Civilsdaily

Author: CD Staff

  • [27th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: An ideal way to treat India’s corneal blindness problem

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    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have always focused on ‘Inclusive Healthcare Infrastructure’ (in 2020), ‘Effective Implementation of Healthcare Policies’ (in 2017), ‘Universal Health Coverage Programs’ (in 2015).

    Corneal blindness is a significant public health issue in India, contributing to approximately 15% to 20% of total blindness cases. With an estimated 1.2 million people affected and 20,000 to 25,000 new cases emerging annually, the urgency for effective solutions is paramount.

    Today’s editorial explores the current challenges and proposes a comprehensive approach to address corneal blindness in India. This content can be used to present ‘Public Health challenges’ and to suggest some ‘innovative solutions to address Public Health’ in India.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Report titled “India’s corneal blindness crisis” published by India Today, highlights the increasing incidence of corneal blindness, particularly in rural areas, and discusses the contributing factors such as limited access to healthcare and a shortage of donor corneas.

    What are the key findings from these reports?

    • Rising Incidence: Corneal blindness is increasing in India, with estimates of 20,000 to 25,000 new cases annually. This condition accounts for approximately 7.5% of total blindness cases in the country, significantly impacting rural populations where access to eye care is limited.
    • Demographics and Causes: The causes of corneal blindness have shifted from infectious diseases like keratitis to eye trauma and complications. Factors such as vitamin A deficiency, poor hygiene, and delayed medical interventions exacerbate the problem, particularly affecting children and working-age adults in rural areas.
    • Healthcare Disparities: Many individuals in rural regions lack access to quality eye care services, leading to irreversible corneal damage before they seek help. There is a notable gap in training and resources for healthcare providers, limiting their ability to effectively manage and treat corneal conditions.
    • Shortage of Donor Corneas: Despite a demand for around 100,000 corneal transplants each year, only about 25,000 to 30,000 corneas are donated annually. This shortage poses a significant barrier to treating those affected by corneal blindness.
    • Policy Considerations: Indian policymakers are considering implementing a ‘presumed consent’ model for organ donation to increase the availability of donor corneas. This approach aims to address the critical shortage and improve access to necessary treatments. 

    What are the primary causes and current statistics of corneal blindness in India?

    • Occupational Hazards: Injuries, particularly in industrial and agricultural settings, are increasingly recognized as a leading cause of corneal blindness. This shift highlights the impact of occupational hazards on eye health.
      • Historically, infectious diseases such as keratitis and trachoma have been significant contributors to corneal blindness. 
      • However, the focus has shifted towards eye trauma and complications as major causes in recent years.
    • Nutritional Deficiencies: Widespread vitamin A deficiency is another critical factor exacerbating the incidence of corneal blindness, particularly among vulnerable populations such as children and working-age adults.
    • Healthcare Access Issues: Limited access to quality eye care services, especially in rural areas, leads to delayed treatment for conditions that could be managed effectively if addressed early.
    • Poor Hygiene and Delayed Interventions: Poor hygiene practices and delays in seeking medical help contribute to the worsening of corneal conditions, often resulting in irreversible damage.
    Current Statistics

    • Corneal blindness affects approximately 1.2 million people in India.
    • The country sees an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 new cases of corneal blindness each year.
    • Corneal blindness accounts for around 7.5% of the total blindness burden in India.
    • Children and working-age adults in rural areas are particularly susceptible due to malnutrition and frequent injuries, while elderly individuals face risks from degenerative eye conditions.

    What are the barriers to effective treatment and prevention of corneal blindness?

    • Shortage of Donor Corneas: There is a significant gap between the demand for corneal transplants (estimated at 100,000 annually) and the actual number of donor corneas available (around 25,000 to 30,000). This shortage limits the ability to treat those suffering from corneal blindness effectively.
    • Healthcare Disparities: The distribution of specialized corneal services is uneven across India, with underserved regions lacking adequate facilities for the timely management of corneal diseases.
      • More trained corneal surgeons are needed to meet the annual transplant targets.
      • Although the Cornea Society of India has over 1,000 members, the exact number of surgeons performing keratoplasty regularly is unclear. This gap in training and availability affects surgical outcomes.
    • Data Gaps: Comprehensive data on the prevalence of corneal blindness and the number of individuals who could benefit from transplantation are lacking. Establishing a national registry for corneal blindness and transplants is essential.
    • Preventable Causes: Many cases of corneal blindness are avoidable through preventive measures such as addressing vitamin A deficiency, improving hygiene practices, and providing timely medical interventions for infections and injuries.
    • Public Awareness and Myths: Lack of awareness about eye health and misconceptions surrounding eye donation hinder corneal donation efforts. Myths about eye color change after donation or beliefs that only young people can donate deter potential donors. 

    What comprehensive strategies can be implemented?

    • Public Awareness and Education:Min of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) can lead nationwide awareness campaigns about eye health, corneal blindness, and the importance of eye donation.
      • Local health departments can conduct community outreach programs in schools and villages to educate people about eye care and the significance of corneal donation.
    • Enhancing Healthcare Access: The National Programme for Control of Blindness & Visual Impairment (NPCBVI) under the MoHFW, is responsible for improving eye care services across India, including establishing mobile eye care units.
      • District Blindness Control Societies (DBCS) that operate at the district level to implement eye care initiatives, can organize screening camps and facilitate access to surgical treatments for corneal blindness.
    • Training and Capacity Building: The Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) and Regional Institutes of Ophthalmology (RIOs) can provide specialized training programs for eye surgeons and healthcare workers to enhance their skills in treating corneal conditions.
    • Policy and Research Initiatives: The Ministry of Science and Technology can support research initiatives aimed at understanding the causes of corneal blindness and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions through funding and collaboration with research institutions.
      • For example, the National Eye Bank Association of India can work on establishing guidelines for eye banks, promoting voluntary eye donations, and conducting research on best practices in eye banking

    By implementing these strategies, India can make significant strides towards reducing the prevalence of corneal blindness and improving overall eye health across its population.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/an-ideal-way-to-treat-indias-corneal-blindness-problem/article68913949.ece

  • [26th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Constitution still thrives, let it show India the way

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    Q) ‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have focused on Constitutional Principles (2014 and 2019) with respect to ‘basic features’ and ‘checks and balances’.  

    Before commending the Constitution’s work to the Assembly, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar said that – “however good a Constitution may be, it is sure to turn out bad because those who are called to work it, happen to be a bad lot. However bad a Constitution may be, it may turn out to be good if those who are called to work it, happen to be a good lot.”

    Today’s editorial focuses on the enduring relevance and adaptability of the Indian Constitution. This content can be used whicle inferring ‘Constitutional Background’, ‘Core Principles of the Constitution’ and ‘Balance of Power’ in your Mains Answers.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Today 26th November, marks the 75th anniversary of the adoption by the Constituent Assembly of the draft Constitution of India. The Union government has announced that it intends to commemorate this momentous occasion with a special joint sitting of Parliament.

    Historical Background:

    The Indian Constitution is celebrated for its comprehensive framework that establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. The Constitution not only outlines the structure of government but also enshrines fundamental rights that protect individual freedoms and uphold justice.

    Core Principles:
    • Justice: Ensuring fairness in all judicial processes.
    • Liberty: Protecting individual freedoms against state interference.
    • Equality: Guaranteeing equal treatment under the law.
    • Fraternity: Promoting a sense of brotherhood among citizens.

    How does the Constitution adapt to the changing socio-political landscape of India?

    • Amendability: This structure enables the Constitution to evolve without compromising its core principles, through Article 368, ensuring it remains relevant to current societal needs:
      • Simple Majority: Some provisions can be amended by a simple majority in Parliament.
      • Special Majority: Others require a special majority, which includes a two-thirds majority in both Houses.
      • Ratification by States: Certain amendments necessitate ratification by at least half of the state legislatures.
    • Judicial Interpretation: The Supreme Court of India has established several landmark judgments that illustrate this adaptability with changing conditions:
      • Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): This case introduced the “basic structure doctrine,” asserting that while Parliament can amend the Constitution, it cannot alter its fundamental framework.
      • Right to Privacy: The Supreme Court’s recognition of the right to privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21 demonstrates how judicial interpretation can expand constitutional protections in response to modern concerns.
    • Balancing Rigidity and Flexibility: The hybrid nature of the Indian Constitution—combining elements of rigidity with flexibility—ensures that balance is crucial for maintaining democratic governance and protecting fundamental rights against arbitrary alterations.
    • Dynamic Nature of Constitutional Principles: CJI D.Y. Chandrachud emphasized that no single generation holds a monopoly over constitutional interpretation, reflecting a continuous dialogue between generations. This dialogue allows for evolving challenges such as technological advancements and changing social norms.
    • Inclusion of New Realities: The Constitution’s flexibility facilitates the inclusion of new realities and societal demands:
      • Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP): These principles guide the state in policy-making and reflect socio-economic changes, allowing for progressive reforms in areas like social justice and economic equity.
      • Gender Equality and Rights: Recent rulings have addressed gender discrimination in religious practices, showcasing how the Constitution adapts to uphold rights against traditional norms.

    What is the significance of constitutional values in promoting justice and equality in India?

    • Justice: The Constitution guarantees justice through its Preamble and Fundamental Rights, ensuring that every citizen can receive fair treatment under the law.
      • For instance, the Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018) case decriminalized adultery, reinforcing gender equality and emphasizing that both partners in a marriage should be treated equally under the law.
    • Equality Before Law: Article 14 ensures that all individuals are treated equally, prohibiting discrimination.
      • The Navtej Singh Jauhar v. Union of India (2018) case is a landmark ruling that decriminalized consensual same-sex relationships by striking down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, thus affirming the rights of the LGBTQ+ community and promoting social equality.
    • Fraternity and Social Cohesion: The value of fraternity promotes unity and respect among diverse communities. Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud emphasized the importance of mutual fraternity for maintaining equality in order to raise awareness about constitutional values, highlighting that dignity and respect for all citizens are foundational to national unity.
    • Economic Equality: The Constitution also addresses economic disparities through Directive Principles, aiming for equal rights to livelihood and equal pay for equal work (Article 39). This framework guides government policies towards creating a more equitable society.

    In what ways can citizens actively engage with and uphold constitutional ideals?

    • Participating in Local Governance: The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act empowers citizens to participate in local governance through structures like ward committees. These committees allow residents to voice concerns and influence local decisions.
      • For example, Under JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission), various states established Area Sabhas (neighborhood committees) to facilitate citizen participation in urban planning.
      • In cities like Pune, these committees have successfully engaged citizens in developing city plans, leading to improved infrastructure and services based on community needs.
    • Advocating for Rights and Social Justice: Citizens can advocate for their rights by participating in legal awareness programs that educate them about their constitutional rights.
      • For example initiative like the ‘Vidhi Jagriti Abhiyaan’ focuses on educating rural populations (especially women) about their legal rights, enabling them to seek justice against violations.
    • Engaging in Digital Activism: With the rise of digital media, citizens can use online platforms to raise awareness about constitutional issues and mobilize support for various causes.
      • The #MeToo movement gained significant traction on social media, where women shared their experiences of harassment and sought justice.
    • Participating in Elections and Civic Duties: Active participation in elections is fundamental to democracy. Citizens should not only vote but also engage with candidates and political parties on issues that matter to them.
      • Initiatives like the Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) program have successfully increased voter turnout, particularly among young voters. 

    Conclusion: “Independence is no doubt a matter of joy. But let us not forget that this independence has thrown on us great responsibilities. By independence, we have lost the excuse of blaming the British for anything going wrong. If hereafter things go wrong, we will have nobody to blame except ourselves.” – Dr. Ambedkar 

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-constitution-still-thrives-let-it-show-india-the-way/article68909557.ece

  • [25th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: India’s urban infrastructure financing, needs and reality

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    Q) What are ‘Smart Cities’? examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for ‘Smart Villages’ in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission.(UPSC CSE 2024)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have focused on Urbanization with various dimensions across ‘Population and Pollution challenges’ (in 2024), and degradation in standard of living due to ‘Unavailability of Infrastructure’ (2016-18).

    A recent World Bank report estimates that India will need approximately ₹70 lakh crore by 2036 to address its urban infrastructure demands. However, current government investment in this sector is only about ₹1.3 lakh crore annually, which is just over one-fourth of the required ₹4.6 lakh crore per year.

    Today’s editorial focuses on the critical state of India’s urban infrastructure financing landscape. This content can be used while giving recommendations for ‘innovative financing strategies and strengthen ULBs’ capacities’.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    India is experiencing rapid urbanization, with projections indicating that approximately 600 million people will reside in cities by 2036. This surge places immense pressure on urban infrastructure, necessitating substantial investments to meet the demands of this growing population.

    What are the current financing gaps in urban infrastructure in India?

    • India’s urban infrastructure requires an estimated $840 billion over the next 15 years, averaging $55 billion annually.
    • Present Scenario:
    ○ Basic Municipal Services: Approximately $450 billion is needed for essential services such as water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, and urban roads.
    ○ Current Funding Sources:
    ◘ State Governments: 48%
    ◘ Central Government: 24%
    ◘ Urban Local Bodies (ULBs): 15%
    ◘ Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and Commercial Debt: Remaining sources.

    What are the key constraints hindering private investment in urban infrastructure?

    • Weak Financial Health of ULBs: Many urban local bodies struggle with chronic fiscal deficits and cannot raise adequate resources from internal budgets.
      • For example, in Kanpur and Lucknow, ULBs have reported deficits due to low revenue generation from property taxes and other local sources.
    • Limited Use of Commercial Financing: Although measures have been taken to enable commercial financing, its application remains minimal even in financially robust cities. Currently, commercial financing accounts for only 5% of urban infrastructure funding.
      • For example, Municipal bonds have been issued by some cities, such as Pune, to fund water supply projects; however, these instances are rare.
    • Low Service Charges: The low cost of municipal services undermines financial sustainability, making it difficult for ULBs to recover operational costs and invest in infrastructure improvements.
      • In many Indian cities, water supply charges are significantly lower than the actual cost of service delivery.
      • For instance, a study found that while the cost of providing water services in a city may be ₹50 per kiloliter, ULBs often charge only ₹10 per kiloliter. 

    Steps taken for Urban Funding: Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF)

    Details
    What is it?• Established (budget speech for Financial Year 2023-24) to utilize priority sector lending shortfall for financing urban infrastructure projects.
    • Managed by the National Housing Bank (NHB).
    • Initial Corpus: ₹10,000 crore.
    • Modeled after the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), which supports rural infrastructure projects.
    • Focus on developing Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities in India. Tier-2 Cities: Cities with populations between 50,000 and 1 lakh. Tier-3 Cities: Cities with populations below 50,000.
    Aims and Objectives• Support Urban Infrastructure: Provides funding for essential urban services such as water supply, sanitation, sewerage, and waste management.
    • Sewerage, water supply, sanitation, drains, and solid waste management.
    • Prioritizes projects with significant improvements in urban services.
    • Funds are allocated to Municipal Corporations and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) for infrastructure development.
    Structural Mandate and Implementation• Coverage: Supports 459 Tier-2 cities and 580 Tier-3 cities in India.
    • Loan Terms: Loans offered at Bank Rate minus 1.5% interest rate.
    • Repayment Terms: Loan repayable in five equal annual instalments over seven years.
    • Moratorium Period: Two years before repayment starts.
    • Quarterly Interest Payments: Regular payments required during the loan period.

    What policies and collaborations are required?

    • Enhancing the Creditworthiness of ULBs: ULBs must improve their financial practices and credit ratings to attract private investments.
      • For example, the strong financial standing allows Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) to attract PPPs and private funding more effectively than less financially stable ULBs.
    • Developing a Municipal Bond Market: Encouraging the issuance of municipal bonds can provide a significant source of funding for infrastructure projects.
      • For example, the Pune Municipal Corporation successfully raised ₹2 billion through municipal bonds to partially fund a ₹29 billion project to provide 24×7 water supply to its citizens.
    • Leveraging Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Expanding the role of PPPs can mobilize private capital while sharing risks associated with large-scale infrastructure projects.
      • For example, the New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC) has implemented a PPP model for constructing Public Toilet Utilities (PTUs).
    • Innovative Financing Structures: Implementing mixed financing approaches that combine government funding with private investments can create a more sustainable funding model for urban infrastructure. Pooled finance mechanisms have been introduced in states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

    Steps taken for Urban Development: Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)

    • It is a flagship urban development scheme launched in June 2015.
    • The mission is being operated as a Central Sponsored Scheme.
    • Aim: To provide basic urban infrastructure to improve the quality of life in cities and towns.
    Objectives:  
    • Ensure that every household has access to a tap with an assured water supply and a sewerage connection. Increase the green areas in the cities.
    • Reduce pollution by promoting public transport and constructing facilities for non-motorized transport.
    • Funding: It is divided among States/UTs in an equitable formula in which 50:50 weightage.
    • It covers 500 cities including all cities and towns with a population of over 1 lakh with notified Municipalities.

    Hence, with a projected investment need of $840 billion over the next 15 years, it is imperative for policymakers to adopt innovative financing strategies and strengthen ULBs’ capacities. By doing so, India can pave the way for resilient, inclusive cities that support economic growth and improve quality of life for its citizens.

    Did you know about the new ‘AMRUT 2.0’ Policy?

    Details• Launched on 1st October 2021 as the continuation of AMRUT 1.0.
    • Aims to enhance urban infrastructure in 500 cities by focusing on water supply, wastewater management, and rejuvenation of water bodies.
    • The mission runs for five years (FY 2021-22 to FY 2025-26).
    Salient Features and Mission• Universal Coverage: Ensures coverage of water supply and sewerage in 500 cities and 4,900 statutory towns.
    • Circular Economy: Focuses on water recycling, reuse of treated sewage, and water conservation.
    • Technology Integration: Adopts global technologies for better water management.
    • Pey Jal Survekshan: Survey to assess water distribution, wastewater reuse, and promote healthy competition among cities.
    Its Implementation and Further Roadmap• Project Approval: 8,998 projects approved with an estimated cost of ₹1,89,458.55 crore.
    • Funds Distribution: Funds released by MoHUA to States/UTs and then to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
    • State Water Action Plan (SWAP): States/UTs must complete their SWAP and get approval within two years of the mission’s launch.
    • Future Plans: Focus on sustainable water management and extension of AMRUT 1.0 benefits to more towns.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-urban-infrastructure-financing-needs-and-reality/article68906499.ece

  • [23rd November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Understanding the changing face of extremist violence

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    Q) Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have always focused on ‘Left Wing Extremism’ (2023), ‘Growth of Naxalism, and Radicalization’ (2022 and 2024).

    The SATP report notes an increase in Maoist activities across 12 states, highlighting a rise from 10 states in 2022. Despite claims of declining violence due to the National Policy and Action Plan (NPAP), challenges remain.

    But Why? What is the root cause?

    Today’s editorial talks about the significance of vigilance and adaptability in combating extremist violence. This content can be used for ‘Rising Radicalization and Terrorism in India’.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    At the end of COP 29 in Baku (Azerbaijan), India will push for ambitious climate mitigation financing from developed nations. At the same time, India is at a critical juncture in its environmental and public health journey.

    What are the key observations from the early post-independence history?

    • The India-Pak partition in 1947 resulted in one of the largest mass migrations (14 to 18 million people displaced) that led to widespread communal violence, resulting in approximately one million deaths across religious communities. This continues to affect India-Pakistan relations even today.
    • Further, under the leadership of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the government employed a combination of negotiations and military action to integrate these states into the Indian Union. For example, Hyderabad through Operation Polo and Junagadh’s accession following a plebiscite.
    • The new Indian government emphasized secularism as a foundational principle, and the Constitution adopted a framework for democracy and civil rights while promoting equality among all citizens. The practice of untouchability was abolished, and reservations were implemented for marginalized communities.
    o But in the immediate years, agricultural productivity was low, exacerbated by droughts and inadequate infrastructure.
    o The government recognized the need for economic reforms to uplift the agrarian sector and improve living conditions.
    • This period (1950s-1960s) also witnessed the emergence of political movements addressing regional aspirations and demands for statehood, such as the formation of Andhra Pradesh following widespread protests after the death of Potti Sriramulu during a hunger strike.

    How has the nature of extremist violence evolved in the digital age?

    • Increased Accessibility and Propagation: The internet has made extremist content more accessible than ever before. Individuals can easily find and engage with violent extremist materials online, which contributes to normalization and desensitization to radical ideas.
      • Social media platforms have become critical tools for extremists to disseminate their messages and recruit new members.
      • Research shows that social media played a role in the radicalization processes of nearly 90% of extremists in certain datasets between 2005 and 2016. It allows individuals to radicalize without physical contact, often leading to what is termed “lone actor terrorism”. 
    • Use of Disinformation Tactics: Extremists have increasingly created echo chambers where their ideologies are reinforced without challenge. Right-wing extremists, in particular, have been noted to benefit from such tactics more than other groups, utilizing disinformation campaigns to further their agendas.
    • Role of Anonymity and Encryption: Encrypted messaging apps and decentralized platforms enable them to communicate securely, share resources, and organize activities without attracting attention from law enforcement. This shift has made it more challenging for authorities to monitor and counteract.
    • Gaming Platforms: Emerging trends show that gaming platforms are being leveraged by extremists as new venues for recruitment and radicalization. These environments allow for interaction with potential recruits in less scrutinized settings, where extremist ideologies can be presented in a more palatable manner.

    What are the reasons behind the rise of new forms of extremist violence?

    • Socio-Political Factors: Ongoing geopolitical issues and perceived injustices within the country and the society, fuel extremist sentiments. Economic disparities and social inequalities drive individuals towards extremist ideologies.
    • Recruitment and Exploitation: Extremist groups generally prefer these isolated individuals, particularly children and youth, for recruitment.
    • Hybridization of Extremist Ideologies: Individuals combine various ideologies and conspiracy theories, creating complex motivations for violence. Their narratives are often tailored to personal experiences and grievances faced by the Indian society.
    • Covert Operations: Digital Encryption allows extremists to communicate and organize without detection. For Example, increased incidents of individuals committing violence independently, often using online resources for planning.

    What strategies can be implemented to effectively counteract extremist violence?

    • Community Engagement and Empowerment: Engage local communities through initiatives that foster trust between law enforcement and community members. Ensure that community engagement efforts are broad-based and inclusive, addressing all forms of ideologically motivated violence.
    • Education and Awareness Programs: Implement educational initiatives that promote respect for diversity, human rights, and critical thinking skills among youth. This can help counteract extremist narratives and reduce susceptibility to radicalization.
    • Countering Online Radicalization by PPP: The government can collaborate with technology companies to develop tools that can help identify and counter extremist content online while respecting privacy rights.
    • Socio-Economic Development: Focus on socio-economic development by offering effective alternatives to violence for at-risk groups. This includes enhancing participatory decision-making processes and strengthening local governance to address the root causes of discontent that can lead to radicalization.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/understanding-the-changing-face-of-extremist-violence/article68899358.ece

  • [22nd November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: India needs an environmental health regulatory agency

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    Q) “The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains has recently focused on Environmental Issues (2020) and regional Environmental Challenges (2023).

    According to the Emissions Gap Report 2024 from the United Nations Environment Programme, India has seen over 6% more greenhouse gas emissions than the previous year.

    Today at the end of COP 29 in Baku (Azerbaijan), India will push for ambitious climate mitigation financing from developed nations. These two examples show that India is at a critical juncture in its environmental and public health journey. 

    Today’s editorial talks about the challenges around the current environmental health governance in India. This content can be used for ‘Environmental regulations and challenges’.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    At the end of COP 29 in Baku (Azerbaijan), India will push for ambitious climate mitigation financing from developed nations. At the same time, India is at a critical juncture in its environmental and public health journey.

    What are the current gaps in India’s environmental health regulations?

    • Fragmented Regulatory Framework: Current environmental governance is divided among multiple ministries, such as the Ministryof Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW).
      • This fragmentation results in a disconnect between environmental monitoring and health impact assessments, leading to ineffective responses to pollution-related health issues.
    • Outdated Legislation: Many existing laws, such as the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, have not been updated to reflect current environmental challenges.
      • They do not adequately address modern pollution sources or incorporate contemporary scientific understanding of environmental health risks.
    • Insufficient Data Collection and Research: There is a lack of reliable, comprehensive data on the health impacts of environmental pollutants.
      • While organizations like the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) conduct important research, there is no centralized body to synthesize this data into actionable policies. This gap hampers effective regulation and public health interventions.
    • Inadequate Enforcement Mechanisms: Although laws exist to regulate pollution, enforcement remains weak due to bureaucratic inertia, lack of resources, and sometimes political influence.
      • Compliance with pollution control measures is often not monitored effectively, allowing violations to persist without consequences.
    • Exemptions in New Regulations: Recent proposals, such as the Remediation of Contaminated Sites Rules, 2024, have notable exemptions that exclude certain types of contaminated sites from regulation (e.g., radioactive sites, abandoned mines).
      • This can leave significant areas unaddressed in terms of cleanup and remediation efforts

    How would a dedicated environmental health regulatory agency improve public health outcomes?

    • Integrated Approach: The agency would combine environmental and public health oversight, ensuring that regulations address the interconnectedness of environmental factors and health outcomes.
    • Enhanced Regulation and Enforcement: It would enforce stricter regulations on pollutants and ensure compliance from industries, reducing harmful exposures to air and water quality issues.
    • Data Collection and Research: The agency would prioritize systematic data collection on environmental health impacts, leading to better-informed policies and timely interventions for pollution-related health issues.
    • Public Awareness and Education: By educating the public about environmental health risks, the agency would empower communities to advocate for cleaner environments and healthier living conditions.

    What international best practices can India adopt for an effective framework?

    • Implementation of EHS Guidelines: India can utilize the World Bank Group’s EHS Guidelines, which provide comprehensive standards for managing environmental health risks across various industries.
    • Framework for Environmental Public Health Functions: India can implement the EEPHF framework developed by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), which outlines responsibilities for health actors and governance structures necessary for effective environmental health management.
    • Comprehensive Risk Management: Implementing a structured risk management framework similar to that outlined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) would allow India to evaluate multiple contaminants and exposure pathways comprehensively.
    • Environmental Health Incident Management: India can adopt a coordinated incident management framework like the Australia’s system, which provides mechanisms for responding to environmental health incidents effectively. This includes preparedness measures, effective communication strategies, and collaboration across government sectors to minimize impacts on public health.

    Way Forward: To improve environmental health in India, there is a need for an integrated regulatory approach that updates laws, enhances enforcement, engages communities, and ensures comprehensive monitoring of pollutants.

  • [21st November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: An overturning of Sri Lanka’s old political order

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    Q) ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have always focused on Regional Geopolitics (2019), Bilateral Ties (2022) and Neighbourhood  Policy (2013).

    Political shifts in the Asian continent can be characterized by several distinct phases, reflecting the diverse historical, social, and economic contexts of various countries. Recent years have seen significant protests and movements demanding political change (e.g., Hong Kong protests, Myanmar coup), reflecting a desire for democratic governance and human rights.

    Today’s editorial focuses on the recent elections in Sri Lanka that illustrate a significant departure from traditional political dynamics, characterized by the decline of elite control and the rise of reformist movements.

    This content can be used for presenting ‘Bilateral ties’ between India-Srilanka and ‘Asian Geopolitics’.

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    Why in the News?

    The Sri Lankan Presidential election held in September 2024, marked the historic shift in Asian democracy.

    What led to the significant political shift in Sri Lanka?

    • Economic Crisis: The country faced its worst economic crisis, leading to high inflation, shortages of essentials, and widespread public discontent.
    • Public Protests: The ‘Aragalaya’ Mass Movement protests against the government highlighted demands for accountability and change, reflecting the anger over economic mismanagement.
    • Rejection of Established Parties: Voters grew frustrated with traditional political elites, particularly the Rajapaksa family, and sought alternatives.
    • Rise of New Political Forces: National People’s Power (NPP) emerged as a popular choice by advocating for reform and anti-corruption measures, appealing to those wanting a break from the past. Dissanayake’s left-wing platform attracted voters looking for state intervention and social welfare solutions.

    How does this election reflect a departure from traditional political dynamics?

    • Rejection of Established Parties: The election resulted in a substantial loss for established parties, particularly the Rajapaksa-led SLPP and the SJB, signaling a clear rejection of the political elite that has dominated Sri Lankan politics for decades.
    • Shift in Voter Sentiment: Voters expressed a strong desire for change, driven by the economic crisis and widespread protests. This shift indicates a demand for leaders who prioritize the needs of ordinary citizens over elite interests.
    • Multi-Ethnic Appeal: The NPP made significant inroads in Tamil-majority areas, such as Jaffna, traditionally dominated by Tamil nationalist parties. This marks a notable shift towards a more inclusive political landscape.
    • Increased diversity in Representation: The new parliament features a record number of first-time MPs and women, reflecting a broader representation of society and moving away from the previously homogenous political class.
    • Ideological Shift and Leftist Policies: The NPP’s Marxist orientation represents a departure from previous neoliberal policies, appealing to voters seeking state intervention to address economic challenges.

    How India will be impacted due to the political shift in Sri Lanka?

    • Enhanced Bilateral Relations: The new government under Anura Kumara Dissanayake is likely to seek closer relations with India, promoting cooperation in trade and cultural exchanges.
    • Strategic Considerations: Sri Lanka may aim for a balanced relationship with both India and China, potentially renegotiating Chinese deals to align more with Indian interests this time.
    • Tamil Rights and Ethnic Issues: Addressing the concerns of the Tamil population will be crucial for maintaining good relations with India, given the historical ties between Tamils in both countries.
      • Dissanayake’s ability to manage internal challenges, such as ethnic tensions and economic issues, will be essential challenging factor for regional stability and bilateral relations.
    • Economic Dependency: Sri Lanka’s economic recovery will likely rely on Indian assistance, reinforcing India’s role as a key partner.
    Did you Know?

    India has traditionally been among Sri Lanka’s largest trade partners and Sri Lanka remains among the largest trade partners of India in the SAARC. India was Sri Lanka’s largest trading partner with an overall bilateral merchandise trade of US$ 5.45 billion in 2021.

    Way Forward: Sri Lanka has faced significant turmoil and deserves the opportunity to navigate its democratic recovery without external interference. Instead of focusing on exploiting Sri Lanka, major powers (USA, China, and India) should prioritize democratization within their own countries, which would ultimately benefit Sri Lanka’s progress.

  • [20th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A community on the margins, its hidden scars

    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution:
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have always been focused on Minority Section of the Society –esp. Women and children.  Some recent micro themes have been asked like – Mental Healthcare challenges faced by Women in India (Mains 2023).

    In major cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Chennai, HIV seroprevalence rates among ‘female sex workers’ have been reported between 50% to 90%.

    This alarming statistic places these women at a significantly higher risk (30 times more likely to contract HIV) compared to other women of reproductive age. Secondly, the mental health of sex workers is severely compromised due to the stigma associated with their profession. 

    Today’s editorial discusses the systemic barriers that prevent sex workers from accessing mental health care. This content can be used on a case-by-case basis depending upon the demand of the questions related to ‘Women Issues’ and the ‘Healthcare’ sector in India.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The recent initiatives aimed at addressing HIV prevention among sex workers have highlighted gaps in mental health support, prompting calls for more integrated healthcare approaches that consider both physical and mental health needs.

    • Furthermore, with cultural representations of “Heeramandi,” there is a drawing attention to the resilience and agency of sex workers while also acknowledging their struggles.
    What are the Mental Health challenges faced by sex workers?

    • Common Disorders: Many sex workers suffer from high rates of depression and anxiety, with studies showing that up to 47% may experience depression. Due to exposure to violence and trauma, around 21% report symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
    • Violence and Stigma: Sex workers often face physical, emotional, and sexual violence from clients and others, leading to chronic stress and mental health issues. Societal stigma creates feelings of shame and isolation, making it hard for them to seek help.
    • Economic Pressures: Many enter sex work due to financial need, which adds ongoing stress and anxiety about their situation. To cope with stress and trauma, some may turn to drugs or alcohol, which can worsen their mental health.
    • Barriers to Care: Discrimination in healthcare settings and fear of judgment prevent many sex workers from getting the mental health care they need.

    Why is access to mental health services limited for sex workers?

    • Stigma and Discrimination: Many sex workers avoid seeking help due to fear of being judged by healthcare providers. Past experiences of discrimination can lead to distrust in the healthcare system.
    • Legal Barriers: In many areas, sex work is illegal, making workers afraid to seek help due to potential legal consequences. Many migrant sex workers do not have valid IDs, which can prevent them from accessing services.
    • Economic Constraints: Many sex workers struggle financially, making it hard to afford mental health care.
    • Limited Availability of Services: Few mental health services are designed specifically for sex workers, who may feel that existing options don’t meet their needs. Many sex workers are unaware of available mental health resources.
    • Cultural and Language Barriers: Migrant sex workers may face language barriers that complicate communication with healthcare providers.

    What comprehensive strategies can be implemented?

    • Creating Safe Spaces: Create specialized, free, and confidential mental health services for sex workers, staffed by trained professionals who understand their unique challenges.
    • Community-Based Support: Establish peer support groups and outreach programs to connect sex workers with resources and foster a sense of community.
    • Education and Empowerment: Provide workshops on mental health awareness and coping strategies, along with skill development programs to create alternative job opportunities.
    • Advocacy for Rights and Stigma Reduction: Work towards decriminalizing sex work and advocate for policies that protect sex workers’ rights, while also launching public awareness campaigns to combat stigma.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-community-on-the-margins-its-hidden-scars/article68886744.ece

  • [19th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Manipur as a case for imposing Article 356

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
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    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that priniciple is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. (UPSC CSE 2014)

    Q) Given the diversities among tribal communities in India, in which specific contexts should they be considered as a single category? (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Prelims Relevance: 

    If the President of India exercises his power as provided under Article 356 of the Constitution in respect of a particular State, then (2018)
    (a) The Assembly of the State is automatically dissolved. 
    (b) The powers of the Legislature of that State shall be exercisable by or under the authority of the Parliament. 
    (c) Article 19 is suspended in that State. 
    (d) The President can make laws relating to that State.

    Mentor’s Comment:  Federal issues, state-centre conflicts, or the Northeast ethnic issues have always been the focal point for UPSC Mains and Prelims.

    Today’s editorial focuses on present ethnic crises and government failure in the Manipur state. It majorly talks about the implications that we can face after the application of the President’s Rule.

    We can use this content for topics like – Governance failure, Federal challenges, and Ethno-religious issues in India.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The continued violence in Manipur since May 2023 shows a failure of governance, making it necessary for the President to use Article 356, even without waiting for the Governor’s report.

    About Article 356 

    • Provision of President’s Rule: Article 356 allows the President of India to take direct control of a state if its constitutional machinery fails, typically leading to the dissolution or suspension of the state government.
    • Conditions for Invocation: It can be invoked based on the Governor’s report or if the President is otherwise satisfied that the state cannot be governed under constitutional provisions.

    Why the state of Manipur reflects a classic case of failure of Constitutional machinery?

    • Manipur exemplifies a failure of constitutional machinery due to the unabated violence that erupted in May 2023, which has led to significant loss of life and displacement.
      • The ongoing ethnic conflict between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities has resulted in over 250 deaths and the displacement of approximately 60,000 people, indicating a breakdown of law and order. 
    • The President of India is empowered under Article 356 to intervene when a state’s governance cannot be maintained according to constitutional provisions, and the situation in Manipur has prompted calls for such intervention.
      • The inability of both state and central governments to restore peace and protect citizens’ rights underscores this constitutional failure.

    What are the recent issues and challenges related to Manipur?

    • Ethnic Violence: Continuous clashes between the Meitei and Kuki communities have resulted in significant casualties and widespread destruction.
    • Displacement: More than 60,000 individuals have been displaced from their homes, living in precarious conditions in relief camps.
    • Government Inaction: Reports indicate a lack of effective response from both state and central governments, leading to accusations of complicity or negligence.
    • Human Rights Violations: Numerous reports highlight serious human rights abuses, including gender-based violence, extrajudicial killings, and the destruction of property.
    • Political Instability: The ruling party’s inability to manage the crisis has led to calls for accountability and demands for the Chief Minister’s resignation.
    What are the reasons behind the Manipur issues? 

    • Historical Ethnic Tensions and Insurgency: Long-standing ethnic conflicts between the Hindu Meitei and Kuki-Zomi tribal groups, fueled by land rights disputes and autonomy movements, have created a climate of mistrust and violence.
    • Immediate Triggers: The Manipur High Court’s directive to consider ST status for the Meitei community sparked protests by tribal groups, escalating into violent clashes on May 3, 2023.
    • Socio-Political Dynamics: Discriminatory perceptions of government policies, such as eviction drives, and the influx of Kuki refugees from Myanmar have heightened tensions over demographic shifts and resource competition.

    The Supreme Court has issued several orders regarding the situation in Manipur:

    • Initial Response: On May 8, 2023, the Court acknowledged a temporary lull in violence but emphasized the need for law and order maintenance and humanitarian relief.
    • Suo Motu Action: In July 2023, following disturbing reports of sexual violence against women during the riots, the Court demanded accountability from the government for these violations and required updates on actions taken against perpetrators.
    • Continued Oversight: Despite multiple hearings (27 reported), the Court’s interventions have been criticized as slow and ineffective given the ongoing violence and human rights abuses.

    Way forward: 

    • Restoring Law and Order: Deploy neutral central forces to ensure immediate cessation of violence, provide security to all communities, and expedite relief and rehabilitation efforts for the displaced.
    • Inclusive Dialogue and Policy Reform: Facilitate dialogue among ethnic groups to address grievances, implement impartial governance measures, and establish long-term frameworks to promote harmony and equitable resource distribution.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-nilgiris-as-a-shared-wilderness/article68820359.ece

  • [18th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The ‘new’ Justitia and reimagining justice

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    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) The judicial systems in India and the UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have continuously focused on some micro themes in the Judiciary like – Judicial Governance (2023-24), major decisions taken by Apex Court, and the issues/challenges associated with Indian Judiciary (in 2021).

    World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index ranks India at 69th out of 139 countries,   reflecting public concerns about corruption and delays within the judiciary. Today’s Editorial talks about the challenges and some of the recent initiatives taken by the Judiciary.

    This Editorial can be effectively used as a ‘case study’ as well as for representing present ‘challenges’ faced by the Indian Judiciary.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Chief Justice of India unveiled a new statue of Lady Justice at the Supreme Court premises, replacing the earlier version. The new statue features Lady Justice in a saree, without a blindfold, holding scales in one hand and the Indian Constitution in the other.

    What is the Background?

    • Origin of Lady Justice: The modern depiction of ‘lady justice’ is rooted in Justitia, the Roman goddess of justice, characterized by a blindfold (clossed eyes), scales, and a sword.
    • The symbolism of the Blindfold: Introduced during the Renaissance as a satire on corrupt legal systems, it later came to represent impartiality during the Enlightenment, emphasizing justice without bias related to wealth or social status.

    How does this new representation reflect societal demands for justice?

    • Colonial Influence: The British legal system established in India introduced a hierarchical court structure. ‘Lady justice’ became a prominent symbol in Indian courts during this period.
    • Decolonial Intent: The new statue aims to replace colonial symbols with representations more aligned with Indian traditions.
      • Cultural Representation: The statue’s attire is changed to a saree, reflecting Indian heritage.
      • Open Eyes: The removal of the blindfold signifies that justice is not blind. It acknowledges social diversity and the need for nuanced approaches to justice for underprivileged groups.
      • Constitution as Symbol: The sword is replaced with the Constitution, highlighting its supremacy in Indian jurisprudence while maintaining the scales to signify impartiality in weighing evidence.

    What are the implications of it?

    • Controversies Around Statues: Historical controversies surrounding judicial statutes highlight the need for careful consideration of how justice is visually represented. Questions arise about whether justice should embody protest and resistance or reflect lived experiences and struggles.
    • Re-envisioning Justice: There is a call for justice representations to signify virtues such as feminism, anti-caste sentiments, secularism, and judicial independence. The aim is to creatively challenge existing biases within the judiciary while fostering discussions on improving public perceptions without perpetuating new forms of discrimination based on caste or religion.

    Interpretation may differ related to the new statute of Lady justice but the Government should focus on issues related Judiciary in India: 

    What are the challenges related to the judiciary?

    • Judicial Delays: The Supreme Court recently dismissed a plea for a three-year timeline to resolve over five crore pending cases, citing practical challenges due to overwhelming litigation.
    • Revised Memorandum of Procedure: There is an urgent need to finalize this document regarding judge appointments to enhance transparency and accountability in the judiciary.
    • Representation Issues: Less than 25% representation from backward classes, scheduled castes, tribes, and religious minorities exists in higher judiciary roles; women represent less than 15%. Appointments should reflect India’s social diversity.
    • Court Capacity: High Courts operate at only 60-70% capacity, exacerbating case backlogs. The government needs to expedite appointments based on collegium recommendations and fill vacancies in lower courts promptly.
    • Priority Cases: Constitutional validity cases and those concerning individual liberties should be prioritized by the higher judiciary to ensure timely justice delivery.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Judicial Capacity: Expedite appointments in higher and lower courts to address vacancies, enhance infrastructure, and streamline case management systems to reduce pendency.
    • Promote Diversity and Transparency: Finalize the Memorandum of Procedure for judicial appointments, ensuring representation of marginalized communities and women to reflect India’s social diversity and foster inclusivity.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-new-justitia-and-reimagining-justice/article68879316.ece#:~:text=The%20addition%20of%20the%20open,India%20in%20her%20left%20hand.

  • [16th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Universities are different from religious institutions

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains has always focused on Governance and Policy issues related to Education in India – Free and Compulsory Education (in 2022), National Education Policy (in 2021), and Inclusive development through SDG 4 (in 2020).

    In the 2022 Global Education Ranking, India was placed 107th out of 140 countries in terms of educational quality, reflecting ongoing challenges in achieving equitable access across different religious communities.

    Being an old civilization known for its rich tapestry of culture, Why is India standing back? 

    Is the Government/Judiciary taking any initiative to improve this situation?

    Today’s editorial focuses on the Educational Universities in India that need the governance call to ensure educational policies are free from religious bias while promoting a culture of tolerance. This editorial analysis can be used in both cases – for ‘Educational Policy Development’ and ‘Inclusive Development’.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Apex Court in a landmark 4:3 ruling by a seven-judge bench has overruled its past 1967 decision that denied AMU minority status.

    • In a new ruling, the court clarified that universities founded by minority communities should be recognized as such, even if they are governed by an Act of Parliament.
    • The court has now sent the question of AMU’s minority status to another panel for further review, which could have important implications for student admissions and the university’s independence.
    Background of this Case:

    • 1981 Reference: The AMU (Amendment) Act, 1981 was enacted by the Indian Parliament to restore the minority status of AMU after it had been challenged in previous judgments, including the landmark case of S. Azeez Basha vs. Union of India (1967) This amendment recognized AMU as a minority institution, allowing it to reserve seats for Muslim students.
    • 2019 Reference: In 2019, a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court referred the issue of AMU’s minority status to a larger seven-judge bench for further examination due to ongoing legal debates about the university’s classification as a minority institution and its implications for educational policies.
    • 2024 Judgement: The present AMU judgment is unique because the dissenting opinions did not truly oppose the broader interpretation of Article 30 of the Constitution, which protects minority educational institutions. Article 30 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
    • The ruling emphasized that past judgments should not limit the Constitution’s ability to evolve (as it did in the K.S. Puttaswamy case of 2017), and the minority status should involve a flexible and comprehensive approach.
    • The upcoming decisions regarding AMU’s status could significantly affect educational policies and minority rights in India.

    What are the fundamental differences between Universities and Religious Institutions?

    • Mission and Values: Universities focus on academic excellence, research, and critical thinking and offer diverse programs across various disciplines without a religious foundation.
      • Religious Institutions are based on specific religious beliefs, integrating faith and moral values into education that includes courses on theology and ethics.
    • Infrastructure and Networking opportunities: Universities often have larger classes, and a wide range of clubs and organizations, leading to less individual attention.
      • While religious institutions typically feature smaller classes, and emphasize faith-based activities, allowing for personalized mentorship that includes spiritual guidance.
    • Policies: Universities are open to all qualified students, adhering to non-discrimination policies. On the other hand, religious institutions may prioritize applicants who share their faith or require adherence to specific values.

    What are the implications of these differences on Academic Freedom?

    • Academic Freedom in Universities: A collegial governance model supports academic freedom by allowing faculty to pursue research and teaching without undue interference. It promotes an environment where diverse viewpoints can be expressed, fostering critical thinking and innovation.
      • However, increasing corporatization leads to a focus on profitability and market-driven priorities, which can undermine traditional academic values.
    • Academic Freedom in Religious Institutions: The hierarchical governance may restrict academic freedom, as decisions are often influenced by religious beliefs and doctrines. Faculty may face limitations if they conflict with the institution’s religious values.
      • While religious institutions may be more vulnerable to ideological conformity based on their foundational beliefs.

    What are the concerns about Minority Status criteria?

    • Governance Structure: Presently, the judges have argued that a university should not be granted minority status just because it has a governance structure/infrastructure similar to other universities.
    • Exclusive Communal Character: According to the judiciary, the minority status should depend on an institution primarily serving one particular community. However, this approach could limit the diversity and inclusivity that universities should promote.
    • Universities vs. Religious Institutions: The universities should not be treated like religious institutions, which have specific beliefs defining their identity.
    • Expecting secular universities to segregate based on community contradicts the principles of Article 30 of the Indian Constitution, which supports inclusive education for all.

    What needs to be focused?

    • Emphasize the Incorporating Act: Justice M.H. Beg, in Xaviers Case (1974), clearly stated that any law forcing a minority institution to give up its fundamental rights would be considered invalid.
    • Determining Criteria for Minority Status: The Chief Justice pointed out that simply mentioning the founder’s name in the law should not be the only factor in deciding minority status.
    • For example, other institutions face much stricter government oversight than AMU, including the power to dissolve them due to the unavailability of such criteria.
    • Need to increase the Government Regulations: Regulations mainly ensure that institutions operate efficiently and meet standards, not to determine whether they are minority institutions.
    • Increased government control is generally justified to protect the interests of non-minority students and others affected by decisions made by minority management.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/universities-are-different-from-religious-institutions/article68873247.ece

  • [15th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A 2024 election result that leaves many astounded

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    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) Indian and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based. (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC has always focused on major countries like the USA (2018), Russia, and China (2024) as well as minor regions like ‘the Malay Peninsula’ (2017) whenever there are major political or economical shifts at the regional/global level.

    India ranks 108th on the Electoral Democracy Index 2023, a decline from its previous position of 100th in 2022. Similarly, the USA ranks 36th and is also facing significant challenges concerning Democratic integrity.

    What is the cause of declining Democracy? And how does it affect Worldwide?

    Today’s editorial focuses on observations from the 2024 elections that reflect broader trends in global politics — both in the West and the East. This editorial can be used as an example whenever we need to give our analysis on ‘Democratic institutions/strategies and their global impacts’.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The 2024 election results, particularly in the United States and India, signify a shift in political dynamics that have left political analysts and voters worldwide alike in a state of astonishment.

    How does Donald Trump’s rise to prominence highlight a ‘Democratic Flaw’?

    • Erosion of Democratic Norms: There is some evidence of systematically undermining trust in electoral processes, and promoting conspiracy theories about voter fraud.
      • His potential return to power raises concerns about authoritarianism and the erosion of checks and balances, threatening democratic governance.
    • Populism and Nationalism: Trump’s appeal to populism capitalizes on economic discontent and cultural anxieties, often at the expense of inclusivity.
      • His messaging resonates with voters feeling marginalized by globalization, reinforcing societal divisions.
    • Demographic Shifts: For the first time in decades, the proportion of white voters increased significantly, favoring Trump. His campaign resonated particularly well with white voters without a college degree, who overwhelmingly identified with the Republican Party.
    • Voter Turnout: Trump’s support surged among male voters, while Kamala Harris struggled to replicate Joe Biden’s previous performance among women voters, particularly non-college-educated white women.

    What are the challenges faced by the world democracies due to the Authoritarian rise?

    • Erosion of Democratic Norms: Democratic institutions are increasingly being undermined by leaders who exploit their power to consolidate control.
      • For example, Hungary has transformed from a democratic success story into a state with diminishing civil liberties and media freedoms, becoming a model for authoritarian governance within the EU.
    • Political Polarization: The political landscape in countries like the United States has become highly polarized, with populist leaders like Donald Trump questioning the legitimacy of elections and undermining trust in democratic processes.
      • This polarization makes it easier for authoritarian figures to gain support by appealing to nationalist sentiments.
    • Disillusionment with Political Institutions: Many citizens are losing faith in traditional political parties and institutions, leading to increased support for authoritarian leaders who promise quick solutions.
      • For example, this trend is evident in India too, where Political Parties have faced accusations of using anti-terrorism laws to suppress dissent and silence opposition.
    • Manipulation of Electoral Processes: Authoritarian regimes often manipulate electoral systems to maintain power. In the U.S., numerous bills aimed at voter suppression have emerged since the 2020 election, reflecting a broader trend of undermining electoral integrity.
    • External Influences: Countries like China and Russia actively promote authoritarian values globally, influencing political dynamics like cyber attacks and disinformation campaigns aimed at destabilizing democratic institutions in other nations.

    How to address these challenges?

    • Strengthening Democratic Institutions: Ensure Free and Fair elections by reinforcing electoral commissions and implementing transparent voting processes. Organizations like the UNDP can help enhance electoral systems and promote inclusive participation
      • Invest in the development of Parliaments to ensure they represent diverse interests and maintain checks and balances on executive power.
    • Strengthening Media Literacy: Implement comprehensive media literacy programs in schools and communities to equip citizens with critical thinking skills. This empowers individuals to identify and resist disinformation.
    • Supporting Independent Journalism: Governments can provide financial support or incentives for independent media outlets to ensure diverse and reliable information.
    • Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: Regulate Social Media Platforms: Governments should establish clear platforms to disclose their policies on disinformation and hold them accountable for their role in spreading false information. Self-regulation alone has proven insufficient.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-2024-election-result-that-leaves-many-astounded/article68869227.ece

  • [13th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Debating the ‘healthy longevity initiative’

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    Q) Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Q) The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (UPSC CSE 2022)

    India’s Public Health System needs to focus on preventing and controlling non-communicable diseases like hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and cancer. These diseases affect people of all income levels, but the poor and old aged population is the most vulnerable.

    In this scenario, Health Longevity is an evidence-based approach to help countries define prioritized, costed interventions and policy changes to save and extend people’s lives. According to World Bank, investing in healthy longevity could save 150 million lives in low- and middle- income countries.

    Today’s editorial emphasizes the issues related to the health sector in India especially with respect to Non-communicable diseases.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The World Bank publishes an important and forward-thinking report on a key issue affecting people’s well-being. The report is Unlocking the Power of Healthy Longevity: Demographic Change, Non-communicable Diseases, and Human Capital, released in Washington D.C. in September 2024.

    Key Findings of the Report:

    ●     Aging and NCD Burden: Global aging is accelerating, with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) causing over 70% of deaths, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
    ●     Potential Life Savings: Investing in healthy longevity could save 150 million lives and significantly improve productivity and economic growth by 2050.
    ●     Life-Course Health Investments: Addressing health from maternal to elderly care, with a focus on NCD prevention, is essential for promoting healthier aging populations.
    ●     Gender and Social Equity: Women, who often bear caregiving responsibilities and live longer with NCDs, require targeted health and social protections to ensure equity in aging.

    Issues related to the Elderly Population in India:

    • Size of Elderly Population: India has the second-largest elderly population in the world, with approximately 140 million people aged 60 years and above.
    • Growth Rate: The elderly population is growing at a rate nearly three times higher than India’s overall population growth, indicating a significant demographic shift.
    • Aging Population Challenge: This rapidly aging population places considerable pressure on health services, social systems, and the economy.

    What are the Disease Concerns in India?

    • Rise in Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): India is witnessing an increasing burden of NCDs, including heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases, which are now the leading causes of death.
    • Health Risks for the Elderly: As the elderly population grows, the prevalence of age-related diseases and NCDs is expected to surge, straining healthcare systems.
    • Impact on Public Health: The health challenges are compounded by the underdeveloped infrastructure for treating chronic diseases, particularly in rural areas.

    Issues related to Hospital Expenses in India:

    • Rising Healthcare Costs: Medical expenses for elderly care, especially for chronic diseases and long-term care, are escalating. Private hospitals often charge exorbitantly, making healthcare unaffordable for many elderly individuals.
    • Inaccessibility of Healthcare: The elderly often face challenges in accessing healthcare facilities due to geographic and economic barriers, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment.
    • Catastrophic Health Expenditure: Many elderly people, particularly in lower-income segments, face catastrophic health expenses that can push them into poverty. Even with government schemes, the out-of-pocket expenses remain high.
    Steps taken by the Indian Government:

    ● National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE):
    This program aims to provide comprehensive healthcare services specifically tailored for older adults.
    ● National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP): Aimed at providing financial assistance to the elderly who are below the poverty line.
    ● Maintenance and Welfare of Senior Citizens Act, 2007: This act mandates maintenance and welfare provisions for senior citizens.
    ● Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana (AVYAY): A scheme focused on promoting the welfare of senior citizens through various support services.
    ● Elderline: A national helpline established to assist elderly individuals in accessing information and services related to their needs

    Efficacy of Social Security Schemes:

    • Limited Coverage: India’s social security schemes, including pensions and health insurance, often do not adequately cover the elderly, especially those in lower income brackets or rural areas.
    • For example: Public health schemes like Ayushman Bharat aim to provide health insurance to underprivileged populations, but the coverage and access remain limited for the elderly.
    • Vulnerable Groups: The elderly in India, particularly those without formal employment or savings, remain highly vulnerable to financial distress from healthcare expenses and lack sufficient social security support.

    Way forward:

    • Enhance and Expand Social Security Coverage: Strengthen existing social security schemes like Ayushman Bharat to ensure comprehensive health insurance and pension coverage for elderly populations, particularly in rural and low-income areas. This can help alleviate financial strain from healthcare costs.
    • Invest in Geriatric Healthcare Infrastructure: Improve healthcare facilities and services for the elderly, focusing on chronic disease management and accessible healthcare, especially in rural areas. This includes training healthcare workers in geriatric care and increasing the availability of affordable long-term care options.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/debating-the-healthy-longevity-initiative/article68860898.ece

  • [12th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The LAC agreement, the détentes and the questions

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    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour. (UPSC CSE 2014)

    Q) The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Mentor’s Comment:   The India-China border conflict is a complex and longstanding issue primarily centred around the 3,488-kilometer (2,167-mile) Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the Himalayan region. Tensions have escalated significantly in recent years, particularly in June 2020.

    Both countries have recently reached a significant bilateral agreement regarding patrolling along their disputed border, specifically the LAC, in the context of the tensions that arose from the 2020 Galwan Valley clash.

    Today’s editorial explores the pressing issues related to LAC between India and China’s recent agreement.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Two weeks after announcing military disengagement, a meeting between PM Modi and President Xi at the BRICS Summit led to positive gestures at the LAC, signalling renewed goodwill.

    Key Highlights of the Agreement:    

    • Resumption of Patrols: The agreement allows Indian and Chinese troops to resume patrolling along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in areas such as the Depsang Plains and Demchok, reverting to norms that existed before the 2020 tensions. This is expected to help reduce the likelihood of confrontations.  
    • Disengagement Process: The deal signifies that the disengagement process has been finalized, indicating a mutual understanding to pull back troops from certain friction points, which aims to stabilize the situation along the border.  
    • Monitoring Mechanism: Regular monitoring and monthly review meetings will be instituted to ensure compliance with the terms of the agreement, helping to maintain stability and prevent future clashes between both nations.  
    • Diplomatic Engagement: The timing of this agreement aligns with high-level diplomatic interactions, including potential meetings between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping at the BRICS summit, indicating a broader effort to normalize bilateral relations beyond military issues.

    No Clarity on this agreement: 

    • Unclear Agreement Details: India and China have not provided clear details on the new “patrolling arrangements” at the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
      • Reports suggest possible PLA access in areas like Yangtse (Arunachal Pradesh), yet no official clarity exists.
    • Pattern of Ambiguity: Since the start of tensions in 2020, the government has provided limited information. This was first seen when violent clashes occurred at Pangong Tso in 2020, which the government downplayed in terms of changes in troop levels.
    • Impact of Buffer Zones: Although disengagement has occurred at some points like Depsang and Demchok, the establishment of buffer zones may hinder a full return to pre-2020 conditions without dismantling these zones.

    What are the reasons behind China’s actions on the Indian border?

    • Territorial Ambitions (Xi’s 2014 Policy): China’s increased aggressiveness, possibly a result of President Xi Jinping’s 2014 policy to control “every inch of territory,” has been evident across multiple regions, including Taiwan, South China Sea, Doklam, and the Tibet-India border.
    • Check on India-U.S. Partnership: China may be signaling that India’s maritime partnership with the U.S. will not mitigate India’s 3,500 km continental border challenges with China.
    • Infrastructure Security Concerns: India’s border infrastructure improvements, like Daulat Beg Oldie and new border roads, have heightened China’s security concerns around Xinjiang and Tibet. China’s own construction in the region may have increased in response.
    • Timing Linked to J&K Reorganization (August 2019): China reacted strongly to India’s changes in Jammu & Kashmir, particularly regarding Ladakh, leading some to believe this may have influenced China’s aggressive LAC moves in 2020.

    Need for Government Transparency (Way Forward)

    • Call for Openness in Sensitive Border Decisions: For sustainable peace and transparency with citizens, the government should clarify its plans for the northern region, especially given the unexpected events at the LAC.
    • Lessons from LAC Events: The government should review the causes and responses to Chinese transgressions, which took the public and officials by surprise, and communicate lessons learned.
    • Engaging Citizens: As a democratic government, India is urged to move away from “shock and awe” surprise announcements and foster transparency about national security moves with profound impacts on its citizens.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-nilgiris-as-a-shared-wilderness/article68820359.ece

  • [11th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: States and the Centre’s fetter of ‘net borrowing ceiling’

    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and to strengthen federalism. (UPSC CSE 2024)
    Q) The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting a probe within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However, the power of the States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India. (UPSC CSE 2021)
    Q) Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. (UPSC CSE 2014)

    Prelims:

    Which one of the following in Indian polity is an essential feature that indicates that it is federal in character?​  (UPSC CSE 2021)
    a) The independence of the judiciary is safeguarded.​
    b) The Union Legislature has elected representatives from constituent units.​
    c) The Union Cabinet can have elected representatives from regional parties.​
    d) The Fundamental Rights are enforceable by Courts of Law.

    Mentor’s Comment:  Kerala filed an original suit under Article 131 of the Constitution, which allows the Supreme Court to resolve disputes between state and central governments. The state claims that the Net Borrowing Ceiling (NBC), set at 3% of its Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) for FY2023-24, arbitrarily restricts its ability to borrow funds, thereby threatening its financial stability. 

    Today’s editorial discusses the implications of the NBC imposed by the central government on state governments, particularly focusing on Kerala’s situation. The article also highlights Constitutional provisions, Fiscal decentralization, and the ongoing legal challenges regarding borrowing powers.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court of India is currently reviewing a case brought by the Kerala government challenging the Net Borrowing Ceiling (NBC) imposed by the central government.

    • This case raises significant questions about federalism and fiscal autonomy in India, particularly regarding the borrowing powers of state governments.

    What is Net Borrowing Ceiling (NBC) imposed by the Central government on the states?

    • It is a fiscal policy tool imposed by the Indian central government to regulate the borrowing capacity of state governments where the NBC is set at 3% for FY 2023-24 from the projected Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) for each state (recommended by the Fifteenth Finance Commission).
    • This ceiling encompasses all forms of borrowing, including loans from financial institutions, open market borrowings, and liabilities from the public accounts of the states.
    • The NBC includes not only direct borrowings by state governments but also extends to borrowings by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) that are serviced through state budgets, which aims to prevent states from bypassing borrowing limits through SOEs.
    Constitutional Provisions:

    The Constitution of India outlines borrowing powers under Chapter II of Part XII:
    • Article 266(2): This article provides that all money received by the government should be credited to the Consolidated Fund of India or the Consolidated Fund of the State. It implies that funds not part of these consolidated accounts can be managed separately, suggesting that certain state revenues should not be included in calculations for borrowing limits.
    • Article 292 allows the central government to borrow against the Consolidated Fund of India.
    • Article 293 empowers state governments to borrow against their own Consolidated Funds but requires prior consent from the central government if previous loans are outstanding.
    • Entry 43 of the State List: This entry allows states to legislate on matters concerning public debt, indicating that states have a degree of autonomy over their financial affairs.

    What are the arguments presented?
    • Kerala’s Position: The imposition of NBC violates principles of fiscal federalism and undermines its Constitutional autonomy. The ability to determine borrowing limits should reside with individual states, allowing them to address their unique financial situations effectively.
    • Union Government’s Defense: The borrowing limits are based on recommendations from Finance Commissions and are applied uniformly across all states. Kerala’s financial difficulties are attributed to its fiscal mismanagement over two decades. Allowing Kerala to exceed its borrowing limits could set a dangerous precedent that might encourage other states to disregard fiscal discipline.
    • Supreme Court’s Interim Ruling: On April 1, 2024, the SC declined to grant interim relief to Kerala, stating that any financial hardship faced by the state could not be attributed solely to the NBC. The Court emphasized that providing additional funds could have broader implications for national fiscal health. It noted that Kerala had already received substantial relief from the Centre during its financial crisis.

    Restrictions imposed by the NBC and their implications on the States:

    • Financial Constraints: States may find it challenging to meet essential expenditures such as pensions and welfare schemes due to limited borrowing capacity.
    • Impact on Development: The ceiling restricts states’ ability to invest in infrastructure and developmental projects, potentially stunting economic growth and public service delivery
    • Legal Challenges: The ongoing legal disputes highlight tensions between state autonomy and central control over fiscal policies, raising questions about the balance of power in India’s federal structure.

    How do these borrowing restrictions affect Fiscal Federalism in India?

    • Constraints on State Autonomy: The NBC limits states’ ability to borrow, undermining their financial independence and capacity to manage their own budgets. States struggle to finance essential services and infrastructure projects, which can hinder economic development and public welfare initiatives.
      • For Example, Kerala’s ability to finance initiatives through the Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB) is hampered, leading to delays in development activities crucial for economic growth.
    • Erosion of Cooperative Federalism: The imposition of NBC reflects a shift towards central control, potentially eroding the principles of cooperative federalism that empower states to address local needs.
      • Legal challenges, like Kerala’s case against the NBC, highlight conflicts between state rights and central authority, raising questions about the balance of power in fiscal governance.
    • Implications for Fiscal Responsibility: While the Centre argues that NBC promotes fiscal discipline, states contend that it infringes on their constitutional rights, creating tension between maintaining national fiscal health and respecting state autonomy.

    Need for the Reform:

    • Article 293 needs to be strengthened to enhance cooperative federalism. Proposed reforms include:
      • Establishing a commission similar to the Finance Commission to address loan approvals based on states’ financial conditions.
      • Implementing guidelines for transparency and equitable treatment in borrowing decisions made by the Centre.
      • Ensuring that restrictions do not excessively hinder states’ fiscal management capabilities.

    Way Forward: Without reforming the current borrowing framework, states like Kerala may face severe financial constraints, hampering their ability to meet essential expenditures. The ongoing legal discourse around NBC reflects broader concerns about fiscal decentralization and the balance of power between state and central governments in India that needs to be addressed soon.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/net-borrowing-ceiling-as-a-financial-fetter-on-states/article68853078.ece

  • [9th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Staying cool, but with clean tech, global collaborations

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Q) Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above bjective? Explain. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Q) Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at the World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment:  At COP28, 63 countries pledged to reduce cooling emissions by 68% by 2050 through the Global Cooling Pledge. Hence, expanded commitments are necessary at COP29 to enhance participation in global cooling initiatives and strengthen partnerships across sectors.

    Today’s editorial emphasizes the critical role of international cooperation in developing sustainable cooling technologies to combat climate change. It underscores the importance of collaboration among nations to develop clean technologies that not only address immediate cooling needs but also contribute to long-term sustainability goals.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The recent international agreements and initiatives, such as the Wilmington Declaration by the Quad nations and commitments made at COP28 focuses on the urgent need for sustainable cooling technologies in the context of global warming and climate change.

    Key Initiatives and Collaborations taken by countries:

    • Wilmington Declaration: Issued by the Quad nations (Australia, India, Japan, and the U.S.) on September 21, 2024. It focuses on sustainable energy solutions with an emphasis on high-efficiency cooling systems.
    • Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment: The Kigali Amendment, adopted in 2016, aims to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning. Initiatives like the Kigali • Cooling Efficiency Program (K-CEP) provide technical support and capacity building for countries, particularly those in the developing world. 
    • U.S.-India Partnership: India has committed to significant investments in solar and cooling infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific region. Joint plans include expanding manufacturing capacities for energy-efficient air conditioners and ceiling fans.

    What were the key Commitments from COP28?
    • On Energy Transition Goals: Countries committed to double the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030. A goal was set to triple global renewable energy capacity to 11,000 GW by 2030.
    • On Global Stocktake (GST): The first GST assessed progress towards the Paris Agreement, emphasizing the need for significant reductions in fossil fuel consumption by 2050.
    • On Loss and Damage Fund: An agreement was reached to establish a Loss and Damage Fund with initial contributions of about $800 million to support vulnerable nations affected by climate change.
    • On Methane Emissions Reduction: Countries committed to reducing global methane emissions by 30% from 2020 levels by 2030, with new regulations introduced by several nations. While no complete fossil fuels phase-out was agreed upon, discussions included calls for the gradual elimination of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.
    • On Sustainable Agriculture Initiatives: Nearly 160 nations signed a declaration to integrate food systems into their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by 2025. Around $12.8 billion was pledged to the Green Climate Fund to support developing nations in their climate efforts.

    Significance of Global Collaborations for Clean Technologies

    • Accelerating Innovation: Countries can combine their scientific knowledge, leading to faster advancements in clean technologies. 
      • Collaborative efforts can attract funding and resources, speeding up the development of critical solutions.
    • Addressing Global Challenges: Coordinated responses are essential for tackling climate change effectively, as seen with initiatives like the Global Cooling Pledge. 
      • International partnerships help establish common standards, facilitating trade and effective implementation of technologies.
    • Economic Growth: Investing in clean technologies creates new industries and job opportunities, driving economic growth. 
    • Supporting Developing Economies: Involving diverse stakeholders ensures that solutions are accessible and meet the needs of vulnerable populations and their capacity building.

    What role do emerging markets play in the global cleantech landscape?

    • Growing Energy Demand: Emerging markets are expected to account for 90% of global energy demand growth by 2035, making them crucial for shaping future energy consumption.
    • Decarbonization Efforts: These markets contribute about 75% of global carbon emissions, highlighting the need for sustainable practices to achieve climate goals.
    • Innovation Hubs: Emerging economies are becoming centers for innovation in clean technologies, supported by initiatives that address barriers to investment.
      • Renewables now make up around 75% of new power generation in emerging markets, presenting significant investment potential for clean energy projects.
    • International Collaboration: Global cooperation is essential to help these markets transition to clean energy by aligning regulations and sharing best practices.
      • Transitioning to renewable energy can alleviate energy poverty, providing access to electricity and clean cooking solutions for underserved Nations.

    What are the challenges and opportunities associated with financing clean technology initiatives?

    1) Challenges:

    • High Cost of Capital: Clean energy projects in emerging markets often face financing costs that are significantly higher than in developed countries, sometimes up to seven times more expensive, which inflate risk premiums for investors.
    • Limited Access to Funds: Emerging economies account for two-thirds of the global population but receive only one-fifth of clean energy investments. This disparity creates a funding gap that hinders the transition to sustainable energy systems.
    • High Reliance on Public Financing: Many clean energy projects in developing countries rely heavily on public sources of finance. However, these sources are often insufficient to meet the growing investment needs, especially post-COVID-19, which has strained public finances further.
    • Regulatory and Policy Barriers: Uncertain regulatory environments and lengthy procedures for project approvals can deter investment. For example, subsidies favoring fossil fuels and restrictions on foreign investment further complicate financing efforts.

    2) Opportunities:

    • Growing Demand for Clean Energy: The increasing global focus on sustainability and the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions create a favorable environment for investing in clean technologies. Emerging markets are positioned to lead this transition by leveraging their renewable resources.
    • Innovative Financing Models: Blended finance approaches, which combine public and private funding, can help mitigate risks and attract investment in clean technologies. Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) can play a crucial role by providing guarantees or risk capital.
    • Technological Advancements: Advances in clean technology are reducing costs and improving efficiency, making it easier to attract investment.
      • For example, technologies like solar PV and wind power are becoming more financially viable, encouraging investment from both domestic and international sources.
    • Carbon Markets: The establishment of domestic carbon markets provides new revenue streams for clean energy projects, enhancing their financial viability. This can attract both local and international investors looking for sustainable investment opportunities.
    • International Collaboration: Global partnerships can facilitate knowledge sharing and provide access to capital for clean technology initiatives.
      • For example, initiatives like the World Economic Forum‘s efforts to mobilize investment in emerging economies highlight the importance of collaborative approaches 

    Way Forward: While financing clean technology initiatives faces notable challenges, particularly in emerging markets. Addressing the barriers effectively could unlock substantial investments needed for a successful transition to clean energy systems globally. COP29 must build on the momentum of COP28 by expanding cooling commitments.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/staying-cool-but-with-clean-tech-global-collaborations/article68846559.ece

  • [7th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A West Asia under Donald Trump

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (UPSC CSE 2017)
    Q) In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? (UPSC CSE 2018)
    Q) “What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Mentor’s Comment:  The United States is a dominant global power with the largest economy and military. Its foreign policy decisions significantly shape international relations, impacting everything from trade agreements to military alliances and conflict resolutions.

    The U.S. has been instrumental in establishing and maintaining key international organizations like the United Nations, NATO, and the World Bank, which play crucial roles in global governance and stability.

    Donald Trump’s second term as President of the United States following his recent electoral victory refers to the anticipated policies and implications on global geopolitics especially in present West Asian crises.

    Today’s editorial discusses the implications of Donald Trump’s return to the U.S. presidency for the Middle East, particularly in light of recent conflicts and his previous foreign policy actions. 

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Donald Trump’s return to the presidency is making headlines for several reasons, reflecting both the implications of his policies and the broader impact on U.S. society and global geopolitics.

    Trump’s Past Foreign Policy Record in West Asia:

    Pro-Israel Stance: Trump’s first term was characterized by strong support for Israel, including: Moving the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem; Recognizing Israel’s annexation of the Golan Heights; Withdrawing from the Iran nuclear deal.

    Abraham Accords: Initiated normalization between Israel and several Arab nations, aimed at countering Iran.

    What changes can be expected in U.S. foreign policy towards Israel and Palestine under Trump?

    • Strong Support for Israel: Trump is likely to continue robust Military and Diplomatic support for Israel. For example, he may endorse Israeli military actions in Gaza, similar to his previous encouragement for Israel to “finish the job” against Hamas during conflicts.
      • Trump may recognize sovereignty by reaffirming policies like recognizing Jerusalem as Israel’s capital and supporting Israeli claims over territories such as the Golan Heights.
    • Limited Engagement with Palestinians: The USA is expected for a continuation of the previous administration’s approach, which involved cutting funding to the Palestinian Authority and sidelining Palestinian voices in peace negotiations.
      • For example, a New Peace initiative (one-sided) is likely to favor Israeli interests, similar to the “Peace to Prosperity” plan released in 2020, which was criticized for not adequately addressing Palestinian rights.
    • Regional Relations and Normalization: Trump may push for more Arab nations to normalize relations with Israel, building on agreements with countries like the UAE and Bahrain by expanding Abraham Records. This could further isolate the Palestinian cause.
      • Secondly, we can expect an aggressive policy towards Iran, including sanctions and military support for Israel against Iranian influence, like Trump’s previous withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal.
    • Domestic Politics and UN Considerations: While maintaining strong ties with Israel, we must remember that Trump may prioritize domestic concerns over international engagement, reflecting a growing isolationist sentiment within the USA’s Republican Party (particularly among Arab and Muslim communities).

    How will Trump’s policies affect U.S.-Iran relations and Regional stability?

    • Resuming Aggressive Policies: Trump is likely to reintroduce stringent economic sanctions on Iran, which previously led to a significant drop in Iranian oil exports.
      • Expect increased military readiness and potential strikes against Iranian nuclear facilities, similar to the targeted killing of General Qasem Soleimani in 2020.
    • Nuclear Program Implications: U.S. support for Israeli military actions against Iran could provoke retaliatory measures from Tehran.
      • For example, Iran may respond to renewed sanctions by further advancing its nuclear program, moving closer to weapons capability.
    • Shifts in Regional Alliances: Increased backing for Israel may lead to more aggressive actions and proxy conflicts against Iranian interests, heightening conflicts in Gaza and Lebanon.
    • Economic Consequences for Iran: Renewed sanctions could lead to further currency depreciation in Iran and increased public discontent due to economic instability. Iran may boost military spending, straining its economy further.
    Did you Know?
    Trump’s plans under “Project 2025” include significant rollbacks on climate change initiatives, stricter immigration enforcement, and potential restrictions on abortion and LGBTQ+ rights.

    What implications does Trump’s “America First” policy have for India-U.S. engagement?

    • Economic and Trade Policies: Trump’s protectionist “America First” agenda may lead to higher tariffs on Indian goods, particularly in textiles, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles. This could strain trade relations, as India relies heavily on exports to the U.S.
      • Stricter Immigration policy changes to H-1B visa regulations could significantly impact India’s IT sector, raising costs for Indian firms that depend on access to the American labor market.
    • Strengthened Defense Ties: Trump is expected to maintain strong defense cooperation with India through frameworks like the Quad (with Japan and Australia), and with India’s security needs against China. India may benefit from increased U.S. support in countering Chinese actions in the Indo-Pacific region.
      • Hence, Trump’s policies may create opportunities, but they also pose challenges due to potential economic friction from protectionist measures and immigration restrictions.
    • Relations with Russia: Trump’s pro-Russia stance suggests that India will face less pressure to distance itself from Moscow.
      • While previous U.S. administrations have criticized India’s defense ties with Russia, Trump may adopt a more pragmatic approach, focusing on other strategic aspects like defense cooperation without pressing India on Russian relations.

    Way Forward: India might need to navigate a complex landscape as it balances its longstanding ties with Russia against growing relations with the U.S., especially if Trump adopts a less confrontational stance towards Russia compared to previous administrations.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-west-asia-under-donald-trump/article68837509.ece

  • [6th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Rising STEM research demands revitalized education

    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) National Education Policy, 2020 conforms with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q) Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of society. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Q) The quality of higher education in India requires major improvement to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of technical and higher education in the country? Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Mentor’s Comment:  The SDG India Index, developed by NITI Aayog, reports an overall score of 71 out of 100, up from 66 in the previous edition, indicating progress in areas such as quality education (SDG 4), where the score improved from 66 to 75.  Despite progress, challenges remain, including disparities in educational quality across regions and inadequate infrastructure. 

    SDG 4.4 aims to substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs, and entrepreneurship by 2030.

    Additionally, SDG 8 also plays a significant role in this context, as it promotes sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. 

    In light of the increasing global demand for skilled professionals in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), today’s editorial focuses on the urgent need for revitalizing educational frameworks to better prepare students for future challenges. 

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The NITI Aayog reports highlight the need for increased investment in teacher training, digital resources, and facilities to enhance learning environments.

    What is the significance of STEM Education?

    • Economic Growth and Competitiveness: STEM education equips students with essential skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, which are crucial for success in technology-driven industries. A strong foundation in STEM fields enables India to compete globally and contribute to the global talent pool in science and technology.This is vital for India’s economic expansion, as a skilled workforce can drive innovation and attract investments.
    • Equity and Access: STEM education fosters a multidisciplinary approach, where students learn to apply scientific principles to develop innovative solutions for these challenges. Efforts to promote STEM education also focus on empowering women and marginalized groups, reducing gender disparities in these fields. 
    • Curriculum Innovation: Integrating STEM into the curriculum encourages a shift from traditional rote learning to hands-on, project-based learning. Well-trained STEM educators are needed to implement these educational strategies effectively. 

    What are the key barriers to effective STEM education in current curricula?

    • School-Related Barriers: Many schools lack sufficient laboratory equipment and materials necessary for hands-on STEM learning, which limits practical experiences for students.
      • Secondly, high student-to-teacher ratios hinder personalized instruction and effective classroom management, making it difficult to engage all students in STEM subjects.
    • Teacher-Related Barriers: A shortage of qualified STEM teachers and inadequate professional development opportunities result in a lack of effective teaching methods in STEM education. 
    • Student-Related Barriers: Students often show low levels of motivation towards STEM subjects, which can stem from a lack of relatable content or perceived difficulty. Some educators need to be made aware that focusing on STEM will detract from traditional academic subjects, leading to resistance.
    • Curriculum and Instructional Barriers: Current curricula are rigid and do not integrate interdisciplinary approaches, limiting students’ ability to make connections between different fields.
    • Technology-Related Barriers: In many areas, particularly rural regions, students do not have adequate access to technology that supports STEM learning, such as computers and internet connectivity

    How can Educational Institutions adapt their teaching methodologies in STEM fields?

    • Project-Based Learning (PBL): PBL encourages students to work on projects that promote creativity, teamwork, and practical application of knowledge in real-world problems, as students take ownership of their learning from start to finish.
    • Problem-Based and Analytical Thinking (PBAT): In this approach, students are presented with complex problems that do not have straightforward solutions. They must analyze the situation, evaluate different perspectives, and devise solutions, thereby enhancing their critical thinking skills.
    • Encouraging Curiosity: This method allows students to ask questions and explore topics of interest through investigation and experimentation. It fosters a deeper understanding of STEM concepts and develops research skills, as students learn to seek out information independently.
    • Integration of Technology: Utilizing technology in the classroom—such as simulations, coding platforms, and digital collaboration tools—can enhance student engagement and provide access to a wider range of learning resources. 

    What role does industry collaboration play in enhancing STEM education?

    • Real-World Application of Knowledge: Industry partnerships help students see how STEM concepts apply to real-world challenges, making learning more relevant and engaging. This connection motivates students to pursue STEM subjects by illustrating their practical importance in various fields.
    • Access to Resources and Expertise: Partnerships with industry can supply schools with access to the latest technologies, enhanced research, and expert knowledge. This access ensures that students are learning with up-to-date tools and methodologies relevant to current market demands.
    • Authentic Assessment: Industry partners can provide valuable and experienced feedback on student projects and educational practices, helping educators refine their curricula to better meet industry standards and expectations.
      • They provide students with insights into various STEM careers through guest speakers, mentorship programs, skill development, and industrial visits.
    • Strengthening Industrial Community: They collaborate with local businesses foster community involvement in education, creating a supportive environment for students. These partnerships can also contribute to local economic development by preparing a skilled workforce
    A collaborative Project by UNESCO and Huawei on “Revitalizing STEM education to equip next generations with STEM competency” 

    • Launched in March 2024, this initiative aims to enhance STEM education across Europe by focusing on several key areas:
    ○ To support innovative educational projects through a competitive selection process. For empowering girls and women in STEM fields, addressing gender disparities in these areas.
    ○ Initiates to integrate gender perspectives in Romania, support refugees in Germany, enhance earthquake engineering education in North Macedonia, and improve mathematics teaching in Malta.
    • It aims to improve teaching practices, promote STEM research, and create a Regional STEM Clearinghouse for knowledge sharing, all while aligning with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

    Way Forward: By implementing these adaptive methodologies, educational institutions and Industries can create a dynamic learning environment that not only enhances students’ understanding of STEM subjects but also cultivates the critical thinking and innovative skills necessary for future success in these fields.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/rising-stem-research-demands-revitalised-education/article68833729.ece

  • [5th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Big Tech’s fail — unsafe online spaces for women

    Subjects:
    GS Papers: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? (UPSC CSE 2019)
    Q) Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (UPSC CSE 2018)
    Q) Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India? (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Mentor’s Comment:  Nearly 23% of women surveyed in eight countries reported experiencing online abuse or harassment multiple times, with the U.S. having the highest rate.

    Women in power, such as U.S. politician Nikki Haley and Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, have encountered gender bias in technology and safety. Haley faced manipulated explicit images during her Republican primary campaign, while Meloni was targeted with deepfake content.

    In Bangladesh, female politicians Rumin Farhana and Nipun Roy were victims of deepfake images circulating on social media ahead of the January 7, 2024, general election, which attracted millions of views. This situation raises critical questions about what actions content moderators are taking to address these issues?

    Today’s editorial addresses the persistent issues of online harassment and abuse that disproportionately affect women. It criticizes the failure of major technology companies to create safe digital environments.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Online abuse directed at women, including harassment, threats, and misogynistic comments has gained significant attention as more women share their experiences of unsafe digital environments, highlighting the urgent need for action.

    • Kamla Harris faced extensive online trolling, particularly from right-wing commentators.
    • These personal attacks targeted her background, character, and integrity, including a manipulated video shared by Elon Musk that falsely portrayed her making disparaging remarks about Joe Biden and herself.

    How does online abuse uniquely affect women compared to men?

    • Widespread Online Harassment: Women in power, such as U.S. politician Nikki Haley and Italian PM Giorgia Meloni, have also encountered similar challenges. In Bangladesh, female politicians Rumin Farhana and Nipun Roy were victims of deepfake images ahead of general election, which attracted millions of views.
    • Impact of Big Tech’s Inaction: The failure of major tech companies to effectively manage degrading content places an undue burden on women.
      • The nature of online abuse varies significantly; while men often face misinformation regarding their roles, women are subjected to objectification, sexualized content, and body shaming.
    • Accountability Issues: Big Tech often evades accountability by claiming that their platforms merely reflect user behavior and cannot be closely monitored.
      • In short, they benefit from ‘safe harbor‘ protections that shield them from responsibility.
    • Psychological Impact: Research shows that nearly half of women report severe psychological consequences from online abuse, such as anxiety, depression, and panic attacks.
      • Many women alter their online behavior due to fear of harassment, leading to self-censorship (silencing effect). 
    CASE STUDY:

    • Siri and Gender Bias: Siri’s responses to sexual harassment reflected gender biases inherent in its programming. Apple acknowledged the issue and began working on updates to improve Siri’s responses and reduce gender stereotyping in its interactions.
    • UNESCO Initiatives: UNESCO has been actively working on projects aimed at reducing gender bias in AI technologies. They promote diversity in AI development teams and encourage the implementation of gender-sensitive approaches in algorithm design.

    What measures can be taken to mitigate gender bias in technology and improve safety?

    • Policy and Governance: Establish clear guidelines that address gender bias in technology development and online platforms. Promote diversity in tech leadership roles to ensure varied perspectives are included in decision-making processes.
    • Technology Design: Develop AI tools that can identify and flag abusive content directed at women, allowing for quicker intervention. Secondly, we need to involve women in the design and testing phases of technology to better understand their needs and experiences.
    • Education and Training: Implement training programs for developers and tech professionals on gender sensitivity and the impacts of bias. Need to enhance digital literacy among women to empower them to navigate technology safely and effectively.
    • Online Safety Measures: Improve reporting systems for online harassment, making them more accessible and responsive to women’s experiences. Encourage platforms to provide robust privacy settings that allow users to control their data and interactions more effectively.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/big-techs-fail-unsafe-online-spaces-for-women/article68829587.ece

  • [4th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The BRICS summit boost to India-Iran ties

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? (UPSC CSE 2018)
    Q) The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (UPSC CSE 2017) 

    Prelims

    Q) Which of the following is not a member of ‘Gulf Cooperation Council’? (UPSC CSE 2016)
    a) Iran
    b) Saudi Arabia
    c) Oman
    d) Kuwait

    Mentor’s Comment:  Iran’s geographical position between the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea makes it a crucial link for India to access Central Asia and the Middle East. This is particularly important given India’s limited land connectivity to these regions due to tensions with Pakistan.

    Strategically, Iran possesses one of the largest reserves of crude oil and natural gas in the world. Strengthening ties with Iran can help India secure its energy needs, especially as it seeks to diversify its sources of oil imports.

    Security wise, both countries share concerns about regional stability, particularly regarding extremist groups.

    Today’s editorial discusses the recent developments in the relationship between India and Iran, particularly in light of their interactions during the BRICS summit held in Kazan, Russia.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The present 16th BRICS Summit (October 22-24, 2024) meeting marked the first interaction between Indian PM Narendra Modi and Iranian Prez Masoud Pezeshkian, since Pezeshkian took office following the death of former President Ebrahim Raisi.

    What were the key discussions?
    • On Bilateral Ties: Both leaders reviewed the full spectrum of India-Iran relations, emphasizing the potential for deeper cooperation across various sectors, particularly in connectivity and trade.
    • On Strategic Projects: The leaders discussed critical initiatives such as the Chabahar Port and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), which are vital for enhancing trade links with Central Asia and supporting Afghanistan’s reconstruction efforts.
    • On Regional stability: Given the ongoing conflict in West Asia, both leaders acknowledged India’s unique position to advocate for peace and de-escalation. Modi expressed concerns over escalating violence and emphasized the need for dialogue.

    History of Strong Civilization Ties:
    • Common Origins: Both civilizations are believed to have originated from a common Indo-Iranian ancestry, with linguistic and cultural exchanges dating back to prehistoric times.
    Historical trade routes facilitated exchanges between the Indus Valley Civilization and ancient Persia, with goods such as silver, copper, and precious stones being traded across the Persian Gulf.
    • Cultural Interactions: The spread of Buddhism from India to Persia significantly influenced Iranian culture. Later, Sufism fostered spiritual ties, leading to deep cultural exchanges in literature and philosophy.
    Persian literature became highly influential in India during the Mughal-Safavid Period.
    • Modern Diplomatic Relations: India and Iran formalized their relationship with a friendship treaty in 1950.
    The recent collaborations focus on energy security and regional stability, highlighted by projects like the development of Chabahar Port, which enhances connectivity between India, Iran, and Afghanistan.

    How does the inclusion of Iran in BRICS impact India’s strategic interests?

    • Economic Opportunities: Iran’s membership can boost bilateral trade through initiatives like the Chabahar Port, enhancing India’s access to Central Asia.
      • Strengthened ties may facilitate oil imports from Iran, helping India diversify its energy sources.
    • Geopolitical Dynamics: BRICS provides a platform for India to promote a multipolar world, and balance Western dominance in global affairs.
      • Including Iran could foster dialogue and reduce tensions in the Middle East, benefiting India’s regional interests.
    • Complex Relationships: India must manage its relationship with Iran while maintaining ties with Western allies, which BRICS dynamics could complicate.
      • Iran’s inclusion may enhance China’s leverage in the region, posing challenges for India’s strategic positioning.

    What are the potential economic benefits for India from strengthened ties with Iran through BRICS?

    • Increased Trade Opportunities: A Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) could boost trade in various sectors, enhancing exports of Indian goods like agriculture and machinery to Iran.
      • Iran serves as a gateway for India to reach Central Asian markets via the Chabahar Port, facilitating trade routes that bypass Pakistan.
    • Energy Security: Strengthening ties may allow India to resume importing oil from Iran, helping meet its growing energy needs.
      • Potential projects like the Iran-Oman-India gas pipeline could provide India with a direct source of natural gas, diversifying its energy supply.
    • Infrastructure Development: India’s investment in Chabahar Port enhances connectivity to Afghanistan and Central Asia, offering an alternative route for trade.
      • This corridor aims to streamline trade between India, Iran, and Russia, reducing transit times and improving trade efficiency.

    How does the BRICS summit reflect shifting geopolitical alliances and the future of multilateralism?

    • Challenge to U.S.-led order: The expansion of BRICS, including new members like Iran, signals a desire among emerging economies to create a more balanced multipolar world that reduces reliance on Western powers.
    • Geopolitical Fragmentation: The inclusion of countries with differing agendas, such as India’s ties with the West and Russia-China’s anti-Western stance, complicates the bloc’s unity and effectiveness.
      • This fragmentation may lead to a division of global politics into competing alliances, potentially undermining existing multilateral platforms like the G20.
    • Focus on South-South Cooperation: BRICS emphasizes cooperation among developing nations in trade and sustainable development, enhancing economic ties and addressing common challenges.

    Conclusion: India and Iran can achieve a lot together. There is recognition that too much time has already been lost. India’s ability to de-hyphenate ties and engage independently with nations that are adversarial to each other, such as Iran and Israel, could be useful in driving the ties. 

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-brics-summit-boost-to-india-iran-ties/article68826431.ece

  • [2nd November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Nilgiris as a shared wilderness

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act,2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna? (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Q) How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of development initiatives and tourism? (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Q) Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Mentor’s Comment:  The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, a region in southern India, is celebrated for its rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems. However, it faces significant environmental challenges that threaten its ecological balance and the livelihoods of local communities. 

    Today’s editorial explores the pressing issues surrounding the Nilgiris as a shared wilderness, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and community involvement in conservation efforts.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Experts at a recent conference emphasized the urgent need for community involvement in restoration efforts within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR).

    • They highlighted threats such as invasive species, unregulated tourism, and land use changes that have disrupted the ecological balance.
    About the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR):

    • Located in the Western Ghats of southern India, it is a critical ecological zone renowned for its rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems.
    • Established in 1986, it was the first biosphere reserve in India and is recognized under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme.
    • The NBR spans parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, making it a significant area for conservation efforts.

    Significance:
    • The diverse vegetation types, ranging from tropical evergreen forests to montane sholas and grasslands, contribute to the region’s ecological richness.
    • It supports many endangered species like the Nilgiri Tahr and Lion-tailed Macaque.
    • The region’s forests are crucial for watershed management, helping to regulate water flow and maintain water quality for millions of people living downstream.
    • The forests within the NBR act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere and helping mitigate climate change effects.

    What are the ecological challenges facing the Nilgiris?

    • Habitat Loss: Non-native plants like Lantana and Eucalyptus are taking over, outcompeting local flora and harming wildlife habitats.
      • Urbanization and agricultural expansion (like tea and coffee plantations) are destroying natural landscapes, leading to fragmentation of wildlife habitats.
    • Climate Change: Altered weather patterns are affecting plant and animal distributions, causing shifts in biodiversity and increasing soil erosion.
    • Unregulated Tourism: Increased tourist activity is causing littering and habitat disturbance, putting pressure on sensitive ecosystems.
      • As humans expand into wildlife areas, Human-animal conflicts arise, especially with elephants raiding crops, leading to retaliatory actions.
    • Illegal Activities: Poaching and illegal logging threaten the region’s biodiversity, particularly valuable species like sandalwood.

    How do indigenous communities interact with and contribute to the conservation of the Nilgiris?

    • Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous peoples have deep knowledge about local plants and animals, helping them manage resources sustainably.
      • For example, Their traditional farming methods, such as rotational agriculture, promote ecological balance and help maintain wildlife habitats.
    • Sustainable Practices: Many rely on non-timber forest products (like honey and medicinal plants) and practice eco-friendly agriculture, which supports both their livelihoods and biodiversity.
      • Indigenous groups actively participate in conservation projects, such as restoring degraded areas and managing invasive species.
    • Advocacy: Indigenous leaders advocate for their rights to land and resources, emphasizing their role as protectors of the environment.
      • They pass down traditional knowledge to younger generations through workshops, ensuring that conservation practices continue.

    What policies or initiatives are necessary to balance development and conservation in the Nilgiris?

    • Carbon Neutral Initiatives: Need to encourage eco-friendly tourism practices, such as cycling tours and car-free pathways, to reduce vehicular traffic and pollution.
    • Community Involvement: Facilitate the development of sustainable livelihoods that align with conservation goals, such as harvesting non-timber forest products. Their traditional knowledge can guide sustainable practices and restoration activities.
    • Regulation of Development Activities: State governments needs to enforce stringent regulations on construction activities to prevent encroachments and protect wetlands and other sensitive areas.
    • Restoration Projects: Need to develop programs that focus on restoring degraded habitats, such as montane grasslands and shola forests, which are critical for biodiversity.
    • Water Resource Protection: Need to implement measures to safeguard water bodies from pollution and encroachment, recognizing that the Nilgiris are vital water sources for surrounding regions.
      •  For example, restoring wetland areas that have been converted for agriculture or development, enhancing their capacity to retain water and support biodiversity.

    Way Forward: By recognizing the interconnectedness of culture and ecology, there is potential to develop sustainable practices that honor both the natural environment and the rich heritage of its inhabitants. The path forward lies in fostering collaboration and promoting awareness about the importance of conserving this unique biosphere for future generations.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-nilgiris-as-a-shared-wilderness/article68820359.ece