Civilsdaily

Author: CD Staff

  • [31st October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Importing a toxic work culture into India

    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC CSE 2019)
    Q) Are we losing our local identity for the global identity? Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2019)
    Q) “Though women in post-independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women’s education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC CSE 2021)
    Q) Explain why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society. (UPSC CSE 2023)

    Mentor’s Comment:

    The tragic death of Anna Sebastian Perayil, a 26-year-old chartered accountant, underscores the human cost of a relentless work culture that often glorifies long hours and high productivity, leading to Mental health crises among young professionals.

    The World Health Organization (WHO) states that 20% of Indians are expected to experience mental health disorders by the end of the year, with 5.6 crore suffering from depression and 3.8 crore from anxiety disorders

    Most of the world’s largest multinationals are American, which shapes their work culture. Western work culture is not just about productivity; it’s deeply rooted in historical and religious contexts.

    Today’s editorial addresses the alarming trend of adopting detrimental workplace practices from abroad, particularly from high-pressure environments in developed countries. It highlights the severe implications of such practices on mental health and overall employee well-being.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The tragic death of a 26-year-old Chartered Accountant has brought attention to the severe pressures faced by employees in high-stress environments.

    • The Lancet found a 35% increase in mental health disorders in India, reflecting the growing crisis 

    What are the characteristics of toxic work cultures imported from Western countries?

    • Historical Insights: After the USSR fell, the U.S. gained significant influence over global affairs, and its economic practices became the standard for success.
      • The idea of “the American way” (long hours and high productivity/Capitalist perspective) became synonymous with corporate culture, influencing companies worldwide.
      • Karl Marx pointed out over a century ago, longer working days can lead to higher profits if labor costs are kept low.
      • German sociologist Max Weber explored that Protestantism changed its attitudes toward work in Northern Europe.
    • American Influence on Work Culture: The term ‘Multinational Corporations’ is misleading because, despite their global operations, these companies are often closely tied to their home countries.
      • Max Weber cited American thinker Benjamin Franklin to illustrate this connection, suggesting that the work culture in MNCs is deeply rooted in historical religious values (cultural glorification of hard work) rather than modern management theories.
    What is the actual scenario?

    • Data from the International Labour Organisation (ILO) shows that while hard work has helped the U.S. economy grow, it doesn’t guarantee the highest living standards. In 2023, the U.S. ranked 12th globally in terms of per capita income, falling behind countries like Austria, Belgium, and Denmark.
    • The U.S. has improved only slightly compared to Switzerland. Interestingly, workers in most other countries listed worked fewer hours than those in the U.S. This shows that achieving greater wealth while working less is possible.

    How does this imported ‘Capitalist perspective’ affect Indian professionals and their work culture?

    • High-Pressure Work Environment: American companies often expect long hours, leading to stress and burnout among Indian workers. The expectations set by American firms often clash with Indian cultural norms.
      • Indian work culture traditionally values relationships and teamwork, the imported capitalist model tends to prioritize efficiency and individual performance. 
      • Indian professionals may struggle with the more egalitarian approach of American firms, which encourages open communication.
    • Hierarchical Structures Vs. Equality: Indian workplaces are typically hierarchical, with a strong emphasis on respect for authority and seniority. In Indian organizations, decision-making is often top-down, whereas American firms favor collaborative approaches.
      • This difference can make it challenging for Indian professionals to adapt, as they may feel uncomfortable speaking up or challenging their superiors even when encouraged to do so.
    • Work-Life Balance Challenges: Long hours and blur boundaries like working late or during weekends, make it hard for the employees to relax or find the space between work and personal life.
      • Rising stress levels contribute to mental health problems, including anxiety and burnout.
      • Women face additional pressures in balancing work demands with traditional family roles.

    What steps can organizations take to mitigate these effects?

    • Employee Wellbeing Programs: Create wellness initiatives that include flexible work hours, mental health days, and access to counseling. These programs help reduce stress and improve morale.
    • Promote Work-Life Balance: Encourage flexible schedules and remote work options. This helps employees manage personal and professional commitments, reducing burnout.
    • Foster Open Communication: Build a culture where employees can discuss their workloads and mental health openly. Regular check-ins can help managers support their teams effectively.
    • Train Managers: Provide training for managers to be supportive leaders. Good management practices can enhance employee satisfaction and create a positive work environment.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/importing-a-toxic-work-culture-into-india/article68815685.ece

  • [30th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A picture of a growing economic divide in India

    Subjects:
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    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Explain the rationale behind the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act of 2017. How has COVID-19 impacted the GST compensation fund and created new federal tensions? (UPSC CSE 2020)
    Q) How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal position? (UPSC CSE 2021)
    Q) “Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth.” Discuss in the light of India’s experience. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: 

    “We cannot build a modern India without addressing the issue of poverty and inequality.” 

    – Dr. Manmohan Singh

    In a nation where the top 10% hold 77% of the wealth, true progress can only be measured by the upliftment of the bottom half. Addressing regional disparities is essential for a harmonious India; without it, growth becomes a privilege of the few rather than a right for all.

    Today’s editorial discusses the widening economic disparities among Indian states and the implications of this divide.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Household savings and private investments are increasingly concentrated in wealthier states, leading to a widening gap between rich and poor regions. These increasing economic disparities among Indian states have huge implications for Indian federalism.

    Current State of Economic Divide in India:

    • Per Capita Income Disparities: Wealthier states, primarily in the south and west, have significantly higher per capita incomes compared to poorer states in the north and east. As of 2019-20, per capita State Domestic Product (SDP) in wealthier states was approximately 2.5 times higher than in poorer states, up from a 1.7 times difference in 1990-91.
    • Sectoral Growth Gaps: The disparity is particularly pronounced in the manufacturing and services sectors. Wealthier states exhibit a much higher per capita SDP in manufacturing (3.6 times) and services (2.9 times) compared to their poorer counterparts.

    Primary factors contributing to the growing economic divide among Indian states

    • Sectoral Growth Disparities: Wealthier states have significantly higher outputs in manufacturing and services, leading to greater economic growth compared to poorer states.
      • As income rises, people spend less on food and more on manufactured goods and services. Secondly, India’s services sector has grown, but employment has been more modest.
    • Investment Patterns: A shift from public to private investment has favored wealthier states, resulting in concentrated resources and opportunities.
    • Infrastructure Gaps: Poorer states often lack adequate power supply and infrastructure, hindering their ability to attract industries and grow economically.
    • Educational Disparities: Access to quality education is uneven, with most higher education institutions in wealthier states, limiting skill development in poorer regions. 

    How does the economic divide affect federalism and governance in India?

    • Erosion of Federal Principles: Disparities challenge equitable resource distribution, leading to dissatisfaction among wealthier states that feel under-compensated.
    • Political Centralization: Increased control by the central government limits state autonomy, reducing their ability to address regional economic challenges.
    • Investment Disparities: Wealthier states attract more private investment, while poorer states struggle due to inadequate infrastructure, perpetuating inequality.
    • Governance Challenges: Poorer states face corruption and weak institutions, hindering effective policy implementation and further entrenching poverty.
    Initiatives taken by the Government:

    • Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP): Launched in 2018, this program aims to transform the performance of 112 districts lagging in key social indicators by promoting holistic development through targeted interventions in health, education, and infrastructure. This initiative focuses on blocks within districts that need special attention, aiming to improve governance and service delivery at the grassroots level.
    • Special Economic Zones (SEZs): The government has established SEZs to attract investment and promote industrial growth in underdeveloped regions, encouraging economic activities and job creation.
    • Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana: It focuses on improving rural road connectivity, which is crucial for economic development in remote areas.
    • FC Recommendations: The 15th Finance Commission has recommended increasing the share of tax revenues allocated to states, particularly those with greater needs, to help address regional disparities.

    What strategies can bridge the Economic Divide and promote Inclusive Growth?

    • Boost Entrepreneurship and Skill Development: Encourage entrepreneurship in poorer states through targeted support and training programs. Enhance skill development initiatives to equip the workforce with the necessary skills for emerging industries.
    • Upgrade Infrastructure: Invest in improving power supply and overall infrastructure in economically lagging regions, particularly in the Gangetic and eastern areas, to facilitate industrial growth and attract investment.
    • Expand Access to Education: Increase access to technical and vocational education in poorer states to improve employability and attract high-tech industries. Focus on creating educational opportunities that cater to local economic needs.
    • Form Interconnected National Value Chains: Develop value chains that link resources from wealthier states with the potential of poorer ones, fostering balanced economic growth across regions.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-picture-of-a-growing-economic-divide-in-india/article68811441.ece

  • [29th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The under-representation of women in the judiciary

    Subjects:
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    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (UPSC CSE 2021)
    Q) Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgment on ‘The National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to the appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (UPSC CSE 2017)

    Mentor’s Comment:

    “Diversity is essential for effective institutionalization, bringing positivity and change.”

    Women’s meaningful representation in the judiciary is a crucial aspect of gender equality and justice. It is a precondition for bringing justice to those who need it the most.

    Although several states have established quotas for women in the lower judiciary, providing 30% to 35% of seats for female candidates during recruitment in recent years, significant disparities persist, particularly in higher courts.

    Today’s editorial explores the current state of women’s representation in the judiciary, the underlying reasons for their under-representation, and the importance of addressing these issues.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recent findings from a joint UN Women and UNDP study highlight the importance of women’s representation in the judiciary, particularly in Africa.

    • CJI Chandrachud has also emphasized the need for dignified working conditions for women in the judiciary, further underscoring the ongoing discussions around gender equality in legal systems globally.
    Current State of Women in the Judiciary:

    • Subordinate Courts: As of 2023, women constitute approximately 36.3% of judges in subordinate courts, up from 27.6% in 2018.
    • High Courts: The representation of women judges in High Courts has increased slightly from 10% in 2018 to 13.4% in 2023, with only 11.5% of judges being female.
    • Supreme Court: The Supreme Court remains the least representative, with only 9.4% (3 out of 32 judges) being women as of December 2023, a marginal increase from 4% in 2018.

    Regional Disparities: The High Courts of Punjab & Haryana, Delhi, and Bombay have the highest number of women judges. Conversely, states like Orissa, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh have only one woman judge each, while Patna and several others have none.

    What are the systemic barriers contributing to the low representation of women in the judiciary?

    • Deeply rooted Patriarchy: A prevailing patriarchal culture limits women’s roles and opportunities in the legal field, leading to discrimination that hinders their judicial careers.
      • Societal expectations regarding domestic duties often lead women to prioritize family over career, causing them to decline promotions or judicial positions.
    • Hostile Work Environment: Women often face sexism and harassment, creating a challenging atmosphere that can result in high turnover rates and hinder career advancement.
    • Inadequate Infrastructure: The lack of essential facilities, such as childcare and appropriate office space, disproportionately impacts women, complicating their ability to balance work and family.
    • Opaque Appointment Processes: The collegium system for appointing judges lacks transparency and tends to favor male candidates, reducing opportunities for qualified women.
    • Low Representation in Litigation: The under-representation of women in litigation results in fewer female candidates for judicial roles, perpetuating the cycle of inequality.
      • Women experience bias from colleagues and clients, which can undermine their credibility and limit their professional growth in the legal field.

    How does the under-representation of women impact the judicial system and society?

    1) Impact on the Judicial System

    • Justice Delivery: Fewer female judges can lead to biased rulings that overlook women’s unique experiences and needs.
    • Legitimacy: A diverse judiciary enhances public trust, signaling that the legal system is accessible and representative.
    • Diverse Perspectives: Women judges bring different viewpoints, enriching decision-making and improving legal outcomes.

    2) Impact on Society

    • Gender Equality: Low representation reinforces societal gender inequalities and limits women’s leadership roles.
    • Role Models: Fewer women in judicial positions discourage young women from pursuing careers in law.
    • Social Justice: A lack of gender diversity may hinder effective responses to issues affecting women, undermining social justice efforts.

    What measures can be implemented to promote greater inclusion of women in the judiciary?

    • Gender Quotas: Set minimum representation targets for women in judicial positions, especially in higher courts.
    • Transparent Appointment Processes: The judiciary needs to revise selection criteria and make the judicial appointments more clear and fair to include diverse candidates.
    • Supportive Programs and Policies: Create mentorship initiatives and support networks by linking aspiring female judges with experienced women in the field.
      • Introduce Family-friendly and flexible working hours and childcare support to help women manage family responsibilities.
    • Gender Sensitivity Training: Implement training for Judges to address biases and foster an inclusive environment within the judiciary.
    • Advocacy and Political Will: Promote and encourage advocacy from civil society organizations to push for women’s representation in the judiciary.

  • [28th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The private sector holds the key to India’s e-bus push

    Subjects: ,
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    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Q) Examine the development of Airports in India through joint ventures under Public – Private Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2017)

    Q) Adoption of PPP model for infrastructure development of the country has not been free of criticism. Critically discuss the pros and cons of the model. (UPSC CSE 2013)

    Mentor’s Comment: The Indian government, through NITI Aayog, is developing an incentive scheme tailored for private bus operators, who currently account for about 90% of the bus fleet in India. This move is crucial for achieving the target of 40% e-bus penetration by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2070.

    Despite existing support under the FAME-II scheme, which primarily benefits state transport undertakings (STUs), the high costs associated with e-buses deter private operators from making the switch. The forthcoming incentive scheme is seen as a potential game-changer that could facilitate the broader adoption of electric buses in public transportation.

    Today’s editorial discusses the role of the private sector in India’s electric bus (e-bus) initiative. Today’s discussions will focus more on creating a supportive environment for e-bus deployment beyond state-run services.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Despite the government’s push through schemes like FAME II and PM e-Bus Sewa, which have incentivized electric vehicles for public transport, private bus operators have seen little benefit.

    • Presently, the government is planning to introduce a new incentive scheme specifically aimed at encouraging private operators to invest in e-buses.
    Challenges Faced by Private Operators:

    • Lack of Financial Incentives: Current government schemes do not extend to private operators, making it difficult for them to invest in e-buses.
    • High Initial Costs: The substantial upfront investment required for electric buses is prohibitive for many small operators.
    • Charging Infrastructure: Limited access to charging stations and facilities further complicates the adoption of e-buses. Most charging infrastructure is designed for state-run units, leaving private operators without adequate support.
    • Operational Inefficiencies: Restrictions on parking and charging at government depots create logistical challenges for private bus operations.

    How can the private sector be incentivized to participate in the e-bus market?

    1) Financial Incentives: The incentivized schemes and subsidies could significantly lower the upfront costs associated with e-bus acquisition, which can be up to five times that of diesel buses.

    • Offering viability gap funding for charging infrastructure and land leases could attract private investment.
    • Implementing a payment security mechanism can protect private operators against payment delays from state transport undertakings (STUs).

    2) Infrastructure Development: Establishing a robust network of charging stations is crucial. Under the Gross Cost Contract (GCC) Model, STUs pay a fixed cost per kilometer, ensuring steady income for operators while minimizing their risk exposure without bearing the full financial burden upfront.

    • This Flexible Leasing model enables operators to access capital without high initial investments, as maintenance and operational responsibilities can be shared.

    What role does financing play in the adoption of electric buses?

    • High Initial Costs: The upfront costs of e-buses are significantly higher than those of traditional diesel buses, often up to five times more expensive, operators may find it challenging to justify the investment in e-buses despite their long-term operational savings.
    • Need for Dedicated Financing Facilities: Establishing a dedicated e-bus financing facility could provide concessional loans and grants, helping shield manufacturers and operators from the payment security risks posed by financially struggling state road transport undertakings (SRTUs). 
    • Interest Rate Subventions: To encourage private operators to invest in e-buses, interest rate subventions of 4-6% on loans can be implemented. Lower interest rates can significantly ease the financial burden during the repayment period, making financing more accessible.
    • Leasing Models: Financing institutions can offer leasing options that include maintenance and battery replacement, thus sharing operational risks with bus operators. This approach not only lowers upfront costs but also allows operators to manage cash flow more effectively.

    What infrastructure improvements are necessary for successful e-bus deployment?

    • Installation of Charging Stations: Establishing charging points within bus depots is crucial. A widespread infrastructure network will alleviate concerns about range and downtime, making e-buses a more viable option for operators.
    • Depot Charging Facilities: Private operators currently face restrictions in accessing government bus depots for parking and charging. Granting them access would streamline operations and improve efficiency by reducing the distance drivers must travel to pick up their buses.
    • Power Supply Management: The increased demand for electricity from charging e-buses can strain local power grids. Therefore, collaboration between bus operators and electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) is vital for planning and managing this demand effectively. 
    • Pilot Projects: Implementing pilot projects in tier-2 and tier-3 cities can help assess infrastructure requirements and operational challenges before scaling up to larger urban areas.
      • For example, electrifying a specific route, such as Delhi-Mumbai, could provide valuable insights into the necessary specifications for e-bus deployment.

    Conclusion: The future of India’s e-bus initiative depends on a united effort between government bodies and private stakeholders to create an inclusive framework that fosters growth and innovation in the electric mobility sector.

  • [26th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Sharpen the anti-defection law, strengthen democracy

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention? (UPSC CSE 2013)

    Q) The Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Q) To what extent, in your view, the Parliament can ensure accountability of the executive in India? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Prelims:
    Which one of the following Schedules of the Constitution of India contains provisions regarding anti-defection? (UPSC CSE 2014)
    a)  Second Schedule
    b)  Fifth Schedule
    c)  Eighth Schedule
    d)  Tenth Schedule

    Mentor’s Comment:  The Anti-defection law (10th Schedule) was introduced to maintain political stability and uphold the electoral mandate by discouraging party-hopping among elected representatives. However, its effectiveness has been compromised due to several loopholes and implementation challenges.

    Today’s editorial emphasizes the need for reforms to the anti-defection law in India. It argues that these reforms are essential to enhance the integrity of the democratic process and align with the government’s initiative of “One Nation, One Election” (ONOE).

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Anti-Defection Law is in the news due to a SC’s directive for the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Speaker to resolve disqualification petitions by December 31, 2023.

    • Additionally, there are growing discussions about the law’s effectiveness and calls for reforms, as critics argue it restricts legislators’ freedom of expression and accountability to constituents.
    • The debate highlights the need for a balance between party discipline and democratic representation.
    What is the Significance of the Anti-Defection Law?

    • Government Stability: It prevents political defections that can lead to governmental instability, ensuring a consistent ruling party.
    • Upholding Electoral Mandates: The law helps maintain the will of the electorate by discouraging elected representatives from abandoning their parties post-election.
    • Party Discipline: It fosters unity within political parties by requiring members to adhere to party directives, especially during critical votes.
    • Reduced Corruption: The law helps reduce corruption and promotes accountability among politicians by curbing defections motivated by personal gain.
    • Legal Framework for Disqualification: The law provides clear grounds for disqualifying members who defect, ensuring a systematic approach to addressing defections.

    How does the current Anti-Defection Law undermine Democratic Representation?

    • Restriction on Freedom of Expression: Elected representatives are often forced to vote along party lines, limiting their ability to express dissent or represent their constituents’ views.
    • Ambiguity in Disqualification: The lack of a clear timeline for resolving defection cases can lead to bias and manipulation, complicating accountability and representation.
    • Exploitable Loopholes: Provisions allowing groups of legislators to defect without penalty can encourage opportunistic behaviour, undermining political integrity.
    • Stifling Legislative Debate: Strict adherence to party lines diminishes robust debate, preventing diverse perspectives on critical issues from being voiced. 

    What are the proposed Amendments?

    Two key amendments to the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:

    • Time Frame for Decisions: Need to establish a four-week deadline for Speakers or Chairpersons to resolve defection cases. If no decision is made within this period, defecting members should be automatically disqualified.
    • Public Notice of Party Whips: Need to Implement a transparent framework for issuing party whips, such as publishing them in newspapers or using electronic communication. This would ensure that all members are adequately informed about party positions.

    Conclusion: India’s anti-defection legislation underscores the necessity of adapting legal frameworks to contemporary political realities to preserve democracy’s integrity and functionality. By addressing existing gaps in the law, India can foster a more robust democratic environment conducive to effective governance and public trust.

  • [25th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Gaza war and the Global South’s ‘interventions’

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    PYQ Relevance:

    [2018] India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss.
    [2022] How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics?Prelims:
    [2013]  The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of: 
    (a) China 
    (b) Israel 
    (c) Iraq 
    (d) Yemen

    Mentor’s Comment:  Israel’s war in Gaza, launched in response to the October 7 Hamas attacks, once again took center stage at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) this week. The UN General Assembly brought up the issue of illegal Israeli settlements at the court, with public hearings set to conclude on February 26. 

    The hearings highlighted a deeper divide, as Western countries largely defended Israel’s airstrikes on Gaza as an act of “self-defense,” while many Global South nations backed South Africa’s push for the ICJ to charge Israel with “war crimes” for its actions. The hearings took place against the backdrop of a major dispute between Brazil and Israel.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    • Most of the speakers at the hearings were from the Global South, with Brazil and South Africa taking the lead in the International Court of Justice (ICJ). 
    • All permanent members of the UN Security Council submitted comments, though Israel did not take part. India did not speak at the hearings, but its neighbors, Pakistan and Bangladesh, strongly criticized Israel’s actions.

    Global South View on Israel- Palestine Conflict: 

    • Fragmented Global South Response: The Global South has not presented a unified stance toward the Israel-Palestine conflict. While some countries have sought legal actions against Israel, others have taken more cautious approaches, focused on diplomacy and ceasefire calls.
    • South Africa’s Legal Action: Driven by its own history of apartheid, South Africa took Israel to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in December 2023, seeking a warrant against Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
    • Divergence Within BRICS: China and India, the two biggest powers within the Global South construct, have taken divergent positions based on their national interests rather than building consensus within newer multilateral formats like BRICS.
    • The Role of BRICS Expansion: The BRICS group recently expanded, a move supported by China but not particularly favored by India, illustrating differing priorities even within major Global South frameworks.

    China’s View on Israel- Palestine Conflict:

    • China’s Support for Palestinian Sovereignty: China aligns its position with Arab interests, supporting Palestinian sovereignty from a decolonization perspective. In July 2024, it hosted a conference aimed at unifying various Palestinian factions.
    • China’s Strategic Calculations: China refrained from condemning Hamas after the October 2023 attacks, aiming to keep its mediation options open, especially after the high-profile Iran-Saudi Arabia mediation. However, recent developments, including the killings of Ismail Haniyeh and Yahya Sinwar, have disrupted these efforts.
    • China’s Use of Multilateral Forums: China seeks to leverage forums like BRICS to promote the Global South narrative in its favor. The expansion of BRICS and Palestine’s interest in joining reflect China’s strategy to broaden its influence.

    India’s View on  Israel- Palestine Conflict:

    • India’s Balanced Approach: India maintains a consistent and balanced position, supporting both Israel’s counter-terrorism efforts and the Palestinian cause. Its stance includes a two-state solution and recognition of Palestine since 1988.
    • Counter-Terrorism Focus: India’s stance on the conflict focuses on counter-terrorism, reflecting its own experiences with cross-border terrorism, similar to Israel’s challenges. The 2011 release of Sinwar by Israel is comparable to India’s release of Masood Azhar in 1999.

    The disunity in the Global South affects India’s interests in several ways:

    • Limits Diplomatic Leverage: The lack of a unified stance weakens India’s ability to push for collective action on issues like terrorism or multilateral reforms.
    • Challenges in BRICS Consensus: Diverging views within BRICS complicate India’s efforts to shape the group’s agenda in line with its own interests, such as counter-terrorism and economic cooperation.
    • Reduces Influence in West Asia: Fragmented approaches hinder India’s ability to play a significant mediating role in the Israel-Palestine conflict or other regional matters.
    • Complicates Strategic Alignments: Disunity forces India to navigate complex diplomatic relationships individually, rather than benefiting from coordinated Global South support.
    • Dilutes Global South’s Voice: The lack of coherence limits India’s capacity to effectively champion developing countries’ concerns on global platforms like the UN.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Diplomatic Alliances: India should work on building stronger bilateral and regional partnerships to create support for its positions within the Global South, focusing on areas of mutual interest such as counter-terrorism and economic development.
    • Leverage Multilateral Platforms Strategically: India can actively shape the agenda in forums like BRICS by promoting consensus on common issues, such as peace initiatives and reforming global governance, to enhance its influence and the collective voice of the Global South.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-gaza-war-and-the-global-souths-interventions/article68792576.ece

  • [24th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Manipur crisis, the issue of managing diversity

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    Q) Human right activists constantly highlight the fact that the Armed forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) is a draconian act leading to cases of human right abuses by security forces. What sections of AFSPA are opposed by the activists. Critically evaluate the requirement with reference to the view held by Apex Court. (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Q) Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q) Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: Since 2012, there has been a constant demand led by the Scheduled Tribes Demand Committee of Manipur (STDCM) for granting the Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to the Meitei community. On 20 April 2023, a judge of the Manipur High Court directed the state government to consider the request of the Meitei community to be included in the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list. The Kuki community feared that the ST status would allow the Meiteis to purchase land in the prohibited hilly areas and hence the total shutdown began.

    The ongoing crisis in Manipur, a northeastern state of India, highlights the complexities of managing ethnic diversity in a region marked by historical grievances and socio-political dynamics. Today’s editorial examines the roots of the conflict, the government’s response, and potential pathways to peace.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Since May 2023, over 250 people have died, and tens of thousands have been displaced due to ongoing ethnic clashes primarily between the Meitei and Kuki communities. The violence has intensified again, with at least 11 casualties reported in September 2024.

    What are the historical and socio-political factors contributing to the Manipur crisis?

    1) Historical Factors:

    • Colonial Legacy: Manipur was an independent kingdom before British colonization. In the year 1891 Manipur became a Princely State under British Rule after the Anglo-Manipur War.
      • Later, the Britishers employed a “divide and rule” strategy, which resulted in tensions between the valley-dwelling Meitei and the hill tribes, including the Kukis and Nagas.
    • Forced Merger into India: In 1947, Maharaja Budhachandra signed a Treaty of Accession merging Manipur into India. This merger occurred without adequate consultation with local leaders, leading to widespread discontent among various ethnic groups.
    • Insurgency and Ethnic Clashes: The rise of insurgent groups in the 1960s and 1970s, fueled by demands for autonomy or independence, has led to ongoing violence.
    • The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) was introduced in 1980 to manage insurgency but has resulted in increased militarization and human rights abuses, further inflaming local grievances.

    2) Socio-Political Factors

    • Ethnic Identity and Land Rights: Conflicts over land ownership and ethnic identity are central to the crisis. The Meitei community’s recent demand for Scheduled Tribe status has intensified fears among Kukis and Nagas regarding their rights and land security.
    • Government Policies: Central government policies perceived as favoring certain ethnic groups have led to resentment among others. For instance, the withdrawal from Suspension of Operations agreements with Kuki militant groups has raised tensions.
    • Economic Disparities: Developmental disparities between the valley and hill regions have fueled resentment, as marginalized communities feel neglected by state initiatives.
    • Drug Trade and Economic Exploitation: The proximity to the Golden Triangle and porous international borders make Manipur vulnerable to drug trafficking and other cross-border criminal activities.
    • 2023 Violence: A court order regarding Scheduled Tribe status for the Meiteis sparked violent protests, leading to significant casualties and displacement. This incident underscores the fragile nature of inter-community relations in Manipur.

    How has the Indian government’s response impacted the situation in Manipur?

    • Military Deployment: The government deployed approximately 17,000 troops and this heavy military presence led to allegations of human rights abuses and a deepening trust deficit between the state and local communities.
      • Curfews were imposed across multiple districts which disrupted daily life and hindered communication among communities.
    • Central Government’s 100-Day Plan: The resolution of the Manipur conflict is part of the new National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government’s 100-day plan. It has also faced criticism for being slow and lacking transparency regarding concrete actions.
    • Humanitarian Response: The government has initiated compensation packages for affected farmers but faces challenges in addressing the broader humanitarian needs of displaced populations.
    • Long-Term Stability Concerns: The situation is compounded by geopolitical factors involving neighboring countries like Myanmar and Bangladesh, necessitating innovative solutions from the government to ensure long-term peace in the region.
    Constitutional Provisions:

    • The Indian Constitution uniquely addresses diversity through special provisions for various states, including Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, and Karnataka.
    • The special provisions aim to ensure equitable development and safeguard cultural identities that seek to reconcile competing interests in northeastern states by institutionalizing power-sharing and representation, promoting autonomy in governance.
    • Article 371F (introduced after Sikkim’s accession in 1975), empowers Parliament to protect the rights of various population sections and grants the Governor special responsibilities for socio-economic advancement.
    • The Supreme Court upheld Article 371F in the R.C. Poudyal case (1993), justifying increased representation for the Bhutia-Lepcha community based on historical context and the need for political stability.
    • Given the increasing violence and displacement in regions like Manipur, revisiting these constitutional provisions is crucial for national interest and social harmony.

    CASE STUDY:

    • Tripura is a model of peace achieved via constitutional measures during its insurgency, particularly through the 6th Schedule, which grants autonomy to tribal areas.  It empowered district councils to legislate on education, land use, and social customs.
    • Tripura Accord (1988) reserved one-third of State Assembly seats for Scheduled Tribes, exceeding their population proportion.
    Unlike Tripura, Manipur is governed by Article 371C, which lacks similar provisions for tribal autonomy and requires Hill Area Committee approval for governance matters.

    What Manipur needs to do?

    • In light of the unique challenges faced by Manipur, it is essential to recognize that, unlike other northeastern states, its District Council lacks veto power, leading to heightened anxieties over over-representation and resource allocation.
    • Thus, true peace and solutions for diversity must be cultivated through Constitutional evolution and Democratic processes, rather than superficial measures.

  • [23rd October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Working toward a meaningful ‘victims’ register’ in Bastar

    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
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    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Q) What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should the Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas? (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q) Effective utilization of public funds is crucial to meet development goals. Critically examine the reasons for under-utilization and mis-utilization of public funds and their implications. (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Q) Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly explain the Government of India’s approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE. (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Mentor’s Comment: Data indicates a decline in Naxal-related violence over the past decade, with a reported 76% decrease in incidents by 2022 compared to 2010. Yet, the ‘Naxalite’ issue in India represents a significant challenge to internal security, rooted in socio-economic disparities and historical grievances.

    Bastar (Chattisgarh) has been a focal point of conflict due to ongoing violence between Security forces and Maoist insurgents. This conflict has led to numerous civilian casualties and widespread trauma among the local population. Without proper victims’ data/registry, many individuals suffer in silence, lacking access to necessary support and recognition.

    Today’s editorial addresses the pressing need for a comprehensive victims’ register in the Bastar region, an area that is significantly affected by left-wing extremism (LWE). Today, we will study the significance of recognizing and documenting the experiences of victims to facilitate justice and rehabilitation.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Union Home Minister has set a deadline of March 31, 2026, for the complete eradication of Naxalism in India, emphasizing the four districts of the Bastar region.

    • He also announced plans for a welfare scheme to support those affected by Naxal violence, aiming to assist in jobs and healthcare.

    What is the purpose of the victims’ register in Bastar?

    The purpose of the victims’ register in Bastar is to document and recognize individuals affected by violence, particularly those impacted by Maoist activities and state responses. This initiative aims to:

    • To provide formal recognition of the experiences of victims.
    • To enable victims and their families to receive reparations and government support inclusively ensuring no one is overlooked.
    • Serve as a foundation for dialogue and peace-building efforts in the region. (E.g., in Colombia).

    How does the initiative draw from international examples, particularly Colombia?

    • The Colombian model has successfully aided in providing reparations and integrating victims (over 9 million) back into society.
      • The Bastar initiative seeks to establish similar mechanisms for compensating victims through financial aid, land, jobs, and healthcare support.
    • Mirroring Colombia’s inclusive approach that does not differentiate between types of victimization, register aims to include diverse narratives from various groups
    • The process in Bastar involves community participation, allowing victims to share their testimonies in local languages, akin to Colombia’s efforts to ensure that victims’ voices are heard and validated.
    • Colombia’s experience has been successful where such measures contributed to National unity post-conflict.

    How can the government support the ‘New Peace Process’ initiative in Bastar?

    • Facilitating Dialogue: The government needs to actively engage in negotiations with both tribal leaders and Maoist representatives to foster an environment conducive to peace talks. For example, ‘Bastar Dialogues’ to bridge gaps between conflicting parties.
      • Collaborate with local organizations and community groups like the ‘Sarva Adiwasi Samaj’ to amplify grassroots efforts for peace.
    • Implement the Victims’ Register: Establish and maintain a comprehensive victims’ register that aligns with successful models from other countries, such as Colombia.
    • Enhance Rehabilitation Programs: Develop robust rehabilitation policies for both victims and surrendered like job training, education, and healthcare services tailored to their needs, ensuring they can reintegrate into society effectively.
    • By Monitoring the Progress: Establish mechanisms to monitor the progress of peace initiatives and community sentiments regarding the peace process, allowing for adjustments based on feedback from affected populations.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/working-toward-a-meaningful-victims-register-in-bastar/article68784116.ece

  • [18th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A modified UBI policy may be more feasible

    Subjects:
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    PYQ Relevance:

    Q)  “An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from the process of deprivation.” Substantiate this statement with suitable examples. (UPSC CSE 2016)
    Q) ‘Despite implementation of various programmes for eradication of poverty by the government in India, poverty is still existing’. Explain by giving reasons. (UPSC CSE 2018)
    Q) “The incidence and intensity of poverty are more important in determining poverty based on income alone”. In this context analyse the latest United Nations Multidimensional Poverty Index Report. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Mentor’s Comment: According to the World Bank, India significantly reduced extreme poverty from 22.5% in 2011 to about 10.2% in 2019. However, ongoing challenges necessitate sustained efforts and targeted interventions to ensure that the benefits of economic growth reach all segments of society.

    Universal Basic Income (UBI) has emerged as a prominent topic in India’s socio-economic discourse, especially after the discussions initiated during the Economic Survey of 2016-17. NITI Aayog’s reports have also emphasize a multi-sectoral approach to poverty alleviation, focusing on improving access to education, healthcare, sanitation, and housing.

    Today’s editorial delves into the complexities surrounding the implementation of UBI in India, highlighting both its potential benefits and the challenges that must be addressed for effective execution.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    There are ongoing discussions and debates surrounding the implementation of Universal Basic Income (UBI) in India.

    • The main reasons for this are – existing economic disparities and job losses during the COVID pandemic, secondly the political concerns regarding funding in India, and thirdly, various countries have experimented with UBI, providing valuable insights
    What is ‘Universal Basic Income’?
    • UBI is a financial transfer policy that proposes providing all citizens with a regular, unconditional cash payment to ensure a minimum standard of living.
    • The concept aims to alleviate poverty, reduce inequality, and simplify the welfare system by replacing subsidies with direct cash transfers.
    • However, implementing UBI in a country like India, with its vast population and diverse economic conditions, presents significant hurdles.

    What are the significant hurdles to implementing UBI in India?

    • Fiscal Constraints: Providing a basic income to all citizens would require substantial financial resources, estimated to be around 4.9% of GDP, which could strain the government’s budget and limit funding for other essential services.
      • A sudden influx of cash into the economy could also lead to inflation.
    • Universal vs. Targeted Approach: A universal UBI could lead to inefficiencies, where wealthier individuals also receive benefits, wasting resources intended for the poor. This raises questions about how to effectively target those who need assistance the most.
    • Implementation and Infrastructure Challenges: The lack of infrastructure for banking in remote areas can hinder effective cash transfers and program implementation.
    • Political and Federal Landscape: Building consensus among diverse political parties and interest groups from various states can be challenging in India’s multifaceted political environment.
    • Behavioral and Social Concerns: UBI might reduce the incentive for individuals to seek employment, potentially leading to a decrease in labor force participation and productivity. This dependency could undermine the goal of fostering self-sufficiency among citizens.

    What modifications are necessary to make UBI financially feasible in India?

    • Targeted Implementation: Instead of universal payments to all citizens, prioritize UBI for low-income and vulnerable households to reduce overall costs. For example, a semi-UBI model that provides basic income to specific demographics can be used.
    • Funding Mechanisms: Redirect funds from existing welfare schemes and subsidies that are inefficient or prone to leakage into the UBI program. Implement progressive taxation to increase government revenue, ensuring that higher-income groups contribute more to fund UBI.
    • Incremental Rollout: India needs to start with pilot projects in select regions to assess the impact and effectiveness of UBI before a nationwide rollout. This allows for adjustments based on real-world data.
    • Administrative Efficiency: The Govt needs to leverage current Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) systems to minimize administrative costs and then enhance digital banking infrastructure and mobile connectivity, especially in rural areas, to facilitate access to UBI payments.
    • Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing the mechanisms for tracking the distribution and impact of UBI payments to ensure transparency and accountability could help. We also need to incorporate beneficiary feedback into program design and implementation to adapt UBI according to the needs of recipients.
    • Public Awareness and Support: Conduct awareness programs through all stakeholders to educate citizens about UBI’s benefits and address misconceptions.

    What are the potential social and economic impacts of implementing UBI in India?

    1) Economic Impacts:

    • Poverty Alleviation: UBI could lift millions out of poverty by providing a basic income floor, addressing the needs of approximately 3.44 crore people living in extreme poverty in India.
    • Increased Consumer Spending: By putting cash directly into people’s hands, UBI could boost disposable income, leading to increased consumption. This is particularly important as private consumption accounts for nearly 60% of India’s GDP.
    • Economic Growth: Enhanced consumer demand could stimulate economic growth, especially in rural areas, benefiting sectors like agriculture and fast-moving consumer goods.
    • Human Capital Development: With increased financial stability, families may invest more in education and healthcare, improving overall human capital and productivity in the long run

    2) Social Impacts:

    • Empowerment of Women: UBI could enhance financial independence for women, allowing them greater decision-making power within households and potentially leading to better outcomes for families.
    • Reduction in Inequality: UBI has the potential to narrow income inequality by redistributing wealth more equitably across society, addressing the disproportionate wealth held by the top 10.
    • Potential Behavioral Changes: Critics argue that providing income without work may lead to decreased motivation to seek employment, potentially fostering a culture of dependency among some recipients.

    Way Forward: While UBI presents promising avenues for economic growth and social empowerment in India, careful consideration is needed regarding its design and implementation. Addressing potential drawbacks such as inflationary pressures and labor market distortions will ensure that UBI achieves its intended goals.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-modified-ubi-policy-may-be-more-feasible/article68765963.ece

  • [17th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The battle cry for justice in the ‘City of Joy’

    Subjects:
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    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (UPSC CSE 2016)

    Q) What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Q) “Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Q)  To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: “Karmanye Vadhikaraste Ma Phaleshu Kadachana” – This shloka (Bhagavad Gita 2.47) emphasizes duty and accountability, reminding leaders that their actions should serve the public good without selfish motives.

    The Kolkata rape case has ignited a significant justice movement, centered around the brutal rape and murder of a junior doctor at RG Kar Medical College. The tragic incident occurred on August 14, 2024, leading to widespread public outrage.

    On September 5, thousands switched off their lights from 9 PM to 10 PM as a symbolic gesture of frustration over the government’s inaction. Protesters formed human chains along major roads, uniting diverse groups including doctors, nurses, and students under a common cause reflecting a collective demand for justice and safety. Prominent figures from different fields have joined the movement, amplifying its visibility and urgency.

    Is this the first time in India that we are facing such an issue?

    In today’s editorial, we will be studying how one cause can impact the overall social being of humans.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The brutal rape and murder of a young doctor in Kolkata has ignited widespread protests, revealing deep-seated anger and frustration among citizens regarding safety and justice for women in the city.

    • Kolkata, known as the “City of Joy,” has recently transformed into a battleground for justice following a tragic incident that shook the community from the core.
    Ongoing People-Government Dynamics in Kolkata:

    • Junior doctors are on a hunger strike demanding “Justice for RG Kar” with a 10-point charter. Thousands demonstrated during cultural festivals like ‘Durga Pooja’, showing solidarity with the doctors.
    • The movement largely involves middle and upper-middle-class citizens grown without political party leadership, highlighting fears about safety and educational aspirations.
    • Despite recent support for the state government, citizens are now demanding accountability from the government.

    What are the Socio-economic impacts of such movements?

    • Socio-economic Decline: The state’s investment and GDP share has steadily decreased, with a precarious employment situation worsened by corruption.
      • The movement reflects growing discontent over economic decline and threats to upward mobility in West Bengal.
    • Corruption: Allegations of corruption in R. G Case linked to the murder case suggest a corrupt syndicate within the health system. There is also evidence that the state and local government schemes are manipulated to maintain loyalty to the ruling party.
    • Public Sentiment and Trust issues: People don’t need political parties to intervene now, they just need justice and freedom to move independently and access education securely.
      • Even the minority sections of Muslims are also victims of the corrupt practices of state government, but the powerful secular alternative is still lagging.
    • Question on Recruitment process: Rampant corruption has eroded fairness in government job recruitment, highlighted by the arrest of the former Education Minister in a scam.
    • Question on Justice System: The concept of justice has become a focal point for citizens expressing their grievances against systemic corruption and unfairness.

    Initiatives taken by the Judiciary:

    The Supreme Court initiated proceedings on its suo-moto cognizance due to the gravity of the incident, despite the case being under the Calcutta High Court’s jurisdiction.

    • On Governance: The Court expressed dissatisfaction with the West Bengal government’s “tardy” progress in implementing safety measures.
      • A 10-member National Task Force was established to ensure the safety of healthcare professionals across India.
    • On Privacy: It reiterated that no intermediary should disclose the victim’s information, aiming to protect her family’s privacy.
    • On Accountability: The Court highlighted concerns over police procedural delays, questioning why the post-mortem was conducted before an FIR was registered and calling for accountability in handling such serious cases.

    Way Forward: The nexus between social issues and justice in Kolkata underscores a critical moment where public outcry against systemic failures is challenging state governance. The ongoing protests reflect a broader demand for accountability, safety, and social justice, signaling potential shifts in both public sentiment and political dynamics.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-battle-cry-for-justice-in-the-city-of-joy/article68761902.ece

  • [16th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Food access is about equitable agrifood systems

    Subjects:
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    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Elaborate the policy taken by the Government of India to meet the challenges of the food processing sector. (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Q) What are the reformative steps taken by the Government to make the food grain distribution system more effective? (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Q) What are the challenges and opportunities of the food processing sector in the country? How can the income of the farmers be substantially increased by encouraging food processing? (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Mentor’s Comment: Food security in India faces several critical issues that affect the availability, accessibility, and quality of food for its population. A significant portion of India’s population lives below the poverty line, limiting their access to nutritious food. Despite high agricultural production, unequal distribution means that many people do not receive adequate food, leading to malnutrition and hunger.

    While food availability has improved, there is a growing concern regarding the nutritional quality of food in upcoming years. Many people suffer from “hidden hunger,” lacking essential vitamins and minerals despite sufficient caloric intake. The increasing population pressures food resources, making it challenging to ensure that everyone has access to adequate nutrition.

    Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach involving policy reforms, improved agricultural practices, and enhanced social safety nets to ensure equitable access to food across all segments of society.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The theme for this year’s World Food Day (16th Oct 2024) is “Right to Foods for a better life and a better future,” emphasizing the importance of equitable access to safe, nutritious, and affordable food.

    • This initiative is supported by the FAO, IFAD, and WFP in collaboration with the Government of India, highlighting the urgent need to address food insecurity affecting 733 million people globally.

    What is Equitable Agrifood Systems?

    Equitable agrifood systems are defined as those that not only ensure food security but also promote social equity among various stakeholders involved in the food supply chain.

    • Food access is a critical aspect of equitable agrifood systems, which aim to address food inequality and ensure that all individuals have sufficient access to nutritious food.

    These systems are characterized by:

    • Sustainability: They contribute to the sustainable management of natural resources while ensuring economic opportunities for all actors within the agri-food sector.
    • Social Equity: They aim to provide equal access to resources, addressing disparities related to gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic status.
    • Nutritional Security: They focus on delivering adequate nutrition to all populations, combating issues like malnutrition and hunger.

    Challenges in achieving Equitable Food Access

    • Current System Limitations: Existing agrifood systems often fail to provide adequate food security and equitable distribution, leading to simultaneous issues of hunger and overconsumption, known as the “triple burden of malnutrition”.
    • Investment Priorities: Most investments in agrifood systems prioritize production over social or environmental objectives, which limits progress toward equity.
    • Research Gaps: There are significant gaps in research focused on social equity outcomes within food systems. This lack of targeted research contributes to the marginalization of critical issues such as health, nutrition, and the needs of vulnerable populations like women and youth.

    What are the different strategies for building Equitable Agrifood Systems?

    • Integrated Approaches: Transforming food systems requires integrated actions across sectors and levels of governance. This includes aligning agricultural practices with climate action initiatives to build resilience against environmental changes.
    • Policy Design: Policymakers must design inclusive policies that consider the impacts on gender and youth inequalities within agrifood systems. Monitoring these impacts is essential for ensuring equitable outcomes.
    • Engagement of Diverse Voices: Effective transformation necessitates the inclusion of diverse stakeholders—scientists, policymakers, farmers, women, youth, and Indigenous peoples—in decision-making processes. Their insights can help shape more responsive and equitable policies.

    What role do sustainability and innovation play in promoting equitable agrifood systems?

    • Digital Technologies: Leveraging digital innovations can enhance access to information and resources for marginalized communities, improving their participation in agrifood systems.
    • Collaborative Research: Engaging multiple stakeholders in research efforts can help identify best practices and innovative solutions tailored to local contexts.

    Conclusion: Achieving the SDG 2- “Zero Hunger” goal requires a multifaceted approach that addresses systemic inequities while promoting sustainability and resilience. By prioritizing social equity in policy design we can create a more just and sustainable future for all individuals within the global food system.

  • [14th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A critical message for the urban elite

    Subjects:
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    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”.Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Q) Discussion the various social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization in India.(UPSC CSE 2014)

    Q) To what extent has the urban planning and culture of the Indus Valley Civilization provided inputs to the present-day urbanization? Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2013)

    Mentor’s Comment: The SDG 11 for sustainable cities addresses the challenges of urbanization and aims to ensure that all urban areas provide equitable opportunities and improved living conditions for their residents.

    Presently, our Indian cities are termed “heat traps” due to unbalanced urban growth, which has led to the depletion of water bodies and increased greenhouse gas emissions. Urban areas are significantly warmer than rural counterparts, exacerbated by concrete and glass structures that retain heat. Studies indicate urban areas can be 5-7°C hotter than surrounding rural areas. Vulnerable groups such as delivery workers, auto drivers, and street vendors face severe consequences from heat exposure, with limited access to hydration and shade.

    Today’s editorial emphasizes the need for the privileged classes to confront the realities of urban life, as their comfort-driven lifestyles, facilitated by technology, contribute to systemic urban issues. 

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Cities like Delhi that are exceeding 50°C, highlight how poor urban planning disproportionately affects vulnerable groups, who suffer the most from extreme weather conditions.

    • This exacerbates inequalities and diminishes empathy towards those who serve.
    • There is a need for a reconnection with urban environments, urging the elite to leverage their influence to advocate for equitable improvements in living conditions for all.

    How does poor urban planning impact marginalized sections of the urban society?

    • Delivery boys, who navigate city streets to meet the demand for online orders, face relentless heat with little relief.
    • Auto drivers are directly exposed to the scorching heat of the day as they strive to earn a living.
    • Construction workers are forced to work long hours outdoors, enduring the hot sun without adequate shade or hydration.
    • Domestic women workers frequently travel by foot, and street vendors constantly battle the whims of the weather, with their earnings declining as foot traffic reduces due to the heat.

    Other challenges of poor Urban Planning and Technology’s impact

    • Disproportionate Effects: Poor urban planning primarily impacts marginalized communities, while the privileged remain largely unaffected.
    • Technology-Induced Inaction: Comforts of technology, like air conditioning and delivery apps, insulate the elite from urban challenges, reducing their motivation to advocate for change.
    • Reduced Outdoor Engagement: Grocery delivery and ride-hailing apps minimize the need to engage with the urban environment, fostering detachment.
      • The reliance on technology diminishes empathy towards service workers, as interactions are minimized.
    • Comfort Trap: A tech-enabled lifestyle creates a false sense of luxury, leading to greater human domestication and reduced social engagement.
    • Reactive Governance: Urban issues gain attention only when they affect the elite, prompting swift governmental action in affluent areas but neglecting broader community needs.
    • Cycle of Decline: Heat waves and poor conditions drive people indoors, increasing reliance on technology and further deteriorating public services.
    • Aggravated Inequalities: The integration of technology into urban living exacerbates existing inequalities and creates new ones, failing to improve overall quality of life.
    Initiatives taken by the government:

    • Heat Action Plans (HAPs): Cities like Ahmedabad have implemented HAPs that include establishing cooling centers, early warning systems, and public awareness campaigns about heat-related illnesses. 
    Delhi Heat Wave Action Plan focuses on profiling heat hotspots, enhancing healthcare capacity, and developing emergency response protocols.
    • Budgetary Allocations: The Union Budget 2024-25 allocated significant funds for urban transformation projects, including Rs 10,400 crore for the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and Rs 80,761 crore for the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY).

    What needs to be done?

    • Breaking the Comfort Trap: Reconnecting with cities and communities is essential for collective survival, moving beyond a false sense of comfort.
      • The privileged must leverage their influence to engage with governments and improve urban living conditions.
    • Confronting Urban Realities: Acknowledging the true state of urban areas is crucial for rebuilding equitable and livable spaces.
    • Changing Urban Landscape: Increasingly frequent extreme weather events are diminishing public spaces and outdoor activities.
      • Allowing convenience to dictate urban development risks the decline of cities, making them less sustainable for all.

  • [12th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: With elections done and dusted, J&K now must return to statehood

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has heen a continuous ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth century. Discuss with examples. (UPSC CSE 2022)
    Q) To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss the future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity. (UPSC CSE 2016)

    Mentor’s Comment: The first assembly election of Jammu and Kashmir (2024), after the revocation of Article 370, represents a pivotal moment in the region’s political landscape. Today’s editorial emphasizes the necessity for the central government to acknowledge and respect the present electoral mandate. With the INDIA bloc gaining control, it is a must for the Centre to facilitate the newly elected government in fulfilling its promises, particularly regarding statehood restoration and local governance.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The 2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly elections marked a significant political event, being the first assembly elections in over a decade and the first since the revocation of the region’s special status under Article 370.

    Major observations during the 2024 Assembly Election:

    The Election was conducted in three phases and was crucial for restoring democratic processes in a region historically troubled by conflict and political instability.

    • Restoration of Self-Rule: The elections represent a crucial step towards restoring some degree of self-rule in Jammu and Kashmir after the revocation of Article 370 in 2019.
      • It signaled a shift in voter sentiment towards mainstream political parties that advocate for local governance and autonomy. 
      • This outcome could potentially lead to a more representative government that addresses local issues effectively.
    • Voter Participation and Sentiment: The elections witnessed a robust voter turnout of 63.9%, surpassing previous electoral participation, indicating a renewed faith in democratic processes among the electorate.
      • This increased engagement suggests that many citizens are seeking to voice their concerns through legitimate political channels rather than through separatist movements or violence
    Overview of Article 370:

    • Autonomous Status: Article 370 allowed Jammu and Kashmir to have its own constitution, a separate flag, and significant autonomy in internal matters. It limited the Indian Parliament’s power to legislate for the state, requiring state government concurrence for laws beyond defense, foreign affairs, and communications.
    • Temporary Provision: Drafted in Part XXI of the Constitution, it was intended as a temporary measure until J&K formulated its constitution. The article was meant to ensure that the people of Jammu and Kashmir had a say in their governance.
    • Instrument of Accession: The article was rooted in the Instrument of Accession signed by Maharaja Hari Singh in 1947, which allowed J&K to join India while retaining certain powers.

    What are the challenges expected for the newly formed government?

    • Political Landscape Dynamics: The JKNC’s victory is seen as a rejection of the BJP’s policies and a call for greater local representation. This shift may also influence future electoral strategies and alliances within the region.
    • Central Control: The newly elected assembly will still operate under the oversight of a federally appointed lieutenant governor, limiting its autonomy. Major decisions will require central approval, which could stifle local governance initiatives.
    • Restoration of Article 370: While the regional party JKNC has promised to work towards restoring Article 370, the likelihood of this occurring is uncertain given the central government’s stance.
      • The central government maintains that this constitutional change is irreversible, complicating any efforts to regain previous autonomy.

    Key Recommendations for Governance:

    • Accelerate Statehood Restoration: The central government should prioritize restoring Jammu and Kashmir’s statehood to foster political stability.
    • Support Local Governance Initiatives: Empowering local leaders and institutions will enhance democratic engagement and address citizens’ concerns more effectively.
    • Foster Inclusive Dialogue: Engaging with diverse political factions, including those previously marginalized, can help build a more cohesive political framework.

    Conclusion: Respecting the electoral mandate is essential not only for upholding democratic values but also for ensuring that citizens feel represented and heard. As new leadership emerges, both local and central governments must work collaboratively towards restoring peace, stability, and governance that reflects the aspirations of all people in Jammu and Kashmir.

  • [11th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The U.K. and ‘leaving lessons’ from the Indian Ocean

    Subjects: ,
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    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this. (UPSC CSE 2013)
    Q) Explain the formation of thousands of islands in the Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos. (UPSC CSE 2014)
    Q) Project ‘Mausam’ is considered a unique foreign policy initiative of the Indian government to improve relationships with its neighbors. Does the project have a strategic dimension? Discuss (UPSC CSE 2015)
    Q) Why is India considered as a subcontinent? Elaborate your answer. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: The Chagos Archipelago consists of 58 islands and is located approximately 500 km south of the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.  The French were the first to colonize Mauritius along with the Chagos Islands in 1715.  In the late 18th century, the French brought in slave labor from Africa and India to work in newly established coconut plantations. However, the UK took control of the region in 1814 after the fall of France’s Napoleon Bonaparte.  

    Today’s editorial by Mohamed Nasheed emphasizes the importance of the United Kingdom’s approach to its colonial legacy in the Indian Ocean, particularly concerning the Chagos Archipelago. It highlights the need for sustainable marine conservation and collaborative governance as Britain prepares to relinquish control over these islands.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    On October 9, 2024, the UK agreed to cede sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius, while retaining sovereign rights over Diego Garcia for military purposes. The deal is historic as it recognizes Mauritius’s claims over the archipelago, which has been contested since the 1980s.

    Historical background of Chagos Archipelago:

    • Historically, these islands were part of the Maldives until their detachment by the UK in 1965 to establish the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
    • This move was made to facilitate a military base for the United States on Diego Garcia, leading to the expulsion of the indigenous Chagossians.
    • The ICJ had previously ruled in 2019 that the UK’s detachment of Chagos from Mauritius was illegal and called for an end to British colonial administration in the area.
    • This ruling added pressure on the UK to negotiate a resolution with Mauritius

    Key highlights of the agreement:

    • Resettlement of Chagossians: Mauritius can now resettle people on the Chagos Archipelago, except Diego Garcia, where Britain evicted 2,000 islanders for a US naval base. The deal grants Mauritius full sovereignty over the archipelago except Diego Garcia island. 
    • Establishment of the Trust Fund: The UK has also promised to create a new trust fund for the benefit of the people of Chagos. 

    Other major Initiatives taken and Collaborations needed:

    • Sovereignty and Decolonization: The sovereignty of the Chagos Islands has been a contentious issue, with historical ties to both Mauritius and the Maldives.
      • The UK has agreed to transfer sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius while securing military rights over Diego Garcia for an initial period of 99 years.
    • Marine Conservation Efforts: Britain’s decision to place the entire Chagos Archipelago under protected status, emphasizing its significance for marine conservation is commendable.
      • The Maldives employs sustainable fishing techniques that minimize bycatch, contrasting with industrial fishing practices that threaten fish stocks.
    • Collaborative Future: As part of the decolonization process, it is crucial for island nations in the Indian Ocean—Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka—to collaborate on maintaining the protected status of Chagos.
      • Britain needs to learn from its past mistakes in decolonization, particularly regarding India’s Partition in 1947, which had severe human costs.

    How did the historical conflicts between the UK and France influence the sovereignty of the Chagos Islands?

    • The Chagos Islands were initially part of French colonial territory, known as Isle de France, where they established coconut plantations using enslaved African labor in the 18th century.
    • Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, the Treaty of Paris ceded Mauritius and its dependencies, including the Chagos Islands, to Britain. This marked the beginning of British administration over these territories.
    • In 1965, during preparations for Mauritian independence, the UK separated the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius to create the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). This move was motivated by strategic interests, particularly to establish a military base on Diego Garcia.
    • The UK forcibly removed the indigenous Chagossians to facilitate military operations, which has been condemned as a violation of human rights.
    • Despite the ICJ decision, pressure, and legal challenges, the UK maintained its claims over the islands due to their strategic military importance, particularly Diego Garcia.

    Conclusion: A respectful and collaborative exit strategy is needed for the UK from its Indian Ocean territories. It advocates for joint efforts among regional nations to ensure that marine conservation is prioritized while addressing historical grievances related to colonialism.

  • [10th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Mental health in India’s material world

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    Q). Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Q) The public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Mentor’s Comment:  In July, a 26-year-old executive from a multinational consulting firm ended her life due to immense work pressures, shedding light on a critical issue affecting millions of working Indians. In September, a 38-year-old software engineer in Chennai also took his life, battling depression caused by work-related stress. 

    Despite outwardly successful careers, these tragic losses highlight India’s growing mental health crisis, where success is often tied to relentless productivity and material wealth. With over 197 million people suffering from mental health disorders, according to the Lancet Psychiatry Commission, India’s economic growth has increased societal pressures, neglecting mental well-being and fostering disconnection from community and self-awareness. In today’s editorial, we will dive more into the causes and impacts of Mental Health in Indian Society.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    This year’s theme for World Mental Health Day (October 10) focuses on ‘prioritizing mental health in the workplace. India faces a mental health crisis driven by urban stress, financial instability, and intense competition.

    Key points related to Mental Health issues as per WHO: 

    • According to WHO, India has a significant burden of mental health issues with 2443 Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) per 100,000 population.
    • India’s age-adjusted suicide rate is 21.1 per 100,000, among the highest globally.
    • The economic loss due to mental health conditions between 2012-2030 is estimated to be USD 1.03 trillion.

    What are the reasons behind the rising stress and anxiety?

    • Mental Health Epidemic: India is facing a growing mental health crisis, with millions suffering from disorders like depression, anxiety, and stress.
    • Pressures of Urban Living: Urban life, financial instability, and intense competition contribute significantly to rising stress.
    • Material Success vs. Well-being: Despite material success, many people feel isolated and disconnected from their communities, leading to a sense of purposelessness.
    • Consumerism and Social Comparison: In urban areas, consumerism fosters a culture where wealth and luxury goods define status, causing feelings of inadequacy and stress.
    • Fear of Insignificance: As per Ernest Becker’s theory, much of human behavior is driven by the fear of impermanence. People chase material wealth for social validation, but this pursuit neglects self-awareness and deeper emotional needs.
    Mental Health Policy and Legal Frameworks by Govt:

    • National Mental Health Policy, 2014: Promotes a rights-based and participatory approach for quality service delivery.
    • Mental Healthcare Act, 2017: Provides a legal framework that aligns with the UNCRPD (United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities), focusing on protecting the rights of individuals with mental illness, decriminalizing suicide, and ensuring access to mental health services.

    Collective Action, Community as Solutions:

    • Shifting focus to Collective Well-being: The emphasis needs to move from individual success to collective well-being. Strong social connections, supportive communities, and meaningful work are critical to mental health.
    • Examples from other Countries: Initiatives like Brazil’s community gardens promote shared responsibilities, fostering a sense of belonging and combating isolation.
    • Value of Community Living: Community living provides a sustainable alternative to individualistic consumerism by promoting shared responsibility and collective purpose, strengthening social support networks, reducing competition, and offering a sense of purpose.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Community-Based Mental Health Programs: Focus on building strong social connections and support systems through community-based initiatives, promoting collective well-being over individual competition, and addressing isolation.
    • Enhance Accessibility to Affordable Mental Health Services: Expand access to cost-effective, quality mental health care at the primary health care level, ensuring services are available to all, especially in underserved areas.

  • [9th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Sunset for the U.K.’s coal-fired power, lessons for India

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    Q). Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC CSE 2021)
    Q) Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November, 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment:  After the U.K. committed to phasing out coal by 2025, it had already reduced coal usage to just 20% of its energy needs. The country focused on a comprehensive transition that supported the workforce and the communities reliant on coal.

    In contrast, India has set a longer timeline of 45 years (until 2070) to reach net zero emissions and has made significant strides in increasing renewable energy capacity. However, coal usage has also risen, necessitating the establishment of clear timelines for shutting down coal plants and implementing regional redevelopment programs.

    This is crucial as many coal-dependent areas in India are among the poorest. In today’s editorial, we need to ensure an inclusive and fair transition. India needs a well-planned, transparent approach that addresses the unique challenges faced by these communities.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The closure of the UK’s last coal-fired power plant marks a significant milestone in the global transition to clean energy, reflecting a broader paradigm shift away from coal reliance.

    • However, this transition has faced challenges and requires tailored strategies for developing nations, as the UK’s experience illustrates a complex history influenced by environmental legislation and geopolitical factors over several decades.
    Key Highlights of India’s Performance at Glasgow COP26 Summit:

    • Net Zero Commitment: India announced its first-ever net zero emissions target for 2070, which was seen as a significant but late commitment compared to other countries aiming for 205013.
    • Five Key Targets: Prime Minister Narendra Modi outlined five commitments (Panchamrit) for India, including:
    1. Achieving 500 GW of non-fossil electricity capacity by 2030.
    2. Meeting 50% of energy needs from renewable sources by 2030.
    3. Reducing total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes by 2030.
    4. Reducing emissions intensity of GDP by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030.
    • Focus on Developed Nations: India’s stance emphasized the responsibility of developed countries to provide climate finance and technology transfer, reflecting a call for equity and climate justice in global efforts45.
    • Criticism: While some activists criticized the 2070 target as insufficiently ambitious, it was viewed positively within India, highlighting the country’s recognition of its role in global climate action amidst its developmental needs13.

    Present Dilemma: India and the U.K. are on different paths toward achieving net zero emissions, with India advocating for “phasing down” coal rather than an outright phase-out, as seen at the 2021 Glasgow COP where it pledged to reach net zero by 2070 and meet half its energy needs from renewables by 2050.

    Present Status of Cumulative Emissions:

    • An analysis by Carbon Brief indicated that the U.K. has emitted 10.4 billion tonnes historically, ranking it fourth globally due to its colonial carbon footprint.
      • India’s per capita emissions were 2 tonnes in 2023, which is less than half the global average (4.6 tonnes) and about a third of the U.K.’s per capita emissions (5.5 tonnes) despite having a population over 20 times larger.
    • India relies heavily on coal for energy, with about 70% of its energy output coming from coal-fired plants, and it has more than 350 operational mines.
      • The coal sector employs around 340,000 miners directly, with additional jobs in thermal power plants, highlighting the economic implications of transitioning away from coal.
    • India’s coal production and consumption are expected to peak between 2030 and 2035, while the country aims to increase its renewable energy capacity significantly.
    • Despite rising coal use, India is also rapidly expanding its renewable energy capacity, aiming for a balanced approach to meet growing energy demands while addressing climate goals.

    India’s Coal Story:

    • In 1774: India’s first coal mine, the Raniganj coalfield was by the British East India Company, leading to extensive coal extraction across eastern and central states.
    • In 1920: The Hussain Sagar Thermal Power Station, India’s first coal-fired power plant (1920), began operations, followed by the Trombay power station in 1956, which solidified thermal power as a primary energy source.
    • In 2022: Britain’s per capita energy consumption was nearly three times that of India, highlighting disparities in energy usage.
      • At Present, approximately 70% of India’s energy output comes from coal, with around 218 GW of installed capacity and over 350 operational mines, alongside plans for 120 new mines.

    What lessons can India learn from the UK’s coal phase-out?

    • Just Transition Planning: The U.K.’s transition involved comprehensive plans to support displaced workers, highlighting the need for India to develop similar strategies to mitigate socio-economic impacts, especially for informal workers who make up a significant portion of the coal workforce.
    • Regional Economic Diversification: The U.K. implemented regional redevelopment plans to support areas reliant on coal.
      • India must also create economic diversification strategies for coal-dependent regions, ensuring new industries can thrive in these communities.
      • India can leverage existing welfare programs to provide targeted support for communities affected by coal phase-out, ensuring a safety net during the transition period.
    • Clear Transition Timelines: The U.K. set clear timelines for phasing out coal, which facilitated planning and adaptation in the power sector. India should establish transparent timelines for decommissioning coal plants and transitioning to renewables.
    • Investment in Renewable Energy: The U.K. successfully increased its renewable energy capacity during its coal phase-out.
      • India must continue to invest in and expand its renewable energy infrastructure to reduce dependence on coal while meeting energy demands.
      • India should focus on tailored training programs that align with local job market needs and community involvement.
    • Community Engagement: Engaging local communities in planning and decision-making processes is crucial. This ensures that the transition addresses specific local needs and concerns, fostering broader support for change.

    Way Forward:

    • Sectoral Diversification: Identify and promote alternative sectors such as agriculture, tourism, pisciculture, food processing, and non-timber forest products to reduce reliance on coal. For example, repurposing abandoned mines for fish farming has shown potential in regions like Jharkhand.
    • Infrastructure Development: Invest in infrastructure improvements, including transportation and healthcare, to support new economic activities and enhance overall community resilience.
    • Attract Investment: Create a business case for post-coal economic activities that can attract private investment. This includes developing a clear plan for transitioning to alternative industries that can generate revenue and employment.
    • Decentralized Planning: Establish district-level transition committees to create tailored short-, medium–, and long-term plans for economic diversification, ensuring that local contexts are considered.

  • [8th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Unpacking the Centre’s affidavit on marital rape

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    Q). The soul of new law, Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS) is Justice, Equality and Impartiality based on Indian culture and ethos. Discuss this in the light of major shift from a doctrine of punishment to justice in the present judicial system. (UPSC CSE 2024)

    Q) Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Q) Analyse the distinguishing features of the notion of Right to Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment:  There have been continuous debates around the Legislative vs. Judicial powers. The present case is also not different. The Supreme Court of India is currently reviewing the constitutionality of the Marital Rape Exception (MRE) under Section 63 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, which states that sexual acts by a husband with his wife are not considered rape if the wife is over eighteen.

    The Centre contends that defining criminal offenses is a legislative matter, although the Supreme Court can assess whether the MRE violates Fundamental Rights under the Indian Constitution. This case has sparked significant debate regarding women’s rights and bodily autonomy in India.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court of India is examining the constitutionality of Section 63, Marital Rape Exception (MRE) in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, which exempts husbands from rape charges involving their wives over eighteen.

    • The Centre has filed an affidavit supporting this exception, addressing legal concerns related to Articles 14 and 21, highlighting the ongoing debate over women’s rights and bodily autonomy in India.

    What are the challenges highlighted by the Central government?

    1) The issue of ‘expectation’:

    • The Centre argues that the Marital Rape Exception (MRE) does not violate Article 14 (right to equality) because married and unmarried women are not in the same position.
    • It claims that marriage creates a “continuing expectation of reasonable sexual access,” which justifies distinguishing between non-consensual sex within and outside marriage.
    • The concept of “reasonable sexual access” is criticized as vague, raising questions about who defines it and whether it is subjective or objective.

    2) The issue over Marriage institutions and the misuse of law:

    • The Centre argues that recognizing marital rape as a criminal offense could undermine the sanctity of marriage and lead to false allegations that are hard to disprove.
    • The argument about the potential misuse of marital rape allegations is seen as a distraction, as any criminal offense can be misused, and trials are designed to determine the validity of claims.
    • The Centre emphasizes that various laws like, Sections 354, 498A IPC, and the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act already provide remedies for violations of consent within marriage

    3) The arguments on the Court’s jurisdiction:

    • The Centre claims marital rape is a social issue, arguing it falls outside the Court’s jurisdiction, despite the law regulating many aspects of life.
    • The Centre asserts that Court’s task is to determine if the Marital Rape Exception (MRE) violates Fundamental Rights, not to decide if marital rape should be criminalized.
    • Many arguments in favor of MRE presented by the Centre are seen as lacking strong legal justification.

    What role should Parliament play in addressing marital rape?

    • Consultation with Stakeholders: Engaging in extensive consultations including women’s rights groups, legal experts, and social scientists will help.
      • It needs to Promote awareness about consent and the implications of marital rape to shift societal attitudes and foster a culture that respects women’s rights within marriage.
    • Balancing Rights and Social Norms: Weighing the need for women’s rights and bodily autonomy against traditional views of marriage as an inviolable institution, and ensure that any reforms need to respect both individual rights and societal values.
    • Updating Legal Framework: Reforming existing laws to provide adequate protection for victims of marital abuse without undermining the institution of marriage, ensuring that legal remedies are effective and accessible.
      • Parliament also needs to review current legal provisions to ensure they adequately address violations of consent within marriage.

    Way Forward:

    MRE, being a ‘law’, is subject to Part III of the Constitution of India. In other words, the Court may not be empowered to decide whether marital rape should be a criminal offense or not, but it is very much within the jurisdiction of the Court to determine whether MRE violates a fundamental right and to strike it down if it does.

    Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/unpacking-the-centres-affidavit-on-marital-rape/article68729068.ece

  • [7th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh and a travesty of justice

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    Q). Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Q. (a) State the three basic values, universal in nature, in the context of civil services and bring out their importance. (150 words) (b) Distinguish between “Code of ethics” and “Code of conduct” with suitable examples. (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Q. (a) Which eminent personality has inspired you the most in the context of ethical conduct in life? Give the gist of his/her teachings. Giving specific examples, describe how you have been able to apply these teachings for your ethical development.   (b) There is a heavy ethical responsibility on the public servants because they occupy positions of power, handle huge amounts of public funds, and their decisions have wide-ranging impacts on society and the environment. What steps have you taken to improve your ethical competence to handle such responsibility? (UPSC CSE 2014)

    Mentor’s Comment:  Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh is a prominent Indian spiritual leader and the head of the Dera Sacha Sauda sect. In January 2019, he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of journalist Ram Chander Chhatrapati, who had reported on the rape allegations against him. Additionally, he was convicted in October 2021 for the murder of Ranjit Singh, a former Dera manager.

    Despite his criminal convictions, Singh maintains a significant following. These challenges are reflected while maintaining law and order in governance and administration. In today’s editorial, we will study the same case and its impacts on democratic values of the Society.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh, a convicted rapist and murderer, was released on parole just days before the Haryana Assembly elections.

    • This is his 15th parole, which is often coinciding with elections, raising concerns from the opposition party about electoral conduct violations.
    • A parole is a conditional release of a prisoner before they have completed their full sentence.

    What legal challenges have been raised against this Parole?

    • Violates Model Code of Conduct: The Haryana Congress has formally petitioned the Election Commission of India to prevent Singh’s parole, arguing that it could influence voters during the upcoming assembly elections affecting democratic values.
      • Even if granted parole, he needs to face stringent conditions, including a ban on entering Haryana, delivering public speeches, or engaging in any political activities.
    • Public Opposition and Legal Scrutiny: There is significant public outcry with groups like the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. Concerns have been raised about potential law and order issues stemming from his influence
    • Judicial Oversight: The state government has assured that all parole applications are processed legally, adhering to the Haryana Good Conduct Prisoner (Temporary Release) Act, 2022. The frequent granting of parole has led to calls for reforms in the system to prevent misuse.

    What role needs to be played by the Political Parties and the ECI?

    • Political Parties: The ruling party in Haryana defends the decision to grant parole to Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh, claiming due process was followed. While the opposition party opposes the parole, their previous activities had similar views.
      • Political parties need to learn from former personalities like PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh, who prioritized the ‘Rule of Law’ over political gain.
    • Election Commission’s Scrutiny: The Election Commission of India (ECI) needs to intervene and cancel Singh’s parole, arguing it undermines democratic values, especially before elections.
    • Need for Judicial Oversight: The judiciary has previously played a crucial role in addressing Singh’s crimes, and there is hope for continued judicial vigilance against unjust paroles.

    Conclusion: The ongoing saga of Singh’s crimes and convictions reflects a broader societal struggle against superstition and injustice, as emphasized by the late rationalist Narendra Dabholkar. ECI should establish stricter guidelines and oversight mechanisms regarding parole applications, particularly for individuals convicted of serious crimes.

  • [5th October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Kerala urgently needs to identify risk zones

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    Q). Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake-related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades. (UPSC CSE 2021)
    Q). Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy. (UPSC CSE 2021)
    Q). Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (UPSC CSE 2020)
    Q). Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how hazard zonation mapping will help disaster mitigation in the case of landslides. (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Prelims:

    The 2004 Tsunami made people realize that mangroves can serve as a reliable safety hedge against coastal calamities. How do mangroves function as a safety hedge? (UPSC CSE 2011)
    a) The mangrove swamps separate the human settlements from the sea by a wide zone in which people neither live nor venture out
    b) The mangroves provide both food and medicines which people are in need of after any natural disaster
    c) The mangrove trees are tall with dense canopies and serve as an excellent shelter during a cyclone or tsunami
    d) The mangrove trees do not get uprooted by storms and tides because of their extensive roots.

    Mentor’s Comment:  Today’s editorial discusses the limitations in our present governance and management concerning Natural Disasters. The recent landslide event in Kerala is considered one of the deadliest landslides in India’s history, raising urgent concerns about the effectiveness of disaster management strategies in the region, which has a history of similar incidents over the past four decades. Previously, we saw the limitations based on the Disaster Management Act. Now, this article will help you to build a better consensus around the same theme.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    On July 30, 2024, the Wayanad district in Kerala experienced devastating landslides that resulted in significant loss of life and property.

    • The Chief Minister (Kerala) emphasized the need for a reevaluation of disaster preparedness and response approaches, highlighting the helplessness against natural calamities across the state.

    Kerala is no longer relatively disaster-free:

    • The state of Kerala which is bordered by the Arabian Sea and Western Ghats, was once viewed as disaster-free, which influenced its development patterns.
    • The frequency and intensity of disasters have surged in recent decades. Over 250 km of Kerala’s coastline is affected by erosion.
      • Further, the high population density in the Western Ghats exceeded its vulnerability to disasters.
      • Lowlands like Vembanad Lake, frequently experience flooding during monsoons.
    • The 2018 floods were labeled the “floods of the century” by the World Meteorological Organization.
    • Infrastructure development has often ignored natural drainage and slope stability, leading to increased disaster risks.

    Why a Comprehensive inventory mapping is needed?

    • Physical Geography of the Region: Tectonic activity generally correlates with landslide occurrences.
      • For example, the Wayanad region is characterized by deep gorges and ravines, which is prone to landslides.
    • Climate Change Impact: Rapid warming of the Arabian Sea increases risks of extreme weather events like floods and cyclones. For example, the Cyclone Ockhi in 2017.
    • Research Gaps: Current understanding of landslide causative factors is limited; a nuanced approach is necessary for effective disaster mitigation.
    • Monitoring Mechanisms: Establishing monitoring systems for rainfall and tremors can provide timely warnings to prevent loss of life.
    • Shrinking Safe Space: The “safe operating space” for communities in Kerala is diminishing due to increasing natural disasters.

    Need for a Paradigm Shift (Way Forward):

    • Need to work on Disaster Risk Zones: Develop disaster risk zones based on physical and social criteria within a social-ecological framework, aligned with watershed boundaries.
      • Strengthening the disaster risk governance and invest them in risk reduction to enhance resilience and preparedness would be helpful.
    • Comprehensive Approach: Emphasize all aspects of the disaster cycle: preparedness, resilience, risk reduction, mitigation, reconstruction, recovery, response, and relief.
      • The Sendai’s global framework highlights the State’s primary role in disaster risk reduction while advocating for shared responsibility with local governments, private sectors, and communities.
    • Quadruple Helix Model: Utilize a collaborative model involving community organizations, academia, government, and industry for effective disaster risk management.
      • Engage communities in creating disaster risk maps through a community-based disaster risk management approach.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/once-landslide-susceptibility-maps-surrounding-population-centres-are-ready-monitoring-the-triggering-mechanism-would-ensure-that-timely-warnings-are-provided/article68717843.ece

  • [3rd October 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A case of nothing but patent censorship

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    Q). Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution. (UPSC CSE 2013)

    Q). What do understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2014)

    Mentor’s Comment:  Today’s editorial discusses the limitations and importance of free speech, emphasizing that while individuals have the right to express their opinions without fear of retaliation, this right is not absolute. Key restrictions include defamation, obscenity, and incitement to violence. The article highlights that the government cannot arbitrarily decide what constitutes acceptable speech, as outlined in Article 19(2) of the Constitution. It also notes that free speech serves both instrumental purposes, like fostering better politics, and intrinsic values, such as recognizing individual dignity. However, the government’s attempt to control narratives about its actions can lead to censorship, undermining democratic principles.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Bombay HC ruled against an amendment to the IT Rules, declaring it unconstitutional and upholding free speech rights.

    • It emphasized that while misinformation is a concern, any regulatory measures must align with constitutional rights, particularly Articles 14 and 19, which protect equality and freedom of speech.
    Constitutional Provisions on Free Speech:

    • Free speech in our legal system is based on the principle that the state should not decide what expressions are acceptable.
    • Article 19(2) of the Constitution outlines specific restrictions, such as defamation and national security.
    • The right to free speech, guaranteed by Article 19(1)(a), is essential for informed political discourse and recognizes citizens’ dignity and autonomy.

    What did the IT Rules (2021) say?

    • Rule 3(1)(b)(v) of the new Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 imposes strict obligations on internet intermediaries, such as service providers and social media platforms.
    • If the government’s “Fact Check Unit” labels any reporting about its activities as false, these companies must take steps to avoid hosting that content.
    • Failing to comply could result in losing their “safe harbor” protection from legal liability under the IT Act, 2000, which safeguards free expression.
    • Section 79 of the IT Act provides a legal shield for intermediaries (safe harbour), such as social media platforms, by protecting them from liability for content posted by third parties, as long as they take reasonable steps to comply with the law.

    Various views presented through the ‘Petition and Response’:

    • According to the Petitioners’ argument, Rule 3(1)(b)(v) breaches protections for free speech and the State wrongly claims authority to define “fake” information, ignoring less intrusive solutions.
    • However, the Union Government responded that the law is not coercive and that intermediaries can contest safe harbor losses. While no Constitutional protections are given for false information, regulation of online expression is within government powers.
    • As per the Judicial opinion, Rule 3(1)(b)(v) is ultra vires, vague, overbroad, and chilling to free speech. Further, the loss of safe harbour does not threaten free expression.

    Present Issue over the Intermediaries and Safe Harbour

    • On Intermediaries: Under Rule 3(1)(b)(v), if the government’s “Fact Check Unit” informs an intermediary that certain information about the government is ‘false’, the intermediary faces a difficult choice: they can either remove the flagged content or defend the user’s right to express their opinion, risking their safe harbour protection in the process.
      • Here, the intermediaries often prioritize their business interests over the user rights.
      • They may choose to remove content rather than risk losing their legal protections, effectively sacrificing users’ freedom of expression for their own safety.
    • On Safe Harbour: Intermediaries can lose the protection under Section 79 of the IT Act if they are aware of illegal activities occurring on their platforms or receive notifications from government agencies about such activities.
      • Platforms like Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), and WhatsApp serve primarily as hosts for user-generated content.
      • They do not create this content themselves, which allows them to promote free speech without bearing the same responsibilities as traditional publishers.
    • Its limitations: True free speech depends on various factors, including access to resources and social dynamics, which can hinder individuals from expressing themselves fully.

    Conclusion: While free speech can be reasonably limited, there is no constitutional basis for restricting false or misleading information. The government’s attempt to control narratives about its actions represents censorship and undermines democratic principles, as recognized by the Bombay High Court.