public scrutiny, significantly enhanced the relevance and acceptance of social audit globally.
8. Social Audit Units (SAU): Established by many states, these units facilitate the social audit of programs like Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), Midday Meal Scheme (MDM), etc.
9. Meghalaya Social Audit Act, 2017: Meghalaya became the first state in India to enact legislation that institutionalizes the social audit of government schemes and programs as a governance mechanism.

Objectives of Social Audit

1. Transparency and Accountability: Enhance transparency and accountability in government policy implementation.
2. Resource Allocation: Ensure proper utilization of funds and prioritize development activities.
3. Policy Scrutiny: Examine various policy decisions and identify any gaps in funding and outcomes.
4. Program Efficiency: Boost the efficacy and efficiency of local development programs, considering the interests of stakeholders.
5. Awareness Creation: Raise awareness among beneficiaries and providers of local social and productive services.

Principles of Social Audit:

1. Inclusivity: Incorporate the viewpoints of all stakeholders affected by decisions.
2. Comprehensive & Comparative: Evaluate and report on every aspect of an organization’s performance.
3. Participatory: Foster stakeholder engagement and value sharing.
4. Consistency: Regularly produce social accounts to integrate the practice into the organization’s culture.
5. Integrity: Ensure that social accounts are audited by an impartial and experienced individual or agency.
6. Transparency: Make audited accounts accessible to stakeholders and the broader community to support transparency and accountability.

Importance of Social Audit in India:

1. Participatory Governance: Public meetings (Jansunwais) review RTI records, identify issues, correct schemes, reduce secrecy, and build trust. Eg: Andhra Pradesh’s MGNREGA Jansunwais addressed job card and wage payment discrepancies.
2. Innovative Approach: Social audits compare real outcomes with official records. Eg: Rajasthan’s PDS audits revealed ration distribution issues, leading to reforms.
3. Increased Transparency: Audits publicize official information, raising awareness. Eg: PMAY audits published beneficiary lists and construction progress online.
4. Improved Accountability: Audits hold officials accountable for poor implementation. Eg: Bihar’s MDM Scheme audits exposed meal distribution irregularities, resulting in disciplinary actions.
5. Local Oversight: Gram Sabhas conduct regular project audits, ensuring community involvement. Eg: Kerala’s People’s Planning Campaign includes regular audits by Gram Sabhas.
6. Deters Corruption and Malpractices – In Rajasthan, social audits have exposed irregularities in various public works and services, leading to corrective actions and prosecutions.
7. Improves Public Service Delivery – Social audits in the public distribution system (PDS) have helped to identify and rectify issues such as fake ration cards and improper allocation of food grains .

Challenges in Implementing Social Audit:

1. Lack of Legal Backing – While social audits are mandated in several schemes, there is no comprehensive legal framework ensuring their implementation and follow-up.
2. Lack of Political and Administrative Will: SA often seen as a formality with no real outcomes due to reluctance to share information and fear of scrutiny.
3. Low Public Awareness and Participation: Insufficient awareness, incentives, interest, and capacity among the public to engage in SA meaningfully.
4. Institutional Issues: No permanent structure, lack of independence, inadequate staffing in SAUs, no strict penalties for non-compliance, and no independent body to act on SA findings.
5. Complexity and Scope: Audits covering large and multi-faceted schemes like MGNREGA can be overwhelming, leading to incomplete or superficial assessments.
6. Follow-Up and Action on Findings: According to the Ministry of Rural Development, a significant percentage of social audit recommendations remain unaddressed
7. Insufficient Resources: Many social audit units are underfunded and understaffed, making it difficult to conduct thorough audits. Eg- social audits of MGNREGA
8. Poor Record Keeping: Inconsistent and fragmented government data hampers comprehensive audits.
9. Localized and Sporadic Audits: SA are often localized, sporadic, and ad-hoc, leading to inconsistent impacts and reduced relevance due to delays.
10. Weak Civil Society Support: Few active and committed civil society organizations to facilitate social audits and train stakeholders.

Government Steps to Institutionalize Social Audit:

1. Information-Monitoring, Evaluation, and Social Audit (I-MESA): Launched by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment in FY 2021-22 to audit all department schemes using State SAUs and NIRD&PR.
2. Short-term Certificate Course: Developed for district-block resource persons and SHGs in collaboration with TISS and NIRD&PR, Hyderabad.
3. Institutionalizing SAs in Rural Schemes: Implemented in major schemes like the National Social Assistance Programme and PM Awas Yojana-Gramin, including funds from the 14th Finance Commission.
4. Training Women SHGs: Approximately 60,000 women SHGs trained through a special certificate course to conduct social audits.
5. Directorates of SAs: Established in various states with resource persons to conduct audits of government schemes.
6. Operational Guidelines: Issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation for social audit methodologies across different schemes.
7. Civil Society Engagement: Example: MV Foundation conducted social audits of Mid-Day Meals in Andhra Pradesh, focusing on child labor and education rights.

Way Forward:

1. Raise Awareness and Build Capacity: Educate stakeholders to hold authorities accountable. Utilisation of Media to popularize social audits.
2. Mandatory Real-Time Data Disclosure: Require proactive sharing of financial data and beneficiary lists. Use technology like MIS for transparency.
3. Increase Funding and Staffing for SAUs: Ensure SAUs are well-funded and staffed independently, free from political influence.
4. Legal Sanctions and Punitive Actions: Implement legal consequences based on social audit findings to build public trust. Meghalaya’s law can serve as a model.
5. Promote Civil Society Participation: Encourage civil society involvement to enhance capacity and streamline processes. As Jharkhand includes CSO representatives in social audit panels.
6. Increase Audit Frequency: Conduct social audits more frequently. Every Gram Panchayat should have an audit every six months.
7. Training Programs: Implement training on social audit methods, report preparation, and presentation at Gram Sabha. Establish district teams of social audit experts for training.
8. Enact National Law for Social Audits: Create a national law to empower citizens and strengthen grassroots democracy.

5. Right to Information

“Where a society has chosen to accept democracy as its creedal faith, it is elementary that the citizens ought to know what their government is doing.” – Justice P N Bhagwati

“Information is the currency of democracy,” – Thomas Jefferson

Right to Information Act, 2005

The Right to Information (RTI) Act, enacted in 2005, aims to enhance transparency, and accountability, and curb corruption.

Constitutional Basis:

• Article 21: RTI is a derivative right under this article, ensuring the protection of life and personal liberty.
• Article 19(1)(a): RTI complements the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression, which includes the Right to Know.

Goals of the RTI Act:

1. Citizen Empowerment: Informed Citizenry
   • Allows citizens to question and review government actions.
   • Empower individuals to influence government policies and schemes.
   • Enhances transparency and accountability by providing the right to access state information.
2. Information Access:
   • Ensures proactive disclosure and reporting.
   • Improves record-keeping in government offices.
   • Mandates dedicated public information officers in all government departments.
   • Supreme Court ruling: RTI Act overrides the Official Secrets Act, fostering greater transparency.
3. Promoting Good Governance:
   • Utilized for women’s rights, youth development, democratic rights, and the rights of the underprivileged.
   • Addresses misuse of executive power and strengthens participatory governance.
   • Helps expose various scams, such as the Crawford Market redevelopment issues in Mumbai.
4. Right to Know: RTI is a crucial tool for citizens to promote, protect, and defend their right to know.

Supreme Court on Right to Information:

1. Bennett Coleman and Co. v. Union of India (1973): Recognized the right to information as part of the right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a).
2. Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975): Emphasized that secrecy in public affairs is against the public interest, and officials must explain and justify their actions to prevent oppression and corruption.
3. SP Gupta v. Union of India (1981): Affirmed the public’s right to know about every public act and transaction by public officials.
4. People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India (1996): Held that public scrutiny is essential for ensuring clean and transparent governance.

Evolution of RTI Act in India

Year	Event	Details
1977	Janata Government Working Group	Formed to consider modifying the Official Secrets Act, 1923, for greater public access to information.
1986	Supreme Court Directive	In Mr. Kulwal vs Jaipur Municipal Corporation, the court stated that Article 19 of the Constitution implies the Right to Information.
1990	Emphasis by Prime Minister V.P. Singh	Stressed the importance of RTI as a legislated right, but failed to enact due to political instability.
1994	MKSS Grassroots Campaign	Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan began advocating for RTI, focusing on rural development transparency in Rajasthan.
1995	Drafting of RTI Act	Social activists formulated a draft RTI Act at a meeting at LBSNAA, Mussoorie.
1996	Founding of NCPRI	The National Campaign for People’s Right to Information was established to push for RTI legislation.
1997	Tamil Nadu’s RTI Law	Tamil Nadu became the first state in India to pass a Right to Information law.
2002	Freedom of Information Act	The first central RTI legislation was passed but not implemented.
2005	Enactment of RTI Act	The amended Right to Information Act was passed and enacted.

Key Features of the RTI Act, 2005:

1. Right to Information (Section 3): Citizens have the right to access information from public authorities.
2. Obligations of Public Authorities (Section 4): Public authorities must maintain and proactively disclose information.
3. Designation of Public Information Officers (PIOs) (Section 5): Public authorities must designate PIOs to handle requests and provide information.
4. Request for Obtaining Information (Section 6): Citizens can submit a request in writing or electronically to the PIO, specifying the information required.
5. Disposal of Request (Section 7): PIOs must respond to requests within 30 days. If the information concerns the life or liberty of a person, the response time is 48 hours.
6. Exemptions from Disclosure (Section 8):
   • Section 8(1):
     1. Sensitive Information:
        • Affects India’s sovereignty, security, or economic interests.
        • Damages foreign relations.
        • Incites offenses.
     2. Court-Restricted Data: Forbidden by courts or constitutes contempt of court.
     3. Parliamentary Privilege: Breaches the privilege of Parliament or State Legislature.
     4. Trade Secrets and Intellectual Property: Harms the competitive position unless public interest justifies disclosure.
     5. Confidential Information: Received from foreign governments.
     6. Cabinet Documents: Includes deliberations of the Council of Ministers and other officials (disclosed after decisions are made).
     7. Personal Data Unless it serves a greater public interest.
   • Section 8(2): Allows disclosure of exempt information under the Official Secrets Act, 1923, if it serves the public interest.
7. Third-Party Information (Section 11): In case the requested information relates to a third party, the PIO must inform the third party within five days and take their representation into account.
8. Constitution of Information Commissions (Section 12 & 15): Establishment of the Central Information Commission (CIC) and State Information Commissions (SICs).
9. Powers and Functions of Information Commissions (Section 18 & 19): CIC and SICs have the authority to receive complaints, conduct inquiries, and handle appeals regarding RTI requests.
   • Appeals process:
     • First appeal to the departmental First Appellate Authority.
     • Second appeal to the Central or State Information Commission.
10. Penalties (Section 20): Imposes penalties on PIOs for non-compliance, including Rs. 250 per day of delay, up to a maximum of Rs. 25,000.
11. Jurisdiction of Courts (Section 23): Courts are barred from entertaining suits or applications challenging any order made under the RTI Act. Appeals against CIC/SIC orders can only be made to the High Court.
12. Protection of Action Taken in Good Faith (Section 21): Provides protection to PIOs from any legal action for anything done in good faith while performing their duties under the Act.
13. Timely Response:
    • Information must be provided within 30 days, or 48 hours for urgent matters related to life and liberty.
    • Penalties for delays and disciplinary actions for officials who deny information with malafide intent.

Importance of RTI:

1. Promotes Transparency and Accountability: By allowing access to information, it holds public officials accountable for their actions and decisions, reducing corruption and enhancing governance.
2. Empowers Citizens: Citizens can use RTI to obtain information on public services, local development projects, and government spending, enabling them to advocate for their rights and better services.
3. Strengthens Democracy: RTI promotes an informed citizenry, which is crucial for a functioning democracy. It ensures that citizens have the information needed to make informed choices and hold their representatives accountable.
4. Facilitates Investigative Journalism: RTI is a powerful tool for journalists, enabling them to access government records and documents, which are essential for investigative reporting.
5. Enhances Government Efficiency: By mandating transparency, RTI can lead to more efficient and effective government administration. RTI applications have revealed delays and mismanagement in public services, prompting authorities to streamline processes and improve service delivery.
6. Protects Public Interest: RTI helps in protecting public interest by ensuring that government actions are subject to public scrutiny. It acts as a deterrent against arbitrary and unjust decisions.
7. Empowerment of Marginalized Communities: Enables poor communities to use information to demand their rights.
8. Grievance Redressal: Establishes Central and State Information Commissions to address RTI-related complaints.

Key Achievements of RTI:

1. Effective Anti-Corruption Mechanism: Recognized as a top anti-corruption tool, ranking fourth out of 111 countries in 2016 for promoting transparency and accountability.
2. Case Studies:
   • Exposure of Major Scams:
     • 2G Spectrum Scam: An RTI filed by activist Subhash Chandra Agrawal revealed massive corruption in the telecom sector during the UPA regime.
     • Misappropriation of Relief Funds: In 2008, an RTI application by a Punjab NGO uncovered the misuse of funds meant for Kargil war and disaster victims by local Indian Red Cross Society officials. The responsible officials were charged with fraud, and the misused funds were transferred to the Prime Minister’s Relief Fund.
     • Adarsh Society Scam and Assam Public Distribution Scam: RTI played a crucial role in exposing these scams, leading to legal actions and systemic reforms.
   • Local Accountability:
     • Ration Shop Misconduct in Bikaner: Villagers used RTI to obtain records of their local ration shop, uncovering the illegal sale of grains meant for the poor. The corrupt dealer was removed, and the villagers received compensation equivalent to the stolen grains.

RTI Act Amendment 2019:

Reasons for Amendment:

1. Inconsistent implementation across states.
2. Lack of clarity regarding terms and conditions of service for Information Commissioners.
3. Challenges in maintaining the independence of Information Commissions.

Key Changes Brought by the 2019 Amendment:

Aspect	RTI Act 2005	RTI Amendment 2019
Tenure of Information Commissioners	Fixed tenure of five years for the Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and Information Commissioners.	The Central Government will notify the tenure of all Information Commissioners (at both central and state levels).
Quantum of Salary	CIC and Central Information Commissioners were paid equivalent to the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners. State Information Commissioners were paid equivalent to the Chief Secretary of the state.	Salaries and allowances of Information Commissioners will be determined by the Central Government.
Deductions in Salary	If Information Commissioners were receiving pension or other retirement benefits, their salaries were adjusted accordingly.	These provisions have been removed, allowing for full salary without deductions.

Criticism of the Amendments:

1. Impact on Federalism: The central government now controls the tenure and salaries of state information commissioners, reducing the autonomy of state governments.
2. Threat to Transparency and Accountability: The fixed tenure and salary that provided relative independence to the Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) and Information Commissioners (ICs) have been removed.
   • Risk of Manipulation: The new provisions may turn CIC and ICs into tools for protecting sensitive government information.
   • Loss of Basic Guarantees: Essential tenure guarantees for independent oversight institutions like the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC), Chief Election Commissioner (CEC), and Lokpal have been undermined.

Issues in Implementing the RTI Act

1. Low Utilization: Despite 40 to 60 lakh RTI applications filed annually, less than 3% of Indian citizens have ever filed an RTI plea.
2. Ineffective Information Delivery: A 2018-19 report by Satark Nagrik Sangathan (SSN) and the Centre for Equity Studies (CES) revealed that less than 45% of applicants received the information they sought. Of the 55% who didn’t, fewer than 10% filed appeals.
3. Decline in Data Reporting: A study by the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative noted a significant drop in mandatory data reporting by Ministries and Departments to the CIC between 2012-13 and 2018-19.
4. Backlog of Appeals: The CIC takes an average of 388 days to dispose of a case. As of June 30, 2021, 2.56 lakh appeals were pending with 26 Information Commissions. In Odisha, it takes over 6 years to dispose of a matter, according to the Satark Nagrik Sangathan (SNS) 2021 report.
5. Public Awareness:
   • Low Awareness Levels: Less than 35% in rural areas and 40% in urban areas are aware of the RTI Act, as per the RTI Assessment and Advocacy Group (RaaG) 2013 survey.
   • Limited Process Knowledge: Even fewer people know the complete process of seeking information.
6. Filing Constraints: Absence of user guides causes hardship in understanding the RTI request process.
7. Quality of Information: Applicants often receive raw data instead of precise information.
8. Attitude of Public Information Officers (PIOs): 59% of respondents in a survey rated PIOs’ courteousness as “poor” or “just fair,” discouraging RTI applications.
9. Outdated Practices: Ineffective record management leads to delays in processing RTI applications.
10. Monitoring and Review: No centralized database for RTI applicants exists.
11. Motivation and Resources for PIOs: PIOs often lack motivation and resources to implement the RTI Act effectively.
12. Infrastructure Issues: Lack of printers, computers, and other necessary infrastructure.
13. Minimal IT Integration: Low use of Information Technology for handling RTI applications.
14. Enforcement Powers: CIC has minimal enforcement powers, making it ineffective in some cases (e.g., bringing political parties under RTI).
15. High Vacancies: As per a 2020 report by Satark Nagrik Sangathan (SNS) and Centre for Equity Studies (CES), 31% of information commissions were without a chief commissioner. Some states like Odisha, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, and Tripura are severely understaffed or defunct.
16. Safety Concerns: RTI activists face threats and attacks.
17. Rejection of Applications: Applications are sometimes rejected for trivial reasons like not being typed or written in English.
18. Applicability Issues:
    • Political Parties and Funding: Remain outside the RTI’s scope.
    • Qualified Applicability: Exemptions for judiciary and intellectual property rights (e.g., RBI denying information on demonetization).
    • Private Sector: Major service providers in the private sector are not adequately covered under RTI.

Misuse of the RTI Act

“The Right to Information Act is a good law, but it is being abused.”    — Chief Justice S.H. Kapadia

The RTI Act is often misused due to the lack of a requirement for applicants to demonstrate a justified reason for seeking information (locus standi).

1. Evasion of Clauses like Section 2(h): Government evades this clause by denying public authority status to certain bodies, like the PM-CARES fund.
2. Non-Compliance: The Act lacks provisions to hold officials in contempt for not complying with information commission orders, reducing its effectiveness.
3. Settling Scores: Some individuals misuse RTI to settle personal grudges.
4. Pressure Tactics: RTI is used to intimidate and harass senior officials. For example, a teacher in Vidya Bharti school, Delhi, filed around 15 RTI petitions to harass authorities.
5. Personal Vendetta: RTI is misused to settle personal disputes. In Mr. Narayan Singh vs Delhi Transport Corporation, the CIC noted the misuse of RTI for personal vendetta.
6. Extortion: Some people use RTI to blackmail others, preventing officials from making decisions.
7. Data Collection: RTI is sometimes used for non-essential purposes, such as PhD students using it to gather data for their theses.

Way Forward

1. Strengthen Implementation:
   • Enhance Public Awareness: Conduct extensive awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the proper use of RTI.
   • Improve Infrastructure: Invest in better infrastructure, such as computers and printers, for processing RTI requests.
   • Utilize Information Technology: Integrate IT solutions to streamline the acceptance and processing of RTI applications.
2. Enhance Accountability:
   • Ensure Compliance: Strengthen provisions for holding officials accountable for non-compliance with RTI orders.
   • Monitor and Review: Establish a centralized database for RTI applications and implement regular monitoring and review mechanisms.
3. Support Information Commissions:
   • Address Vacancies: Fill vacancies in Information Commissions promptly to reduce backlog.
   • Training for PIOs: Provide regular training for Public Information Officers to enhance their understanding and implementation of the RTI Act.
4. Rationalizing Conflicting Laws:
   • Merge laws like UAPA, MISA with RTI.
   • Repeal the Official Secrets Act, 1923.
   • Revise Section 123 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1972.
5. Administrative Reforms:
   • Amend Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules to align with RTI.
   • Replace the oath of secrecy with an oath of transparency for ministers.
6. Expanding Applicability:
   • Include private sectors and political parties under the definition of public authority.
   • Reduce exemptions in Section 8 to cover electoral bonds, PM CARES fund, NRC, etc.
7. Enhancing Accessibility:
   • Publish information online in regional languages.
   • Set up fast-track courts for RTI cases. Improve training and infrastructure for Public Information Commissioners. Simplify the RTI application process for easier access, especially in rural areas.
   • Automate and efficiently maintain information.
8. Strategies to Prevent Misuse:
   • Increase Fees for Large Requests: Utilize Section 7(3) to raise fees for extensive information requests to discourage false cases and harassment.
   • Implementing Reasonable Restrictions: Impose restrictions to ensure requests serve genuine public interest, and introduce penalties for misuse.
   • Preventing False Complaints: Mandate attaching a copy of ID proof when filing RTI complaints to prevent false claims made in others’ names.
   • Preventing Abuse: Ensure the RTI Act is not used for personal grudges, score-settling, or harassment.