Category: Burning Issues

Why this?

Cyclone Asna was a rare August storm in the Arabian Sea, but just blaming climate change and discussing it is oversimplifying the topic. This article kicks off by analyzing past trends and what caused them, before diving into the rising frequency of cyclones in the Arabian Sea, especially post-monsoon. Our take offers a fresh perspective, connecting the dots between climate change and extreme weather events, making sure you’re fully prepped with the insights you need.

GS Paper 1: Geography and Indian Society: Salient Features of World’s Physical Geography

Note4Students: Understand the relationship between cyclones, sea surface temperatures, and climate change, and their effects on global weather patterns.

Microtheme: Climatology

GS Paper 2: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations: Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Various Sectors

Note4Students: Learn about the necessity of climate resilience policies, especially in coastal regions vulnerable to increasing cyclone frequency.

Microtheme: Miscellaneous

GS Paper 3: Environment, Disaster Management, and Science & Technology: Disaster Management

Note4Students: Explore strategies for cyclone preparedness and the role of early warning systems in minimizing damage from natural disasters.

Microtheme: Climate change impact

GS Paper 4: Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude: Ethics in Climate Change and Environmental Conservation

Note4Students: Analyze the ethical responsibilities of nations and individuals in addressing climate change and protecting the environment for future generations.

Microtheme: Ethical Issues in International Relations and funding

How is ‘Asna’ different ?

“Asna” is notable because it’s the first cyclone in August in the North Indian Ocean since 1981. August is typically not part of the cyclone season in this region.  The cyclone began as a land-born depression that intensified as it moved over the warm waters of the Arabian Sea. It formed from a rare strong low-pressure system that grew unusually powerful over land. Asna’s formation is linked to the broader context of rapid warming over the Arabian Sea, influenced by climate change. The northward shift of the low-level jet stream due to warming over West Asia contributed to its development

Trends of Cyclones in Arabian Sea

Historical Trends: The Arabian Sea historically experienced 2-3 cyclones per year, mostly weak, with a 1:4 ratio compared to the Bay of Bengal. From 1891 to 2000, 48 tropical cyclones impacted India’s west coast, 24 of which were severe, while the east coast experienced 308 cyclones, including 103 severe storms. Cyclones typically occur in May-June (pre-monsoon) and October-November (post-monsoon). Cyclone formation in the Arabian Sea is common pre-monsoon but rare in post-monsoon, when the Bay of Bengal usually sees cyclonic activity.

Current Trends: Recent trends show increasing frequency and timing shifts in cyclones over the Arabian Sea. Sea surface temperatures (SST) remain abnormally high, at around 30°C, fueling cyclone formation. Since 1980, 2021 marked the first time pre-monsoon cyclones occurred four years in a row. Cyclones are also moving closer to India’s west coast, with 2018 seeing three cyclones in the Arabian Sea and 2019 witnessing five, compared to the usual one. Between 2014-2019, there was a 32% rise in cyclones. The intensity of cyclones has also increased, with Tauktae being the fifth-strongest storm in the Arabian Sea since 1998 and the strongest pre-monsoon cyclone since 2010. Severe post-monsoon cyclones, such as Nilofar (2014), Chapal, and Megh (2015), occurred unusually during October and November.

Reasons for Increasing Frequency of Cyclones in the Arabian Sea

Reason	Explanation	Substantiation
Climate Change and Global Warming	Rising ocean temperatures increase cyclone formation as cyclones draw energy from ocean heat.	Climate scientist Hiroyuki Murakami’s study showed 64% of recent cyclones in the Arabian Sea were caused by climate change.
Temperature Rise in Indian Ocean	Over the last 4 decades, the Indian Ocean’s temperature rose by 0.7°C; the western Indian Ocean unexpectedly warmed by 1.2°C in summer.	The IMD noted the Arabian Sea’s surface temperature is 30-31°C, especially around Goa-Lakshadweep, where Cyclone Tauktae originated.
Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)	A positive IOD warms the western Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea, creating low-pressure areas conducive to cyclone formation.	In 2019, 5 cyclones formed in the Arabian Sea, coinciding with the strongest positive IOD recorded.
Teleconnections	Distant climate phenomena, such as atmospheric or oceanic changes, can impact cyclone patterns in the Arabian Sea.	A study by the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, suggested teleconnections influence cyclone activity.

Reasons for Increased Frequency of Severe Cyclonic Storms in the Post-Monsoon Period

Reason	Explanation	Substantiation
Shift in Cyclone Occurrence	Severe cyclones, which typically occur in spring, are now occurring in the post-monsoon period (October-November).	Severe cyclones Nilofar, Chapal, and Megh occurred in October-November. In 2019, Kyarr, Maha, and Pawan formed post-monsoon.
Rising Sea Surface Temperature (SST)	Increased SST, linked to human activity and natural variability, is intensifying cyclones, making them more severe.	SST rise in the Arabian Sea leads to more intense storms, especially during the post-monsoon period.
Delayed Winter Monsoon	The delay in the onset of the winter monsoon extends the storm season, leading to an increase in severe cyclones.	Delayed monsoons contribute to longer cyclone seasons and more severe storms in the Arabian Sea.
Anthropogenic Aerosols	Aerosols from post-harvest activities change SST distribution, leading to more active cyclonic storms during the post-monsoon season.	After the kharif harvest, increased aerosol emissions influence SST and cyclonic storm activity in the Arabian Sea.

#CLIMATE EXTREMES & CLIMATE CHANGE

According to IPCC -AR6, changing climate leads to changes in the frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration, and timing of weather and climate extremes. • While many weather and climate extremes are the result of natural climate variability (including phenomena such as El Niño), and natural decadal or multi-decadal variabilities, it is the anthropogenic activities which are the driving force in climate change. 

As a consequence, average temperatures have risen by 1.2 C compared to pre industrial era. This additional energy is unevenly distributed and bursts out in extremes events disasters like hurricanes, heat-waves, cloud bursts, droughts etc. 

For example: Some of the extreme events that have been experienced around the world are: 

• A heat wave in Canada and adjacent parts of the USA pushed temperatures to nearly 50C in a village in British Columbia. 
• Death Valley, California reached 54.4C during one of multiple heat waves in the south-western USA. 
• A second successive year of drought in sub-tropical South America reduced the flow of river basins and hit agriculture, transport and energy production

Extreme Event	Impact	Example
Drought	Climate change is shifting the equilibrium of the water cycle, making large regions more drought-prone by 2100.	The Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index indicates more drought-prone conditions, particularly in mid-latitude regions.
Extreme Precipitation	Warmer air holds more water vapor (7% more per degree of warming), leading to more intense and variable precipitation events, increasing both floods and droughts.	Increased risk of flooding and dam failure during heavy rains, while water storage becomes critical during droughts.
Tropical Storms	Tropical storms and hurricanes are shifting towards the poles due to expanding tropics caused by higher global temperatures.	Warmer sea temperatures could intensify hurricane wind speeds by up to 10%. Hurricanes Florence (2018) and Imelda (2019) caused devastating floods due to this shift.
Coastal Storms and Storm Surges	Rising sea levels (by 1-4 feet globally) in low to moderate emissions scenarios will amplify the impact of coastal storms and storm surges.	Hurricane Ida in 2021 hit Louisiana, US, as an extremely dangerous Category 4 storm, with increased damage due to rising sea levels and coastal storm surges.
Warmer Sea Surface Temperatures	Higher sea surface temperatures lead to more low-pressure systems, increasing the likelihood of stronger and more frequent tropical storms.	NOAA has predicted an increase in Category 4 and 5 hurricanes, with wind speeds rising by up to 10%, intensifying storms like Hurricane Florence and Hurricane Imelda.
Wildfires	Warmer, drier conditions caused by climate change increase wildfire risk by affecting temperature, soil moisture, and fuel availability (trees, shrubs).	In the U.S. West, a 1°C rise could increase the median burned area by up to 600% in some forests.

Hello,

We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.

Why this?

Political Campaigning’s gone digital big-time lately! Morever, Elections have been a recurring theme in the UPSC- be it the challenges, role of ECI etc. Adding to this layer, is when the themes are cross cutting subject such as this one- Elections X Technology. There is a dearth of sorted content  good enough to replicated directly in the answers. We’ve packed this article with insights to help you evaluate the impact, ethics, and challenges of this shift.  We have  incorporated real-world examples into the discussions to give you a unique perspective that sets your analysis apart. Take a special note of the various regulatory reforms which can be replicated directly in the exams.

GS1:

Indian Society: Globalization and Social Change

Note4Students: Analyze the influence of digital political campaigns on societal structures and voter engagement in a globalized context.

Microtheme: Globalisation

GS2:

Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations: Election and Representation

Note4Students: Explore how digital platforms are transforming electoral processes and enhancing political participation among diverse groups.

Microtheme: Elections

GS3:

Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security, and Disaster Management: Awareness in IT

Note4Students: Examine the role of technology, such as AI and big data, in shaping political campaigns and influencing voter behavior at a granular level.

Microtheme: Tech solutions for daily challenges

GS4:

Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude: Ethical Concerns in Governance

Note4Students: Understand the ethical implications of digital campaigns, including misinformation and the need for transparency in political advertising.

Microtheme: Applied Ethics

·        Leave.EU was a pro-Brexit political campaign group led by Arron Banks and Andy Wigmore. Active during the 2016 EU referendum, it focused on national sovereignty, immigration, and economic independence. Known for its aggressive rhetoric, social media tactics, and controversy, it played a key role in the Brexit outcome.Digital political campaigns in India:·        Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) – 2014 and 2019 Elections: The BJP’s use of digital platforms was a game-changer. They employed social media, mobile apps, and digital marketing to engage with voters, with Narendra Modi’s Twitter and Facebook presence playing a key role. The NaMo App also allowed direct interaction with voters.·        #MainBhiChowkidar Campaign (2019): The BJP launched the #MainBhiChowkidar campaign, where Prime Minister Modi and his supporters used the phrase on social media to emphasize the government’s role in fighting corruption. It went viral, with thousands adding “Chowkidar” to their Twitter names.·        WhatsApp Groups for Grassroots Campaigning: In various elections, political parties have extensively used WhatsApp for direct communication. Targeted messages, rally announcements, and even misinformation were circulated through community groups to influence voter behavior.·        Congress Party’s Digital Push (2019): The Indian National Congress ramped up its digital presence for the 2019 elections, led by Rahul Gandhi’s increased social media visibility. The #AbHogaNyay campaign used videos, infographics, and social media outreach to convey their message.

The Economics of Digital Campaigning

A)    Digital Spending Overview

Political Party	Election Year	Estimated Digital Spending	Key Digital Strategies
BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party)	2014 General Elections	₹150-400 crores	Social media ads, NaMo App, WhatsApp, Twitter, YouTube campaigns
	2019 General Elections	₹500+ crores	#MainBhiChowkidar campaign, personalized outreach via NaMo App, influencer marketing
Indian National Congress	2019 General Elections	₹150-200 crores	#AbHogaNyay, social media ads, influencer partnerships, Twitter and Facebook outreach
Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)	2015 Delhi Elections	₹10-20 crores	Facebook, Twitter campaigns, YouTube ads, grassroots WhatsApp groups
	2020 Delhi Elections	₹20-30 crores	YouTube, Twitter ads, WhatsApp messaging, targeted video campaigns
Samajwadi Party	2022 UP Elections	₹5-10 crores	Social media, Twitter campaigns, WhatsApp groups, targeted digital ads
Trinamool Congress (TMC)	2021 West Bengal Elections	₹10-20 crores	YouTube ads, social media, influencer campaigns, WhatsApp group targeting

• Shift towards Digital Platform: Conventional publicity tools like flags, billboards, and public meetings made up only a small fraction of parties’ total propaganda spending in the 2023 Karnataka election. This indicates a strategic shift toward digital platforms in electoral strategies.

Key Factors behind this shift

Category	Details
1. Rising Internet Penetration	India’s Digital Growth: Over 700 million internet users; affordable smartphones and data have made digital platforms the primary communication mode.
	Youth Engagement: A significant portion of the electorate is young and tech-savvy, ideal for targeting first-time voters.
2. Cost-effectiveness and Reach	Lower Costs: Digital campaigns are more cost-effective than traditional advertising, offering higher ROI through targeted ads.
	Wide Reach: Social media platforms allow parties to reach diverse voter demographics; WhatsApp enables grassroots micro-targeting.
3. Data-driven Campaigning	Targeted Ads: Data analytics helps create highly targeted ads for specific voter groups based on demographics.
	Personalization: Voter behavior data allows parties to craft personalized content and engage voters directly.
4. Social Media Dominance	Viral Campaigns: Platforms like Twitter and Facebook are crucial for political discourse, utilizing hashtags and viral videos.
	Influencer Partnerships: Collaboration with social media influencers amplifies messaging and expands audience reach.
5. Real-time Feedback and Engagement	Direct Interaction: Social media enables real-time interaction between politicians and voters, facilitating immediate feedback.
	Live-streaming and Virtual Rallies: Live-streamed events on platforms like YouTube and Facebook became common during elections and crises like COVID-19.
6. WhatsApp and Messaging Apps	Grassroots Campaigning: WhatsApp is used to disseminate campaign materials and organize volunteer groups at the local level.
	Micro-targeting: Personalized messaging and real-time mobilization through WhatsApp groups enhance campaign efforts.
7. Regulatory and Ethical Challenges	Misinformation and Fake News: The digital shift has led to increased misinformation, raising ethical concerns about platform usage.
	Regulatory Scrutiny: The Election Commission of India monitors digital campaigns, enforcing rules like pre-approval of political ads for transparency.
8. Future of Political Campaigning	Hybrid Campaigns: Combining traditional methods with digital initiatives is becoming the norm in political campaigning.
	Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: Parties use AI tools and big data to predict voter behavior and optimize outreach strategies.

• Micro-targeting Capabilities: Political parties are utilizing micro-targeting to reach specific audiences down to the panchayat level based on location. One party was found to micro-target over 1,700 pin codes in a single advertisement, demonstrating digital platforms’ capacity to shape electoral narratives with precision.
• Rise of Third-Party Campaigners: While major political parties have significant financial power, a less visible force, known as third-party campaigners, operates behind the scenes. Although spending on Google Ads is publicly available, these third-party campaigners work quietly and often go unnoticed, influencing elections without much oversight. A study by Lokniti-CSDS found that 31 third-party campaigners on Meta spent over ₹2,260 lakh in just 90 days leading up to June 29, 2024.

What is the present Issue?

• On Google, political ads generally avoid offensive content, but the spending by third-party groups is limited.
• On Meta, many third-party campaigners are top spenders and often share inflammatory content.
• This inconsistency highlights the need for unified rules across all platforms to manage harmful content and hold tech companies accountable.

IN NEED of REGULATORY REFORMS

Regulatory Reform	Description	Existing Example
Mandatory Disclosure of Ad Spending	Require political parties to disclose digital ad spending in real-time for transparency.	U.S. Federal Election Commission: Requires candidates to report ad spending, including digital platforms.
Pre-approval of Political Ads	Social media platforms should enforce pre-approval of political ads to prevent misinformation.	Facebook’s Ad Archive: Political ads must be approved and logged for public viewing.
Cap on Digital Campaign Spending	Introduce spending limits on digital campaigns to ensure a level playing field among political parties.	Canada’s Election Act: Limits on total campaign spending, including digital ads.
Regulating Micro-targeting	Implement data protection rules and require transparency on how personal data is used for targeting.	EU’s GDPR: Requires consent for data processing and provides rights to individuals regarding their data.
Fact-checking Mechanisms	Establish independent fact-checking bodies to verify content and prevent the spread of fake news.	WhatsApp Fact-Checking Initiative: Collaborates with fact-checkers to verify information shared on its platform.
6. Limits on Bulk Messaging	Restrict the use of bulk messaging tools to prevent the mass dissemination of false information.	WhatsApp’s Policy on Bulk Messaging: Limits forwarding messages to curb misinformation during elections.

Hello,

We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.

Why this?

The Indian government is exploring the possibility of allowing Chinese investments in high-tech electronics on a case-by-case basis. Impact of this move on India’s economy is something you will read multiple times till the exam. But not reading the specifics will lead to a place where you would be writing generic answers. It is important to understand that this topic needs to be understood in the context of Make in India initiative. By diving into the concept of the Indianisation of the economy, we’ve analyzed how these investments could influence India’s future trajectory and shape its industrial landscape.

GS Paper 1:

Economic Geography and India’s Industrialization

Note4Students: Analyze how India’s geography, infrastructure, and natural resources influence its manufacturing capabilities. Explore how reliance on global supply chains and regional disparities affects the Indianization of the economy.

Microtheme: Secondary Sector

GS Paper 2:

Governance, Policies, and Foreign Investment

Note4Students: Examine the constitutional and policy-related challenges in balancing foreign investments, particularly from China, with national security and economic sovereignty goals like Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India.

Microtheme: Neighbourhood

GS Paper 3:

Indian Economy, Industrial Policy, and Global Competition

Note4Students: Assess the impact of global competition and domestic constraints on India’s industrial policies. Critically analyze the role of government interventions such as the PLI scheme in strengthening India’s position in global supply chains.

Microtheme: Industrial Policy

GS Paper 4:

Ethics in Economic Policy and Foreign Investment

Note4Students: Consider the ethical challenges of allowing foreign investments from politically sensitive countries. Reflect on the balance between economic pragmatism, national interest, and the ethical responsibility of ensuring transparency and fairness in decision-making.

Microtheme: Utilization of public funds

Reasons for this move?

1. Pressure from Indian Industry: Indian companies, particularly in electronics, are urging the government to relax restrictions on Chinese investments to access advanced technology and boost domestic production.
2. Technological Expertise: China has expertise in critical areas such as AC compressors, display panels, and semiconductors—technology that is not easily available from countries like South Korea or Taiwan.
3. Boost to Domestic Manufacturing: The government is focusing on investments that can significantly enhance India’s domestic component manufacturing and reduce reliance on imports.

The dilemma between ‘Make in India’ and China’s presence:

Aspect	‘Make in India’ Initiative	China’s Presence in India
Objective	To develop India as a global manufacturing hub, reduce import dependence, and boost domestic industries.	Dominates India’s smartphone market, with 4 out of 5 top-selling brands being Chinese, controlling 50%+ market share.
Policy Support	Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to attract investment and boost large-scale electronics manufacturing.	Chinese companies are taking advantage of PLI schemes by setting up local production and adapting to regulations.
Government Allocations	Union Budget 2024-25 allocates ₹6,125 crore for electronics manufacturing and ₹1,148 crore for R&D.	Chinese firms have operated in India for over a decade, becoming major players in electronics production.
Self-Reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat)	Focus on reducing dependence on foreign imports, promoting indigenous innovation and local talent.	Chinese companies continue to integrate into India’s supply chain, although India is pushing for more local ownership and manufacturing.
Employment and Localization	Aims to generate local jobs by encouraging domestic manufacturing and R&D in critical sectors.	Chinese companies have adapted by hiring Indian executives, local production staff, and collaborating with Indian partners.
Political and Economic Concerns	Anti-China sentiments post-Galwan conflict, push to boycott Chinese products, and reduce Chinese investments.	Despite anti-China rhetoric, Chinese companies remain critical to India’s smartphone market and supply chain.
Strategic Alliances	Exploring partnerships with Taiwanese firms to further reduce dependency on Chinese manufacturers.	Chinese companies continue to seek opportunities within India despite increasing government scrutiny and regulatory challenges.
Technological Advancements	Encourages domestic innovation, particularly in the smartphone and IT sectors, to build a competitive edge.	Chinese firms bring advanced manufacturing techniques and technological expertise, raising concerns about reliance on foreign innovation.
Long-term Vision	Envisions a self-reliant India with home-grown companies leading major industries.	China continues to leverage its scale, efficiency, and market dominance in India, posing a challenge to India’s self-reliance efforts.

#Indianisation of the economy

A shift in economic policies and practices aimed at promoting domestic growth, reducing dependence on foreign products, and fostering a self-reliant and culturally integrated economy.

Challenges to complete Indianisation:

Challenge	Description	Example
Lack of Advanced Technology	India lacks cutting-edge technology and innovation capabilities, especially in sectors like electronics and semiconductors.	The absence of a domestic semiconductor industry forces dependency on countries like Taiwan, South Korea, and China.
Dependence on Global Supply Chains	Many critical components are imported, making self-reliance difficult without domestic supply chains.	India’s smartphone production is heavily reliant on Chinese imports for critical components like chips, circuits, and cameras as evident during COVID-19 pandemic.
Insufficient Infrastructure	Underdeveloped infrastructure in logistics, power, and manufacturing hinders competitiveness.	Despite the PLI scheme for electronics, India lacks adequate manufacturing infrastructure. India’s power shortages and logistics inefficiencies further impede large-scale manufacturing.
Skilled Labor Shortage	Lack of adequately skilled workers in advanced manufacturing sectors.	India lacks the required skilled workforce to work in high-tech manufacturing sectors like semiconductor fabs and precision electronics manufacturing.
Investment and Capital Constraints	High investments needed for infrastructure and technology development.	The Union Budget 2024-25 allocated ₹6,125 crore to electronics manufacturing under the PLI scheme, but the total investment would require tens of billions of dollars.
Quality and Scale Issues	Difficulty in achieving consistent product quality and scaling production efficiently.	Apple relies on Foxconn, a Taiwanese company, to manufacture iPhones in India, and high-end product lines are still manufactured in China due to India’s lower scale and quality consistency.
Regulatory and Policy Hurdles	Bureaucratic delays and complex regulations slow down investment in manufacturing.	The World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Report ranked India 63rd in 2020. Red tape and complex approval processes have deterred some foreign manufacturers from investing in Indian factories.
Competition from Foreign Firms	Established foreign firms, especially Chinese, dominate sectors like electronics due to cheaper production.	Chinese companies dominate India’s smartphone market with a combined market share exceeding 50% by 2023.
Geopolitical and Trade Relations	Disrupting trade relations with countries like China can cause supply chain bottlenecks.	Following the Galwan Valley clash in 2020, restrictions on Chinese investments led to delays in projects and affected industries heavily reliant on Chinese imports, particularly electronics and telecom.
Consumer Preferences	Consumers are accustomed to affordable, feature-rich products from foreign brands.	Chinese smartphones like Xiaomi and Realme are popular due to their affordability and advanced features.

Hello,

We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.

Why this ?

The 6th Quad Summit was recently held in Delaware, USA, marking another pivotal moment in global geopolitics, especially in the Indo-Pacific. We’ve compiled the key announcements from this year’s summit and then explored why the Quad is significant, the challenges it faces, and some real-world examples that illustrate these points. Since the Quad is an example of minilateral diplomacy, we’ve also taken a closer look at the rise of minilateralism and its growing impact on the global stage.

GS 1
Geography: Indo-Pacific Region
Note4Students: Understand the geopolitical significance of the Indo-Pacific in global power dynamics and India’s strategic role through the Quad partnership. 

Microtheme : Natural resources potential

GS 2
International Relations: India and Quad
Note4Students: Explore how India’s Quad partnerships strengthen ties with global powers, addressing regional security and infrastructure challenges.
Microtheme : Geo-politics affecting India’s Interest

GS 3
Economic Development, Security: Technology and Infrastructure
Note4Students: Examine Quad’s role in strengthening cybersecurity, infrastructure development, and supply chain diversification in the Indo-Pacific. 

Microtheme : Cyber Security

GS 4

Ethics: International Cooperation

Note4Students: Analyze ethical considerations in India’s foreign policy decisions, focusing on transparency and strategic autonomy in Quad collaborations.

Microtheme : Applied Ethics

Announcements at QUAD 2024

Announcement	Description
Quad Cancer Moonshot	A groundbreaking partnership to save lives in the Indo-Pacific region by combating cervical cancer.
Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific (MAITRI)	Enabling Indo-Pacific partners to maximize tools provided through IPMDA and other Quad initiatives.
First-ever Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission (2025)	Improving interoperability and advancing maritime safety through the inaugural Quad-at-Sea mission in 2025.
Quad Ports of the Future Partnership	Harnessing the Quad’s collective expertise to support sustainable and resilient port infrastructure development across the Indo-Pacific.
Quad Principles for Development and Deployment of Digital Public Infrastructure	Establishing principles for the development and deployment of digital public infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific region and beyond.
Semiconductor Supply Chains Contingency Network Memorandum of Cooperation	Enhancing the resilience of the Quad’s semiconductor supply chains through a memorandum of cooperation.
Collective Quad Effort on Energy Efficiency	A collective Quad initiative to boost energy efficiency, including the deployment and manufacturing of high-efficiency affordable cooling systems in the Indo-Pacific.
India’s Space-based Web Portal for Mauritius	India’s establishment of a space-based web portal for Mauritius, supporting open science for monitoring extreme weather events and climate impacts.
Quad STEM Fellowship Sub-category	A new sub-category under the Quad STEM Fellowship, announced by India, for Indo-Pacific students to pursue a 4-year bachelor’s level engineering programme.

About Quad

Category	Details
About	Quad, or Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is a diplomatic partnership among Australia, India, Japan, and the US, focused on promoting stability, prosperity, and an open, resilient Indo-Pacific environment.
Objectives of Quad	Addresses regional challenges such as health security, climate change, infrastructure, technology, cybersecurity, humanitarian assistance, maritime security, disinformation, and counter-terrorism.
Origins of Quad	Originated in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, providing humanitarian assistance. Formally established in 2007 by Japanese PM Shinzo Abe. Dormant after Australia withdrew in 2008, revived in 2017.
Expansion Potential	“Quad-plus” meetings with South Korea, New Zealand, and Vietnam suggest potential for future expansion.

STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE FOR INDIA

Significance	Details	Examples
Strategic Counterbalance to China	The QUAD provides India a platform to counterbalance China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific. This is vital due to border tensions, such as the 2020-2021 Galwan Valley clashes.	2023 Malabar exercises in Australia focused on anti-submarine warfare.
Economic and Technological Cooperation	QUAD gives India access to advanced technologies and economic partnerships.	The Quad Critical & Emerging Technology Forum focuses on AI, quantum computing, and biotechnology, aiding India’s National Quantum Mission.
Infrastructure and Connectivity	QUAD infrastructure initiatives offer opportunities for India to enhance regional connectivity.	The QUAD Infrastructure Coordination Group aligns members’ infrastructure efforts in the Indo-Pacific, complementing India’s International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
Maritime Security and Freedom of Navigation	QUAD reinforces India’s commitment to ensuring free and open sea lanes in the Indo-Pacific, crucial for its trade and energy security. Approximately 95% of the country’s trade by volume and 68% by value is moved through Maritime Transport.	Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) launched in 2022.
Climate Change and Disaster Response	QUAD provides India a platform to address climate change and disaster response, critical for a country vulnerable to climate impacts.	The QUAD Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Package (Q-CHAMP) focuses on green shipping corridors, clean energy cooperation, and climate services.
Cyber Security and Critical Technologies	QUAD offers a framework for cooperation in cyber security and critical technologies.	The QUAD Cybersecurity Partnership announced in 2023 focuses on improving cyber resilience and response.

PERSISTING CHALLENGES

Category	Details	Examples
Balancing Act with China	India faces the challenge of balancing QUAD participation with managing its complex relationship with China, as Beijing views QUAD as a containment strategy amid border tensions.	In 2023, China-India border talks showed progress but still highlighted persistent tensions.
Divergent Priorities within QUAD	QUAD members have differing priorities; the US and Australia focus on security, while India prefers a broader approach. Diverging views on Russia’s Ukraine invasion further highlight differences.	India’s neutral stance on Russia contrasts with the US and Australia imposing sanctions.
Resource and Capacity Constraints	Implementing QUAD initiatives strains India’s resources, given its domestic development priorities. Participation in vaccine partnerships and emerging technologies faces financial and human resource constraints.	India faced initial challenges in meeting domestic vaccine demands during the QUAD Vaccine Partnership.
Potential Economic Costs	Restructuring supply chains away from China may cause short-term economic costs for India, especially in its electronics industry, which relies on Chinese components.	Bilateral trade between India and China hit a record USD 135.98 billion in 2022.
Regional Perceptions and Diplomatic Challenges	India must manage regional perceptions of QUAD, especially from ASEAN, to avoid diplomatic isolation, while balancing its participation in groups like BRICS.	India balances participation in QUAD and BRICS, which includes China and Russia.
Operational and Interoperability Challenges	Enhancing QUAD interoperability is challenging for India due to its diverse military equipment, including Russian-origin systems, complicating defense cooperation and potential CAATSA sanctions concerns.	India’s use of Russian S-400 missile systems led to concerns about US CAATSA sanctions.

Way Forward

1. Issue-based Alignment within QUAD: India should pursue a flexible, issue-based alignment within QUAD, focusing on areas of mutual interest without compromising on its core strategic interests.  

2. Enhancing Domestic Capabilities: Investing in domestic capabilities, particularly in defense and technology sectors, can reduce external dependencies and strengthen India’s position within QUAD. 

3. Proactive Agenda Setting: India should take a more proactive role in setting the QUAD agenda, focusing on areas where it has strengths and which align with its strategic interests.  

4. Diversified Engagement Strategy: India should continue to engage with multiple regional and global forums alongside QUAD. This includes active participation in BRICS, SCO, and ASEAN-led mechanisms.  

5. Balanced Infrastructure Development: India should leverage QUAD’s infrastructure initiatives while maintaining its own sovereign projects.

6.     Selective Defense Cooperation: While engaging in QUAD defense initiatives, India should maintain selectivity in its military engagements.  The focus should be on enhancing interoperability and capacity building without entering into binding defense pacts.  

MINILATERALISM

Minilaterals refer to informal and more targeted initiatives intended to address specific threats, contingencies, or security issues with a small number of states (usually three or four) sharing the same interest in resolving it within a finite period.

Reasons for the rise of Minilateralism

Reason	Description	Example
Challenges to Multilateralism	The evolving global order and inconsistent leadership, coupled with the rise of multipolarity, have reduced the effectiveness of multilateral organizations.	WTO struggles to reach consensus due to diverse memberships.
Geopolitical Rivalry & Flexibility	Geopolitical tensions, especially between the US and China, highlight the need for focused, flexible alliances.	The Quad (US, India, Japan, and Australia) formed to counterbalance China’s influence in Indo-Pacific.
Outdated Power Structures	Institutions like the UN Security Council reflect outdated power structures, decreasing their effectiveness in modern geopolitics.	The G7 excludes emerging powers, leading to the creation of alternative groupings like BRICS.
Technological Advancements	Technological improvements have facilitated faster, more flexible communication and collaboration among smaller groups.	The Arctic Council addresses region-specific environmental and security concerns among Arctic nations.
Adaptability to Regional Problems	Minilateral organizations can better address regional variations by providing more targeted solutions to specific local problems.	ASEAN’s regional security and economic cooperation among Southeast Asian countries.
Pandemic as a Catalyst	The Covid-19 pandemic has driven the rise of strategic minilateral cooperation to tackle specific challenges like supply chains and public health.	India’s SAARC Covid-19 platform for coordinating pandemic response in South Asia.

Hello,

We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.

Why this ?

The landmark passage of the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Women’s Reservation Bill) in 2023 saw the Vice President reshaping the Rajya Sabha panel, marking a significant shift in the perception of women’s roles. Questions on women empowerment are the most common questions that appear repeatedly. But since this topic is so common, the questions would demand a certain level of expertise on the topic. We have captured this essence by talking about the topic from empowerment to true women-led development, we’ve also covered the expanding influence of women as decision-makers, highlighting their growing impact across fields like the judiciary, politics, management, and more.

GS 1
Indian Society: Role of Women and Social Empowerment
Note4Students: Analyze how women’s leadership and increased representation reshape Indian society, promoting social progress and governance reforms.

Microtheme: Women and Associated concerns

GS 2
Governance, Polity, Social Justice: Women in Legislatures and Welfare Schemes
Note4Students: Understand the impact of women’s reservation in parliament and women-led welfare schemes on gender equality and governance.

Microtheme: Women

GS 3
Economic Development, Technology, Environment: Inclusive Growth and Employment
Note4Students: Examine the role of women in fostering inclusive growth and the challenges they face in gaining leadership roles in employment sectors.

Microtheme: Inclusive Growth

GS 4
Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude: Gender and Ethical Governance
Note4Students: Explore how gender representation influences ethical decision-making in public administration and promotes gender-sensitive policies.

Microtheme: Foundational values

What specific measures have been recently taken to promote women’s participation in Rajya Sabha?

• Reconstitution of the Vice-Chairpersons Panel: The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha reconstituted the panel to include only women during the historic passage of the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Women’s Reservation Bill), 2023.
• Increased Representation in the Vice-Chairpersons Panel: The practice of nominating four women members (50% of the panel) was introduced, including significant figures like S. Phangnon Konyak and P.T. Usha.
• Training of Women Officers for House Duties: Women officers of the Secretariat were trained to perform House duties, breaking the stereotype that these tasks were a male domain. Women now largely manage the Table of the House.
• Introduction of ‘Vahan’ Application: A system to facilitate safe commutation for women officers working late hours was introduced, ensuring their safety during odd hours.
• Appointment of Women in Key Roles: Women officers were appointed to key positions in human resources, legislative sections, and parliamentary committees.

What are the key outcomes from Nari Shakti Adhiniyam (2023)?

• 33% Reservation for Women in Legislatures: The Bill reserves 33% of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, aiming to increase women’s participation in governance.
• Long-term Impact on Women’s Representation: The Bill ensures that women are better represented in the political process, potentially reshaping the political landscape by empowering women as decision-makers.
• Women as Key Participants in Development: By providing more opportunities for women in legislatures, it aligns with the goal of women-led development, where women set the agenda for governance and development policies.

Moving from Women Development to Women-led Development

Parameter	Women Development	Women-Led Development
Definition	Focuses on improving the social, economic, and political conditions of women, ensuring their empowerment and inclusion in development.	Women take an active leadership role in driving economic, social, and political development, shaping policies and initiatives.
Approach	Primarily top-down, where external entities (governments, NGOs) design and implement policies for women’s benefit.	Bottom-up approach, where women are key decision-makers, leading change and actively contributing to the development process.
Role of Women	Women are often recipients of development programs aimed at improving their status and welfare.	Women are leaders and drivers of development, playing a central role in policy formulation, execution, and governance.
Objective	Achieve gender parity by reducing gaps in education, health, employment, and political representation.	Foster a more inclusive development model where women shape societal progress, ensuring their perspectives and needs are central.
Examples	Programs aimed at improving maternal health, increasing female literacy, and reducing gender violence.	Women-led grassroots movements, women entrepreneurs driving economic change, and female politicians spearheading reform.

Women as Decision Makers

Women’s participation in decision-making is essential for a country’s development and social progress. When women are involved in decision-making, it leads to positive societal changes, including improved laws, policies, and social norms. Ensuring that women have an equal voice alongside men in decisions that impact their lives, families, and communities is crucial for advancing gender equality and improving quality of life. Society must actively promote women’s equal representation and power in all areas of decision-making to build inclusive and diverse institutions.

Women’s Political Participation in India

1. National Politics
   • Central Council of Ministers: Women’s representation peaked at 17.8% in 2015, currently at 14.5%.
   • Election Success: Women have a higher success rate than men in elections, yet participation remains low.
   • 17th Lok Sabha: Highest women MPs in Odisha (33%), lowest in Kerala (5%).
2. Local Governance
   • 73rd and 74th Amendments (1990s): Mandated 33% reservation for women in local bodies.
   • State-Level Initiatives: 20 states now have 50% reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions.
   • Impact: Over 1 million women elected at local levels, improving grassroots political involvement.
3. Women’s Voter Turnout
   • Improved Participation: Women’s turnout in 2019 was 67.2%, surpassing men in states like Bihar and Goa.
   • Reason for Growth: Increased literacy has led to higher political awareness among women.

Women in Judicial Decision-Making

1. Current Representation in India
   • Supreme Court (2022): Out of 29 judges, only 3 are women.
   • High Courts: Only 13% of judges are women.
   • Global Issue: Low representation of women in the judiciary is not unique to India; it is a global challenge.

Women’s Representation in Management in India

1. Data Overview
   1. Periodic Labour Force Survey (2020-2021):
      • Women in managerial positions:
        • 2020: 18.8%
        • 2021: 18.1%
   2. Highest Representation (2021):
      • Mizoram: 41.5%
      • Sikkim: 32.5%
      • Manipur: 31.1%
      • Meghalaya: 30.9%
      • Andhra Pradesh: 30.3%
   3. Lowest Representation (2021):
      • Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu: 1.8%
      • Uttarakhand: 3.4%
      • Jammu & Kashmir: 4.6%
      • Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 7.2%
      • Bihar: 7.3%
2. Women in Legislative and Senior Roles: As of 2022, 22.2% of those in positions like Legislators, Senior Officials, and Managers were women.
3. State Comparisons:
   • Better Performing States: Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, and Andhra Pradesh show higher representation of women in management roles.
   • Lagging States: Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Uttarakhand, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Punjab, and Nagaland have much lower representation of women in management.

Hello,

We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.

Why This ?

In today’s hustle economy, balancing India’s demographic dividend with the rise of automation is becoming super critical. The big question for aspirants? How can India make the most of its youth boom while AI takes over jobs? We’ve broken down 4 key challenges you need to know to ace the specific challenges associated with this. Plus, we’ve dug into how skilling plays a huge role in turning these challenges into opportunities, helping you handle any curveballs UPSC throws at you!

GS 1
Indian Society: Population and Social Empowerment
Note4Students: Analyze the demographic dividend and the challenges of an aging population. Explore the role of skilling in promoting social empowerment.

Microthemes: Population and associated issues

GS 2
Governance, Polity, Social Justice: Government Policies and Development
Note4Students: Gain insights into labor reforms, skilling initiatives, and public-private partnerships for economic growth.

Microthemes: Human Resources

GS 3
Economic Development, Technology, Environment: Growth, Employment, and Automation
Note4Students: Assess challenges in labor-intensive sectors and the impact of AI on jobs. Examine fiscal roles in skilling programs and budgeting.

Microthemes: Innovative Technologies

GS 4

Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude: Economic Growth and Corporate Responsibility

Note4Students: Reflect on the ethical implications of automation and the corporate responsibility in reskilling efforts for equitable labor opportunities.

Microthemes: Applied Ethics

What is the demographic dividend?

The UNFPA defines the demographic dividend as the potential for economic growth that occurs when a larger portion of the population is of working age (15 to 64), compared to the younger (under 15) and older (65 and above) population who are not working.

Challenges in Leveraging India’s Demographic Sweet Spot

India is on the brink of harnessing its demographic dividend, yet several challenges hinder its ability to fully capitalize on this potential. Below are key factors that create obstacles in the current service-led growth model and employment landscape:

CHALLENGE 1 : SYSTEMIC CHALLENGES

 1. Inefficient Capital and Labour Ratios

The Economic Survey 2023-24 highlighted 2 key issues: a declining capital-to-output ratio and an increasing capital-to-labour ratio. This imbalance signals inefficiencies in how capital is allocated and utilized, which undermines the potential for sustained economic growth.

2. Misalignment of Labour Abundance

Arvind Panagariya, Chairman of the 16th Finance Commission, noted that India’s surplus labour is not being effectively leveraged. The reliance on capital-led economic growth is ill-suited for a nation with abundant labour resources, indicating a need for a shift in growth strategies.

3. Challenges for MSMEs

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) face significant hurdles due to outdated labour laws and excessive compliance burdens. These barriers discourage MSMEs from scaling, stifling their growth potential and the overall contribution to the economy.

4. Delayed Labour Code Implementation

Despite Parliament approving new labour codes, their delayed implementation sends negative signals to investors. This uncertainty complicates the growth landscape and impedes progress in creating a more conducive environment for investment.

CHALLENGE 2 : Employment in Labour-Intensive Sectors

To effectively utilize its demographic dividend, India must also address employment challenges in labour-intensive sectors:

1. Low Contribution of Agriculture

With 45% of the workforce engaged in agriculture, which contributes only 18% to GDP, there is a pressing need to diversify employment opportunities and boost manufacturing to enhance economic stability.

2. Focus on the Unorganised Sector

The unorganised and non-agricultural sectors employ 19% of the workforce but require focused attention to improve job quality and stability. Addressing these areas is vital for sustainable economic growth.

3. Unlocking High-Growth Sectors

Sectors like toys, apparel, tourism, and logistics present significant opportunities for labour-intensive employment. By prioritizing these industries, India can enhance job availability and stimulate economic activity.

4. Need for Enhanced Skilling

To support workers in transitioning to better-paying jobs, it is crucial to upgrade skills in these sectors. Skilling initiatives can enable workers to move up the value chain, fostering economic stability.

CHALLENGE 3 : The Importance of Skilling

Skilling is pivotal for enhancing workforce productivity and ensuring India maximizes its demographic dividend:

1. Low Formal Skill Levels

Currently, only 4.4% of the workforce aged 15-29 is formally skilled, underscoring the urgent need for targeted training initiatives to boost productivity.

2. Role of Public-Private Partnerships

Public-private partnerships are essential for developing relevant curricula and providing on-the-job training that aligns with industry needs. Collaboration can help bridge the skills gap in the workforce.

3. Lifelong Learning Approach

Skilling should be a lifelong endeavor, with flexible learning systems that allow workers to adapt to changing job requirements, rather than a one-time intervention.

4. New Education Policy (NEP) 2020

While the NEP 2020 emphasizes foundational and cognitive skills, it must be regularly reviewed to remain relevant in a fast-evolving job market.

CHALLENGE 4 : Impact of AI and Machine Learning

Finally, the emergence of AI and machine learning presents both challenges and opportunities for the Indian workforce:

1. Job Threats and Opportunities

AI and ML pose risks to low-skill, repetitive jobs but also create demand for skilled workers who can manage and utilize these technologies effectively. Addressing this shift is crucial for workforce adaptation.

2. Need for a Regulatory Framework

Establishing an appropriate regulatory framework for AI and ML is essential to ensure economic growth while protecting worker interests and promoting innovation.

3. Market Growth Potential

The AI/ML market is projected to grow nearly nine times by 2030, reaching $826.73 billion globally. This growth offers new employment avenues and innovation opportunities that India must capitalize on.

Way Forward 

• Sustaining Growth: Reforms are essential to sustain India’s growth trajectory and create new opportunities. 
• Policy Focus: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman emphasized the need for improving productivity and making markets more efficient in her 2023 Budget speech. 
• State-Level Reforms: While the central government has improved the ease of doing business, state-level reforms are crucial as states are where most economic activities occur. Collaboration: Both the Centre and States must collaborate to broaden and deepen reforms for sustained economic growth.

Skilling in the Age of Automation

In 2019, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) predicted that automation could eliminate 14% of jobs globally and transform 32% within 15-20 years, impacting over a billion people. This underscores the urgent need for reskilling in the age of automation.

Challenges	Way Forward
Changing Skill Demands: Automation and AI are handling both manual and complex tasks. Skills now have an average half-life of less than 5 years, and as low as 2.5 years in tech fields.	Continuous learning and reskilling must be prioritized. Governments and organizations should promote lifelong learning.
Job Displacement: Many workers will see their jobs transformed by AI, potentially shifting them into new roles.	Comprehensive reskilling programs are needed to help workers transition into new roles or industries.
Upskilling Investment: Companies are investing up to 1.5% of their budgets in upskilling, but millions will need full reskilling, according to OECD.	Large-scale reskilling programs are required to prepare workers for entirely new roles.
Limited Impact of Current Efforts: Reskilling programs are often small-scale and not enough to address widespread automation impacts.	Companies must expand and collaborate on reskilling, with support from governments and educational institutions.
New Approaches in Reskilling: Companies are rethinking when, why, and how to reskill to adapt to AI and automation.	Adopt flexible, innovative reskilling strategies like real-time assessments and adaptive learning programs.

Hello,

We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.

Why This

With the fear of jobless growth, the talk about Universal Basic Income (UBI) has hit the public discourse hard. But let’s be real—it’s not that simple to handle this topic. Learning the challenges in implementing UBI and the opportunities it presents are the basics which everybody should know. But whats important is to analyse UBI across economic, political, social, and administrative angles. This article dives deep into each of these aspects and further breaks down whether UBI can truly work as a safety net, giving you the full picture to tackle any question thrown your way!

GS 1
Indian Society: Poverty and Social Change

Note4Students: Analyze the role of UBI in mitigating poverty, unemployment, and income inequality in the context of automation and globalization.

Microtheme: Poverty and Developmental issues.

GS 2
Governance, Polity, Social Justice: Welfare Schemes and Vulnerable Sections

Note4Students: Examine UBI as a complement or alternative to welfare schemes, and its role in addressing poverty, education, and social equity.

Microtheme: Welfare and Development Schemes

GS 3
Economic Development, Technology, Environment: Inclusive Growth and Employment

Note4Students: Critically assess UBI’s potential to reduce income inequality, address automation-driven unemployment, and its fiscal implications.

Microtheme: Inclusive Growth X Public Expenditure

GS 4
Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude: Social Justice and Governance

Note4Students: Reflect on the ethical aspects of UBI, emphasizing fairness, transparency, and its role in ensuring social justice for marginalized communities.

Microtheme: Quality of Service Delivery

Is UBI a safety net for the Future ?

The International Labour Organization (ILO) reports that 83% of the unemployed population in India are youth, largely due to the impact of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) on traditional jobs. This transformation of the economy has worsened income inequality, with a 1.6% global drop in labor income share between 2004 and 2024. For a developing nation like India, where a large portion of the workforce is unskilled or semi-skilled, such trends are deeply troubling.

Additionally, inflationary pressures and geopolitical tensions have prompted aggressive monetary policies, which have only strained the labor market further. Rising unemployment rates in 2024, as projected by the ILO, highlight these structural issues within global and national labor markets.Given this context, Universal Basic Income (UBI) emerges as a potential solution to address the growing inequality and economic instability. In a nation like India, where income disparity is high, and the formal employment sector remains limited, UBI can play a transformative role by promoting economic stability, ensuring social equity, and empowering the marginalized. But like every other measure it has two sides to it. This article analyses the Pros and Cons of it.

What is UBI ?

Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a social welfare proposal in which all beneficiaries regularly receive a guaranteed income in the form of an unconditional transfer payment. 

A brief dissection of various aspects:

Category	Pros	Cons
Economic	1. Stimulus: UBI boosts local economies by increasing consumer spending and supporting small businesses. Ex: Economic Survey 2016-17 predicted UBI could shrink poverty from 22% to 0.5%. 2. Entrepreneurial Growth: With financial security, individuals are more likely to take entrepreneurial risks. Ex: SEWA’s UBI pilot (2011-12) showed increased health, productivity, and financial stability. 3. Increased Demand: UBI encourages spending, boosting demand for goods and services and spurring economic growth.	1. High Cost: UBI is expensive and may require significant tax hikes or spending cuts. Ex: UBI could cost 4.9% of GDP vs. 3.7% for current welfare programs (Economic Survey 2016-17). 2. Inflation Risk: Increased disposable income may lead to inflation if not managed properly. 3. Financial Feasibility: UBI could lead to cuts in essential welfare programs, impacting vulnerable groups. Ex: Replacing welfare programs like MGNREGS may destabilize rural safety nets.
Political	1. Popularity: UBI can gain political traction by appealing to voters as a tangible solution to poverty. Ex: Alaska’s Permanent Fund Dividend boosted political engagement. 2. Electoral Advantage: Political parties advocating UBI could attract a larger voter base, especially from marginalized communities. Ex: 2017 Economic Survey showed growing support for UBI as a policy. 3. Political Stability: UBI can promote social cohesion by reducing economic disparities, easing tensions in divided societies.	1. Inequity: UBI’s universal nature may disproportionately benefit the wealthy if not carefully designed. Ex: IMF report suggested UBI could worsen income inequality if welfare is replaced. 2. Universality vs. Targeting: There is ongoing debate about whether UBI should be truly universal or targeted to those most in need. 3. Rollback of Welfare: Politically challenging to phase out existing welfare schemes to fund UBI. Ex: Transitioning from PDS and MGNREGS to UBI raises concerns about food security.
Social	1. Poverty Reduction: UBI directly reduces poverty by providing a guaranteed income floor for all citizens. Ex: SEWA’s UBI pilot improved health and economic outcomes for low-income households. 2. Empowering Women: UBI can promote gender equality by providing women with financial independence. Ex: 2018 data showed 75% of adult Indian women weren’t in formal employment; UBI could alleviate dependency. 3. Health Benefits: UBI can reduce stress and improve mental health by reducing financial insecurity. Ex: Telangana’s “Rythu Bandhu” scheme linked to improved well-being of farmers.	1. Dependency Risk: UBI may reduce the incentive to work, creating a reliance on government support. Ex: Critics argue that UBI could disincentivize job-seeking or skill development. 2. Productivity Decline: Critics fear that UBI may foster laziness or entitlement. 3. Administrative Issues: Complexities in reaching every citizen, especially in remote or rural areas. Ex: Implementing UBI in a country with varied socio-economic conditions like India faces challenges with eligibility.
Administrative	1. Simplified Welfare: UBI streamlines welfare by replacing multiple schemes, reducing administrative costs. Ex: Economic Survey 2016-17 highlighted UBI’s potential to reduce bureaucratic overhead. 2. Income Security: Provides a reliable safety net without the need for eligibility assessments. Ex: PAHAL (LPG subsidy) is a successful income support model. 3. Efficient Resource Allocation: UBI can free up government resources for other critical sectors like healthcare and education.	1. Beneficiary Identification: Implementing UBI in India is challenging due to difficulties in accurately identifying beneficiaries. Ex: World Bank report noted India’s socio-economic diversity complicates UBI implementation. 2. Legal and Political Challenges: Overhauling existing welfare programs and integrating UBI may face resistance from vested interests. 3. Budget Constraints: UBI’s cost (estimated at 4.9% of GDP) could crowd out spending on crucial services like education and infrastructure. Ex: Economic Survey 2016-17 raised concerns about the affordability of UBI for India.

CONCEPT : SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN INDIA

Social protection systems refer to comprehensive programs and policies designed to protect individuals and households from economic and social risks, vulnerabilities, and shocks. These systems aim to promote economic stability, reduce poverty, and ensure access to essential services. Any social protection system, thus, essentially addresses one or more of the 6 Vulnerabilities.

ADDRESSING THE 6 Vs = 6 VULNERABILITIES

1. Economic Vulnerability: Addressing poverty and income inequality through programs like MGNREGA, PM-KISAN, and DBT.
2. Health Vulnerability: Managing health risks and catastrophic expenses with schemes like Ayushman Bharat.
3. Food Insecurity: Ensuring access to basic nutrition through programs like the Public Distribution System (PDS) and Mid-Day Meal Scheme.
4. Vulnerability of Marginalized Groups: Supporting the elderly, disabled, and marginalized communities through pensions and social assistance (NSAP).
5. Employment Vulnerability: Tackling job insecurity with schemes like MGNREGA and NRLM.
6. Financial Vulnerability: Promoting financial inclusion and security via banking access (PMJDY) and Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT).

Social protection systems in India are crucial for addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by vulnerable populations. By providing financial stability, healthcare access, food security, and employment support, these systems play a vital role in promoting social equity, reducing poverty, and building resilience against economic and health shocks.

Hello,

We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.

Why this? An under-construction bridge collapses in Bihar and is a wake-up call (yet again) for our Infrastructure sector. UPSC will never quiz you on a stray event but would want you to analyse the twin issues of “Quality control” and “Implementation Gaps” with examples. We have 14 Issue-Example cases for you. Bihar bridge collapse is just one of them!

—

UPSC Syllabus Anchoring:

GS 1
Indian Society: Urbanization, Problems, and Remedies

Note4Students: Analyze how poor infrastructure and urban planning worsen socio-economic inequalities. Make notes on practical solutions to urbanization challenges.

Microtheme: Emerging Urban Issues

GS 2
Governance, Polity, Social Justice: Government Policies and Transparency

Note4Students: Understand gaps in infrastructure policies and link them to transparency and accountability issues. Explore the role of NGOs and SHGs in public project monitoring.

Microtheme: Structural reforms and Actions

GS 3
Economic Development, Technology, and Environment: Infrastructure and Security

Note4Students: Critically assess challenges in energy, ports, and roads. Analyze land reforms and the environmental impact of large infrastructure projects.

Microtheme: Infrastructure

GS 4
Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude: Public Administration and Probity

Note4Students: Reflect on ethical dilemmas in public projects. Discuss how corruption undermines development efforts and explore anti-corruption strategies.

Microtheme: Utilization of Public Funds

ISSUE 1: QUALITY CONTROL

Quality control in infrastructure projects refers to the set of procedures, standards, and checks that are implemented to ensure that construction projects meet specified design, safety, and performance standards. 

Issue	Description	Example
Poor Material Quality	Use of substandard or inferior materials leading to reduced durability and structural integrity.	Several flyovers in Kolkata had to undergo repairs due to the use of low-quality cement and concrete.
Inadequate Supervision	Lack of proper monitoring during construction results in deviation from quality standards.	In the Mumbai Metro, reports of structural defects were found due to insufficient supervision during construction.
Corruption and Bribery	Kickbacks influence the selection of low-cost and low-quality contractors, undermining overall project quality.	The Commonwealth Games infrastructure faced quality issues due to corruption in awarding contracts.
Lack of Skilled Labor	Shortage of trained personnel leads to poor workmanship, impacting the quality of construction.	Several road projects in rural India reported cracks due to unskilled labor being employed for construction work.
Inadequate Testing and Certification	Failure to properly test materials and construction methods before use, leading to undetected defects.	A portion of the Chennai Metro collapsed during testing due to poor preliminary checks of construction materials.
Delayed Maintenance	Post-construction, lack of timely maintenance can degrade the infrastructure quality over time.	The Bandra-Worli Sea Link in Mumbai has faced issues with regular maintenance, leading to wear and tear.

ISSUE 2: IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

Issue	Description	Example
Land Acquisition Delays	Difficulty in acquiring land due to legal disputes, inadequate compensation, or resistance from locals.	The Bengaluru Peripheral Ring Road project has been delayed for years due to land acquisition issues.
Environmental Clearances	Prolonged procedures and delays in obtaining environmental approvals disrupt project timelines.	The Navi Mumbai International Airport faced significant delays due to challenges in obtaining environmental clearances.
Inefficient Project Management	Lack of coordinated project management leads to delays, cost overruns, and poor execution.	The Chennai Monorail project suffered from cost overruns due to poor project management and coordination.
Corruption and Misallocation	Corruption in awarding contracts leads to delays, cost escalations, and substandard work.	Corruption scandals involving the Commonwealth Games Village delayed the project and increased costs.
Technical Challenges	Lack of technical expertise or unforeseen challenges during implementation causes delays and rework.	The Delhi Metro Phase IV encountered issues with tunneling in certain areas, delaying project completion.
Contractor Failures	Contractors failing to meet deadlines or delivering substandard work cause project disruptions.	The Dwarka Expressway faced repeated delays due to contractor failures and missed deadlines.
Community Resistance	Local communities often resist infrastructure projects due to environmental, cultural, or livelihood concerns.	The Narmada Dam project faced significant opposition from local communities, delaying construction.
Political Interference	Changing governments or political agendas can lead to project delays or cancellations.	The Mumbai Metro Line 2 project faced delays due to changes in political leadership and conflicting priorities.

Way Forward: Need to Integrate Modern Tools and Techniques

1. Real-time Data Management: Traditional project management methods need an overhaul to incorporate modern tools like real-time data collection and analysis, which can help track progress and make timely interventions.
2. Global Best Practices in Project Management: The government must adopt international best practices, like the UK’s Infrastructure and Projects Authority model, which emphasizes efficient project delivery.
3. Program Management Approach: A holistic approach to managing multiple projects systematically, integrating resources, time, and information efficiently, as seen in successful projects like the Shendra-Bidkin industrial corridor.
4. GIS-Based Platforms: Initiatives like PM Gati Shakti demonstrate the integration of GIS-based platforms for real-time monitoring, enabling better coordination among various stakeholders to meet deadlines and enhance project quality.

INFRASTRUCTURE GAPS IN INDIA

India’s infrastructure primarily faces 6 gaps across various dimensions.. Each of these challenges hampers the progress of infrastructure development and contributes to the overall inefficiency in project execution. These can be categorized as: 

1. Implementation Gaps

1. Infrastructure projects in India are frequently delayed due to a lack of coordination between central and state authorities, delays in land acquisition, and environmental clearances.
2. For example, the Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC), a critical railway project, has faced significant delays, with costs escalating by 120% from the original estimate due to bureaucratic hurdles and slow land acquisition.

2. Funding Gaps

1. There is a large shortfall in the funding needed to meet India’s infrastructure goals. According to the NITI Aayog, India requires an estimated $1.5 trillion over the next decade to close its infrastructure deficit. While initiatives like the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) have been launched, they remain underfunded.
2. Example: In the road sector, the Bharatmala Pariyojana project faced a 78% increase in funding requirements, with many stretches left incomplete due to a funding gap.

3. Legal and Regulatory Gaps

1. Legal and regulatory challenges, including land acquisition laws and environmental clearances, slow down projects. The Land Acquisition Act of 2013, although meant to expedite land acquisition, has increased project costs and delayed project initiation, particularly for highways and industrial corridors.
2. Example: The Mumbai Metro Rail project was delayed due to environmental regulations and legal disputes over land acquisition.

4. Technical and Quality Gaps

• In many instances, infrastructure projects suffer from poor execution quality due to corruption, sub-standard materials, and inadequate supervision. The recent collapse of bridges in Bihar is a stark example, where under-construction bridges fell due to poor quality control and insufficient technical oversight.

5. Operational Gaps

• Many infrastructure projects, once completed, face issues in utilization due to a lack of operational efficiency. 
• For instance, power generation projects often face a lack of distribution infrastructure, leading to under-utilization of the capacity built.  Power plants in India frequently run at low-capacity utilization due to inefficiencies in the grid and transmission lines.

6. Institutional Gaps

• Lack of Skilled Workforce: The infrastructure sector faces a severe shortage of skilled labor and managerial expertise, leading to delays and sub-optimal project outcomes. 
• For instance, the construction sector, which employs over 50 million people, often lacks adequate training programs for workers.

These gaps highlight the complex challenges that India faces in achieving its ambitious infrastructure goals. Addressing them requires comprehensive policy reforms, increased public-private partnerships, and strengthened legal frameworks.

Hello,

We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.

Why this? SC called to address extra-legal demolitions like ‘Bulldozer justice’ at a pan-India level. We have drawn a chronology of SC judgments from 1978 to 2024 so you get comfortable with legal concerns. However, the quick revision table for Legal Principles & Bulldozer violations is the most important takeaway. You can use it for any other form of ‘extra-legal’ justice.

—-

UPSC Syllabus Anchoring:

1.⁠ ⁠GS1: Indian Society: Communalism, Urbanization, their problems, and remedies. 

Note4Students: Understand “Bulldozer Justice” and analyse societal inequalities and communal conflicts in urban contexts. Make value added notes on social challenges and remedies.

Microtheme: Emerging Urban Issues

2.⁠ ⁠GS2: Polity, Governance, Constitution, and Social Justice: Separation of Powers, Fundamental Rights, Issues related to Poverty and Hunger

Note4Students: Link governance actions to constitutional safeguards, addressing state overreach and rights violations. Strengthen arguments on constitutional rights, governance, and judicial checks.

Microtheme: Local Self-government, Government Schemes and Policies

3.⁠ ⁠GS3: Economy, Development, Security: Government Policies and Interventions

Note4Students: Enhance your critique of urban developmental interventions and their socio-economic consequences.

Microtheme: Climate Change Impact, Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster Preparedness

4.⁠ ⁠GS4: Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude: Ethics in Public Administration, Conflict of Interest, Transparency, and Accountability, Case Studies

Note4Students: Build your practical, ethical reasoning in governance-related case studies and dilemmas. Explore ethical dilemmas in public administration, focusing on fairness, accountability, and integrity in governance decisions.

Microtheme: Social influence and persuasion, Attitude for Individuals, Probity in Governance

—-

What is bulldozer justice?

The practice where authorities demolish properties, often bypassing due process and legal procedures. While it is used to curb illegal constructions or encroachments, it raises concerns about constitutional rights, fairness, and the rule of law. The lack of judicial oversight in such actions undermines principles like due process, natural justice, and equal protection under the law.

Critics argue that bulldozer justice disproportionately impacts marginalized communities and violates Article 14 (equality before the law) and Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty) of the Indian Constitution. On the other hand, supporters see it as a swift and effective response to lawlessness and encroachments.

Opinions of Supreme Court:

1. Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978): SC ruled that executive actions must be fair, just, and reasonable.
2. Municipal Corporation of Ludhiana vs Inderjit Singh (2008): SC held that no demolition can occur without notice and a hearing to the occupant, even in cases of illegal construction.
3. Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985): SC stated that eviction without due process violates the right to livelihood under Article 21.
4. Punjab and Haryana HC on Nuh Demolitions (2023): The HC stopped the demolitions citing lack of due process and concerns of ethnic targeting.
5. Supreme Court bench comprising Justices Bhushan R Gavai and KV Viswanathan (2024):
   1. Condemned the practice of demolishing properties based solely on accusations or convictions of individuals, stressing the importance of due process and natural justice.
   2. Emphasized that even in cases of unauthorized construction, demolitions must follow proper legal procedures, underscoring the need for fairness and lawful action.
   3. Called for the formulation of nationwide guidelines to ensure uniformity in demolition practices across all states, preventing arbitrary actions by authorities.

Legal Principles violated by Bulldozer Justice:

Legal Principles	Quick Explanation	Violation by Bulldozer Justice
Due Process of Law	Law requires fair treatment and legal procedures before action.	Demolitions without legal procedure.No judicial oversight or recourse.
Right to Property	Individuals have the right to own and protect property under the law.	Properties demolished without notice.No legal backing for actions taken.
Equality Before Law (Article 14)	All individuals must be treated equally by the law.	Marginalized groups targeted.Inconsistent application of law.
Rule of Law	Law must govern the actions of both citizens and authorities.	Arbitrary state actions.Legal frameworks bypassed by local authorities.
Right to Shelter	Every person has the right to adequate housing and protection.	People left homeless.No rehabilitation or alternative shelter provided.
Natural Justice	Fairness in legal processes with an opportunity to be heard.	No fair hearings before demolition.No opportunity to defend or appeal.
Separation of Powers	Clear division between judicial, executive, and legislative powers.	Municipal authorities exceed powers.Judiciary’s role in oversight bypassed.
Proportionality Principle	Government actions must be proportionate to the offense committed.	Collective punishments via demolitions.Excessive response to minor or alleged offenses.

What should be done?

1. UN Guidelines: The United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-based Evictions and Displacement (2019) provide humanitarian directives, yet court rulings have been inconsistent and piecemeal which needs a comprehensive approach.
2. Exceptional Circumstances: Demolitions should only occur in exceptional cases and must adhere strictly to established legal processes.
3. Need for Proposed Phased Procedures:
   1. Pre-Demolition Phase: Provide a reasoned notice with details on land records and resettlement plans, allowing adequate time for responses.
   2. During Demolition Phase: Requires the presence of neutral government officials during demolitions.
   3. Rehabilitation Phase: Need to establish a swift mechanism for affected persons to challenge demolition decisions and seek remedies such as compensation and restitution.

Back2Basics

Justice

Justice is the maintenance of what is just and fair. In the modern state, justice implies ensuring and protecting minimum rights and entitlement for all.

“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” – Martin Luther King Jr.

“A democracy cannot thrive where power remains unchecked and justice is reserved for a select few. Ignoring these cries and failing to respond to this movement is simply not an option — for peace cannot exist where justice is not served.” – John Lewis

Types of Justice:

Hello,

We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.

Context

The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023, was passed by the Lok Sabha. It seeks to amend the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.

Background

• The Indian Forest Act, 1927, was enacted to consolidate the laws related to forests, forest land, and wildlife protection, It provides for the protection and management of forest resources.
• Post-Independence, under the Indian Forest Act, 1927, reserved and protected forests were designated, but some forested areas were ignored, and non-forest lands were misclassified as forest.

• Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, enacted for heightened forest protection and to oversee forest land use and aimed to address the issues of indiscriminate felling of forests.
• It prohibits the felling of forests for any non-forestry use without prior clearance by the central government, aiming to ensure the sustainable management of forest resources.
• In the 1996 Godavarman case, the Supreme Court expanded the purview of the FCA, 1980 by interpreting the meaning of forest as its dictionary definition.
• In June 2022, amendments were proposed allowing developers to raise plantations on non-FC Act applicable land.

Interpretation of forest land: T.N. Godavarman vs. Union of India Judgment (12 December 1996)

• The term forest land is interpreted broadly and inclusively.
• The court ruled that forest includes all statutorily recognized types, regardless of designation.
• The Forest Conservation Act of 1980 applies to all forests, no matter their ownership or type.

The Standing Committee on Science and Technology, Environment, and Forests (2019) suggested

• Pressure on forest land has increased.
• Ease of diverting forest land for non-forest purposes.
• Expanding forest activities are permitted on forest land.

Table: The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023

Provisions	New Clause	Prior Clause	Reforms	Concerns
New name	Jan Vishwas	None		Sanskrit terminologies has been criticized
Include more types of Land	2 types of land 1. Land declared as forest under Indian Forest Act, 1927. 2. Land notified as forest after the 1980 Act was enforced. *Excludes land converted to non-forest use before December 12, 1996.	Acts previously applied primarily to notified forest land or land declared a forest.	Broadens the Act’s applicability to various types of forest lands.	Possible deforestation issues due to the exemption of land converted before 1996.
Exempted Categories of Land	1. Forest land near borders for strategic linear projects for national security. 2. land along a rail line or a public road maintained by the government providing access to a habitation, or to a rail, and roadside amenities.	The previous rules did not specify these exemptions, and the Act primarily focused on preventing large-scale deforestation.	Encourages specific activities by providing exemptions for them	Impact on forest cover, particularly in regions with high biodiversity and forest cover, like the North-eastern states.
Assignment/Leasing of Forest Land	The Bill extends the requirement for prior approval from the central government to assign forest land to any entity, whether government-owned or not.	Previously, this requirement primarily applied to non-government entities.	Government-owned and controlled entities now require prior approval from the central government, with specified terms and conditions.	Concerns could arise if the central government does not effectively monitor and enforce, potentially leading to unsustainable use of forest land.
Permitted Activities in Forest Land	The Bill expands the list of permitted activities in forest land, including: – Establishing zoos and safaris. – Eco-tourism facilities. – Silvicultural operations (enhancing forest growth). – Other purposes specified by the central government.	Previously, the Act had a more limited list of activities, mainly focused on forest management.	The inclusion of new activities broadens the scope of what can be done in forest land.	Impact on wildlife and forest ecosystems, especially if new activities lead to habitat disruption and degradation.
Power to Issue Directions	The Bill grants the central government the authority to issue directions for the implementation of the Act to any authority or organization recognized by the central, state, or union territory governments.	The previous rules did not explicitly provide for the central government’s power to issue such directions.	This Amendment gives the central government a more direct role in overseeing the Act’s implementation and can help address potential challenges in coordination.	Ensuring effective implementation of the Act’s provisions, potentially leading to delays or inefficiencies if not managed effectively.

Way Forward

• Conduct comprehensive assessments of proposed Amendments’ impacts on forests and biodiversity.
• Engage in meaningful consultations with diverse stakeholders for transparency and inclusivity.
• Prioritize conservation efforts in ecologically sensitive regions and biodiversity hotspots.
• Implement sustainable development practices to minimize forest degradation.
• Strengthen institutional capacity for effective forest management and regulation enforcement.

Context

There is a global race to develop and manufacture clean energy technologies. In Aug 2021: National Hydrogen Energy Mission was Launched. In Apr 2022: India’s first 99.999% pure green hydrogen plant was commissioned by Oil India in Jorhat, Assam. In Jan 2023: Cabinet approved National Green Hydrogen Mission.

What is Green Hydrogen?

Green hydrogen(GH2) is Hydrogen(H₂) produced by splitting water(H₂O) into hydrogen and oxygen(O₂) using renewable electricity.

In comparison, Grey hydrogen is traditionally produced from methane (CH4) releasing CO₂, a GHG. Blue hydrogen is similar to Grey Hydrogen with the additional technologies necessary to capture the CO₂.

Mission Objectives

To make India the global hub of GH2 production

Expected Outcomes by 2030

• 5 MMT per annum production capacity
• ~125 GW renewable energy capacity addition.
• Over Rs. 8 lakh crores in total investments
• Create over 6 lakh jobs in the industry
• Abate ~50 million metric tonnes of annual GHGs.
• Reduce fossil fuel imports by over Rs. 1 lakh crore.

Mission Components

• Demand Creation through exports and domestic utilization
• Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) program – includes 2 financial incentives (1)Manufacturing of electrolyzers (2)GH2 production.
• Green Hydrogen Hubs: Regions capable of supporting large-scale production and/or utilization of H₂ will be identified and developed as Green Hydrogen Hubs.
• Strategic Hydrogen Innovation Partnership(SHIP): Public-private partnership framework for R&D will be facilitated under the Mission.
• A robust Standards and Regulations framework will be also developed.
• R&D projects will be goal-oriented, time-bound, and suitably scaled up to develop globally competitive technologies.
• The Mission will support pilot projects in emerging end-use sectors and production pathways.
• A coordinated skill development programme will also be undertaken under the Mission.

Significance

• Meet Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs) targets under the 2015 Paris Agreement. India’s commitment to reducing its emission intensity by 33–35% from 2005 levels by 2030.
• India’s commitment to move from a fossil and import-dependent economy to a net-zero economy by 2070 as stated in 2021 CoP in Glasgow.
• Become energy independent by 2047.
• India imports over 40% of its primary energy requirements, worth over USD 100 billion/year.
• ability to replace fossil fuels in those sectors and uses that until now were more difficult to decarbonize. Eg. Heavy industries, transportation, etc.

How is GH2 produced?

1. Generation of renewable energy: done using various renewable sources such as solar, wind, or hydroelectric power.
2. The generated electricity is then used in an electrolyser, an electrochemical device that facilitates the electrolysis process. Electrolysers consist of two electrodes immersed in water, separated by an electrolyte.
3. Electric current is passed through the water, which causes a chemical reaction.
4. At the cathode (negative electrode), water molecules gain electrons and are reduced, forming hydrogen gas (H₂). At the anode (positive electrode), water molecules lose electrons and are oxidized, producing oxygen gas (O₂). The hydrogen and oxygen gases are then separated.
5. The purified H₂ gas can be stored and transported for various applications

Challenges

• Commercial viability: The price per kilogram of green hydrogen has to reduce to a benchmark of $2/kg. At these prices, GH2 can compete with natural gas.
• High cost of production: More expensive than producing hydrogen from any fossil fuel. Needs electrolyzers to be built on a large scale.
• Energy intensive: requires a huge amount of electricity.
• Storage and transportation: due to its high inflammability, either very high pressures or very high temperatures are required, both with their technical difficulties.
• Lack of infrastructure: production, storage, and distribution of GH2 which includes a lack of refueling stations and pipelines for transporting hydrogen.
• Low user acceptance and social awareness.

Way forward

• To reduce the production cost of GH2 it is necessary to increase the capacity to generate renewable energy sources in India.
• Need to develop infrastructure for the production, storage, and distribution of GH2 -hydrogen refueling stations, pipelines, and storage facilities.
• Implement regulatory incentives, such as tax credits and subsidies to promote the use of GH2 in India.
• Deploy demonstration projects and pilot programs.

Hydrogen Energy: A Backgrounder

• An important source of energy since it has zero carbon content in contrast to hydrocarbons that have a net carbon content in the range of 75–85 percent.
• Highest energy content by weight and the lowest energy content by volume.
• As per International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Hydrogen shall make up 6 % of total energy consumption by 2050.

How can hydrogen be used?

H2 can be used in 2 ways- It can be burnt to produce heat or fed into a fuel cell to make electricity.

• Fuel cell  Mobility: Hydrogen electric cars and trucks.
• Container ships powered by liquid ammonia made from hydrogen.
• ‘Green steel’ refineries burn hydrogen as a heat source rather than coal
• Hydrogen-powered electricity turbines can generate electricity at times of peak demand to help firm the electricity grid.

Color spectrum of Hydrogen

Grey Hydrogen	Methane or coal	CO2, CO	Industrial feedstock, various processes	Low (Harmful emissions)
Black/Brown Hydrogen	Black (bituminous) or brown (lignite) coal	CO2, CO	Industrial feedstock	Low (Harmful emissions)
Blue Hydrogen	Steam reforming process with carbon capture and storage	Captured CO2	Industrial feedstock	Moderate (Reduced emissions)
Green Hydrogen	Surplus renewable energy (solar, wind)	None (Only water vapor)	Transportation, power generation, various processes	High (No emissions)
Turquoise Hydrogen	Methane pyrolysis	Solid carbon	Power generation, industrial processes	High (No emissions)
Pink Hydrogen	Electrolysis powered by nuclear energy	None (Only water vapor)	Transportation, power generation, various processes	High (No emissions)

References

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/12/what-is-green-hydrogen-expert-explains-benefits/

https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1673581748609.pdf

https://www.mercomindia.com/india-green-hydrogen-pilot-projects-2030-target

3-day Intl Conference https://icgh.in/

Central Idea

• India, with its extensive coastline, faces the challenge of cyclones, which can cause significant destruction.
• The recent landfall of Cyclone Biparjoy showcases India’s appraisable preparedness and mitigation efforts.
• This article discusses various aspects of cyclones, their types, impacts, and management measures in India.

Understanding Cyclones

Cyclones are large-scale air masses characterized by low atmospheric pressure at their center, creating a violent whirl in the atmosphere that moves from the ocean towards the coasts.

Types of Cyclones

1. Tropical cyclones: These weather systems occur within the tropics, characterized by winds exceeding ‘Gale Force.’ They are powered by heat from the sea and driven by easterly trades and temperate westerlies.
2. Extratropical cyclones: These develop in the mid and high latitudes beyond the tropics.
3. Polar cyclones: Occurring over Polar Regions, these cyclones are particularly strong during the winter season.
4. Meso-Cyclones: Vortices of air within convective storms, accompanied by thunderstorms.

Cyclogenesis: The Process of Cyclone Formation

Cyclogenesis refers to the development and strengthening of cyclonic circulation in the atmosphere in the tropics. Certain favourable conditions contribute to cyclogenesis:

1. Warm sea surface temperature (above 26–27°C) and associated warming.
2. High relative humidity in the atmosphere.
3. Atmospheric instability promoting the formation of vertical cumulus clouds.
4. Low vertical wind shear that prevents heat transfer from the area.
5. Location at least 4–5 degrees latitude away from the equator in the intertropical convergence zone.

Tropical cyclones are characterized by heavy rainfall, violent winds, and storm surges that have a significant impact on human and animal life.

How are Cyclones named?

• Naming Authorities: Cyclones are named by Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers (RSMCs) and Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWCs) located in different regions worldwide. The IMD is responsible for naming cyclones in the North Indian Ocean region, including the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
• Collaboration among Nations: Nations in a specific region collaborate to name cyclones. In 2000, a group of nations including Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand decided to name cyclones in the North Indian Ocean region. Five more countries were added in 2018: Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Yemen.
• Selection of Names: The Panel on Tropical Cyclones (PTC) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the UN Economic and Social Commission for the Asia Pacific (ESCAP) finalizes the list of names. Member countries submit suggestions, and names are chosen to reflect cultural, social, or geographical significance.
• List of Names: The IMD released a list of 169 cyclone names in April 2020, including suggestions from member nations. These names are used sequentially as cyclones develop in the region.
• Naming Process: When a cyclone forms and meets the naming criteria, the responsible authority assigns the next name from the list. This name is used in official communications and advisories related to the cyclone, aiding in identification and tracking.
• Importance of Naming: Naming cyclones facilitates easy reference, communication, and awareness about their development, intensity, and impacts. It ensures effective dissemination of information among meteorological agencies, media, and the general public.

Classification of Tropical Cyclones in India

The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) classifies tropical cyclones as per their intensity:

1. Depression: Winds up to 51 kmph.
2. Deep Depression: Winds between 52 and 61 kmph.
3. Cyclonic Storm: Winds between 62 and 88 kmph.
4. Severe Cyclonic Storm: Winds between 89 and 117 kmph.
5. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm: Winds between 118 and 166 kmph.
6. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm: Winds between 167 and 221 kmph.
7. Super Cyclonic Storm: Winds exceeding 221 kmph.

Most Vulnerable Area: Bay of Bengal Region

Cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal are typically more intense than those in the Arabian Sea due to geographical factors:

• The Arabian Sea region experiences winds directed towards the Arabian Peninsula, leading to efficient heat dissipation and relatively cooler waters, unfavourable for cyclone formation.
• The shape of the landmasses surrounding the Bay of Bengal slows down and weakens winds, resulting in less efficient heat dissipation and continuous warm water surfaces.
• The presence of rivers like the Ganga and the Brahmaputra adds warm moisture to the Bay of Bengal, fueling cyclone intensification.
• The east coast’s characteristic shape attracts cyclones, and the Coriolis effect causes their movement in a northwest and anti-clockwise direction.
• The flat plains of the east coast offer little resistance to winds and incoming cyclones.

India and Cyclones

• India’s long coastline of 7,516 km makes it exposed to approximately 7% of the world’s tropical cyclones.
• The Bay of Bengal is the primary source of cyclones, with a ratio of 4:1 compared to the Arabian Sea.
• The frequency of cyclones in the North Indian Ocean Basin peaks during May-June and October-November.
• Cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal often produce higher storm surges, impacting the east coast of India and Bangladesh.

Impacts of Cyclones

Cyclones have various detrimental effects, including:

• Damaging structures, infrastructure, and crops due to high-velocity winds.
• Storm surges causing loss of life, property damage, erosion, and reduced soil fertility.
• Disruption of livelihoods, particularly for coastal communities dependent on fishing.
• Health complications and diseases due to flooding and lack of access to essential services.
• Psychological impacts, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, among affected populations.

Devastating Cyclones in India

Several devastating cyclones have struck India since 1990, including the Odisha cyclone in 1999, cyclones Phailin in 2013, and HudHud in 2014. These cyclones caused significant loss of life and property.

Cyclone Management in India

Effective cyclone management requires a focus on preparedness, mitigation, response, and capacity development:

1. Early Warning Systems: India utilizes various observational systems and the Indian Meteorological Department for accurate forecasts and warnings.
2. Mitigation Measures: Structural measures include building cyclone shelters, maintaining infrastructure, and constructing embankments. Non-structural measures involve implementing coastal regulation guidelines and preserving natural bio-shields.
3. Response Measures: These encompass relief, rescue, evacuation planning, restoring essential services, and rehabilitation efforts.
4. Awareness Generation and Capacity Development: Promoting awareness at various levels, conducting mock drills, training response forces, and enhancing institutional capacity are essential.

Challenges in Cyclone Management in India

Despite progress, India faces several challenges in cyclone management:

• Insufficient emphasis on prevention rather than management.
• Vulnerability of the coastal population, particularly the poor and marginalized.
• Lack of coordination between stakeholders and local bodies.
• Inadequate early warning techniques and poor building practices.
• Limited preparedness of state disaster response forces.
• Lack of awareness among the population leading to chaotic responses.
• Ineffective regulation of coastal zones due to population pressure and corruption.
• Lack of coordination among local communities during search and rescue missions.

Transforming Cyclone Response: The Odisha Model

• Odisha, a coastal state in India, has been plagued by frequent cyclones for decades.
• However, through years of learning and strategic interventions, the state has achieved a remarkable transformation in its disaster management response.
• At the forefront of this change is Officer Pradeep Kumar Jena (IAS), who has played a pivotal role in saving countless lives and minimizing the impact of cyclones.

This case study delves into the key aspects of Odisha’s disaster management approach and highlights the valuable lessons that other cyclone-prone states can learn from their experiences.

Key Findings:

Learning from past experiences: Every cyclone is unique, and Odisha has recognized the importance of analyzing previous disasters to improve its response mechanisms continually. After each cyclone, comprehensive evaluations are conducted to identify areas for improvement and refine disaster preparedness strategies.

Preparing for multiple challenges: In 2020, Odisha faced the dual challenges of cyclone Amphan and the COVID-19 pandemic. With no prior knowledge of managing a cyclone during a pandemic, the state had to adapt quickly. By converting school and college buildings into shelters and implementing strict guidelines, they successfully prevented the spread of the virus and managed the cyclone without any casualties.

Prioritizing vulnerable populations: Odisha’s proactive approach includes identifying and addressing the needs of vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women. During Cyclone Fani, immediate measures were taken to evacuate pregnant women to district and sub-divisional hospitals. This practice has become a standard procedure, ensuring the safety of both mothers and newborns.

Effective coordination and community involvement: A collective effort involving communities, district collectors, and the government has been instrumental in Odisha’s success. The state’s disaster management model emphasizes reaching affected areas promptly, with block headquarters reached within 24 hours, gram panchayats within 48 hours, and all villages within 72 hours. This swift response helps minimize destruction and save lives.

Recommendations for other states: To enhance disaster management and response in other cyclone-prone states, IAS officer Pradeep Kumar Jena suggests the following:

1. Develop state-specific disaster response forces in addition to national agencies like NDRF, Army, and Navy.
2. Empower gram panchayats to manage natural disasters effectively by granting certain powers and resources.
3. Build a strong network of trained volunteers who can provide assistance during emergencies.
4. Incorporate long-term planning to ensure adequate resources and infrastructure for disaster resilience.
5. Collaborate with central and state governments to establish disaster-resilient assets that can minimize the impact of cyclones and floods.

Conclusion

To enhance cyclone management in India, there is a need to harmonize national and local disaster institutions, implement risk-proof measures, promote people-centric disaster management, involve the private sector, strengthen research and training, and raise awareness at all levels. Emulating successful models like Odisha’s can contribute to minimizing the impacts of future cyclones.

Central Idea

The four-day visit by Nepal Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal, who prefers to be called ‘Prachanda’ (his nom de guerre) was recently completed.

Hits and Misses of the Visit

[A] Hits

• Revised transit treaty: Nepal securing access to Indian inland waterways is a positive development as it will enhance Nepal’s connectivity and trade options.
• Power export to Bangladesh: The agreement allowing Nepal to export 40 MW of power to Bangladesh through Indian territory and transmission lines opens up new avenues for Nepal’s power sector and strengthens regional energy cooperation.
• Hydropower projects: The collaboration between Nepal and India’s public-sector companies, NHPC and Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam, for the development of the Phukot Karnali Hydropower Project and Lower Arun Hydropower Project respectively, indicates cooperation in the renewable energy sector.
• Infrastructure development: The inauguration of the Gorakhpur-Butwal transmission line, the handing over of the Kurthea-Bijapur railway line, and the establishment of integrated checkposts (ICPs) at various border points are positive steps in improving connectivity and facilitating trade between the two countries.
• Petroleum infrastructure cooperation: The signing of an MoU for cooperation in petroleum infrastructure indicates a willingness to enhance collaboration in the energy sector.

[B] Misses

• Power export agreement duration: Nepal’s desire for a 25-year umbrella agreement to export power to India was not met, as only a ten-year agreement in principle was reached. The signing of a formal agreement has been deferred, which may be seen as a disappointment for Nepal.
• Airspace access to Bhairahawa Airport: Nepal’s request for Indian airspace access for commercial flights heading to Gautam Buddha International Airport at Bhairahawa was not fully met. The limited access granted for low-altitude flights is considered uneconomical for commercial jetliners, and Nepal feels India has not honored its earlier commitment to review the matter and facilitate commercial flights.
• Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project: Nepal’s concerns regarding the delay in preparing the detailed project report (DPR) for the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project have not been addressed satisfactorily. Despite repeated agreements to have the DPR ready, the project has remained pending for 26 years.

Row triggered by a Mural in New Parliament

• Interpretation of the Mural and Anger in Nepal: The mural in Nepal’s new Parliament building, interpreted as Akhand Bharat or undivided India, has sparked anger and controversy among Nepali political leaders. Nepali leaders argued that it undermines Nepal’s sovereignty and cultural identity, particularly in relation to Lumbini.
• Historical Tensions, Border Disputes, and Impact on Bilateral Relations: The row over the mural evokes memories of the Kalapani dispute between India and Nepal. Historical tensions and ongoing border disputes contribute to the sensitivity of territorial claims and strain bilateral relations.
• Perception of Political Statement and Sensitivity of Sovereignty: Some view the mural as a political statement, suggesting India’s territorial ambitions and challenging Nepal’s independence. The controversy highlights the sensitivity of issues related to sovereignty and national identity.
• Cultural and Historical Significance: Prachanda himself argued that the mural represents cultural and historical aspects and should be seen as shared heritage rather than a political assertion. Respecting the territorial integrity of neighboring countries is essential.

India Nepal Ties: A Backgrounder

• Ancient ties: The relationship between India and Nepal goes back to the times of the rule of the Sakya clan and Gautama Buddha.
• Cultural relations: From 750 to 1750 AD period saw a shift from Buddhism to Hinduism in Nepal and witnessed widespread cultural diffusion.
• Diplomatic ties: India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 forms the bedrock of the special relations that exist between India and Nepal.
• In recent years, India’s relations with Nepal have witnessed some ‘lows’. 

Various facets of India-Nepal ties

(1) Cultural ties

• While enjoying their own peculiarities, both India and Nepal share a common culture and ways of life.
• Religion is perhaps the most important factor and plays a predominant role in shaping the cultural relations between these two countries, marked by a cross country pilgrimage on Char Dham Yatra, Pashupatinath Temple and some Buddhist sites.

 (2) Strategic ties

• Nepal is a buffer state between India and China.
• Several Nepali Citizens are also deployed in Indian defence forces as well. Ex. Gorkha Regiment.

(3) Political ties

• Constitutional turmoil is not new in Nepal. India has played a vital role in the democratic transition in Nepal against the monarch King Gyanendra.
• Nepali Congress (NC) is one of the country’s oldest parties which supports relations with India, but the communist parties show a tilt towards China.

(4) Economic ties

• Nepal is an important export market for India. India is Nepal’s largest trading partner.
• Himalayan rivers flowing through Nepal can be used for hydroelectric power projects which will benefit Border States of UP, Bihar and other adjacent areas.
• Also, Nepal is the largest borrower of Indian Currency in South Asia. Nepal has escalating trade deficit with India.  

(5) Connectivity

• The 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship was sought by the Nepali authorities in 1949 to provide for an open border and for Nepali nationals to have the right to work in India.
• The BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA) in which Nepal is a partner will permit the member states to ply their vehicles in each other’s territory for transportation of cargo and passengers.

(6) Multilateral and Regional Fora

• Both Nepal and India work in tandem in the United Nations, Non-aligned Movement and other international fora on most of the important international issues.
• Both countries have been deeply engaged in the regional and sub-regional frameworks of SAARC, BIMSTEC and BBIN for enhancing cooperation for greater economic integration.

China’s role in Nepal – A matter of concern

• Once considered a buffer state between India and China, Nepal is now showing an inclination towards Beijing.
• China is trying to stimulate and tempt Nepal with multiple aids, economic growth and acquisition.
• China has overtaken India as the largest source of foreign direct investment with the annual development assistance being worth $120 million.

India-Nepal Border Disputes: The Real Spoilsport

India and Nepal share about an 1800 Km long border. There are 2 major border or territorial disputes:

(1) Kalapani

• The Kali River in the Kalapani region demarcates the border between India and Nepal.
• The Treaty of Sugauli signed by the Kingdom of Nepal and British India (after the Anglo-Nepalese War) in 1816 located the Kali River as Nepal’s western boundary with India.
• The discrepancy in locating the source of the Kali River led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal, with each country producing maps supporting its own claims.

(2) Susta Region

• It is about 140 sq. km of land in Uttar Pradesh at the Nepal border in the Terai area. India has control of the territory. Nepal claims this territory.
• The change of course by the Gandak River is the main reason for disputes in the Susta area.

Issue of Simultaneous floods in Bihar and Nepal

• Some of Nepal’s biggest river systems originate in the Himalayan glaciers which then flow into India through Bihar.
• During the monsoons, these river systems flood causing many problems for Bihar.
• It is a necessity that there is process-driven coordination between the Centre and the Government of Bihar to handle the flooding in Nepal’s Terai and North Bihar (largely the Mithilanchal region).

Why Nepal is Important to India?

• Buffer to China: It acts as a strategic buffer against the aggression of China.
• Pakistan factor: peddling of FICN, drugs and terrorism through the Indo-Nepal border. It makes the cooperation of Nepal important.
• Common culture: There are huge Nepali communities in Darjeeling and Sikkim. Many marital relations across the border exist.
• National Security: There is a lot of interdependence. Gurkha Regiment in Indian Army is known for its valiance.
• Energy Security: Nepal has the potential of 80 GW of hydroelectricity. But only 600 MW potential is realized so far.

Major irritants in bilateral ties

• Nepali nationalism and Anti-India sentiments: Anti-India Sentiment in Nepal is largely politically motivated as it is wrongly perceived as India’s backing to Monarchy.
• China factor: Nepal’s assent for the ‘One Belt One Region’ (OBOR) initiative of China is viewed by India with suspicion. It has been slowly fallen prey to China’s inroad debt trap policy.
• India’s perception of Nepal: The reality is that India has ignored the changing political narrative in Nepal for far too long.
• Open borders: The issue of open borders has also been a point of debate in Nepal in recent years- Nepalese people argue that India is benefiting more from it than Nepal.
• Madhesis Issue: Madhesis share extensive cross-border ethnic and linguistic links with India. India’s involvement in Nepali politics and the upsurge in Madhesi have deep roots in history and unless resolved.

Way Forward

• Dialogues: In the best spirit of friendship, Nepal and India should restart the water dialogue and come up with policies to safeguard the interests of all those who have been affected on both sides of the border.
• Investments: TheBilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) signed between India and Nepal needs more attention from Nepal’s side.
• Sensitization: The onus is on India to rethink on a long-term basis how to recalibrate its relationship with Nepal provided Nepal should not ignore its relations with India.
• Strengthening Economic Ties: The power trade agreement needs to be such that India can build trust in Nepal.

Q. Despite having historic affinity, India-Nepal relations has deteriorated in recent times and need to be strengthened. Critically examine.

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Central Idea

• With over 280 people dead and more than 900 injured, the triple train crash in Odisha’s Balasore is one of India’s worst train tragedies.
• Two express passenger trains and a freight train were involved in a “three-way accident” near a small station.
• One train collided into a stationary freight train, causing its coaches to flip over to a third track and derailing an incoming train.
• Preliminary reports indicate that signal failure was the cause of the accident.

Causes of the accident

There are four major causes of train accidents in India: 

1. Derailment 
2. Level crossing accidents
3. Collisions
4. Fire

There are many unanswered questions on what exactly led to this deadly multiple-train collision. We however try to ascertain some legacy issues in Indian Railways safety.

• Signal Failure: Preliminary reports indicate that the accident was caused by signal failure. This suggests that there may have been a failure or malfunction in the signalling system, leading to a breakdown in communication or incorrect signals given to the trains involved.
• Colliding into Stationary Freight Train: One of the trains involved in the accident collided into a stationary freight train. The cause of this collision could be attributed to factors such as failure to adhere to signal instructions, human error, or a failure in braking systems.
• Coaches Flipping Over to Third Track: Due to the collision, the coaches of the train that collided with the stationary freight train flipped over and moved onto a third track. This suggests a significant impact and force exerted during the collision, potentially indicating excessive speed, braking failures, or structural vulnerabilities.
• Derailment of Coming Train: The collision and subsequent flipping of coaches onto a third track caused an incoming train to derail. The derailment could be attributed to the obstruction on the tracks, leading to loss of control and the train veering off its intended path.

A glimpse of Railway Mishaps in India

Railway accidents in India have been caused by various factors, including:

Factor	Causes	Examples
Human Error	Mistakes or negligence by railway staff, such as train drivers, signal operators, or maintenance workers	Errors in signalling Misjudgment of distances Improper maintenance practices Ex. Failure to follow safety protocols, like the 2010 West Bengal train derailment due to sabotage by Maoist rebels.
Track Defects	Poorly maintained tracks with defects like fractures, misalignment, or subsidence	Lack of regular inspection Inadequate maintenance Ex. Delayed repairs, such as the 2017 Pukhrayan train derailment caused by track defects leading to the deaths of over 140 passengers.
Equipment Failure	Malfunctioning or faulty equipment, including locomotives, coaches, wagons, or signalling systems	Poor maintenance Aging infrastructure   Manufacturing defects, Ex. 2019 Bikaner train fire caused by a faulty transformer in the power car.
Level Crossing Accidents	Collisions between trains and road vehicles at level crossings	Unmanned or poorly managed level crossings Lack of proper warning systems Ex. 2018 Kushinagar accident where a school van was hit by a train at an unmanned level crossing.
Overloading and Overspeeding	Overloading of trains beyond capacity and exceeding speed limits	Ex. 2016 Kanpur train accident caused by an overloaded train derailing due to excessive speed.
Extreme Weather	Heavy rains, fog, or extreme temperatures Landslides, floods, or falling debris	Ex. 2020 Kozhikode train derailment caused by heavy rain and landslides.
Communication and Signalling Failures	Malfunctioning or misinterpretation of communication systems	Signalling equipment malfunctions Miscommunication between train operators and control centers Ex. 2015 Diva-Sawantwadi train collision due to a communication failure.
Operational Errors	Improper routing , Incorrect switching, Lack of situational awareness	2014 Gorakhpur train accident caused by improper switching resulting in a collision.
Security Threats	Acts of terrorism, vandalism, or sabotage targeting railway infrastructure or trains	Ex. 2005 Jaunpur train bombings orchestrated by terrorists.
Maintenance and Inspection Failures	Inadequate maintenance practices, delayed inspections, or insufficient adherence to safety standards	Ex. 2018 Amritsar train accident caused by inadequate inspection leading to a collision with a Dussehra event crowd.

Key stats

[A] Train Collisions and Other Incidents

• Collisions accidents are rare: On average, train collisions have accounted for approximately 4.7% of all train accidents in the past two decades.
• Derailments are frequent: Other incidents such as derailments, level crossing accidents, fires, and miscellaneous events occur at a significantly higher frequency than train collisions.

[B] Declining Trend in Total Train Accidents

• Steady decline:  In the year 2001-02, there were 415 train accidents, which has significantly decreased to 34 incidents by the year 2021-22.
• Pandemic impact: The number of accidents further decreased to 59 in 2018-19 and 21 in 2020-21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic but has since risen again in 2021-22, although remaining below pre-pandemic levels.

[C] Passenger Fatalities and Injuries

• Lesser fatalities: The highest recorded figures occurred in the year 2005-06, with 315 passengers losing their lives and 627 sustaining injuries.  In 2018-19, 16 passengers were killed, and 86 were injured in train accidents.
• Zero deaths during COVID: In the consecutive years of 2019-20 and 2020-21, no passenger deaths were recorded, although 73 passengers sustained injuries.
• Cost to exchequer: The cumulative compensation payout from 2017-18 to 2021-22 stands at less than Rs 14 crore.

Measures to Prevent Railway Accidents

	Explanation
Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (RRSK)	Introduced in 2017-18 with a corpus of ₹1 lakh crore for five years, RRSK aims to replace, renew, and upgrade critical safety assets, with an annual outlay of ₹20,000 crore.
Advanced sensors upgradation	Adoption of technological advancements in safety aspects of coaches and wagons, including Modified Centre Buffer Couplers, Bogie Mounted Air Brake System (BMBS), improved suspension design, and Automatic fire & smoke detection system in coaches.
Transition to LHB Coaches	Replacement of conventional ICF design coaches with LHB (Linke Hofmann Busch) design coaches for Mail/Express trains in a phased manner, offering enhanced safety features.
GPS-based Fog Pass Device	Provision of GPS-based Fog Pass devices to loco pilots in fog-affected areas, enabling them to know the exact distance of approaching landmarks like signals and level crossing gates, enhancing safety during foggy conditions.
Modern Track Structure	Utilization of modern track structures, including Prestressed Concrete Sleepers (PSC), 60 KG or higher Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) rails, fanshaped layout turnout on PSC sleepers, and Steel Channel Sleepers on girder bridges during primary track renewals.
Long Rail Panels	Manufacture of long rail panels of 260 M/130M length to minimize the number of Aluminothermic joints in the track, reducing the chances of rail-related accidents.
Provision of Thick Web Switches (TWS)	Equipping important routes of Indian Railways with Thick Web Switches (TWS) to expedite their provision and enhance safety.
Ultrasonic Flaw Detection (USFD) Testing	Conducting USFD testing on rails to detect flaws and ensure timely removal of defective rails, thereby enhancing safety.
Train Protection and Warning System (TPWS)	Installation of TPWS based on European Technology ETCS Level-1 in specific sections to prevent accidents caused by human errors like Signal Passing at Danger (SPAD) or over speeding.
Auxiliary Warning System (AWS)	Implementation of AWS, an ATP system, in the Mumbai suburban section of Central Railway and Western Railway covering a total of 413 RKMs.
Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)	Development of TCAS, an ATP system, in association with three Indian manufacturers, with extensive field trials and safety validation completed. The system has been approved for developmental order in specific sections.

KAVACH: Achieving Zero Incidents

• KAVACH is an Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system developed to enhance safety in Indian Railways.
• It is designed to prevent accidents and ensure the smooth operation of trains.
• It is a Safety Integrity Level 4 (SIL-4) certified technology with the probability of error being one in 10,000 years. 
• On March 4, 2022, a successful trial was conducted between the Gullaguda–Chitgidda Railway stations of South Central Railway.
• It initiated the automatic braking system and halted the locomotives 380 metres apart. 

Some of the highlighted features of KAVACH include:

1. Prevention of Signal Passing at Danger (SPAD): KAVACH helps prevent trains from crossing red signals and ensures adherence to signal instructions.
2. Continuous Movement Authority Update: The system provides real-time updates on movement authority, displaying signal aspects in the Driver Machine Interface (DMI) or Loco Pilot Operation cum Indication Panel (LPOCIP).
3. Automatic Braking for Prevention of Overspeeding: KAVACH automatically initiates the braking system if the train exceeds the prescribed speed limits, preventing accidents caused by overspeeding.
4. Auto Whistling at Level Crossing Gates: The system activates automatic whistle sounds when approaching level crossing gates, ensuring timely alerts to pedestrians and road users.
5. Prevention of Collision between Locomotives: KAVACH helps prevent collisions between two locomotives equipped with the system, adding an extra layer of safety.
6. SoS Messages in Emergency Situations: In case of emergencies, KAVACH facilitates the sending of distress messages or SoS signals, enabling prompt response and assistance.
7. Centralized Live Monitoring: The system allows for centralized live monitoring of train movements through a Network Monitor System, providing real-time information on train positions and ensuring effective management.

Could KAVACH have prevented the Odisha accident?

• KAVACH could have potentially prevented the Odisha accident, but it’s important to note that KAVACH was not available on the route where the accident occurred.
• KAVACH, with its automatic braking, signal adherence, and collision prevention capabilities, could have detected the situation and initiated appropriate actions to prevent or minimize the impact of the accident.
• However, since it was not implemented on that particular route at the time, it was not able to play a role in preventing the incident.

A matter of Deliberate Ignorance: Says CAG

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) highlighted several issues regarding various train incidents in its 2022 report titled “Derailment in Indian Railways.” Here are some key points from the report:

• Institutional Problems: The CAG’s analysis of railway accidents between 2017 and 2021 suggests that the problem lies within the railway institution itself rather than individual errors. The report states that maintenance activities were managed with staffing vacancies and minimal outsourcing, impacting the quality of maintenance.
• Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (RRSK): The report mentions the railway safety fund introduced in 2017-18, but it states that funds allocated for track renewals were not effectively utilized. Non-priority areas received a significant portion of the funds, while the allotment for track renewal declined over the years, leading to a decline in safety-related works.
• Need for technical overhaul: The report attributes derailments to factors like defects in wheel diameter and defects in coaches/wagons. It also mentions accidents caused by the incorrect setting of points and other mistakes in shunting operations.
• Basic maintenance: As the government focused on the high-profile launches of Vande Bharat trains, railway infrastructure was crying out for funds for basic maintenance, said the CAG report.
• Issues with goods train: More than 3.30 lakh wagons were passed without approval after repairs in workshops and terminal yards compromising with rail safety. According to railway data from 2016-17 to 2020-21, the average speed of goods trains has halved due to excessive unnecessary stoppages at loading-unloading points.

Key recommendations by Anil Kakodkar Committee

The Ministry of Railways had appointed a High-Level Safety Review Committee under the chairmanship of Dr Anil Kakodkar to review the safety of the Indian Railways and recommend improvements. The report was submitted in February 2012.

• Creation of a Railway Safety Authority: The Committee suggests the establishment of a statutory Railway Safety Authority with sufficient powers to oversee and regulate safety on the railways, independent of the Railway Board.
• Restructuring of RDSO: The Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO) should be restructured for greater empowerment, enabling it to embrace emerging technologies effectively. Additionally, the Committee proposes the creation of a Railway Research and Development Council (RRDC) directly under the government.
• Adoption of Advanced Signalling System: The entire trunk route length of 19,000 km should be equipped with an Advanced Signalling System, similar to the European Train Control System, within five years. The estimated cost for this implementation is Rs 20,000 crore.
• Elimination of Level Crossings: All Level Crossings, both manned and unmanned, should be eliminated within five years. This target would require an estimated expenditure of Rs 50,000 crore. The Committee expects that this investment will be recovered within 7-8 years through savings in maintenance costs and improved train operations.
• Switch to LHB Design Coaches: The Committee recommends switching from the ICF design coaches to the safer LHB design coaches. This transition is expected to cost Rs 10,000 crore over the next five years.
• Safety Infrastructure Maintenance: The Committee suggests investing approximately Rs 20,000 crore in the maintenance of safety-related infrastructure.
• Financial Investment: The Committee recommends a total financial investment of Rs 1,00,000 crore over a five-year period to address the current safety and infrastructure challenges.

Way forward

• Implement recommendations: Act on the recommendations of the Anil Kakodkar Committee, including creating a Railway Safety Authority, restructuring RDSO, adopting advanced signalling systems, eliminating level crossings, and transitioning to safer LHB coaches.
• Strengthen maintenance: Focus on regular inspection and maintenance of tracks, coaches, and infrastructure, addressing backlogs and improving overall conditions.
• Embrace technology: Invest in advanced sensors, GPS-based systems, and automatic fire detection to enhance safety features in coaches and wagons.
• Ensure safety oversight: Establish an independent regulatory body to monitor and enforce safety standards, ensuring accountability and adherence to protocols.
• Allocate adequate funds: Prioritize safety expenditure, effectively utilize funds like the Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh, and regularly review funding to meet evolving safety requirements.
• Learn from international best practices: Collaborate with experts and organizations to gain insights and expertise from countries with exemplary railway safety records.
• Promote a safety culture: Foster a safety-first mindset through awareness campaigns, training programs, and public outreach initiatives.

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Context

• Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on Sunday (28^th May 2023) unveiled the plaque to mark the inauguration of the much-awaited new Parliament building and dedicated it to the service of the Nation.
• In this context, this edition of the Burning Issue will elaborate on this news from multiple dimensions including the issues that surrounded it.

Inaugurating new Parliament

• The inauguration began with traditional prayers. PM Modi held traditional prayers with the priests of all major religions followed in India. He then lit a traditional lamp inside the parliament.
• The Prime Minister also installed the sacred ‘Sengol’ in the Lok Sabha chamber, right next to the Speaker’s chair. Mr. Modi was handed over the historic ‘Sengol’ by Adheenams before it was installed in the new Parliament building.
• He also released a special commemorative postage stamp and a ₹75 coin to mark the inauguration of the new Parliament building.

About the Sengol

• Sengol is a historical sceptre that holds significant cultural and historical value in Tamil Nadu.
• Derived from the Tamil word Semmai, meaning Righteousness, Sengol represents a symbol of justice and good governance and holds cultural significance as recorded in ancient Tamil texts like Silapathikaram and Manimekalai.
• The presentation of the Sengol aligns with a traditional Chola practice where Samayacharyas (spiritual leaders) led the coronation of kings, sanctifying the transfer of power and symbolically recognizing the ruler.
• It gained prominence during the transfer of power from the British to the Indian people at the time of India’s independence

The Old Parliament Building

History:

• The idea of constructing a permanent building for the Indian Parliament was conceptualized during the British colonial era. At the coronation of George V as Emperor of India on December 12, 1911, the capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker were appointed as the chief architects for designing the new administrative center.

Construction:

• The construction of the Parliament Building began in 1921 and was completed in 1927. The building is designed in the Indo-Saracenic architectural style, which combines elements of Indian and Islamic architecture with European influences. The foundation stone was laid by the Duke of Connaught on 12th February 1921.

Architectural Features:

• The old Parliament Building is an imposing circular structure with a diameter of 170 feet (52 meters) and a height of 144 feet (44 meters). It consists of three main sections: the Lok Sabha, The Rajya Sabha and the Central Hall.
• The Lok Sabha (House of the People), is where the elected representatives gather. The Rajya Sabha, known as the Council of States, represents the states and union territories of India.
• The building features a dome at its center, which is its most prominent architectural element. The dome is inspired by the Ashoka Chakra, a prominent symbol in Indian art and culture. It is surrounded by colonnaded corridors and has several intricately designed arches and columns. The interior of the Parliament Building showcases exquisite artwork, including murals and sculptures.

Significance:

• The Parliament Building holds immense historical and political significance. It has witnessed crucial moments in India’s history, including the framing and passing of significant legislation, the making of the constitution, debates on important national issues, and the address of the President of India at the commencement of each parliamentary session.
• The building is an important landmark and a symbol of India’s democracy. It stands as a reminder of India’s struggle for independence and its commitment to democratic governance.

Challenges and Limitations of the Old Parliament House

• Space Limitations: As the demands of governance have grown and evolved, the available space has become insufficient to accommodate the increasing number of staff, offices, and facilities required to support the functioning of the legislature. This space constraint has led to multiple additions and retrofits, such as the Parliament Annexe and the Parliament Library, but they have not fully addressed the need for modern and adequate facilities.
• Infrastructure Constraints: The installation of additional wiring for computers, air conditioners, and security gadgets has cluttered the building and affected its aesthetic appeal. Safety concerns have necessitated measures like safety nettings in the Chambers and Central Hall to prevent the risk of falling tiles and plaster.
• Technological Obsolescence: With rapid technological advancements, the old Parliament House struggles to meet the technological needs of the modern era. The building lacks state-of-the-art facilities for audio-visual communication, simultaneous interpretations in multiple languages, and efficient information management systems limiting the ability to leverage modern tools for improved legislative output.
• Functional Limitations: The cramped working spaces, lack of dedicated facilities for MPs, and inadequate access to necessary resources and reports hinder the ability of legislators to perform their duties effectively. These functional constraints can hamper productivity and limit the quality of discussions and debates within the legislative body.
• Historical Significance: While the old Parliament House holds historical significance and represents the journey of independent India, it also reflects a bygone era. The old building’s colonial-era architecture may not be best suited to symbolize India’s present and future ambitions.
• Therefore, In 2012, a committee was established by the then Lok Sabha Speaker Meira Kumar to explore options for a new parliament building while considering the stability of the old structure. As a result, numerous proposals have been put forth to replace the existing Parliament complex with a new building.
• In 2019, the Government of India initiated the Central Vista Project, which encompasses various other endeavors such as renovating the Kartavya Path and constructing a new residence and office for the Prime Minister.

Features of The New Parliament Building

• Architect of the project: The chief architect of the Central Vista Project, which includes the new parliament building, is Bimal Patel.
• A digitized copy of the Indian Constitution: has been kept at the constitutional hall. The hall also houses a Foucault’s Pendulum which demonstrates the rotation of the earth.
• Larger legislative chambers: The new complex will have larger legislative chambers. Based on India’s national bird peacock, the new Lok Sabha will have thrice the current seating capacity at 888 seats, while there will be 348 seats for Rajya Sabha, which is based on the Lotus theme – the national flower. The new complex will have larger committee rooms, equipped with the latest technology and purpose-design spaces to enhance efficiency.
• Platinum-rated green building: With a focus on energy efficiency, the new complex is a “platinum-rated green building” and showcases India’s “commitment towards sustainable development.” It will also host many regional artworks to promote the diverse cultural heritage of the country.
• Divyang friendly: To promote inclusivity, the new Parliament complex is also ‘divyang-friendly’. It also features a central lounge to complement the open courtyard and is meant for members to interact. The open courtyard has the national tree ‘Banyan’ as well.

How the New House is Equipped for the Future?

• Spacious and Accessible: The new building offers increased space compared to the old Parliament House, allowing for better movement and functionality. It is designed to accommodate the growing number of MPs and staff, ensuring a more comfortable and accessible environment for all.
• State-of-the-Art Technology: The new Parliament House is equipped with the most updated technology, enabling seamless communication and information sharing among lawmakers. It provides advanced audio-visual communication features, ensuring effective interaction and collaboration during debates and discussions.
• Simultaneous Interpretation: The new building is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities for simultaneous interpretation. This enables MPs to communicate and understand proceedings in their preferred languages, promoting inclusivity and facilitating effective participation from diverse linguistic backgrounds.
• E-Library and Digital Resources: The new Parliament House offers access to e-library and digital resources, providing lawmakers with easy and instant access to important reports, documents, and research materials. This promotes informed decision-making and enhances the capacity of legislators.
• Energy Efficiency: The new building prioritizes energy efficiency through the use of sustainable design elements and eco-friendly systems. It incorporates renewable energy sources, efficient lighting, and climate control systems, reducing energy consumption and minimizing the ecological footprint.
• Visitor Facilities: The new Parliament House includes publicly accessible museum-grade galleries and a Constitution Hall that showcase India’s democratic history. These spaces serve as educational resources for visitors, offering a deeper understanding of the country’s democratic values and principles.
• Future Expansion: The new Parliament House is designed to accommodate future expansions and requirements. As the complex grows and evolves, provisions have been made to ensure that each member will have dedicated spaces for interacting with constituents, fostering closer engagement and representation.

New Parliament Building: An Opportunity for Efficiency

• Responsible Parliamentary Conduct: Members of Parliament should prioritize constructive and meaningful debates, fostering a culture of respect, collaboration, and consensus-building. It is essential to move away from disruptive tactics and focus on substantive discussions that address the complex governance challenges of our time.
• Reducing Disruptions: Long periods of deadlock and disruptions hinder the smooth functioning of Parliament. Efforts should be made to minimize disruptions and ensure that discussions remain focused on key issues. Rules and procedures can be reviewed to encourage more disciplined and productive parliamentary conduct.
• Enhancing Communication and Participation: The new Parliament building, equipped with modern facilities, offers opportunities for better communication and engagement. Members should utilize these resources effectively to engage with constituents, share information, and seek feedback, fostering a more inclusive and participatory democracy.

Is the boycott by opposition parties justified?

YES

• Earlier, opposition parties had declared a boycott of the inauguration of the new parliament building. Declaring their intention to boycott the inauguration of the new Parliament, 19 Opposition parties — including the Congress — had issued a joint statement saying that there was no value in a new building when the “soul of democracy has been sucked out from the Parliament.”

NO

• On the flip side, Constitutional experts feel that the opposition parties have raised an unnecessary controversy. They say neither the Constitution nor any rule prescribes the inauguration of Parliament or any of its parts by any particular authority.
• In fact, they say that the speaker has control over the Parliament estate and s/he should decide who to be invited to inaugurate the building.
• There are precedents to prove it. Earlier also, the Parliament annex and library were inaugurated by PMs. The PM is the head of the government. The President acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the PM.

The way forward: Preparing for New Challenges

• Embracing Technological Advancements: The world is rapidly evolving, driven by advancements in technology. The Parliament should adapt to these changes by harnessing digital tools, promoting e-governance initiatives, and leveraging innovations like machine learning and artificial intelligence.
• Legislative Reforms: Regular review and reform of existing laws and procedures are crucial to ensure their relevance and effectiveness in a dynamic environment. Parliamentarians should actively engage in legislative reforms, focusing on updating outdated laws, streamlining processes, and addressing emerging issues.
• Capacity Building: Members of Parliament should be equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to tackle complex policy challenges. Training programs, workshops, and knowledge-sharing platforms can help enhance their understanding of diverse subjects, enabling them to make informed decisions and contribute effectively to lawmaking.
• Embracing Innovation and Research: Encouraging research and evidence-based policymaking can lead to more informed and effective legislative outcomes. Parliament should foster collaborations with research institutions, think tanks, and experts to access reliable data, analysis, and innovative solutions to address emerging challenges.

Conclusion

• The new parliament building symbolizes the journey of our Parliament from its past to the future, shaping the concept of Aatmanirbhar Bharat. As the fountainhead of people’s hopes and aspirations, particularly the younger generations, the new Parliament House will serve as a lighthouse guiding us toward the ambitious journey of building Ek Bharat, and Shrestha Bharat. It is an opportunity for serious introspection, aiming to make our parliamentary conduct more efficient and productive.

Q. Discuss the physical challenges faced by the Indian Parliament in fulfilling its role as a representative and legislative body and the measures taken to address them. (150 words)

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Context

• Recently, The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has successfully completed the third G20 Tourism Working Group meeting, held from 22nd to 24th May 2023 in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.
• In this context, this edition of the burning issue will discuss this meeting, the G20 grouping, its work and achievements and failures.

About G20 and its Tourism working group

• What: The Group of Twenty, or G20, is the premier forum for international cooperation on the most important aspects of the international economic and financial agenda. It brings together the world’s major advanced and emerging economies.
• When: The G20 was created in response to both the financial crises that arose in a number of emerging economies in the 1990s and to a growing recognition that some of these countries were not adequately represented in global economic discussion and governance.
• Who are the members? The G20 comprises 19 countries and European Union. The Countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, UK, and USA.
• India, under its G20 Presidentship, has created the Tourism working group to promote tourism and hold significant discussions on tourism during its presidentship period.

About the Srinagar Summit

• 3^rd G20 Tourism Working Group Summit: The Srinagar summit is actually the 3^rd G20 Tourism Working Group Summit. The first summit was held at Rann of Kutch and the second is Darjeeling. This meeting would take forward discussions from the previous G20 Tourism track meeting held at Rann of Kutch and Darjeeling in 2023.
• 5 priority areas: India’s G20 Tourism Working Group has identified five priority areas viz. Green Tourism, Digitalization, Skills, Tourism MSMEs and Destination Management, for our Presidency.
• Achievement of SDGs: All the priorities were welcomed and endorsed by participating G20 delegates in the previous meeting. Under the broad theme of “Travel for LiFE”, the G20 Tourism track is working to further the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals through green, inclusive and resilient tourism development.
• G20 members would submit their suggestions in writing by 26th May, 2023 which will form part of the final draft of the roadmap prepared in consultation with UNWTO that will be presented at the 4th Tourism Working Group Meeting to be held in Goa in June followed by the tourism declaration at the Ministerial Meet.

Significance of holding summit in Srinagar

• Strategically located: This G20 summit is very significant as Jammu & Kashmir is strategically located. It is bordered by China and Pakistan, with volatile borders of LoC and LAC.
• Urban transformation: The G20 Summit preparations in Srinagar have resulted in urban transformation of the city such as the newly redeveloped Polo market which has been praised by G20 delegates also.
• Showcasing New Kashmir: Kashmir in Western media is generally shown in a state of turmoil that tarnishes the image of India. Therefore, organizing a Global event like this in Kashmir will help India showcase a different picture of Kashmir to the world.
• Promoting tourism and craft: Kashmir is home to a number of crafts and beautiful landscapes. Such a meeting will help promote Kashmir’s art and craft as well as tourism in the state. For example, the Ministry of Tourism gave Paper Mache Box, Kashmir saffron, Kawa cups etc. as souvenir to G20 delegates.

Outcomes of the Summit

• The event saw the ‘Launch of Travel for LiFE Programme’ to encourage citizens to make conscious use of tourism resources through responsible tourism practices during their travels.
• The draft ‘National Strategy on Film Tourism’ was unveiled which will provide a roadmap for harnessing the role of films in promoting tourist destinations.
• Impact of Film Tourism: A panel discussion with G20 member countries including Spain, Singapore, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa, Brazil and India. The panel deliberated upon the impact of Film Tourism on economic benefits and its role in promoting the destination globally.
• Discussion on the 2nd draft of the Goa Roadmap for tourism as a vehicle for achieving Sustainable Development Goals.
• There are two key deliverables of the Tourism Working Group, which are GOA Roadmap for tourism as a vehicle for achieving sustainable development goals and G20 Tourism Ministers’ Declaration.

A boycott by China and Saudi Arabia

• China has said it will not attend, citing its firm opposition “to holding any kind of G20 meetings in the disputed territory”
• Similarly, Saudi Arabia and Turkiye have also decided to stay away from the meeting.

Overall significance of the G20 Group

Achievements

• It brought increased participation of emerging countries in global issues. It helped provide a platform for developing countries to interact with developed nations and become part of the global decision-making process.
• The improvement in the regulations of the economies whose problems led to the crisis and the creation of safety nets to prevent problems in the future.
• The G20 also specifically helped to provide emergency funds during the 2008 crisis and plays an important role in financing development.

Shortcomings of the Group

• No permanent secretariat: Simultaneously, the informal structure of the G20, with a rotating chair and no permanent secretariat, means that agendas are determined each year by the chair and so can swing widely, and formal mechanisms to monitor follow-through on countries’ public commitments are weak.
• Considered Bias: The G20 is composed of 20 large and important economies. This creates a situation in which small countries have to follow their big brothers, in order to survive.
• Failed to live up to the expectations: Finance ministers and heads of state now come to the table with their hands tied, their positions determined in advance by their governments and a formal script that precludes meaningful and creative compromises.
• More showoff and less efficient: Meetings have become talkfests and photo opportunities. The willingness to come together in the hostile environment of late 2008 and early 2009 has entirely dissipated. The G20 agenda utterly fails to break with the tired, broken policies of the free market.
• Lack of consensus: At recent summits, countries have struggled to reach a unified consensus—the hallmark of previous iterations of the conference—as the interests of high- and low-income economies continue to diverge.

Way forward

• Enhance inclusivity: Expand the representation of countries to include emerging economies, developing nations, and regions that are underrepresented. This broader participation will provide a more comprehensive perspective and ensure that the G20 reflects the diversity of the global economy.
• Strengthen cooperation: Foster greater cooperation and collaboration among G20 members by encouraging open dialogue, knowledge sharing, and joint problem-solving. This could involve establishing working groups on specific topics and providing platforms for regular discussions.
• Support international trade: Promote free and fair trade by reducing barriers, avoiding protectionist measures, and advancing negotiations on trade agreements. Encouraging open markets and fair competition can stimulate economic growth and benefit all participating countries.
• Follow up on commitments: Ensure that commitments made during G20 meetings are followed through and implemented effectively. Establish mechanisms for monitoring progress and holding member countries accountable for their commitments.

Conclusion

• The successful conclusion of the meeting in Kashmir with more than 60 attendees is a testimony of India’s international might and powerful diplomacy.
• However, the overall effectiveness of the grouping is still questionable. Thus, there is a need to strengthen the group by making it more inclusive and outcome-oriented.

Q. What is G-20? Discuss its mandate. How does it affect India’s geopolitical interests in context of the recent summit held at Srinagar? (250 Words)

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Context

• Recently, The Indian government has denied that it is seeking wholesale repatriation of cultural property extracted by Britain from India during colonial times.
• In this context, this edition of the Burning Issue will discuss about the Indian cultural properties aboard and their repatriation.

Background

• The Indian government was reacting to a story published in the U.K.’s Telegraph newspaper and said the headline and story were “unfortunately misleading”.
• Government sources said that while it was seeking the restitution of artifacts taken from India, the story was a “significant overstatement” in terms of how it portrays the government and its approach to the U.K.
• It further added that its approach was to retrieve antiquities via “cooperation and partnership” and in a manner consistent with international agreements.

Issue of Cultural Property Trafficking

• According to the Indian Ministry of Culture, 101 antiquities have been stolen from the subcontinent’s Centrally Protected Monuments between 2000 and 2016.
• The U.S.-based alliance charted reported cultural property seizures since 2014 and found that nearly $65 million worth of illegal artifacts had been seized between 2014 and 2019.
• Like any other illicit trade, the grey market of artifacts arguably seeds the ground for terrorism.
• Among the world’s largest cut diamonds, the infamous Koh-i-Noor was taken by Queen Victoria after the annexation of the subcontinent.

Procedure of return

International organizations such as UNESCO and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC have been at the forefront of the fight against cultural heritage crimes.  Their combined expertise and global partnerships have led to the establishment of standard-setting instruments that enhance responses to and the protection against cultural theft. The process involves the following steps:

• Identification: Identify cultural properties that may have been wrongfully acquired or removed.
• Legal and Ethical Considerations: Consider international conventions, national laws, and ethical guidelines pertaining to repatriation.
• Collaboration and Negotiation: Collaborate and negotiate with the country of origin and the current possessor to reach an agreement.
• Evidence and Documentation: Gather evidence and documentation supporting the claim for repatriation, such as historical records and provenance research.
• Public Awareness and Advocacy: Raise public awareness and advocate for repatriation through campaigns and outreach efforts.
• Restitution and Return: Arrange for the safe return of the cultural property to its country of origin, considering logistics and storage.
• Future Preservation and Collaboration: Ensure the proper care, conservation, and display of the repatriated cultural property, and foster ongoing collaboration between the country of origin and international institutions.

International agreements

• The 1970 UNESCO Convention: on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (hereafter, the 1970 Convention) mandate in the prevention of organised crime and cultural trafficking, and offer systematic tools to strengthen national capacity.
• UN resolution 2347: Condemns the unlawful destruction of cultural heritage, including the destruction of religious sites and artefacts, and the looting and smuggling of cultural property from archaeological sites, museums, libraries, archives, and other sites, notably by terrorist groups.

Significance of return of cultural properties

• Preserving Heritage: Cultural property acts as a bridge between the past, present, and future generations, preserving a nation’s heritage. The cultural property of a country is a testament to its history and heritage and should belong to the nation. Illicit trade and smuggling of artifacts have plagued the art and culture market of the world. 
• National Identity and Pride: Cultural property plays a vital role in defining a nation’s identity and fostering a sense of pride among its citizens. It symbolizes the unique values, beliefs, and customs that distinguish one nation from another. It gives people a sense of belonging and collective memory, strengthening social cohesion and unity.
• Tourism and Economic Benefits: Cultural property often attracts tourists from around the world, contributing to the nation’s economy. Heritage sites, museums, cultural festivals, and artistic traditions draw visitors who spend money on accommodation, transportation, food, and souvenirs. The preservation and promotion of cultural property can generate employment opportunities and sustainable economic development. The preservation and protection of the Indian artifacts and cultural heritage are an integral component of India’s foreign policy.
• Education and Research: Cultural property serves as an educational resource, offering insights into different historical periods, social structures, artistic styles, and technological advancements. It provides researchers, scholars, and students with valuable primary sources for studying various disciplines, including archaeology, anthropology, history, art, and linguistics.
• Cultural Diplomacy: Cultural property represents a nation’s soft power, allowing for cultural exchange and diplomacy. Exhibitions, collaborations, and cultural exchange programs enhance mutual understanding and promote positive relations between nations. Sharing cultural heritage can foster peace, tolerance, and cooperation among diverse communities globally.

Issues involved

• Unlike other countries’ sources of this trade, like China, India doesn’t have heritage protection laws.
• International conventions and laws are not legally binding making them toothless.
• The treatment of its cultural heritage by Indian institutions as well as the religious belief of the larger part of the society brings another dimension to the narrative.

Some Previous Returns

• Aiming to return antiquities allegedly stolen from their motherland, the volunteer-run India Pride Project (IPP) uses social media to identify artefacts worldwide and investigates cases coordinating authorities, global agencies, museums and a small tightly-knit curator community.
• The Network found a 12th-century bronze statue of Buddha at a trade fair. Ransacked from the Archaeological Museum in Nalanda (in eastern India) in 1961 along with 14 other sculptures, the figure was later returned to India following its identification by the Association for Research into Crimes Against Art (ARCA), an organization working to preserve cultural legacies.
• The Art Gallery of South Australia in Adelaide to recognize its illicit possession of a stolen 16th-century statue of Siva Nataraja and to return it following an official request from India.
• In 2022, the Australian Government repatriated 29 antiquities to India. These artifacts are broadly categorized into the following themes – Shiva and his disciples, Lord Vishnu and his forms, portraits, worshipping Shakti, Jain tradition and decorative objects.
• India was successful in bringing back 157 antiquities from the United States of America in 2021.
• An 18th-century idol of Maa Annapurna stolen from Varanasi in 1913 was returned by Canada in November 2021.

Way forward

• Social media, coupled with informed journalism and inclusive decision-making across governance levels, can also offer an encouraging step forward.
• A key measure is the development of digital inventories and professional documentation of cultural property. Local and regional museums may benefit from augmenting their digitization capacities.
• Digital imaging, which could nowadays be done via smartphone applications in numerous regional languages, can optimize the recognition of the stolen object, prevent its movement and intercept it.
• The objects must also be well-documented, cataloged, and digitized to create a permanent database of the nation’s heritage. Another crucial step towards eliminating the problem is preventing the formation and expansion of illegitimate groups that harbor this trade.

Conclusion

• As pointed out by UNESCO, this has also underlined the fact that illicit trade of cultural properties is not an individual problem of a country but an issue at the global level. The 1970 Convention solely will not tackle this issue, it should be the collective efforts of the governments, societies, communities, and the people to spread awareness regarding the importance of national and cultural heritage and how to safeguard them.
• Preventing the expansion of illicit networks would not only prevent the exploitation of humanity’s shared heritage but also safeguard community identity.

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