Civilsdaily

Author: CD Staff

  • [21st December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: It is for historians to dig for tell-tale remains, not bigots

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    Q) Are tolerance, assimilation and pluralism the key elements in the making of an Indian form of secularism? Justify your answer. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have previously focused on the ‘Indian concept of secularism’ (2018) as well as the ‘tolerance, assimilation and pluralism’ of India (in 2022).

    Archaeologists typically dig historic sites to uncover ancient civilizations or cities, using scientific methods. However, excavating under one religion’s place of worship to find another’s is unusual and non-secular. Former CJI D.Y. Chandrachud found no issue with such a survey in the Gyanvapi mosque case, observing it might not violate the Places of Worship Act.

    Today’s editorial explores the issues and implications of survey or excavation in an active place of worship.

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    Why in the News?

    Conducting a survey or excavation in an active place of worship to determine its religious identity violates the rights granted under Article 26.

    What is the role of interpreting historical events like the Places of Worship Act?

    • Secular Intent: The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, enacted in 1991, aims to maintain the religious character of places of worship as they existed on August 15, 1947. Its purpose is to prevent communal tensions and preserve secularism in India by prohibiting the conversion of places of worship from one religion to another.
    • Historical Context: The Act was introduced in response to rising communal tensions, particularly during the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. It seeks to provide a legal framework that acknowledges historical grievances while promoting coexistence among different religious communities.
    • Legal Clarity: The Act explicitly states that any legal proceedings regarding the conversion of religious places existing as of 1947 shall abate, thereby providing a clear legal stance on maintaining the status quo and preventing future disputes over religious sites.

    How do ideological biases affect the understanding and what are the legal challenges?

    • Challenging Constitutionality: The constitutionality of the Places of Worship Act is currently under challenge in the Supreme Court. Critics argue that the choice of August 15, 1947, as a cut-off date is arbitrary and infringes on judicial review rights, suggesting that it limits access to courts for addressing historical injustices.
    • Specious Arguments: The argument that the date was chosen arbitrarily is countered by the rationale that it marks India’s independence and the establishment of a new sovereign state. Thus, it serves as a logical reference point for determining the religious character of places of worship.
    • Judicial Review Concerns: The claim that the Act undermines judicial review is contested; while it does prevent certain types of suits from proceeding, it does not eliminate judicial oversight entirely. The Act’s provisions aim to balance legislative authority with judicial processes.

    What are the Judicial Observations and Consequences?

    • CJI’s Remarks: Former Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud’s observation regarding surveys in places of worship sparked controversy. His statement suggested that such surveys might not violate the Places of Worship Act, leading lower courts to order surveys in mosques without fully considering their implications or legal standing.
    • Impact on Communal Harmony: The lower courts’ decisions to conduct surveys have led to increased tensions and even violence in some instances, highlighting how judicial observations can have significant real-world consequences on communal relations.
    • Legal Relevance of Surveys: The necessity for surveys to determine religious character is questioned since the Act already establishes what that character was as of 1947. This raises concerns about unnecessary provocations and potential violations of established law.
    What do fundamental rights say?

    • Article 26 Protections: Article 26 of the Indian Constitution grants religious denominations the right to manage their own affairs in matters of religion. Interference through surveys or excavations in places of worship can be viewed as a violation of this fundamental right.
    • Worship as a Fundamental Right: The act of worshipping in a mosque or church is protected under this Article. Any external interference aimed at redefining or questioning this right undermines the autonomy and dignity afforded to religious communities.
    • Historical Preservation vs. Political Agendas: While archaeology can reveal historical truths, using it as a tool for political or communal agendas risks distorting history and inciting further division among communities. It emphasizes the need for careful handling of sensitive historical narratives within legal frameworks.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Legal Safeguards: Ensure strict adherence to the Places of Worship Act, 1991, to prevent misuse of surveys or excavations that could disrupt communal harmony, while upholding secular principles and maintaining the religious status quo as of 1947.
    • Promote Judicial Prudence: Advocate for cautious and balanced judicial observations to avoid unintended consequences on communal relations, ensuring sensitive cases are handled with due consideration of legal and social implications.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/it-is-for-historians-to-dig-for-tell-tale-remains-not-bigots/article69010128.ece#:~:text=History%20has%20sequestered%20in%20the,of%20generations%20of%20unwary%20people

  • [19th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Section 6A of the Citizenship Act — why it fails Assam?

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    Q) Consider the following statements: 
    1. Aadhaar card can be used as proof of citizenship or domicile. 
    2. Once issued, the Aadhaar number cannot be deactivated or omitted by the Issuing Authority. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (UPSC CSE 2018)
    (a) 1 only 
    (b) 2 only 
    (c) Both 1 and 2 
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Prelims have focused on ‘citizenship or domicile’ (in 2018), and  ‘only one citizenship and one domicile’ (2021).

    In October 2024, a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court ruled 4:1 to uphold Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955. This law provides a special process for people from former East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) who settled in Assam, allowing them to become Indian citizens if they arrived before March 25, 1971. The judgment is important but raises questions about overlooked constitutional issues and the possible negative effects of the decision.

    Today’s editorial focuses on the implications of the Supreme Court’s recent decision to uphold the constitutional validity of Section 6A. You can use this content for the question asked on ‘Governance issues’ and ‘internal security issues’.

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    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court’s recent decision to uphold the constitutional validity of Section 6A overlooks critical constitutional issues, especially those affecting Assam’s indigenous population.

    What is Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955?

    Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, was introduced as part of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1985, following the Assam Accord. This provision specifically addresses the citizenship status of migrants from Bangladesh who settled in Assam.

    • Categories of Migrants:
    Pre-1966 Migrants: Individuals who entered Assam before January 1, 1966, are deemed Indian citizens from that date.
    1966-1971 Migrants: Those who entered between January 1, 1966, and March 25, 1971, can apply for citizenship after a mandatory registration process and a waiting period of ten years.
    • Cut-off Date: The cut-off date of March 25, 1971, was chosen because it coincides with significant historical events related to the Bangladesh Liberation War.
    • Exclusions: Section 6A explicitly excludes individuals who were already Indian citizens before the amendment and those expelled under the Foreigners Act, 1946.
    • Voting Rights: Migrants from the 1966-1971 category are denied voting rights for ten years from the date they are identified as foreigners.

    How does Section 6A impact the demographic and cultural landscape of Assam?

    • Cultural and Linguistic Displacement: The influx of migrants facilitated by Section 6A has led to significant demographic changes in Assam. Research indicates that between 1951 and 2011, the percentage of the Bengali-speaking population increased from 21.2% to 28.91%, while the proportion of Assamese speakers declined from 69.3% to 48.38%. This shift represents a cultural and linguistic displacement that threatens the distinct identity of the Assamese people.
    • Political and Economic Strain: The arrival of a large number of migrants has raised concerns about political representation and economic resources in Assam. The perceived threat to local culture and political rights has been a driving force behind movements advocating for stricter immigration controls.
    • Social Tensions: The demographic shifts have exacerbated social tensions between indigenous Assamese communities and migrant populations, leading to conflicts over resources, identity, and political power.

    What are the legal and constitutional challenges associated with Section 6A?

    • Violation of Article 29: Critics argue that Section 6A violates Article 29, which protects the cultural and linguistic identities of distinct communities in India.
      • The Supreme Court’s ruling, which stated that the influx did not infringe upon the ability of Assamese people to conserve their culture, has been challenged as flawed reasoning that overlooks the erosion of cultural identity.
    • Temporal Unreasonableness: Section 6A lacks a temporal limitation, allowing individuals who entered before March 25, 1971, to apply for citizenship indefinitely.
      • This raises concerns about its relevance over time, as it fails to address contemporary issues related to migration.
    • Arbitrary Reasoning: The judgment has been criticized for arbitrary reasoning, particularly in how it justifies singling out Assam for special treatment while disregarding similar situations in other states like West Bengal and Meghalaya.
    • Flawed Mechanism for Identification: The process for identifying migrants under Section 6A is problematic, placing the burden on state authorities without a clear mechanism for voluntary self-identification by migrants. This has led to inefficiencies and confusion regarding citizenship status.

    What are the implications of the Supreme Court’s ruling on Section 6A for future immigration policies in India?

    • Precedent for Future Laws: The ruling sets a precedent for how immigration laws may be framed in India, potentially allowing for similar provisions that distinguish between different states or communities based on historical migrations.
    • Potential for Increased Migration: By upholding Section 6A, there is concern that it may encourage further migration into Assam and other regions, as individuals may perceive opportunities for citizenship under similar provisions.
    • Focus on Cultural Protection: Future immigration policies may need to consider cultural protections more seriously, as the ruling highlights the tension between humanitarian needs and cultural preservation.
    • Need for Comprehensive Immigration Reform: The ruling underscores the necessity for comprehensive immigration reform that addresses both historical contexts and contemporary realities while ensuring the protection of cultural identities.
    • Impact on Political Discourse: The ruling may influence political discourse surrounding immigration in India, potentially polarizing opinions on citizenship rights and cultural identity among different communities.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-urban-infrastructure-financing-needs-and-reality/article68906499.ece

  • [18th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The legal gaps in India’s unregulated AI surveillance

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    Q) “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Mentor’s Comment: 

    UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution)’ (in 2020), and ‘different types of cyber crimes ’ (2021).

    In 2019, India announced plans to create the world’s largest facial recognition system for policing, which has since evolved into widespread deployment of AI-powered surveillance across railway stations and crime patrols. Plans for 50 AI satellites further expand this infrastructure. While integrating AI into law enforcement offers potential, it raises serious legal and constitutional concerns, including risks of “dragnet surveillance (Indiscriminate data collection beyond suspects, infringing on privacy rights).”

    Today’s editorial focuses on the legal frameworks, gaps, and issues surrounding AI surveillance in India and its impact on constitutional rights, especially privacy.

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    Why in the News?

    A robust regulatory framework is crucial to effectively manage AI’s impact on civil liberties, ensuring rights protection and responsible usage.

    Existing Legal Frameworks Governing AI Surveillance in India

    • Constitutional Provisions: The right to privacy is enshrined in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which was affirmed by the Supreme Court in the landmark case K.S. Puttaswamy vs Union of India (2017). 
    o This ruling recognized privacy as a fundamental right, extending to informational privacy and emphasizing the need for robust legal frameworks to address challenges posed by surveillance technologies.
    • Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA): Enacted in 2023, the DPDPA aims to regulate data privacy and consent management. However, it has been criticized for broad exemptions that allow government agencies significant leeway in processing personal data without consent, particularly concerning medical treatment during epidemics and employment-related data.
    • Lack of Specific AI Regulations: Currently, there is no comprehensive legislation specifically governing AI surveillance technologies in India. While the government has promised future regulation under the Digital India Act, no draft legislation has been made public yet, leaving a regulatory gap.

    Impact of AI Surveillance on Civil Liberties and Privacy Rights in India

    • Potential for Overreach: The deployment of AI-powered surveillance systems raises concerns about “dragnet surveillance,” where data is indiscriminately collected from individuals beyond just suspects or criminals. This can lead to significant infringements on citizens’ rights.
    • Data Breaches and Misuse: Incidents like the Telangana Police data breach highlight vulnerabilities in data collection practices, where sensitive information from social welfare databases was accessed without transparency or accountability.
    • Imbalance in Legal Framework: The existing legal framework appears skewed towards state surveillance capabilities at the expense of individual rights. The DPDPA’s provisions place heightened scrutiny on individuals while granting broad powers to the government, raising concerns about potential misuse of personal data.

    Measures to Enhance Regulatory Oversight of AI Surveillance Technologies

    • Comprehensive Regulatory Framework: Establishing a detailed regulatory framework that addresses the implications of AI surveillance on civil liberties is essential. This framework should include clear guidelines on data collection practices, specifying what data is collected, its purpose, and retention periods.
    • Transparent Consent Mechanisms: Implementing stringent consent requirements with narrow exemptions is crucial. This should involve independent judicial oversight for processing personal data to ensure that citizens’ rights are protected.
    • Adopting a Risk-Based Approach: India could benefit from adopting a risk-based regulatory approach similar to the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act, which categorizes AI activities based on their risk levels and imposes restrictions on high-risk technologies.
    • Public Accountability and Oversight: Regular transparency reports and independent audits should be mandated for all agencies utilizing AI surveillance technologies to ensure accountability and build public trust in these systems.
    • Legislative Action: Prompt legislative action is needed to fill existing regulatory gaps and establish clear guidelines governing the use of AI in law enforcement, ensuring that civil liberties are not compromised in the pursuit of technological advancement.

    Conclusion: To safeguard civil liberties while leveraging AI surveillance, India must enact comprehensive legislation, adopt risk-based regulations, and enforce stringent consent mechanisms with judicial oversight. There is a need for prompt legislative action is critical to ensure a balanced approach between technological progress and citizens’ rights protection.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-legal-gaps-in-indias-unregulated-ai-surveillance/article68996389.ece#:~:text=Though%20the%20DPDP%20Act%20addresses,of%20data%20sharing%20is%20crucial

  • [17th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Levy a higher GST rate on tobacco, sugared beverages

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    Q) “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on major issues like the Conflict of interest in the public sector (2017) and Life Expectancy (2022).

    Tobacco is responsible for approximately 1 million deaths annually in India, accounting for about 17.8% of total deaths in the country. This includes deaths from both direct tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure.

    The proposal to levy a higher Goods and Services Tax (GST) rate on tobacco products and sugared beverages has sparked significant discussion in India. This editorial explores the implications of such a move, the current tax structure, and the anticipated outcomes of the proposed changes.

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    Why in the News?

    The proposal to levy a higher Goods and Services Tax (GST) rate on tobacco products and sugared beverages has sparked significant discussion in India.

    What is National Calamity Contingent Duty (NCCD)?

    • It is a type of excise duty imposed by the Indian government on specific manufactured goods, particularly those considered harmful to public health, such as tobacco products and certain beverages.
    • Established under Section 136 of the Finance Act, 2001, NCCD is intended to generate revenue that can be utilized for disaster relief and other national calamity responses.
    • In the Union Budget for 2023-24, the government proposed increasing NCCD rates by approximately 16% for specified cigarettes, reflecting ongoing efforts to regulate tobacco consumption through higher taxation.

    Background of the news:

    • Over the past seven years since the Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced in India, there have been a few significant increases in GST rates for harmful products like tobacco and sugar-sweetened beverages.
    • Apart from two small hikes in the National Calamity Contingent Duties (NCCD) on tobacco, the tax rates have largely remained unchanged. This lack of increase has made these products more affordable, which undermines efforts to reduce their consumption.
    • In this context, the recent proposal by the Group of Ministers (GoM) to raise the highest GST rate on tobacco and sugar-sweetened beverages from 28% to 35% is a positive development. This increase could help discourage the consumption of these harmful products.
    • However, it is important to note that additional tax reforms are necessary to effectively address the public health issues and fiscal challenges associated with tobacco and sugary drinks.

    What is the current GST structure?

    • Under the existing GST framework, tobacco products and aerated beverages are taxed at a base rate of 28%, with additional cess rates that can range significantly.
    • For tobacco, these cesses can be as high as 290%, making it one of the most heavily taxed sectors in India.
    • Aerated beverages also face a 12% compensation cess on top of the standard GST rate, leading to a total tax burden that is among the highest globally.

    What is the Rationale behind the recent Proposal?

    • Public Health Concerns: Higher taxes on tobacco and sugary drinks are often justified by their negative health impacts. Increasing GST rates could deter consumption and promote healthier choices among consumers.
    • Revenue Generation: The Indian government is looking for ways to bolster its revenue streams, especially in light of potential shortfalls from other sectors. By raising taxes on these “sin products,” it aims to offset losses from reductions in taxes on essential goods and services, such as health insurance premiums.
    • Alignment with Global Practices: Many countries impose high taxes on tobacco and sugary beverages as part of public health strategies. By following suit, India could align itself with global best practices aimed at reducing the consumption of harmful products.

    What were the Market reactions to the potential GST Increase? 

    • Stock Price Impact: Following the news, ITC’s shares fell by about 3%, while Varun Beverages dropped by 5%. This decline reflects investor concerns over how higher taxes might affect profitability.
    • Historical Performance: Both companies had previously enjoyed strong stock performance, with ITC’s stock rising 110% and Varun Beverages increasing by 424% in recent years.
      • However, the prospect of increased taxation has caused a correction, with both stocks down around 12% from their recent highs.
    • Analyst Insights: Analysts believe that while higher taxes could reduce sales volumes, they might also boost government revenues if managed well. 

    Way Forward:

    • Engage with Stakeholders: Regular consultations with industry stakeholders, including manufacturers and health experts, can provide valuable insights into the potential impacts of tax changes and help create balanced policies that consider both public health and economic factors.
    • Consider Broader Tax Reforms: The government could explore broader tax reforms that align with health objectives, such as revising tax structures for other products or services that impact public health, ensuring a comprehensive approach to taxation.
    • Implement the Proposed GST Increase: The government should proceed with the Group of Ministers (GoM) recommendation to raise the GST on tobacco and aerated beverages from 28% to 35%. This move aims to discourage the consumption of these harmful products while increasing government revenue.
    • Enhance Public Awareness Campaigns: Alongside tax increases, the government can launch public health campaigns to educate citizens about the dangers of tobacco and excessive sugar consumption. This could further support efforts to reduce demand for these products.
    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/levy-a-higher-gst-rate-on-tobacco-sugared-beverages/article68992871.ece

  • [16th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Let’s talk about ‘one candidate, multiple constituencies’

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    Q) Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on major issues like the Election Commission of India (2022) and the Representation of Peoples Act, of 1951 (2022).

    In 1999, Sonia Gandhi contested from Bellari (Karnataka) and Amethi (Uttar Pradesh), winning both but retaining Amethi. During the 2014 elections, PM Modi contested from Vadodara (Gujarat) and Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh), winning both but choosing to keep Varanasi.

    Today’s Editorial discusses the implications and challenges of allowing a single candidate to contest elections from multiple constituencies in India. This content is significant for answering the questions around electoral integrity, representation, and the overall democratic process.

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    Why in the News?

    In India, candidates are permitted to contest elections from more than one constituency. This has become a common strategy for political parties to maximize their chances of winning seats in the legislature.

    Key Features of the Representation of the People Act, 1951

    • Conduct of Elections: The Act provides detailed procedures for conducting elections to the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and state legislative assemblies, ensuring free and fair electoral processes.This law permits candidates to contest elections from two constituencies simultaneously. However, if a candidate wins from both, they must vacate one seat within 14 days, triggering a by-election in the relinquished constituency.
    • Eligibility Criteria: It outlines qualifications for candidates contesting elections, including age, citizenship, and other criteria necessary for membership in the Parliament and state legislatures.
    • Disqualifications: The Act specifies grounds for disqualification of candidates, such as criminal convictions (Section 8), mental incapacity, and other factors that may affect a candidate’s ability to serve effectively.The Act provides mechanisms for resolving disputes arising from elections, including procedures for challenging election results in court.
    • Corrupt Practices: The Act defines corrupt practices related to elections (Section 123), including bribery, undue influence, and other electoral malpractices. This provision aims to uphold the integrity of the electoral process.
    • Election Commission Powers: It grants significant powers to the Election Commission of India (ECI) for overseeing elections, managing electoral rolls, and ensuring adherence to election laws. Section 29A allows political parties to register with the Election Commission, establishing a framework for party participation in elections.
    • By-elections: Provisions are included for conducting by-elections when a seat becomes vacant due to various reasons such as resignation or disqualification.
    • Administrative Machinery: The Act lays down the administrative structure required for conducting elections efficiently, detailing roles and responsibilities of various officials involved in the electoral process.
    The Act has been amended multiple times since its enactment to address emerging challenges in the electoral landscape and improve the electoral process.

    What are the legal implications of a candidate contesting from multiple constituencies?

    • Increased Financial Burden: The practice of contesting from multiple constituencies leads to additional taxpayer costs due to frequent by-elections.
      • For example, the administrative cost of the 2014 general elections was ₹3,870 crore, projected to rise to ₹6,931 crore in 2024. If multiple candidates win from two constituencies, the extra cost for holding by-elections can amount to around ₹130 crore.
      • This financial burden ultimately falls on the public and is compounded by significant expenditures from political parties.
    • Favoring the Ruling Party: By-elections often tend to favor the ruling party because they can mobilize resources and provide patronage more effectively than opposition parties. This creates an uneven playing field.
    • Repetition of Costs for Defeated Candidates: Candidates who lose in their primary constituencies but still contest from multiple seats face a disproportionate financial burden when by-elections are necessitated by winning candidates vacating their seats.
      • This forces them to expend additional resources on campaigning for a second time.
    • Undermining Democratic Principles: This practice prioritizes political leaders’ interests over those of the electorate. It acts as a hedging mechanism against uncertainties rather than focusing on serving constituents’ needs.
    • Voter Confusion and Discontent: Contesting from multiple constituencies can lead to voter confusion regarding representation and accountability. When elected representatives vacate seats shortly after winning them, it can cause disillusionment among voters. Such actions can diminish voter turnout and engagement in subsequent elections.

    How does contesting from multiple constituencies affect electoral fairness and representation?

    • Undermines Equal Representation: Each voter is entitled to one vote, yet candidates can leverage their influence across multiple areas, potentially sidelining local issues and needs in favor of broader political ambitions.
    • Increased Costs and Resource Waste: The practice leads to frequent by-elections when candidates vacate seats after winning multiple constituencies. This not only incurs significant costs for taxpayers but also wastes resources that could be better utilized elsewhere.
    • Voter Disenfranchisement and Confusion: When candidates win from multiple constituencies and subsequently vacate one seat, it can lead to voter confusion about representation. This practice may cause disillusionment among constituents who feel their needs are not being prioritized.
    • Perception of Manipulation and Corruption: Contesting from multiple constituencies can foster perceptions of manipulation within the electoral system, where candidates appear more focused on personal political gain rather than serving their constituents. This perception can erode public trust in the democratic process.

    What are the political motivations behind this practice?

    • Strategic Advantage: Contesting from multiple constituencies allows candidates to maximize their chances of electoral success by hedging against uncertainties in voter preferences. This strategy is particularly useful in competitive political environments.
    • Resource Mobilization: Candidates who are part of ruling parties can leverage their party’s resources and influence across multiple constituencies, giving them an advantage over opposition candidates who may lack similar support.
    • Demonstrating Party Strength: By contesting from various constituencies, candidates can project their party’s strength and reach, potentially swaying voter sentiment in their favor across broader regions.
    • Perception of Legitimacy: Winning from multiple constituencies can enhance a candidate’s perceived legitimacy and popularity, reinforcing their position within their party and among voters.

    How does this issue need to be addressed in the Indian context?

    • Amendment of the Representation of the People Act, 1951: Amend Section 33(7) to prohibit candidates from contesting elections from more than one constituency at a time. This would eliminate the practice of winning multiple seats and subsequently vacating one, thus reducing the frequency of by-elections.
    • Imposing Financial Accountability: Introduce a provision requiring candidates who contest from multiple constituencies and subsequently cause by-elections to deposit a specified amount (e.g., ₹5 lakh for assembly elections) to cover the costs incurred by conducting those by-elections.
    • Strengthening Election Commission Authority: Enhance the powers of the ECI to monitor and regulate electoral practices more effectively. This includes ensuring compliance with electoral laws and addressing grievances related to candidate conduct.
    • Encouraging Political Party Reforms: Encourage political parties to adopt internal democratic processes that ensure candidates are selected based on merit and local support rather than merely party loyalty. This can help foster genuine representation in constituencies.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/lets-talk-about-one-candidate-multiple-constituencies/article68989069.ece

  • [14th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Wounding the spirit of the Constitution of India

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    Q) Do you think that Constitution of India does not accept principle of strict separation of powers rather it is based on the principle of ‘checks and balance’? Explain. (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on major issues like Constitutional Principles (2019) and Basic structure (2014 and 2019) of our Constitution.

    The 2024 general elections saw a turnout of approximately 65.79%. While India’s Constitution provides for a strong framework of rights and governance, its effectiveness has been compromised by political interference and corruption. The judiciary’s ability to enforce laws impartially is often challenged by political dynamics, leading to perceptions of selective justice.

    Today’s editorial highlights critical concerns regarding recent actions that may undermine the foundational principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution. It talks about the significant in the current political climate, as it addresses issues of governance, civil liberties, and the rule of law. This content can be used to reflect the Constitutional governance issues in India.

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    Why in the News?

    In the light of a controversial ruling by the Allahabad High Court, debates around Nationalism, Secularism, and Civil liberties are increasingly polarized, which has led to a resurgence of interest in how constitutional principles are being interpreted and applied in contemporary governance.

    What are the debates and key issues highlighted recently?

    • Freedom of Speech vs. Responsibility: The Allahabad High Court recently upheld a charge against an individual, Owais Khan, for mocking a Hindu deity on social media. 
    ○ The court emphasized that while freedom of speech is a fundamental right in India, it is not absolute. 
    ○ This means that individuals must exercise this freedom with a sense of responsibility, particularly when it comes to respecting the beliefs and sentiments of others.

    • Judicial Activism and Accountability: Certain judicial decisions as given below may reflect a departure from constitutional values. 
    1. Zakia Jafri Case (2022): The Supreme Court dismissed a plea for further investigation into the 2002 Gujarat riots, stating there was no evidence of a larger conspiracy.  This ruling was controversial as it was perceived to undermine accountability for state actions during communal violence, raising concerns about the rule of law and justice for victims.
    2. Umar Khalid’s Bail Denial: The Delhi High Court denied bail to activist Umar Khalid, citing a prima facie case against him. Critics argue that this decision reflects an overreach of judicial authority and raises questions about the treatment of dissenters in politically sensitive cases.

    •Supreme Court on Places of Worship: The Supreme Court recently barred new suits against places of worship, which has implications for ongoing disputes over religious sites.This decision has been viewed as an attempt to maintain communal harmony but also raises concerns about the judiciary’s involvement in sensitive religious matters.

    •Controversial Remarks by Judges: Instances like Justice Srishananda’s remarks referring to a Muslim-majority area as “Pakistan” highlight how judicial comments can perpetuate biases and affect public perception of the judiciary’s impartiality. Such statements have prompted calls for clearer guidelines on judicial conduct

    •Secularism and Pluralism: The court’s stance on respecting religious sentiments is framed within the broader context of India’s secular fabric. 
    ○ True secularism requires not only tolerance but also an active promotion of fraternity among diverse communities, which seems to be at risk amid rising tensions surrounding religious identities.

    •Public Perception and Constitutional Compact: These actions are perceived as mockery of constitutional principles and can erode public confidence in democracy. 
    ○ It calls for a reaffirmation of commitment to the values of justice, liberty, and equality as outlined in the Preamble to the Constitution.

    What are the other contemporary challenges facing the Indian Constitution?

    • Rise of Hindu Nationalism: The ascent of Hindu nationalism poses a significant threat to the secular and pluralistic fabric of India. Policies such as the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and the National Register of Citizens (NRC), have sparked debates about their alignment with constitutional values of equality and secularism.
    • Erosion of Civil Liberties: There has been rising communal violence, restrictions on freedom of speech, and attacks on media independence, which deviate from the constitutional promise of a democratic society. 
    • Judicial Independence and Institutional Integrity: The independence of the judiciary is under scrutiny as there are fears that political considerations may influence judicial decisions. The weakening of institutional checks and balances threatens the foundational principle of separation of powers, which is crucial for maintaining democratic governance.
    • Social and Economic Inequalities: The influence of money and muscle power in politics exacerbates persistent social and economic disparities, undermining democratic processes and leading to questions about fair representation. The non-enforceability of Directive Principles of State Policy further complicates efforts to address these disparities effectively.
    • Federalism and Centralization: Initiatives like “One Nation, One Election” could undermine the autonomy of state governments, affecting local governance and representation. Critics argue that this centralization could dilute regional identities and issues.

    What implications do these challenges have for India’s democratic framework?

    • Erosion of Democratic Norms: As the judiciary grapples with issues like political interference and judicial overreach, there is a risk of eroding democratic norms.
      • When judicial decisions appear to align with political interests rather than constitutional principles, it undermines the public’s trust in the judiciary as an impartial arbiter of justice.
    • Threat to Fundamental Rights: Challenges such as restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly can directly impact citizens’ fundamental rights. If the judiciary fails to protect these rights effectively, it may result in a chilling effect on dissent and activism, weakening the democratic fabric that relies on robust public discourse and participation.
    • Judicial Independence at Risk: The increasing politicization of the judiciary threatens its independence, which is crucial for maintaining checks and balances in governance.
      • A compromised judiciary may lead to unchecked executive power, resulting in potential abuses and violations of citizens’ rights.
    • Increased Polarization: The rise of identity politics and communal tensions can exacerbate societal divisions, making it difficult for the judiciary to operate effectively.
      • When legal interpretations are influenced by political ideologies or communal sentiments, it can lead to verdicts that favor one group over another, undermining the principle of equality before the law.
    • Impact on Governance and Accountability: Judicial decisions that favor state actions without adequate scrutiny can diminish accountability in governance. This could enable corruption and misuse of power by public officials, further eroding public confidence in democratic institutions.

    How has the judiciary responded to perceived threats against constitutional values?

    • Judicial Review: The Indian judiciary exercises the power of judicial review, allowing it to examine the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions.
      • This power is enshrined in Articles 13, 32, and 226 of the Constitution, which enable the Supreme Court and High Courts to strike down laws or actions that violate fundamental rights or exceed the authority granted to the legislature or executive.
      • Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980): This landmark judgment reaffirmed the supremacy of the Constitution over parliamentary authority, emphasizing that laws infringing on fundamental rights could be invalidated.
      • Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973): The Supreme Court established the “basic structure” doctrine, asserting that certain fundamental features of the Constitution cannot be altered or destroyed by amendments.
    • Protection of Fundamental Rights: The judiciary has consistently defended individual rights against state encroachments. The courts have expanded the interpretation of fundamental rights, ensuring they encompass a broader range of protections for citizens.
      • In cases like Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court broadened the scope of Article 21 (right to life and personal liberty), ruling that due process must be followed in any deprivation of life or liberty.
      • The judiciary has also intervened in cases involving social justice, such as ensuring rights for marginalized communities and addressing issues like sexual harassment through interpretations aligned with international human rights standards.
    • Upholding Judicial Independence: Judicial independence is seen as crucial for maintaining constitutional integrity. The judiciary has asserted its role as a guardian of the Constitution, often resisting pressures from other branches of government.
      • Justice Kurian Joseph emphasized that as long as an independent judiciary exists, there is no threat to the Constitution, highlighting the judiciary’s role in safeguarding democratic values and individual rights.

    Way Forward:

    • National Judicial Commission (NJC): Forming an NJC to oversee the appointment of judges can ensure transparency and accountability in judicial appointments, reducing political influence.
    • Expansion of the e-Courts Project: Enhancing digital infrastructure for courts, including online case filing and AI-assisted case management, can significantly reduce delays and improve access to justice.
      • Implementing systems like FASTER (Fast and Secured Transmission of Electronic Records) for quick communication of court orders will also expedite processes.
    • Promoting Legal Literacy: Increasing public awareness about legal rights and judicial processes through educational campaigns can empower citizens to engage more effectively with the legal system.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/wounding-the-spirit-of-the-constitution-of-india/article68982713.ece

  • [13th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Pakistan at the UNSC, the points of its compass

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    Q) Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in the UNSC. (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have previously ‘ India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in the UNSC’ (in 2015).

    Pakistan will join the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) as a non-permanent member for a two-year term, starting January 1, 2025. This is Pakistan’s eighth term. Half of the 10 elected members for 2025-26 will be from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Pakistan, Denmark, Greece, Panama, and Somalia will replace Ecuador, Japan, Malta, Mozambique, and Switzerland.

    Today’s editorial underscores the implication of Pakistan as a non-permanent member of the UNSC.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    On January 1, 2025, Pakistan will begin its eighth term as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for two years.

    Significance of Pakistan’s Election as a Non-Permanent Member of the UNSC

    Pakistan’s election as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for the 2025-2026 term is significant for several reasons:

    • Representation of OIC: With Pakistan’s entry, half of the elected UNSC members will be from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), highlighting the bloc’s influence within the Council and potentially shaping discussions on issues pertinent to member states, particularly those related to Islamic nations.
    • Diplomatic Leverage: Pakistan aims to use its position to strengthen ties with the Taliban in Afghanistan, leveraging support from allies like Russia and China for diplomatic rehabilitation efforts. This could reshape regional dynamics and influence international responses to Afghanistan.
    • Focus on Key Issues: Pakistan intends to prioritize peacekeeping and humanitarian issues, particularly in conflict zones like Gaza and Kashmir, framing its agenda around combating terrorism while attempting to shift scrutiny away from its own challenges related to terrorism.

    Pakistan’s Approach to Its Responsibilities in the UNSC

    Pakistan is expected to approach its responsibilities in the UNSC with a clear agenda:

    • Anti-India Initiatives: Historically, Pakistan has utilized its UNSC membership to advocate against India, particularly regarding Kashmir. It is likely to continue this trend by pushing for discussions on Kashmir and presenting claims against India’s actions in the region.
    • Islamophobia Narrative: Pakistan has previously attempted to introduce Islamophobia into discussions on terrorism, seeking to frame it as a justification for violence. This narrative may resurface during its term, especially with support from OIC countries.
    • Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Efforts: As a major contributor to UN peacekeeping missions, Pakistan will likely emphasize its role in peacekeeping operations and humanitarian assistance, attempting to position itself as a responsible global actor despite its contentious regional relationships.

    Expectations for India

    India should prepare for several outcomes as Pakistan assumes its role in the UNSC:

    • Increased Anti-India Rhetoric: India can expect Pakistan to leverage its UNSC platform for anti-India initiatives, including attempts to highlight alleged human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir and presenting dossiers against India concerning terrorism.
    • Limited Multilateral Cooperation: Despite any bilateral engagements that may occur outside the Council, enhanced multilateral cooperation is unlikely. Historical patterns suggest that countries aligned with Pakistan may support anti-India drafts within the UNSC.
    • Focus on Counter-Terrorism Issues: India should remain vigilant as Pakistan seeks to frame itself as a victim of terrorism while attempting to label India similarly. This could manifest in proposals aimed at listing Indian nationals or organizations under UN sanctions.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Diplomatic Engagements: India should enhance its diplomatic outreach to UNSC members, particularly the P5 countries, to counter any anti-India initiatives by Pakistan. Building stronger alliances with like-minded countries can help mitigate any biased resolutions or discussions on Kashmir and terrorism.
    • Focus on Counter-Narratives and Humanitarian Diplomacy: India should actively engage in countering Pakistan’s use of Islamophobia and terrorism-related narratives. By promoting peacekeeping contributions, humanitarian assistance, and multilateral cooperation

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/pakistan-at-the-unsc-the-points-of-its-compass/article68977903.ece

  • [12th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The long and complex road to assisted dying

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    [2018] Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement? 
    (a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.
    (b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
    (c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.
    (d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘Right to Life and Personal Liberty’ (in 2018), and ‘scope of Fundamental Rights’ (in 2017).

    In the UK parliament, Ms Leadbeater shared a harrowing case of a music teacher’s agonizing death from bile duct cancer to highlight the suffering faced by terminally ill patients during the presentation of the bill. The Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25, allows terminally ill adults with less than six months to live to seek physician-assisted dying.

    Today’s editorial highlights the possible impacts of Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    While presenting the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25 (The Assisted Dying Law) to the British House of Commons, Member of Parliament Kim Leadbeater shared a harrowing account of an “agonising death.”

    What are the ethical implications of legalising assisted dying?

    • Autonomy and Personal Choice: It emphasizes the right of individuals to make decisions about their own bodies and lives, particularly in the context of terminal illness. Advocates argue that respecting personal autonomy is fundamental to human dignity.
    • Slippery Slope Concern: Critics warn that legalizing assisted dying could lead to broader interpretations of who qualifies for assistance, potentially endangering vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and disabled, who might feel pressured to choose death over being a burden.
    • Moral Conflict: The issue creates a moral dilemma between the sanctity of life and compassion for those suffering unbearable pain. Opponents often cite religious or philosophical beliefs that uphold the inviolability of life, while proponents argue for compassion and relief from suffering.

    How do current legislative proposals address concerns about patient safety and coercion?

    Current legislative proposals, such as the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25, incorporate several measures aimed at addressing concerns about patient safety and coercion:

    • Strict Eligibility Criteria: The law only permits assisted dying for terminally ill adults with a prognosis of less than six months to live, ensuring that only those facing imminent death can seek assistance.
    • Independent Assessments: Requests for assisted dying must be signed off by two independent doctors, which helps safeguard against coercion and ensures that patients are making informed decisions.
    • Reflection Period: A mandatory 14-day reflection period allows individuals to reconsider their decision, further protecting against impulsive choices made under distress.
    • Judicial Oversight: Final approval from a High Court judge is required before any assisted dying can occur, adding layer of scrutiny to prevent misuse.

    What is the public sentiment regarding assisted dying, and how does it influence policy?

    Public sentiment regarding assisted dying is increasingly supportive, influencing policy discussions in several ways:

    • Growing Acceptance: Surveys indicate a rising acceptance of assisted dying among the public, particularly in cases involving terminal illness. This shift reflects changing attitudes towards end-of-life choices and personal autonomy.
    • Impact on Lawmakers: As public opinion evolves, lawmakers may feel compelled to act by constituents’ views, leading to legislative proposals like the recent Bill. The release from party whips during voting indicates an acknowledgement of the issue’s complexity and the need for individual conscience in decision-making.
    • Influence of Personal Stories: Personal narratives shared by advocates, such as Kim Leadbeater’s account of a music teacher’s agonising death, resonate with the public and lawmakers alike, highlighting the real-life implications of assisted dying laws. These stories can sway opinions and catalyze legislative action.

    Way forward: 

    • Promote Palliative Care and Awareness: Simultaneously invest in accessible and quality palliative care services to provide comprehensive support for terminally ill patients, while fostering public awareness about end-of-life options to ensure informed and compassionate decision-making.
    • Strengthen Safeguards and Monitoring: Implement robust mechanisms to prevent misuse, including regular audits, transparent reporting, and enhanced judicial and medical oversight, ensuring the law remains strictly within its intended scope.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-long-and-complex-road-to-assisted-dying/article68974096.ece

  • [11th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Sambhal and the perils of judicial evasion

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    Q) What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution? (UPSC CSE 2016)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have previously ‘Judicial review’ (in 2016), and ‘religiousness/religiosity and Communalism’ (in 2017).

    In a 2005 paper on ‘judicial inactivism,’ scholar Chad M. Oldfather discussed how courts have a “duty to decide” and how judicial inaction can be just as impactful as judicial action. He argued that failures to fulfill this duty are harder to detect than overreaching decisions, making inaction more concerning. A recent example of judicial deferment is the Supreme Court’s handling of the Sambhal masjid case in Uttar Pradesh. The Court refrained from a final decision, temporarily halting a survey-related civil court proceeding and sending the matter to the Allahabad High Court. 

    Today’s editorial underscores the approach adopted by the Supreme Court of India in the Sambhal masjid case (Uttar Pradesh).

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Court’s order shows, once again, a reluctance to deal with the main issue — it should have taken a clear stand on the validity of the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act.

    What were the events leading up to the violence in Sambhal?

    • Survey Controversy: The local civil court ordered a survey of the Sambhal masjid, which heightened tensions among community members. This survey was perceived as an infringement on religious sentiments, leading to protests and unrest.
    • Political Context: The backdrop of communal politics in India, where historical grievances are often invoked, contributed to the volatility of the situation. The mosque’s status became a focal point for various groups, exacerbating tensions.
    • Loss of Lives: The unrest resulting from the survey led to violence and loss of human lives, highlighting the severe implications of judicial decisions that touch on sensitive communal issues.

    How did the judicial system respond?

    • Supreme Court’s Order: The Supreme Court ordered a freeze on proceedings related to the survey and directed the matter back to the Allahabad High Court, effectively deferring a decisive ruling on the issue.
    • Judicial Deferment: This approach reflects a pattern of judicial inaction, where the Court avoids making definitive rulings on contentious issues, opting instead for temporary measures to maintain peace.
    • Failure to Uphold Legislation: Critics argue that the Court’s reluctance to uphold the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, which aims to preserve the status quo of places of worship as they existed in 1947, represents a failure to honour legislative intent.

    What are the implications of judicial inquiries and commissions in addressing communal tensions?

    • Limited Effectiveness: Judicial inquiries and commissions often serve as mechanisms for delay rather than resolution, as seen in previous cases like those involving the Citizenship (Amendment) Act and farm laws. They may lead to temporary solutions without addressing underlying legal issues.
    • Erosion of Trust: When courts engage in deferment rather than decisiveness, it can erode public trust in the judiciary’s ability to handle communal tensions effectively.
    • Potential for Inaction: The reliance on committees or inquiries can create a perception that the judiciary is avoiding its duty to decide, potentially emboldening communal actors who seek to exploit legal ambiguities.

    How does this case reflect broader issues of judicial accountability and public trust in the legal system?

    • Judicial Inactivism: The phenomenon described by Chad M. Oldfather highlights that judicial inaction can have significant consequences, often more difficult to detect than overreach. This in-activism can undermine public confidence in judicial integrity.
    • Need for Assertiveness: The Supreme Court’s reluctance to assertively interpret and uphold laws like the Places of Worship Act raises concerns about its commitment to constitutional principles such as secularism and fraternity.
    • Impact on Communal Harmony: Judicial decisions—or lack thereof—play a crucial role in shaping societal dynamics. Inaction on contentious issues can exacerbate communal tensions rather than mitigate them, leading to further unrest and division within society.

    Way forward: 

    • Assertive Judicial Intervention: The Supreme Court should proactively address sensitive communal issues by upholding laws like the Places of Worship Act, ensuring that judicial decisions reflect the constitutional values of secularism and fraternity, and prevent further exploitation of legal ambiguities.
    • Timely and Decisive Rulings: To restore public trust, the judiciary must avoid deferring critical cases to lower courts or committees and instead issue clear, binding decisions that resolve underlying legal disputes, thereby maintaining social harmony and reinforcing accountability.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/sambhal-and-the-perils-of-judicial-evasion/article68970254.ece 

  • [10th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: In energy-dependent world, the issue of food security

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    Q) What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have always focused on ‘Food Security’ (in 2021), ‘conventional energy generation’ (in 2020) and ‘India’s Energy Security’ (in 2017).

    “Food insecurity and energy poverty are critical to ensuring global stability, but addressing them in isolation is inadequate,” cautions the World Bank in its latest climate and development report. The intertwined crises of food and energy security are shaping the course of the 21st century, posing significant threats to global stability. Food production is under pressure from climate change, population growth, and inequality, while energy systems grapple with geopolitical conflicts, aging infrastructure, and a slow shift away from fossil fuels. 

    Today’s editorial explores their deep interconnection and intensifies the challenge: agriculture, vital for humanity, is both a major energy consumer and a driver of climate change.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    In a virtual address at the 5th Energy Finance Conference, it was emphasized that energy-reliant agricultural systems struggle to adapt to climate-induced changes in food production, underscoring their interlinked challenges.

    Impact of Energy Price Fluctuations on Food Production and Security

    • Dependency on Fossil Fuels: Agriculture relies heavily on fossil fuels for mechanization, irrigation, fertilizer production, and transportation. This dependence creates a cycle where rising energy prices lead to increased costs for food production, directly impacting food security.
    • Volatility in Natural Gas Prices: Natural gas is crucial for fertilizer production so fluctuations in its prices can significantly affect fertilizer costs and, consequently, global food prices. For instance, geopolitical actions such as export bans can disrupt supply chains, exacerbating food insecurity in countries reliant on imports.
    • Climate Change Effects: Erratic weather patterns due to climate change further strain agricultural output, putting the livelihoods of billions at risk.
      • Nearly 11.8% of the global population faced severe food insecurity between 2020 and 2023, a figure expected to rise significantly.

    Role of Sustainable Energy in Enhancing Food Security

    • Renewable Energy Investments: The transition to renewable energy presents opportunities for enhancing food security. Investments in renewable technologies can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower operational costs for agricultural practices.
    • Innovative Solutions: Solar-powered irrigation and biomass energy solutions could transform agricultural productivity. However, high costs and inadequate infrastructure limit their adoption in low-income countries where they are needed most.
    • Reducing Vulnerability: Clean energy solutions can help mitigate the vulnerability of food systems to energy price shocks. By integrating renewable energy into agricultural practices, countries can improve resilience against climate-induced disruptions.

    Strategies to Address the Nexus of Water, Energy, and Food Security (Way Forward)

    • Integrated Policy Approaches: A holistic approach that integrates water management with energy and food policies is essential. This includes promoting water-efficient agricultural practices and investing in infrastructure that supports sustainable resource management.
    • Investment in Renewable Technologies: Increasing investments in renewable energy infrastructure can support agricultural productivity while reducing carbon emissions. This includes expanding access to clean energy solutions for rural areas to enhance agricultural efficiency.
    • Financial Support for Vulnerable Communities: Providing financial resources and technical support to low-income nations is crucial for enabling them to transition towards sustainable practices without exacerbating poverty. Targeted investments can help build resilience against climate impacts while ensuring food security.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-energy-dependent-world-the-issue-of-food-security/article68966351.ece

  • [9th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A good beginning but China negotiations must continue

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    Q) The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategically to counter China’s political and economic dominance.” Explain this statement with examples. (UPSC CSE 2024)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains is recently focusing on growing Chinese dominance in West and Central Asia (2024) and the power play struggle between the USA and China (2022).

    China has been using its ‘slicing strategy’ of debt trap to evolve as a global power by countering the USA and its ‘String of Pearls’ theory to circle out Indian activities.

    Today’s editorial explores the implications of the China-Nepal-India trio, the ongoing negotiations, and the need for a sustained dialogue. This content can be used to represent Chinese dominance in regional geopolitics and the challenges arising due to it.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The recent agreements between Nepal and China mark a significant step in the regional geopolitics of South Asia, particularly under the framework of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

    • While the signing of these agreements is a positive development, India must continue negotiations to ensure effective implementation and address potential challenges due to Chinese dominance in the region.
    Recent Developments in Nepal-China Relations: 
    In December 2024, Nepal’s Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli concluded a four-day official visit to China, during which several key agreements were signed, including a framework cooperation agreement related to the BRI.


    Key Points of the Nepal-China Agreements:
    • Framework Cooperation Agreement: This agreement lays the groundwork for various infrastructure projects, including:
    – Tokha-Chhahare Tunnel;
    – Hilsa Simkot Road Project;
    – Kathmandu-Khandbari Road;
    – Kimathanka Bridge;
    – Cross-border railway project from Rasuwagadhi to Kathmandu;
    – Amargadhi City Hall.

    • Focus on Implementation: The Nepali government emphasized the importance of not just signing agreements but also effectively implementing them. Past experiences have shown that while many agreements were signed, tangible progress on the ground has been limited.
    • Investment Modalities: The negotiations included discussions on financing modalities, with a shift from strictly “grants” to more flexible terms such as “aid.”This change aims to facilitate broader investment opportunities from various sources, including private sectors and international financial institutions. 

    Challenges Ahead for Nepal-China Relationship:

    • Implementation Gaps: Historical precedents indicate that many signed agreements have not translated into actionable projects. There is a pressing need for both governments to focus on practical steps that will lead to real-world outcomes.
    • Project-Specific Negotiations: Future negotiations are expected to be project-specific, which may complicate the overarching framework if not managed effectively. Clear communication and defined objectives will be essential in these discussions.
    • Geopolitical Considerations: As Nepal navigates its relationships with neighboring countries like India and global powers such as the United States, balancing these interests while engaging with China will require careful diplomacy.

    What were the substantive statements in Parliament on India-China relations?

    • Troop Disengagement and Temporary Measures: The External Affairs Minister highlighted the successful disengagement of troops following China’s military buildup and India’s counter-deployment, mentioning that temporary and limited measures were implemented at certain friction points to prevent further clashes.
      • However, he noted that these measures could be revisited as needed, indicating that while disengagement is a priority, the situation remains fluid.
    • Ongoing De-escalation Efforts: The Minister reiterated India’s stance that maintaining peace in border areas is essential for developing bilateral relations, suggesting that current troop deployments indicate that normalcy has not yet been restored.
    • Cautious Optimism in Bilateral Relations: The Minister indicated that while there has been some improvement in India-China relations following recent developments between Nepal-China, significantly remains a challenge.
      • He cautioned against expecting a major reset in relations until the border situation stabilizes and structural issues are addressed, particularly regarding economic security concerns with China.

    What are the several key questions that remain unanswered?

    • Unclear Disengagement Terms: While disengagement is declared complete, India lacks clarity on its specifics.
      • Questions remain about access to traditional patrolling points in Depsang and Demchok, the concept of “coordinated patrolling,” and the implications of “temporary steps” that limit patrols and grazing rights for Indian troops.
    • Status Quo Concerns: The Minister stated that India will not accept unilateral changes to the status quo, yet China has altered it since April 2020.
    • Discussions with military officials suggest restricted access to traditional patrol points, highlighting a shift in how both countries view the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
    • India should prioritize restoring the previous status quo in patrolling and grazing activities.
    • Chinese Patrols in Arunachal Pradesh: Reports indicate that Chinese troops are attempting to patrol areas like the Yangtse, despite previous assertions that such demands were unreasonable. If no quid pro quo exists in this sector, it should be firmly denied.
    • Call for Restoration of Status Quo: The Army Chief emphasized returning to the status quo of April 2020, while the Ministry of External Affairs has shifted its language away from this goal. Accepting changed ground realities would play into China’s strategy of gradual territorial gains without provoking outright conflict.

    What strategies can both countries employ to bridge this political divide?

    • Diplomatic Engagement: Regular high-level meetings and dialogues, such as those initiated between Prime Minister Modi and President Xi Jinping, can help rebuild trust.
      • Both nations should prioritize discussions on strategic issues beyond border conflicts, including economic cooperation, climate change, and technology.
    • Cultural and Economic Exchanges: Resuming direct flights, easing visa restrictions for citizens and diplomats, and promoting cultural exchanges (like film screenings) can enhance people-to-people connections.
      • This approach can foster goodwill and mutual understanding, essential for improving bilateral relations.
    • Institutional Frameworks: Establishing mechanisms for coordinated patrolling and joint military exercises can help manage tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
      • Additionally, creating platforms for multilateral discussions involving other regional players can facilitate broader cooperation and address shared security concerns.

  • [7th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Public health — insights from the 1896 Bombay Plague

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    Q) Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have asked questions around the Public Health Policies (2017) and Newer Health Challenges (2020 and 2022).

    India is aiming for real-time public health monitoring platforms National Health Mission Health Management Information System (NHM-HMIS), and the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) to enhance surveillance, monitoring, and resource allocation at primary healthcare levels.

    Today’s editorial reflects on the historical context of the Bombay Plague of 1896 and its implications for contemporary public health practices. This content can be used as a case study while exchanging ideas on ‘Public Health Policies and challenges in India’.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    There are ongoing discussions in Parliament around public health strategies in the wake of recent health crises, including the past COVID-19 pandemic.

    • By reflecting on historical lessons from the Bombay 1896 plague outbreak, we can analyze the significance of community engagement, comprehensive disease management strategies, and ethical considerations in health interventions.
    What were the Public Health Measures implemented by Britishers and how effective were they?

    • Quarantine and Isolation: Infected individuals were forcibly removed from their homes and taken to plague hospitals or camps, where they were often separated from their families. This included door-to-door searches conducted by soldiers to identify the sick.
    • Destruction of Property: Personal belongings and houses of the infected were often burned and demolished which led to substantial loss of property for many residents.
    • Sanitation Campaigns: A large-scale sanitation initiative was launched, which included flushing sewers with seawater, washing streets with lime, and disinfecting homes.
    o Special camps were established for the treatment of the infected but often faced criticism for poor conditions and high mortality rates.
    • Legislative Measures: The Epidemic Diseases Act of 1897 was enacted, granting authorities extensive powers to enforce health measures, including movement restrictions and compulsory examinations.

    Were they effective?
    • Limited Success: The death toll exceeded 33,000 within a short period, indicating that these strategies did not sufficiently curb the outbreak.
    • Social Backlash: Reports of disrespect during inspections and inadequate hospital conditions fueled anger, resulting in protests and even violent incidents against medical personnel.
    • Migration and Spread: Many residents fled Bombay in response to the plague and government actions, which inadvertently contributed to the spread of the disease beyond urban areas.
    • Long-term Impact: While some improvements in urban infrastructure and public health policies emerged post-plague, many immediate measures were criticized for their insensitivity to local customs and needs.

    What was positive in this policy implementation despite the criticism?

    • Emphasis on control over cases: The Indian Plague Commission’s approach during the 1896 Bombay Plague focused significantly on controlling the movement of people and the spread of the disease rather than directly addressing the health needs of affected individuals. Focus Areas were:
      • Railway Plague Inspection Stations Map (to monitor the movement of people) focused on railway networks and inspection points.
      • Chausa Observation Camp Plan detailed layouts of observation camps that reflected a militarized approach to quarantine with prominent police presence.
      • Khanpur Station Map illustrated disinfection zones and highlighted the role of police in maintaining control over these areas.
    • Cartographic Approach and Its Consequences: The maps were unusually colorful for administrative reports, possibly to convey a sense of effective control while downplaying the epidemic’s severity. The emphasis moved from identifying who was affected by the plague to understanding where the disease could potentially spread.
    • Prioritization of State Control: The Commission’s focus on control points indicated a prioritization of state mechanisms for surveillance rather than an understanding of epidemiological factors or community health requirements.
      • This approach raised concerns about the adequacy of public health responses that prioritized state security over effective disease management and community welfare.

    What lessons can contemporary public health systems learn from the Bombay Plague?

    • Community Engagement: Effective public health responses must include community cooperation. The mistrust generated by colonial policies highlights the need for transparent communication and involvement of local leaders in health initiatives.
    • Comprehensive Disease Management: The outbreak underscored the importance of not only immediate medical responses but also long-term strategies addressing underlying social determinants of health such as poverty and sanitation.
    • Ethical Considerations: The harsh measures taken during the plague raise ethical questions regarding public health interventions. Balancing individual rights with community safety remains a critical challenge for public health officials today.
    • Historical Reflection: Understanding past epidemics can inform current practices. The Bombay Plague illustrates how historical narratives shape contemporary health policies and societal attitudes toward disease management.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/public-health-insights-from-the-1896-bombay-plague/article68955779.ece

  • [6th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A three-nation visit as a foray into summit diplomacy

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    Q) “If the last few decades were of Asia’s growth story, the next few are expected to be of Africa’s.” In the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in Africa in recent years. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on ‘India’s influence in Africa (2021), and anti-colonial struggles in West Africa were led by the new elite of Western-educated Africans (in 2016).

    The Prime Minister’s visit to Nigeria, Brazil, and Guyana from November 16-21, 2024, was carefully planned to achieve multiple goals. This trip showcased India’s efforts in diplomacy across Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean, focusing on important discussions about bilateral, regional, and global issues. While the main reason for the visit was to attend the G-20 summit in Brazil, dedicating time to Nigeria and Guyana added more value to this journey. The trip reflects India’s key foreign policy priorities.

    Today’s editorial highlights the what are the outcomes of the recent visits of the PM of India to Nigeria, Brazil and Guyana.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The recent visit to Nigeria, Brazil, and Guyana provides valuable insights into India’s prevailing foreign policy priorities.

    Outcomes of the recent visit of the Indian PM to Nigeria in West Africa

    • Significance of the Visit: This was the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to Nigeria in 17 years, underscoring the importance of strengthening bilateral ties. The visit was at the invitation of the Nigerian President, emphasizing a shared belief in democracy and pluralism.
    • Bilateral Cooperation: Discussions focused on enhancing cooperation in sectors such as trade, investment, education, energy, health, and culture.
      • New areas for collaboration included agriculture, urban transportation, renewable energy, and digital transformation.
    • Recognition and Awards: The Nigerian government conferred a top national award on the Indian leader for contributions to bilateral relations, signalling a strong appreciation for India’s expanding influence in Africa.
    • Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Both leaders reaffirmed their commitment to combating terrorism and extremism together. However, only three memoranda of understanding (MoUs) were signed, likely due to bureaucratic delays.

    Recently visit of PM to Brazil for the G20 summit:

    • Summit Overview: Hosted in Rio de Janeiro on November 18-19, the G-20 Summit aimed to incorporate perspectives of the Global South into its decision-making processes. Key priorities included social inclusion, sustainable development, and reforming global governance institutions.
    • Outcomes: The summit led to the launch of the Global Alliance against Hunger and Poverty and the adoption of a roadmap for more effective multilateral development banks. However, progress on climate finance remained limited.
    • Bilateral Engagements: The Indian delegation engaged with several world leaders during the summit, including discussions with U.S. and European leaders, as well as a meeting with the Chinese Foreign Minister to advance bilateral relations.

    Last visit of PM to Guyana: The Wrap-Up

    • Historical Significance: The visit to Guyana marked the first by an Indian Prime Minister since 1968, underscoring India’s commitment to strengthening ties with Caribbean nations, particularly given that 40% of Guyana’s population is of Indian origin.
    • Cooperation Agreements: Ten MoUs were signed across various sectors, including energy, defence, urban development, digital collaboration, education, and food security, reflecting a robust bilateral cooperation program.
    • India-CARICOM Summit: During the visit, the Indian leader co-chaired the second India-CARICOM Summit in Georgetown, proposing seven pillars for enhanced cooperation that align with regional priorities.

    Importance of Carrabian for India

    • Strategic Trade Gateway: The Caribbean serves as a crucial gateway to North and South American markets, making it an important trade partner for India.
      • Strengthening ties with CARICOM nations can facilitate access to these markets, enhancing India’s economic outreach and trade opportunities in the region.
    • Energy Security and Resource Collaboration: The Caribbean, particularly nations like Guyana, is rich in hydrocarbons and other natural resources.
      • India’s engagement in the region aims to diversify its energy sources and reduce dependence on traditional suppliers.  
    • Cultural and Historical Ties: The Caribbean has a significant Indian diaspora, providing a strong foundation for cultural exchange and bilateral relations.  

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Regional Partnerships: Build on existing MoUs by establishing follow-up mechanisms to ensure timely implementation of agreements across sectors like energy, education, and digital transformation. Enhance India’s role in regional forums like CARICOM and AU to solidify partnerships.
    • Leverage Cultural and Economic Ties: Utilize India’s cultural connections, especially in Guyana and Nigeria, to foster people-to-people links while expanding trade and investment in renewable energy, agriculture, and technology to deepen economic cooperation.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-three-nation-visit-as-a-foray-into-summit-diplomacy/article68951760.ece

  • [5th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Cash transfer schemes for women as a new poll plank

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    Q) Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘cash transfer system for the welfare schemes to minimize corruption, eliminate wastage and facilitate reforms (in 2013), and ‘Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step’ (in 2022).

    In the Maharashtra and Jharkhand Assembly elections, cash transfer schemes for women became a key focus of political campaigns. In August, the Maharashtra government launched the ‘Mukhyamantri Majhi Ladki Bahin Yojana,’ giving ₹1,500 a month to eligible women in their Aadhaar-linked bank accounts. Similarly, the Jharkhand government introduced the ‘Jharkhand Mukhyamantri Maiya Samman Yojana,’ offering ₹1,000 a month to eligible women.

    Today’s editorial highlights why are cash transfer schemes for women gaining popularity across states? Is this a case of policy learning, or are state governments simply following the trend out of fear of missing out? Are we reaching a stage where there is no alternative approach to welfare?

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Direct cash transfer schemes are not a new idea in politics. According to Axis Bank, 14 states in India already have such programs, reaching nearly one-fifth of the country’s adult women.

    What are the reasons for the growing popularity of Cash Transfer Schemes?

    • Increased Voter Turnout: The turnout of women voters has significantly risen from 47% in 1962 to 66% in 2024, indicating a growing political engagement among women.
      • This trend is mirrored in state assembly elections, highlighting women’s increasing influence in the electoral process.
    • Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Efficiency: Cash transfer schemes, particularly through DBT, allow governments to bypass traditional bureaucratic structures that often involve middlemen. This method reduces corruption and ensures that funds reach beneficiaries directly, making these schemes more appealing for political leaders who want to demonstrate effective governance.
    • Immediate Political Gains: Cash transfers provide a quick and visible form of assistance that can be implemented rapidly compared to longer-term infrastructure projects or social services. This immediacy allows governments to showcase their commitment to welfare, thereby enhancing their political capital in the short term.
    • Standardization of Welfare Approaches: The proliferation of similar cash transfer schemes across states indicates a trend towards standardization in welfare policies, often referred to as “policy learning.” 
    • Fear of Missing Out (FOMO): As some states successfully implement these schemes and gain political traction, others may feel compelled to adopt similar measures to avoid losing electoral support.  
    • Addressing Structural Inequalities: Cash transfer schemes are often designed to address gender-specific issues such as female foeticide, child marriage, and educational disparities.  

    What are the significance of bypassing the Middleman?

    • Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Advantage: DBT allows governments to transfer cash directly to beneficiaries’ bank accounts, thus minimizing corruption and inefficiencies associated with traditional welfare distribution methods that often involve middlemen.
    • Reduction of Corruption: By eliminating intermediaries, DBT aims to reduce systemic corruption that has historically plagued welfare schemes in India, ensuring that funds reach intended recipients more effectively.
    • Personalized Political Relationships: Cash transfers help establish a direct relationship between political leaders and citizens, fostering personal loyalty through financial assistance. This dynamic is referred to as “techno-patrimonial,” where technology enhances individual connections with leaders.
    • Immediate Impact: Cash transfers provide immediate financial relief to beneficiaries, allowing governments to demonstrate their commitment to welfare without the long-term planning required for infrastructure projects or social services.

    What are the key challenges? 

    • Lack of Welfare Innovation: The proliferation of similar cash transfer schemes across various states indicates a stagnation in innovative welfare policies. This trend suggests a reliance on established models rather than exploring diverse approaches to address poverty and welfare needs.
    • Political Conformity: Even opposition-ruled states are adopting cash transfer schemes similar to those initiated by ruling parties, reflecting a broader acceptance of this welfare strategy without offering substantial alternatives.
    • Efficiency vs. State Capacity: While cash transfers may enhance efficiency in delivering aid, critics argue that they allow the state to avoid addressing deeper structural issues within its capacity to provide comprehensive welfare services.
    • Temporary Solutions: Cash transfers are seen as short-term solutions (or “bandages”) for poverty alleviation, potentially nudging citizens toward private alternatives for basic needs while failing to address systemic issues that require more robust state intervention.

    Way forward: 

    • Innovate and Diversify Welfare Strategies: Encourage states to develop innovative welfare policies beyond cash transfers, focusing on long-term solutions like skill development, education, and healthcare to address systemic poverty.
    • Strengthen State Capacity: Invest in enhancing the state’s institutional framework to deliver comprehensive welfare services efficiently, ensuring sustainable development and reducing reliance on temporary solutions.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-liberal-arts-degree-is-worth-much-more-than-realised/article68928000.ece

  • [4th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Reflections on Baku’s ‘NCQG outcome’

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    Q)  Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are India’s commitments at this conference? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have focused on India’s changing policy towards climate change (2022) and COP26 (2021).

    The recent UN Climate Change Conference (COP29) held in Baku, Azerbaijan, concluded with significant yet contentious outcomes, particularly regarding the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) for climate finance. This editorial reflects on the implications of the NCQG and the broader context of climate negotiations.

    This editorial content can be used to present the significance of ‘Climate finance for developping countries’ and the challenges associated at Global stage.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    COP29 dubbed the “Finance COP,” was expected to deliver an ambitious outcome on the NCQG (New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance). However, it fell short by neglecting equitable burden-sharing and climate justice, overlooking the financial needs of the Global South.

    Why do the Developing countries need Finance for climate change? 

    • Upfront Costs of Clean Technologies: Renewable energy technologies often have high upfront costs, which require government support to make them affordable to consumers, especially in developing countries.
    • Long-term Benefits but High Initial Investment: While renewable technologies have lower long-term operational and fuel costs, the high initial investment remains a significant barrier.
    • Financial Gaps and Urgency: Developing countries need urgent upscaling of finance to meet transformational goals. The pressure on government resources is compounded by the need for fiscal prioritization toward development activities.
    • Debt Issues and Risk: High debt burdens in developing countries prevent them from accessing affordable capital, making it difficult to incentivize private investment in green technologies.
    • High Cost of Capital: Developing countries face much higher lending rates, limiting their ability to access financial markets at favourable rates for climate action.
    • International Support Needed: Finance from developed countries, particularly in the form of public grants instead of loans, is essential to support the transition to green energy in developing nations.

    What are the roles of the NCQG (New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance)?

    • Origins and Rationale: The NCQG was designed to address the shortcomings of previous climate finance pledges, including the $100 billion annual commitment made at Cancun in 2010. The NCQG aims to establish clearer, more accountable climate finance goals.
      • NCQG aims to establish a new financial target post-2025 to support developing countries, succeeding the $100 billion annual commitment from developed nations.
    • Addressing Climate Finance Gaps: NCQG seeks to bridge climate finance gaps by ensuring both the quantity and quality of financial instruments meet developing nations’ needs.
      • By setting a collective goal, NCQG promotes trust and cooperation among nations to effectively implement the Paris Agreement.
    • Catalyzing Private Investment: NCQG encourages private sector investment by signalling stability and commitment to climate finance.
    • Supporting Climate Resilience: The goal help developing countries adapt to climate impacts and transition to low-carbon economies with necessary funding.
    • Upholding Principles of Equity: NCQG is grounded in Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), ensuring tailored support for developing countries based on their specific needs and capacities.

    What are the challenges?

    • Financial Needs of Developing Countries: The UNFCCC’s Second Needs Determination Report estimated that $5 trillion to $7 trillion would be required by 2030 to meet the needs of 98 developing countries. Developing nations have requested $1.3 trillion annually by 2030.
    • Disappointing Outcome at COP29: Developed countries agreed to a $300 billion annual commitment by 2035, which is seen as insufficient compared to the needs of the developing world. This amount does not represent a significant shift in financial flows and falls short of transformative action.
    • Lack of Commitment to Climate Justice: The NCQG falls short in terms of equitable burden-sharing, failing to adequately recognize the financial needs of the global south and climate justice.

    Way forward: 

    • Increase Financial Commitments: Developed countries must significantly enhance their financial commitments, moving beyond the $300 billion annually agreed at COP29, and align with the $1.3 trillion requested by developing nations to meet urgent climate goals.
    • Ensure Equitable Burden-Sharing: Future climate finance discussions must prioritize climate justice, adhering to the principles of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC), ensuring that developed countries take on a larger share of the financial burden.
    • Focus on Grants over Loans: Developed countries should provide more finance in the form of public grants rather than loans, addressing the debt burdens of developing countries and enabling them to invest in green technologies without further exacerbating fiscal constraints.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/schooling-in-india-in-times-of-poor-air-quality/article68918906.ece

  • [3rd December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Citizens with disabilities, making their rights real

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    Q) The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitisation of government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Mentor’s Comment:  UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘Challenges faced by Disables’ (in 2017), ‘Acts and Policies’ (2022).

    Persons with disabilities (PwDs) in India encounter a multitude of challenges that hinder their social inclusion, economic participation, and overall quality of life. These challenges can be broadly categorized into social, educational, healthcare, employment, and infrastructural barriers.

    Today’s editorial highlights the significant Policy implementation issues. This content can be used to present the key arguments regarding policy driven challenges

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    Why in the News?

    State Commissioners play a crucial role in protecting the rights and freedoms of persons with disabilities, but in many states, they have not fully met their responsibilities.

    The Role of the State Commissioner

    • Quasi-Judicial Authority: The State Commissioners have quasi-judicial powers under Section 82 of the RPWD Act, allowing them to operate with the same authority as a civil court.
      • This includes the ability to conduct inquiries and make recommendations regarding violations of disability rights.
    • Monitoring and Oversight: They are responsible for monitoring the implementation of the RPWD Act and other related legislation, ensuring that policies and programs are compliant with the rights of persons with disabilities.
    • Suo Motu Powers: State Commissioners can intervene suo motu (on their own initiative) to identify discriminatory policies or practices that contravene the RPWD Act, thereby playing a critical role in safeguarding the rights of individuals with disabilities.
    • Engagement with Stakeholders: They are expected to interact consistently with persons with disabilities and their representative organizations to understand their needs and concerns, facilitating a more inclusive approach to policy-making.
    • Research Promotion: The State Commissioners also have a mandate to promote research in disability rights, which can inform better policies and practices for inclusion.
    • Capacity Building: They must build their capacity to perform their functions effectively, which includes training on legal frameworks, disability rights, and effective grievance redressal mechanisms.
    Case study of Karnataka:

    • Effective Implementation: Karnataka has been highlighted as a progressive state in terms of disability inclusion, demonstrating effective practices in appointing State Commissioners who are not part of the civil service, thus ensuring impartiality.
    • Collaboration with Legal Experts: The Karnataka Commissioner’s office collaborates with law schools and legal experts to strengthen the capacities of its commissioners, enhancing their ability to function as quasi-judicial bodies.
    • Mobile Adalats: Karnataka has implemented mobile courts (adalats) that reach out to persons with disabilities in remote areas, providing on-the-spot grievance redressal and increasing accessibility to justice.
    • District Disability Management Review (DDMR): This initiative serves as an inclusive governance tool that allows the State Commissioner to monitor how development programs are implemented at the district level, ensuring that quotas for persons with disabilities are met.
    • Transparency in Operations: The Karnataka office maintains transparency by publishing information on its website regarding cases received, disposed of, and pending actions, along with annual reports on implementation efforts.
    • Community Engagement Initiatives: Programs like “Nanhe Farishtey” aim to educate communities about disabilities and promote awareness at Anganwadi centres, fostering early detection and inclusion of children with disabilities.
    • Intersectional Representation: There is a push for appointing qualified women with disabilities as commissioners to address intersectional discrimination effectively and ensure diverse representation in decision-making processes.

    Challenges related to disabilities in India: 

    • Exclusion Due to Social Barriers: Persons with disabilities feel isolated not because of their condition but due to societal designs catering primarily to able-bodied individuals, excluding them from everyday activities.
    • Inaccessible Infrastructure: Public and private spaces, including buildings, sidewalks, stadiums, theatres, and washrooms, lack adequate accessibility features like ramps and tactile paving, or these exist merely as token gestures.
    • Limited Recreational Access: The entertainment sector, including cricket stadiums and theatre screenings, fails to consider accessibility needs for wheelchair users or visually impaired individuals, reflecting ableist leisure practices.
    • Lack of Inclusive Cultural Representation: Mainstream media rarely portrays disabilities sensitively, but films like Margarita with a Straw and Srikanth help challenge stereotypes and foster visibility, giving persons with disabilities a sense of recognition.
    • Neglect of the Right to Leisure: The absence of efforts to make recreational spaces accessible highlights societal disregard for the right of persons with disabilities to leisure, underlining the need for an inclusive cultural framework.

    Way forward: 

    • Judicial Advocacy for Respectful Representation: The Supreme Court ruling, led by former CJI D.Y. Chandrachud, mandates accurate and respectful portrayal of disabilities in visual media to combat discrimination and stereotyping.
    • Technological Inclusion in Entertainment: Accessibility features like subtitles and audio descriptions on OTT platforms enhance inclusivity, benefiting persons with disabilities, the elderly, and able-bodied audiences alike.
    • Economic Potential of Accessibility: With the global spending power of persons with disabilities and their networks at $13 trillion, businesses are recognizing inclusivity as a strategic investment, not merely a philanthropic effort.
    • Building Inclusive Entertainment Ecosystems: Recent initiatives promote active participation of persons with disabilities in the entertainment industry, fostering respect, belonging, and equitable representation in society.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/citizens-with-disabilities-making-their-rights-real/article68939410.ece#:~:text=Accordingly%2C%20Parliament%20passed%20the%20Rights,and%20a%20human%20rights%20model

  • [2nd December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Research security should be a national priority

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    Q) Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats.  (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on ‘Cyber Security’ (in 2022), and ‘Maritime Secuirty’ (2021).

    India ranks fourth globally in defense spending, behind only the United States, China, and Russia in terms of military budget allocation. To maintain its ranking and achieve its development objectives by 2047, India must invest more in research frameworks.

    Today’s editorial emphasizes the critical importance of enhancing research security, by taking an example of the United States as a means to protect national interests while fostering innovation and international collaboration. This content can be used as a successful case study to represent in your mains examination.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the US Government has come up with defense and security developments, particularly in the form of the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) new TRUST framework.

    • Research security has emerged as a pressing concern in the context of India’s national security too, particularly as global collaborations in science and technology increase.

    What measures are being implemented to enhance research security in India?

    The MeitY is developing infrastructure for advanced R&D in cybersecurity to promote indigenous skills and capabilities.

    • Technology Security Initiative with the UK: India has partnered with the United Kingdom to launch the Technology Security Initiative (TSI). This focuses on emerging technologies across sectors like telecommunications, semiconductors, AI, and biotech.
    • National Cyber Security Policy 2013: It serves as a comprehensive framework for enhancing the protection of India’s cyberspace by encouraging R&D in cyber security to develop technologies tailored to national needs. This framework has set up mechanisms like the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) to address cyber threats
    • Digital Personal Data Protection Bill (DPDPB) 2023: It includes the passage of the legislative measures, which aim to establish regulations for data processing entities to safeguard personal data and enhance privacy.
    CASE STUDY:

    The TRUST Framework (U.S.)The NSF has introduced the Trusted Research Using Safeguards and Transparency (TRUST) framework to assess grant proposals for potential national security risks. This initiative is designed to protect taxpayer investments in research while promoting beneficial international collaborations. The framework comprises three branches:
    1. Personnel Assessment: Evaluating active personnel appointments and positions.
    2. Compliance Monitoring: Identifying instances of noncompliance with disclosure requirements.
    3. National Security Considerations: Incorporating foreseeable national security risks into research assessments.

    Rebecca Keiser, head of the NSF’s Office of Research Security Strategy and Policy, emphasized that while it is essential to mitigate risks, the U.S. must continue to lead in science and innovation without succumbing to an overly cautious compliance culture.

    Why is research security essential for national defense?

    • Protection Against Foreign Influence: Foreign governments and entities often seek to exploit academic research for military and strategic advantages.
      • This exploitation can manifest in various forms, including intellectual property theft, sensitive data, and technological innovations. 
      • The Department of Defense (DoD) has highlighted concerns regarding foreign interference that jeopardizes the integrity of National research, necessitating robust security measures to safeguard against these threats.
    • Safeguarding National Interests:  Research contributes significantly to national defense capabilities and technological advancements.
      • The National Science Foundation (NSF) emphasizes that maintaining a secure research environment is crucial for fostering innovation while mitigating risks associated with foreign influence and espionage.
    • Enhancing Readiness and Capability: Defense research provides insights into emerging technologies and potential threats, allowing for informed decision-making regarding national defense strategies.
      • As noted in various reports, a decline in defense-related research funding can adversely affect a nation’s ability to respond to evolving security challenges.
    • Compliance with Legislative Mandates: Recent legislative initiatives, such as the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 and National Security Presidential Memorandum 33 (NSPM-33), mandate that federal funding agencies implement research security programs to protect federally funded research from foreign interference.
      • These policies require institutions receiving significant federal funding to certify that they have established effective research security measures. 

    What are the challenges faced by Security Research Frameworks in India?

    • Fragmentation of Efforts: Despite numerous initiatives, India’s approach to cybersecurity remains fragmented, due to insufficient collaboration among various stakeholders that hinder effective implementation of security measures.
    • Shortage of Skilled Personnel: There is a significant gap in the availability of trained cybersecurity professionals. Further, the government’s inability to address emerging threats promptly due to a lack of expertise in critical areas like cyber forensics and incident response.
    • Vulnerability of Critical Infrastructure: India’s critical infrastructure, such as power grids and communication networks, is susceptible to cyber-attacks, posing risks to national security. High-profile incidents, like the attempted attack on the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, highlight these vulnerabilities.
    • Evolving Threat Landscape:  The rapid evolution of cyber threats, including advanced persistent threats (APTs) and state-sponsored cyber espionage, complicates the security landscape. APTs have sophisticated attacks that are hard to identify and counteract effectively.

    How can collaboration between researchers and government agencies improve research integrity?

    • Establishing Clear Guidelines and Standards: Collaborative efforts allow researchers and government agencies to develop clear guidelines for ethical research practices. Different governments can provide frameworks that outline expectations for research conduct, helping to prevent misconduct.
    • Enhancing Risk Management: Working together enables a systematic approach to identifying and managing risks associated with research activities.Government agencies can help incorporate security measures into research protocols to mitigate risks related to foreign interference and data breaches.
    • Facilitating Training and Capacity Building: Government partnerships can enhance the training of researchers in best practices for maintaining integrity. Different agencies/stakeholders can offer educational materials and training programs focused on ethical research conduct and compliance with regulations.
    • Encouraging Transparency and Accountability: Collaborative frameworks can include mechanisms for reporting misconduct or conflicts of interest, ensuring issues are addressed promptly.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/research-security-should-be-a-national-priority/article68935590.ece

  • [30th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A liberal arts degree is worth much more than realised

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    Q) National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the statement.  (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘Primary Education System’ (in 2016), ‘Quality of technical and higher education’ (in 2015), and ‘Education system in India’ (2021).

    Reports indicate that while the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) for higher education is projected to reach 50% by 2035, significant gaps still exist in terms of quality and inclusivity. While India is making strides in liberal education, challenges still exist with the issues of inequality and elitism.

    Today’s editorial highlights the often-overlooked value of liberal arts education in today’s job market and society. This content can be used to present the key arguments emphasizing liberal arts education for its long-term benefits, career adaptability, and essential skills development.

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    Why in the News?

    There is an ongoing debate regarding the value of liberal arts education in the context of rising tuition costs, changing job market demands, and shifting perceptions about higher education.

    What are the long-term benefits of a liberal arts education in today’s job market?

    • Versatile Skill Set: Liberal arts programs equip students with a broad range of transferable skills, including critical thinking, effective communication, and problem-solving abilities.
      • According to the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U), 93% of employers prioritize these skills over specific majors when hiring.
    • Career Flexibility and Adaptability: The nature of the job market is changing rapidly, where liberal arts education fosters adaptability, allowing graduates to pivot into different fields as needed.
      • This flexibility is crucial as new job roles emerge and traditional ones evolve, ensuring that liberal arts graduates remain relevant and employable.
    • Long-Term Economic Benefits: While liberal arts graduates may start with lower salaries but many studies show that by mid-career, liberal arts majors can earn comparable or even higher salaries than those in professional STEM fields.
    • Cultural Awareness and Ethical Reasoning: Graduates develop nuanced diverse cultures and ethical perspectives that enable them to engage thoughtfully with international issues and contribute meaningfully to discussions on complex societal challenges.
    • Lifelong Learning and Research Skills: The curriculum of liberal arts education encourages graduates to learn to gather, analyze, and interpret information effectively, which is invaluable in any professional setting. This commitment to lifelong learning helps them stay competitive and relevant throughout their careers.

    How does this education prepare students for an unpredictable future?

    • Embracing Uncertainty: A liberal arts education instills a mindset that views uncertainties like the 2008 recession period as an opportunity for growth and exploration.
      • Graduates are equipped to thrive in environments characterized by change and ambiguity, making them well-suited for careers that require continuous learning and adaptation.
    • Social Responsibility and Ethical Awareness: Finally, a liberal arts education fosters a sense of social responsibility. Students are encouraged to engage with their communities and consider the ethical implications of their decisions.
      • This awareness is critical as society faces complex global challenges that require thoughtful leaders who can navigate moral dilemmas while advocating for social justice and sustainability.

    What misconceptions exist about employability in India?

    • Liberal Arts Graduates are Unemployable: Many believe a liberal arts degree leads to guaranteed unemployment. Despite a reported 47.1% employability rate among arts graduates in 2024, this statistic often overlooks the diverse career paths available to them, such as roles in marketing, journalism, and education.
      • For example, Graduates from institutions like Ashoka University have secured placements in prestigious companies such as McKinsey and American Express, demonstrating that liberal arts degrees can lead to successful careers.
    • Liberal Arts Education is only for Wealthy Students: There is a misconception that liberal arts education is an exclusive privilege for affluent students. However, the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 aims to make higher education more inclusive, promoting interdisciplinary studies across various socio-economic backgrounds.
    • Liberal Arts Degrees Lack Marketable Skills: Another common belief is that liberal arts graduates lack marketable skills. However, a report by the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) indicates that these graduates are often better prepared for roles requiring critical thinking and adaptability, which are essential in today’s job market.
      • For instance, business analysts with a liberal arts background leverage their critical thinking abilities to improve organizational processes, earning competitive salaries

    Way Forward: India’s education system is increasingly fruitful in delivering liberal and globalized knowledge through initiatives like the NEP 2020 and the growth of private liberal arts institutions. However, it faces challenges related to access and equity compared to more established systems in countries like the United States. Continued efforts are needed to ensure that all students can benefit from this evolving educational landscape.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-liberal-arts-degree-is-worth-much-more-than-realised/article68928000.ece

  • [29th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Armed insurrection to parliamentary politics

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    Q) Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have previously focused on ‘internal security’ as well as ‘external impacts on the political security’ of India (in 2021).

    India ranked 4th out of 159 countries on the Global Terrorism Index, indicating a high level of internal conflict and the presence of various extremist groups.

    Today’s editorial explores the complex transition of armed groups into formal political entities within democratic frameworks. This content can be used to put the ‘challenges and implications of transformations for broader political security and democratic landscape’.

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    Why in the News?

    Elections in Sri Lanka highlight a less noticeable trend, where left-wing revolutionary groups, once dedicated to armed struggle, are shifting toward democratic engagement.

    • Some of the most prominent insurgencies, including Nepal’s Maoists, El Salvador’s Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), and certain Marxist-Leninist groups within India, have pursued a new path by entering parliamentary politics.
    • This shift reflects a pragmatic blend of ideological adaptation and responsiveness to changing political realities.
    What are the challenges faced in India due to such groups?

    • Security Threats: The Naxalite groups, which include the CPI-Maoist, have engaged in guerrilla warfare against state forces, leading to thousands of deaths among civilians and security personnel (esp in the “red corridor” across central and eastern India). These groups often establish control over remote areas, providing governance and social services while undermining state authority.
    • Social and Economic Factors: The insurgency is fueled by deep-rooted issues such as poverty, land disputes, and social marginalization of tribal communities and Dalits. The government’s inability to address, this eventually allows the Naxalites to gain support from disenfranchised populations.
    • Political Dynamics: The rise of right-wing politics in India has complicated the landscape for leftist movements. The ruling party’s policies may exacerbate existing tensions and hinder dialogue with Marxist-Leninist groups, making it difficult for the government to pursue peaceful resolutions. The government has launched several military operations, such as Operation Green Hunt, but these operations have often led to retaliatory violence and further entrenching the conflict rather than resolving it.

    What factors contribute to the successful transition of armed groups into parliamentary politics?

    • Internal Cohesion and Leadership: A unified leadership and strong internal cohesion within the armed group are essential for navigating the transition. Leaders who are committed to the political process and can manage internal dissent play a critical role in guiding their groups through the transformation.
    • Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR): The act of disarming can have significant psychological benefits, symbolizing a commitment to peace and civilian life, which is crucial for gaining public trust and acceptance.
      • Successful transitions often involve effective DDR initiatives that facilitate the disarmament of combatants, their demobilization from armed groups, and their reintegration into civilian life.
    • Favorable Peace Agreements: Agreements that include provisions for political participation, power-sharing arrangements, and recognition of the armed group’s role can create pathways for their transformation into political parties.
      • For example, Nepal’s peace process allowed the Maoists to enter mainstream politics after disarming and participating in elections.
    • Timing and Transitional Justice: Implementing transitional justice measures at right time helps address grievances and fosters reconciliation, which is vital for sustaining peace and encouraging political participation.

    How do societal and political perceptions affect the integration of former insurgents into politics?

    • Public Trust and Legitimacy: If society views them as legitimate political actors, it can facilitate their integration. Conversely, if they are seen as threats or remnants of violence, public resistance can hinder their political participation.
      • For Example, in El Salvador, the FMLN’s transition from a guerrilla group to a political party was initially successful due to a peace agreement that garnered public support.
    • Historical Grievances: Societal attitudes towards past injustices can also affect integration. If former insurgents are perceived as having fought against oppression, they may gain sympathy and support. However, unresolved grievances can lead to resentment and opposition.
      • In Iraq, the Sunni population’s disenfranchisement after the fall of Saddam Hussein contributed to ongoing insurgency, as many felt excluded from the new political order.
    • Narratives of Victimhood: Insurgent groups often cultivate narratives of victimhood to justify their actions and garner support. If these narratives resonate with societal sentiments, they can facilitate acceptance into political processes.
      • However, if society perceives these narratives as manipulative or self-serving, it may lead to a backlash against former insurgents.
    • State Response and Governance: If the government adopts an inclusive approach that encourages participation rather than exclusion or repression, it enhances the chances of successful integration. In contrast, heavy-handed state responses can alienate former combatants and push them back towards militancy.
    CASE STUDIES:

    • Nepal: The Maoist party transitioned into a legitimate political entity after a decade-long civil war, aided by a comprehensive peace agreement that included provisions for their participation in governance.
    • Colombia: The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) signed a peace deal in 2016 that allowed them to transition into a political party. While initially successful, their integration has faced challenges due to ongoing violence and societal skepticism towards their motives.
    • South Sudan: Former SPLA members have struggled with integration into formal politics due to ongoing conflict and societal divisions exacerbated by ethnic tensions.

    Conclusion: The willingness of the government to engage with former insurgents, and the role of external actors—play a crucial role in shaping the environment for successful political participation. For example, Colombia’s FARC’s transition into a political party post-peace agreement illustrates how supportive frameworks can aid integration, while ongoing societal skepticism presents challenges.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/armed-insurrection-to-parliamentary-politics/article68923100.ece

  • [28th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Schooling in India in times of poor air quality

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata are the three Megacities of the country but air pollution is a much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have previously ‘constitutionalization of environmental problems’ (in 2022), and ‘pollution control and management’ (in 2013).

    Delhi’s air quality has reached alarming levels, with PM 2.5 concentrations soaring far above safe limits.  The Supreme Court of India has mandated that schools in Delhi-NCR shift to online classes due to hazardous air quality levels.

    Today’s editorial underscores the urgent need for effective policies to address both air pollution and its impact on education. This content can be used for recommending ‘Sustainable solutions’ while ensuring ‘Quality education’.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The ongoing crisis of severe air pollution is affecting schools in Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR). Recent developments highlight the challenges faced by students and the educational system amid deteriorating air quality.

    What are the health impacts of poor air quality on students and educators?

    • Respiratory Health Issues: Children exposed to pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can exacerbate asthma symptoms and trigger allergic reactions.
      • Studies show that children exposed to high pollution levels are at a greater risk of developing these conditions than adults.
    • Cognitive Impairment: Research indicates that students in poorly ventilated classrooms perform worse on standardized tests compared to those in environments with better air quality. The cognitive deficits associated with air pollution can hinder problem-solving abilities and overall learning outcomes.
    • Increased Absenteeism: Students suffering from health issues related to air pollution are more likely to miss school, which disrupts their learning process. Increased absenteeism not only affects individual academic progress but can also impact overall classroom dynamics.
    • Psychological Effects: Concerns about health risks associated with poor air quality can lead to heightened stress and anxiety among students and educators. This psychological burden can further detract from the learning environment, making it less engaging and supportive

    How has the Indian education system adapted to ongoing air quality challenges?

    • Shift to Hybrid Learning Models: In response to deteriorating air quality, schools in Delhi and surrounding NCR cities have transitioned to hybrid learning models.
      • This approach combines online and physical classes, allowing students to attend lessons remotely when air quality is deemed hazardous.
    • Implementation Challenges: Despite the shift, schools face significant challenges in implementing hybrid models effectively. For instance, some principals have expressed concerns about the effectiveness of hybrid learning, citing past experiences where it did not meet educational standards. Logistical issues such as access to technology and internet connectivity remain barriers for many students, particularly those from lower socio-economic backgrounds.
    • Government Initiatives and Policies: Initiatives such as the National Clean Air Programme aim to reduce particulate matter levels across major cities, although implementation has been inconsistent.
      • Educational frameworks are being updated to incorporate environmental education more robustly, addressing issues like climate change and pollution as part of the curriculum.
    • Long-term Educational Strategies: The National Curriculum Framework encourages teaching about environmental issues, including pollution and climate change, which can help raise awareness among students about air quality challenges and their implications for health and society. 

    What long-term implications does poor air quality have on cognitive performance?

    • General Impact on Cognitive Function: Research indicates that long-term exposure to air pollutants, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), is associated with a decline in cognitive function.
      • A study involving over 25,000 participants found that higher levels of air pollution correlated with decreased performance in verbal and mathematical tests, particularly as individuals age. 
      • The negative effects were notably pronounced in older men with lower education levels, suggesting that chronic exposure can exacerbate existing vulnerabilities related to cognitive decline
    • Specific Cognitive Domains Affected: Different studies have shown that exposure to PM2.5 can lead to slower response times and lower throughput in cognitive tasks, with effects worsening with increased pollution levels.
      • Semantic fluency tests have demonstrated significant declines in performance linked to air quality, reflecting broader implications for language processing and executive functions.
    • Neurodevelopmental Effects: Research has shown that even “safe” levels of air pollution can alter developmental patterns in young brains, potentially leading to long-term cognitive deficits. This is concerning as it suggests that early exposure may set the stage for lifelong cognitive challenges.
    • Increased Risk of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment: One study reported a hazard ratio indicating a 19% increased risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among those exposed to the highest levels of pollutants compared to those with lower exposure.
      • This suggests that the cumulative effects of poor air quality not only impair immediate cognitive performance but also contribute to serious long-term health issues.

    Way Forward: As India grapples with severe air quality issues, it is crucial for policymakers to ensure that all students have equitable access to education while safeguarding their health. The situation calls for a collaborative approach involving government agencies, educational institutions, and communities to develop sustainable solutions that can withstand future environmental crises.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/schooling-in-india-in-times-of-poor-air-quality/article68918906.ece