Civilsdaily

Author: Ravi Ranjan

  • Prelims Spotlight: Important Governor Generals and Viceroys

    Dear Aspirants,

    This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2022.

    You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here

    Session Details

    Morning 12 PM  – Prelims Spotlight Session

    Evening 06:30  PM  – TIKDAM/MCQs Session

    Evening 08 PM  – Tests on Alternate Days

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    21st Mar 2022

    • With almost absolute power the Governor-General and viceroy played a significant role in the shaping history of the country. Following are some of these important figures and significant events and major reforms carried out by them.

       Governor Generals of Bengal/India (Period)

      		   Important events/Reforms

          Warren Hastings

           (1773-1785)
      • Regulating Act of 1773.
      • First Governor-General of Bengal.
      • End of the dual system of administration (1765-1772).
      • Supreme Court at Calcutta.
      • Wrote Introduction to the first English translation of Gita.
      • Founded Madarasa Aliya at Calcutta.

           Lord Cornwallis

           (1786-1793)
      • Separation of three branches of service: commercial, judicial and revenue.
      • Permanent Land Revenue Settlement of Bengal-1793.
      • Reformed, modernised and rationalised the civil service.
      • Introduced the Cornwallis Code.
      • Sanskrit College, Varanasi.

           Lord Wellesley

           (1797-1805)
      • Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance System.
      • Fourth Anglo-Mysore war.
      • Fort William College, Calcutta.

           Lord Hastings

           (1813-1823)

       
      • Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16)
      • Third Anglo-Maratha War-(1817-19) and dissolution of Maratha confederacy.
      • Introduction of Ryotwari System of Thomas Munro, Governor of Madras-1820.

           Lord William Bentinck

           (1828-1835)
      • Charter Act of 1833.
      • Abolition of Sati-1829.
      • Resolution of 1835 and Education reforms and introduction of English as the official language.
      • The annexation of Mysore-1831, Coorg, and Central Cachar-1831.

           Lord Dalhousie

           (1848-1856)
      • Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexations of Satara-1848, Jaitpur and Sambhalpur-1849, Udaipur-1852, Jhansi-1853, Nagpur-1854 and Awadh-1856.
      • Wood’s Dispatch of 1854.
      • Railway Minute of 1853.
      • Telegraph and Postal reforms.
      • Widow Remarriage Act-1856.

           Lord Canning

           (1856-1857)
      • Establishment of universities at Bombay, Madras and Calcutta.
      • Mutiny of 1857.
      Governor-General and Viceroy of India (Period)                                Important events/Reforms
       Lord Canning

       

      (1858-1862)
      • First Voiceroy of India.
      • Transfer of control from East India Company to the Crown by the Government of India Act 1858
      • Indian Councils Act-1861

           Lord Mayo

           (1869-1872)
      • Opening of Rajkot College in Kathiawad and Mayo College at Ajmer for political training of Indian Princes.
      • Statistical Survey of India was established.
      • Department of Agriculture and Commerce was established.
      • Introduction of state railways.

           Lord Lytton

           (1876-1880)
      • The Great Famine of 1876 affecting Bombay, Madras, Mysore, Hyderabad, Central India and Punjab.
      • Appointment of Famine Commission under the presidency of Richard Strachey.
      • Vernacular Press Act was passed- 1878.
      • The Arms Act-1878.

           Lord Ripon

           (1880-1884)
      • Education Commission 1882 under William Hunter-1882.
      • Ilbert Bill controversy.
      • Repeal of Vernacular Press Act in 1882.
      • The First Factory Act in 1881 to improve labour conditions.
      • Government resolution on local self government-1882.

           Lord Dufferin

           (1884-1888)
      • Establishment of Indian National Congress.

           Lord Lansdowne

          (1888-1894)
      • The categorisation of civil services into imperial, provincial and subordinate.
      • Indian Councils Act-1892
      • Durand Commission (1893) was set up to define the Durand Line between India and Afghanistan.

           Lord Curzon

           (1899-1905)
      • Police Commission (1902) was appointed under Sir Andrew Frazer.
      • University Commission (1902) was appointed and Universities Act (1904) was passed.
      • Department of Commerce and Industry was established.
      • Calcutta Corporation Act-1899
      • Partition of Bengal (1905).

           Lord Minto-II

           (1905-1910)
      • Popularisation of anti-partition and Swadeshi Movements.
      • Split in Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907.
      • Indian Muslim League was established by Aga Khan (1907)
      • Morley-Minto reforms or Indian Councils Act 1909.

           Lord Hardinge-II

           (1910-1916)
      • Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911).
      • Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha (1915) by Madan Mohan Malviya.
           Lord Chelmsford

       

          (1916-1921)
      • Home Rule League was formed by Annie Besant and Tilak (1916)
      • Lucknow session of Congress (1916).
      • Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim League (1916).
      • Champaran Satyagraha (1918), and Satyagraha at Ahmadabad (1918).
      • Montague’s August Declaration.
      • Government of Indian Act- 1919
      • Jallianwalla Bagh massacre (1919).
      • Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements were launched.
      • Foundation of Women’s University at Poona (1916) and Saddler’s Commission was appointed for reforms in educational policy.
      • Appointment of S. P. Sinha as governor of Bihar first Indian to do so.

           Lord Reading

           (1921-1926)
      • The Chaura-Chauri Incident-Feb5, 1922 and withdrawal of Non-Cooperation movement.
      • Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921).
      • Repeal of the Press Act of 1910 and Rowlatt Act of 1919.
      • Kakori train robbery (1925)
      • Establishment of Swaraj Party (1922).
      • The decision to hold a simultaneous examination for ICS in Delhi and London with effect from 1923.

           Lord Irwin

           (1926-1931)
      • Simon Commission-1928
      • Appointment of the Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission (1927)
      • Murder of Saunders and Bomb blast in the Assembly Hall of Delhi-1929
      • Lahore session of Congress 1929 and Purna Swaraj Resolution.
      • Dandi March (12 March, 1929) and launch of Civil Disobedience Movement.

          Lord Willingdon

          (1931-1936)
      • Second Round Table Conference and failure of the conference, resumption of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
      • Announcement of the Communal Award (1932).
      • Poona Pact (1932)
      • Third Round Table Conference 1932.
      • The Government of India Act, 1935.
      • Establishment of All India Kisan Sabha 1936.
      • Establishment of Congress Socialist Party by Acharya Narendra Dev and Jayaprakash Narayan (1934)

           Lord Linlithgow

           (1936-1944)
      • First general elections were held and Congress attained absolute majority (1936-1937).
      • Congress ministers resigned (1937) after the outbreak of WW-II
      • Subhash Chandra Bose elected as the president of Congress-1938.
      • Lahore Resolution by Muslim League for the demand of separate state for Muslims.
      • August Offer by the viceroy-1940.
      • Cripp’s Mission to India
      • Passing of the Quit India Resolution by Congress-1942

           Lord Wavell

           (1944-1947)
      • C Rajgopalachari’s CR Formula (1944) and Gandhi-Jinnah Talks failed.
      • Wavell Plan and the Shimla Conference (1942)
      • Cabinet Mission and Congress accepted its plan 1946
      • Observance of the ‘Direct Action Day’ (16 August 1946) by the Muslim League.
      • Elections to the Constituent Assembly and formation of Interim Government by the Congress (September 1946).
      • Announcement of the end of British rule in India by Clement Attlee on February 20, 1946

           Lord Mountbatten

           (1947-48)
      • June Third Plan (June 3, 1947) announced.
      • Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the House of Commons.
      • Appointment of two boundary commissions under Sir Cyril Radcliff for the partition of Bengal and Punjab.

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  • Prelims Spotlight: Important Amendments in the Indian Constitution

    Dear Aspirants,

    This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2022.

    You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here

    Session Details

    Morning 12 PM  – Prelims Spotlight Session

    Evening 06:30  PM  – TIKDAM/MCQs Session

    Evening 08 PM  – Tests on Alternate Days

    Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here

    Important Amendments in the Indian Constitution

    18 Mar 2022

    First Amendment Act, 1951

    • Empowered the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and economically backward classes.
    • Provided for the saving of laws providing for the acquisition of estates, etc.
    • Added Ninth Schedule to protect the land reforms and other laws included in it from the judicial review. After Article 31, Articles 31A and 31B were inserted.

    The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956

    • The Seventh Amendment brought about the most comprehensive changes so far in the Constitution. This amendment was designed to implement the State Reorganisation Act.
    • The Second and Seventh schedules were substantially amended for the purpose of the States Reorganization Act.

    Constitutional (10th Amendment) Act, 1961

    • The Tenth Amendment integrates the areas of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Union of India and provides for their administration under the regulation of making powers of the President.

    Constitutional (13th Amendment) Act,1963

    • Gave the status of a state to Nagaland and made special provisions for it.

    The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act, 1971

    • It amended Article 13 and 368 with a view to removing all possible doubts regarding the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure thereof.
    • It gets over the Golak Nath ruling and asserts the power of Parliament, denied to in the Golak Nath, to amend Fundamental Rights.

    The Constitution (Twenty-fifth) Amendment Act, 1971

    • The 25th amendment of the Constitution in 1971 added a new clause, Article 31C to the Constitution. Up to 1971, the position was that Fundamental Rights prevailed over the Directive Principles of State Policy and that a law enacted to implement a Directive Principle could not be valid if it conflicted with a Fundamental Right.
    • Article 31C sought to change this relationship to some extent by conferring primacy on Articles 39(b) and 39(c) over Articles 14, 19 and 31.

    Twenty-Sixth Amendment Act, 1971

    • Abolished the privy purses and privileges of the former rulers of princely states.

    The Constitution (Thirty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1974

    • By this amendment twenty State Acts concerning land ceiling and land tenure reforms were added to the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution.

    The Constitution (Thirty-eight Amendment) Act, 1975 

    • Made the declaration of emergency by the President non-justiciable.
    • Made the promulgation of ordinances by the President, governors and administrators of Union territories non-justiciable.
    • Empowered the President to declare different proclamations of national emergency on different grounds simultaneously

    The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976

    • The Amendment was meant to enhance enormously the strength of the Government. The major Amendments made in the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act are: Preamble The characterization of India as ‘Sovereign Democratic Republic’ has been changed to ‘Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic’.
    • The words ‘Unity of the nation’ have been changed to ‘Unity and integrity of the nation’.
    • Parliament and State Legislatures: The life of the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies was extended from 5 to 6 years.
    • Executive: It amended Article 74 to State explicitly that the President shall act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers in the discharge of his functions.
    • Judiciary: The 42nd Amendment Act inserted Article 32A in order to deny the Supreme Court the power to consider the Constitutional validity of the State law. Another new provision, Article 131A, gave the Supreme Court an exclusive jurisdiction to determine question relating to the Constitutional validity of a central laws. Article 144A and Article 128A, the creatures
      of the Constitutional Amendment Act made further innovation in the area of judicial review of the Constitutionality of legislation. Under Article 144A, the minimum number of judges of the Supreme Court to decide a question of  Constitutional validity of a Central or State law was fixed as at least seven and further, this required two-thirds majority of the judges sitting declare law as unconstitutional. While the power  of the High Court to enforce Fundamental Rights remained untouched, several restrictions were imposed on its power to issue writs ‘for any other purpose’.
    • Federalism: The Act added Article 257A in the Constitution to enable the Centre to deploy any armed force of the Union, or any other force under its control for dealing with any grave situation of law and order in any State.
    • Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles: A major change that was made by42nd Constitutional Amendment was to give primacy to all Directive Principles over the Fundamental Rights contained in Articles 14, 19 or 31.
    • The 42nd Constitutional Amendment added a few more Directive Principles – free legal aid, participations of workers in the management of industries, protection for environment and protection of forests and wildlife of the country.
    • Fundamental Duties: The 42nd Amendment Act inserted Article 51-A to create a new part called IV-A in the Constitution, which prescribed the Fundamental Duties to the citizens.
    • Emergency: Prior to the 42nd Amendment Act, the President could declare an emergency under Article 352 throughout the country and not in a part of the country alone. The Act authorized the President to proclaim emergency in any part of the country.

    The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978

    • It reduced the life of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies again to five years and thus restore the status quo ante.
    • It cancelled 39th Amendment which had deprived the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction to decide disputes concerning election of the President and the Vice-President
    • A new provision was added to Article 74(1) saying that the President could require the council of ministers to reconsider its advice to him, either generally or otherwise and the President should Act in accordance with the advice tendered after such re-consideration. Article 257A was Omitted
    • It has been provided that an Emergency can be proclaimed only on the basis of written advice tendered to the President by the Cabinet.
    • Right to Property has been taken out from the list of Fundamental Rights and has been declared a legal right.

    The Constitution (Fifty-first Amendment) Act, 1984

    • The Amendment effectuates some changes in Articles 330 and 332 with a view to provide for reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha for Scheduled Tribes in Meghalaya, Aruncahal Pradesh and Mizoram, as well as in the Legislative Assemblies of Nagaland and Meghalaya.

    The Constitution (52nd Amendment) Act, 1985

    • The amendment is designed to prevent the scourge of defection of Members of Parliament and State Legislatures from one political party to another.

     The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989

    • The 61st Amendment reduces the voting age from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and Assembly election.

    The Constitution (Sixty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1990

    • Article 338 of the Constitution has been amended for the Constitution of a National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes consisting of a chairperson, vice-chairperson and five other members who shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.

    The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991

    • The Amendment Act was to grant Statehood to Delhi as ‘National Capital Territory of Delhi’. It also provides a 70 member assembly and a 7 member Council of Ministers for Delhi.

     The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992

    • April 20,1993 as it got rectification by the State legislatures and was assented to by the President of India. After notification, the Panchayati Raj Institutions have now got Constitutional legitimacy.
    • After part VIII of the Constitution, a separate part IX has been added to the Constitution with the addition in Article 243A and fresh Schedule called Eleventh Schedule enumerating the powers and functions of Panchayti Raj Institutions.
    • The Act provides for Gram Sabha, a three-tier model of Panchayati Raj, reservation of seats for SCs and STs in proportion to their population and one-third reservation of seats for women.

    The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992

    • The Act provides constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies. After part VIII of the Constitution, a separate part IXA has been added to the Constitution with the addition in Article 243A and a fresh schedule called Twelfth schedule enumerating the powers and functions of urban local bodies has been incorporated.
    • The Act provides Municipal Panchayat, Municipal Council and Municipal Corporation, reservation of seats for SCs and STs in proportion to their population and one-third reservation of seats for women

    The Constitution (76th Amendment) Act, 1994

    • This Amendment Act raises the reservation quota of government jobs and seats for admission in the educational institutions in favor of socially and educationally backward classes to 69 per cent in Tamil Nadu.
    • Further, the Amendment Act has been included in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution to exempt it from the purview of judicial scrutiny

    The Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995

    • This Amendment has added a new clause (4-a) to Article 16 of the Constitution which empowers the State to make any provisions for reservation in promotions in Government jobs in favour of SCs and STs, if it is of opinion that they are inadequately represented in the services under the State.
    • This has been done to nullify the effect of the Supreme Court Judgment in the Mandal Commission Case (Indra Sawhney vs. Union of India) in which the Court has held that reservation in promotions cannot be made.

    The Constitution (80th Amendment) Act, 2000

    • Based on the recommendations of the Tenth Finance Commission, an alternative scheme for sharing taxes between the Union and the State has been enacted by the Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000.
    • Under the new scheme of devolution of revenue between Union and the States, 26 per cent out of gross proceeds of Union taxes and duties is to be assigned to the States in lieu of their existing share in the income-tax, excise duties special excise duties and grants in lieu of tax on railway passenger fares. 

    The Constitution (85th Amendment) Act, 2001

    • This Act amended Article 16 (4A) of the Constitution to provide for consequential seniority in the case of promotion by virtue of rule of reservation for Government servants belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.

    The Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002

    • With a view to making right to free and compulsory education a fundamental right, the Act inserts a new Article, namely, Article 21A conferring on all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years the right to free and compulsory education.
    • The Act amends in Part-III, Part –IV and Part-IV(A) of the Constitution.

    The Constitution (89th Amendment) Act, 2003

    • The Act adds Article 338A and provides for the creation of National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

     The Constitution (90th Amendment) Act, 2003

    • The Act amends Article 332 and adds section (6) regarding representation in the Bodo Territorial Areas District in the State of Assam.

    The Constitution (Ninety-one Amendment) Act,2003

    • The Act makes provisions for limiting the size of the Council of Ministers at the Center and in the States and gives teeth to debar a defector from holding any remunerative political post for the remaining tenure of the legislature unless reelected.

    The Constitution (Ninety- third Amendment) Act, 2005

    • Providing reservation for the socially and educationally backward classes, besides the Schedules Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, in private unaided educational institutions.

    The Constitution (97th Amendment) Act, 2012

    • In Part IIIof the constitution, after the words “or unions” the words “Cooperative Societies” was added.
    • In Part IVa new Article 43Bwas inserted, which says: The state shall endeavour to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of the co-operative societies”.
    • After Part IXAof the constitution, a Part IXBwas inserted to accommodate state vs centre roles.

    The Constitution (99th Amendment) Act, 2014

    • The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was established by the Union government of India by amending the constitution of India through the 99th Constitutional Amendment Act, 201

    The Constitution (100th Amendment) Act, 2015

    • Constitution (100th Amendment) Act 2015 ratified the land boundary agreement between India and Bangladesh.
    • The act amended the 1st schedule of the constitution to exchange the disputed territories occupied by both the nations in accordance with the 1974 bilateral Land Boundary Agreement.
    • India received 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (covering 7,110 acres) in the Indian mainland, while Bangladesh received 111 Indian enclaves (covering 17,160 acres) in the Bangladeshi mainland

    The Constitution (101st Amendment) Act, 2017

    • Introduced the Goods and Services Tax.

    The Constitution (102nd Amendment) Act, 2018

    • Constitutional status to National Commission for Backward Classes

    The Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act, 2019

    • A maximum of 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs) of citizens of classes other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) of Article 15, i.e. Classes other than socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
    • Inserted Clause [6] under Article 15 as well as Inserted Clause [6] under Article 16.

  • Prelims Spotlight: Panchayati Raj- Local governance

    Dear Aspirants,

    This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2022.

    You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here

    Session Details

    Morning 12 PM  – Prelims Spotlight Session

    Evening 06:30  PM  – TIKDAM/MCQs Session

    Evening 08 PM  – Tests on Alternate Days

    Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here

    17th Mar 2022

    Local self-government: various committees

      Balwant Rai Mehta Committee Ashok Mehta GVK Rao Singhvi
    Mandate To examine working of Community development programme and national extension services To study Panchayati Raj Administrative arrangement for rural development and poverty alleviation Revitalisation of Panchayati raj
    Suggestion 3 tier Panchayati Raj linked through indirect election 2 tier – Zila Panchayat and Mandal Panchayat District the unit of planning, post of district development commissioner Constitutional protection to Panchayati raj

    Titbits

    1. 1st Panchayati raj institution in Nagore (Rajasthan)
    2. 1st municipality Madras (British times)
    3. Gram sabha is an assembly of all the voters of gram panchayat
    4. 74th amendment deals with the district planning committee
    5. ⅓ reservation for women in all posts
    6. State election commission appointed by the governor to conduct polls
    7. State finance commission appointed by the governor
    8. Min age to contest the election is 21 years
    9. Duration is 5 years, if dissolved before that, the next panchayat serves only the remaining years

    Urban Local Government: Composition and  Functions

    74th Constitutional Amendment

    This act added a new part IX-A to the Constitution entitled as ‘The Municipalities’ and a new Twelfth Schedule containing 18 functional items for municipalities. The main provisions of this Act can be grouped under two categories–compulsory and voluntary. Some of the compulsory provisions which are binding on all States are:

    1. Constitution of Nagar panchayats, municipal councils and municipal corporations in transitional areas (areas in transition from a rural area to urban area), smaller urban areas and larger urban areas respectively;
    2. Reservation of seats in urban local bodies for Scheduled Castes / Scheduled Tribes roughly in proportion to their population;
    3. Reservation of seats for women up to one-third seats;
    4. The State Election Commission, constituted in order to conduct elections in the panchayati raj bodies (see 73rd Amendment) will also conduct elections to the urban local self- governing bodies;
    5. The State Finance Commission, constituted to deal with financial affairs of the Panchayati Raj bodies will also look into the financial affairs of the local urban self governing bodies;
    6. Tenure of urban local self-governing bodies is fixed at five years and in case of earlier dissolution fresh elections are to be held within six months;

    Some of the voluntary provisions which are not binding, but are expected to be observed by the States are:

    1. Giving representation to members of the Union and State Legislatures in these bodies;
    2. Providing reservation for backward classes;
    3. Giving financial powers in relation to taxes, duties, tolls and fees etc;
    4. Making the municipal bodies autonomous and devolution of powers to these bodies to perform some or all of the functions enumerated in the Twelfth Schedule added to the Constitution through this Act and/or to prepare plans for economic development.

    In accordance with the 74th Amendment, municipal corporations and municipalities (municipal boards or municipal committees) are now regulated in a fairly uniform manner in all the States. However, one must remember that local self-government continues to be a subject in the State List.

    Thus, the 73rd and 74th amendments provide a framework for the States in respect of local government. Thus, each State has its own Election Commission which conducts elections to all local bodies after regular intervals of five years.

    Each State has its Finance Commission to regulate finances of the local bodies. Seats are reserved in the corporations and municipalities for Scheduled Castes and Tribes. One-third seats are reserved for women in all local bodies – urban and rural.

    Composition

    The Municipal bodies are constituted of persons chosen by direct election from the territorial constituencies (known as wards) in the municipal area.

    However, the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for the representation in a municipal body of persons having special knowledge or experience of municipal administration, the members of Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha and the members of Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of the State, representing constituencies, which comprise wholly or partly the Municipal Area.The state legislature may also provide the manner of the election of the Chairpersons of a municipality.

    The state legislature may also provide the manner of the election of the Chairpersons of a municipality.

    Empowerment of weaker sections of society and women by reserving seats for such groups is one of the important constitutional provisions of the Constitutional Amendment.

    The offices of chairperson are also reserved for SC/ST and women. Thus, at least one year, out of five year duration of Municipal Corporation of Delhi, the office of Mayor is reserved for a woman, and for one year is reserved for a Councillor of Scheduled Caste. It gives a term of five years to the municipalities and if any of them is to be dissolved, it must be given an opportunity of being heard.

    Functions of Urban Local Bodies

    It is a common practice to divide the organisation of a corporation or a municipality into two parts:

    (a) deliberative and (b) executive part

    The corporation, council or municipal board or council consisting of the elected representatives of the people constitutes the deliberative part. It acts like a legislature.

    It discusses and debates on general municipal policies and performance, passes the budget of the urban local body, frames broad policies relating to taxation, resources raising, pricing of services and other aspects of municipal administration.

    It keeps an eye on municipal administration and holds the executive accountable for what is done or not done. For instance, if water supply is not being properly managed, or there is an outbreak of an epidemic, the deliberative wing criticises the role of the administration and suggests measures for improvement.

    The executive part of municipal administration is looked after by the municipal officers and other permanent employees. In the corporations, the Municipal Commissioner is the executive head, and all other departmental officers like engineers, finance officers, health officers etc. function under his/her control and supervision.

    In a large corporation, such as Delhi or Mumbai Municipal Corporation, the Commissioner is usually a senior IAS officer. In municipalities, the executive officer holds a similar position and looks after the overall administration of a municipality.

    Municipal functions are generally classified into obligatory and discretionary types.

    The obligatory (compulsory) functions are those that the municipal body must perform. In this category fall such functions as water supply; construction and maintenance of roads, streets, bridges, subways and other public works, street lighting; drainage and sewerage; garbage collection and disposal; prevention and control of epidemics.

    Some other obligatory functions are public vaccination and inoculation; maintenance of hospitals and dispensaries including maternity and child welfare centres; checking food adulteration; removal of slums; supply of electricity; maintenance of cremation and burial grounds; and town planning. In some States some of these functions may be taken over by State Government.

    The discretionary functions are those that a municipal body may take up if funds permit. These are given less priority. Some of the discretionary functions are construction and maintenance of rescue homes and orphanages, housing for low income groups, organising public receptions, provision of treatment facilities, etc.

    Type of urban governments

    There are eight types of urban governments in India.

    1. Municipal Corporation: Municipal corporations are created for the administration of big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad and others. A Municipal Corporation has three authorities namely, the council (legislative wing of the corporation), the standing committee (to facilitate the working of the council) and the commissioner (chief executive authority of the corporation).The council consist of councillors directly elected by people and is headed by a Mayor while the Commissioner is appointed by state government and is generally an IAS officer.
    2. Municipality: The municipalities are established for the administration of towns and smaller cities. They are known by various other names like municipal council, municipal committee, municipal board, borough municipality, city municipality and others. In composition they are quite similar to municipal corporations except that head of council is called President /chairman and in place of commissioner they have a chief executive officer/chief municipal officer.
    3. Notified Area Committee: A notified area committee is created for the administration of two types of areas- a fast developing town due to industrialisation, and a town which does not yet fulfill all the conditions necessary for the constitution of a municipality, but which otherwise is considered important by the state government. It is called so because it is created by a notification and unlike the municipality it is an entirely nominated body, i.e. all members, including the Chairman, are nominated by the state government. Thus, it is neither a statutory body (created by law) nor an elected body.
    4. Town Area Committee: It is set up by a separate act of state legislature for the administration of a small town. It is a semi-municipal authority entrusted with limited number of civic functions. It may be wholly elected or wholly nominated or partly elected and partly nominated as provided by state government.
    5. Cantonment Board: It is established for municipal administration for civilian population in the cantonment areas (area where military forces and troops are permanently stationed). It is set up under the provisions of the Cantonment Act, 2006 by central government and works under Defence ministry of central government. It is partly elected and partly nominated body having the Military officer commanding the station as its ex-officio President. Vice president is elected amongst by the elected members of board. The executive officer of the cantonment board is appointed by the President of India.,
    6. Township: It is established by large public enterprises to provide civic amenities to its staff and workers, who live in the housing colonies built near the plant. It is not an elected body and all members, including the town administrator, is appointed by the enterprise itself.
    7. Port Trust: The port trusts are established in the port areas like Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and so on for two purposes: (a) to manage and protect the ports; (b) to provide civic amenities. It is created by an Act of Parliament and it consists of both elected and nominated members.
    8. Special Purpose Agency: The states have set up certain agencies to undertake designated activities or specific functions that legitimately belong to the domain of municipal corporations, municipalities or other local urban governments. In other words, these are function based, not area based. They are known as ‘single purpose’, ‘uni-purpose’ or ‘special purpose’ or ‘functional local bodies’ like town improvement trust, housing boards, pollution control boars etc. They are established as statutory bodies by an act of state legislature or as departments by an executive resolution. They function as an autonomous body and are not subordinate agencies to local municipal bodies.

  • Prelims Spotlight: Constitutional and Statutory bodies.

    Dear Aspirants,

    This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2022.

    You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here

    Session Details

    Morning 12 PM  – Prelims Spotlight Session

    Evening 06 PM  – TIKDAM/MCQs Session

    Evening 08 PM  – Tests on Alternate Days

    Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here

    16th Mar 2022

    Constitutional bodies

      Appointment Tenure Removal Process of removal Eligibility for reappointment w/i govt
    Attorney general (Advocate general) President (governor) Pleasure of President (governor) President (governor) No reason needs to be mentioned Yes
    Election Commission (SEC) President (governor) 6 years/ 65 President CEC and SEC by a special majority

     

    Other ECs on the recommendation of CEC

    		 Yes
    Finance commission (SFC) President (governor) Specified by president NA NA Yes
    UPSC (SPSC) President (governor) 6 years/ 65 President After enquiry by supreme court Members can become Chair, state members can become chair or member or chair of UPSC
    CAG President 6 years/ 65 President Special majority No

    Statutory bodies

      Appointment Committee members Other members Tenure Removal
    NHRC (SHRC) President (Governor) 6 (PM + LOP Lok Sabha) Speaker, Deputy CP RS, LOP RS, home minister 3 years*/ 70 President after Supreme Court inquiry
    CIC (SIC) President (Governor) 3 ((PM + LOP Lok Sabha) Cabinet Minister nominated by PM As prescribed by the Central Govt*./ 65 President (governor for SIC) after supreme court inquiry
    CVC President (governor) 3 ((PM + LOP lok sabha) Home minister 4 years/ 65 President after Supreme court inquiry
    Lokpal President 5 (PM + LOP lok sabha Speaker, CJI, eminent jurist 5 years/ 70 Like a Supreme Court judge

    *  After amendments in the respective acts in 2019.

    In the news: 

    1. Amendment to the RTI Act (July 2019)

    • Section 13 of the original Act sets the term of the central Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners at five years (or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier). The amendment was made that the appointment will be “for such term as may be prescribed by the Central Government”.
    • The amendment was made that the salaries, allowances and other terms of service of the Chief Information Commissioner and the Information Commissioners “shall be such as may be prescribed by the Central Government” which was earlier at par with Chief Election Commissioner.

    2. Amendment to Protection of Human Rights Act (July 2019)

    • It reduced the term of the Chairperson and Members of the Commission and the State Commissions from five to three years and shall be eligible for re-appointment.
    • Provision was added which says a person who has been a Judge of the Supreme Court is also eligible to be appointed as Chairperson of the Commission in addition to the person who has been the Chief Justice of India.
    • The amendment made provision that a person who has been a Judge of a High Court is also made eligible to be appointed as Chairperson of the State Commission in addition to the person who has been the Chief Justice of the High Court.
    • It conferred upon State Commissions, the functions relating to human rights being discharged by the Union territories, other than the Union territory of Delhi, which will be dealt with by the Commission.
     

  • Prelims Spotlight: Constitution- Special provisions

    Dear Aspirants,

    This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2022.

    You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here

    Session Details

    Morning 12 PM  – Prelims Spotlight Session

    Evening 06 PM  – TIKDAM/MCQs Session

    Evening 08 PM  – Tests on Alternate Days

    Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here

    15th Mar 2022

    Emergency provisions

     

      National emergency

     

    (art 352)

    		 State Emergency/ President’s rule  (Art 356) Financial emergency
    Grounds War, External aggression, armed rebellion <threat or actual> Failure of constitutional machinery of state or can’t comply with the directions of centre Threat to financial credit
    Who declares President after written cabinet recommendation President President
    Parliamentary approval w/i 1 month by both houses w/i 2 month by both houses w/i 2 month by both houses
    Type of majority Special Simple Simple
    Duration 6 months from approval 6 months from approval Indefinitely
    Reapproval Any number of times Max 3 years Not applicable
    Revocation By president or by LS only by simple majority By president, By president
    Legislature and laws on state list Continues, both parliament and state can pass laws Suspended or dissolved and only parliament can make laws Can issue directions to reserve money bill and finance bills for president
    Executive Continues, both union govt and state govt have powers Dismissed, president administers through governor Can issue direction to reduce salaries including those of supreme court and high court judge
    FRs, Art 19 automatically suspended, 20 and 21 can’t be, right to move courts for others can be suspended by presidential orders NA NA

    Schedule 5 and 6

      Schedule 5 Schedule 6
    Deal with – Scheduled area and STs in any state except ATMM Administration of tribal areas Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram
    Autonomy Limited autonomy. Only tribal advisory council at state level More autonomy, autonomous districts
    Schedule area President declares, can increase or decrease the area Governor can organize, reorganize autonomous districts
    Executive power of state Applicable but special responsibility of governor Same
    Acts of parliament or legislature Governor can modify the law or state that they are not applicable same

    Special Provisions for the Other States

    Part XXI of the Constitution
     The part ‘Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions’, includes, apart from Article 370 (Temporary Provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir) Articles 371, 371A, 371B, 371C, 371D, 371E, 371F, 371G, 371H, and 371J.
     These define special provisions with regard to other states of the Indian Union.

    Special Provisions but not special treatment
     All these provisions take into account the special circumstances of individual states, and lay down a wide range of specific safeguards that are deemed important for these states.
     In these range of Articles from 371 to 371J, Article 371I, which deals with Goa, stands out in the sense that it does not include any provision that can be deemed “special”.
     Article 371E, which deals with Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, too, is not that “special”.
     The special provisions laid down in Article 370 before it was modified were obviously much more farreaching than the special provisions for other states, described in Articles 371, 371A-H, and 371J.
    The following special provisions are guaranteed by the Constitution to states
    other than Jammu and Kashmir:
    Maharashtra and Gujarat (Article 371)
    The Governor has a “special responsibility”-
     To establish “separate development boards” for “Vidarbha, Marathwada, and the rest of Maharashtra”, and Saurashtra and Kutch in Gujarat;
     To ensure “equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure over the said areas”, and “equitable arrangement providing adequate facilities for technical education and vocational training, and adequate opportunities for employment” under the state government.

    Nagaland (Article 371A, 13th Amendment Act, 1962)
     Parliament cannot legislate in matters of Naga religion or social practices, the Naga customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law.
     Parliament also cannot intervene in ownership and transfer of land and its resources, without the concurrence of the Legislative Assembly of the state.

     This provision was inserted in the Constitution after a 16-point agreement between the Centre and the Naga People’s Convention in 1960, which led to the creation of Nagaland in 1963.
     Also, there is a provision for a 35-member Regional Council for Tuensang district, which elects the Tuensang members in the Assembly.
     A member from the Tuensang district is Minister for Tuensang Affairs. The Governor has the final say on all Tuensang-related matters.
    Assam (Article 371B, 22nd Amendment Act, 1969)
     The President of India may provide for the constitution and functions of a committee of the state Assembly consisting of members elected from the tribal areas of the state.
    Manipur (Article 371C, 27th Amendment Act, 1971)
     The President of India may provide for the constitution and functions of a committee of elected members from the Hill areas of the state in the Assembly, and entrust “special responsibility” to the Governor to ensure its proper functioning.
     The Governor has to file a report every year on this subject to the President.
    Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (Article 371D, 32nd Amendment Act, 1973; substituted by the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014)
     The President must ensure “equitable opportunities and facilities” in “public employment and education to people from different parts of the state”.
     He may require the state government to organise “any class or classes of posts in a civil service of, or any class or classes of civil posts under, the State into different local cadres for different parts of the State”, and allot them.
     The President has similar powers vis-à-vis admissions in any university or state government-run educational institution.
     Also, he may provide for setting up of an administrative tribunal outside the jurisdiction of the High Court to deal with issues of appointment, allotment or promotion in state civil services.
     Article 371E allows for the establishment of a university in Andhra Pradesh by a law of Parliament. But this is not really a ‘special provision’ in the sense of the other provisions in this part of the Constitution.
    Sikkim (Article 371F, 36th Amendment Act, 1975)
     The members of the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim shall elect the representative of Sikkim in the House of the People.
     To protect the rights and interests of various sections of the population of Sikkim, Parliament may provide for the number of seats in the Assembly, which may be filled only by candidates from those sections.
     The Governor shall have “special responsibility for peace and for an equitable arrangement for ensuring the social and economic advancement of different sections of the population”.
     All earlier laws in territories that formed Sikkim shall continue, and any adaptation or modification shall not be questioned in any court.
    Mizoram (Article 371G, 53rd Amendment Act, 1986)
     This provision lays down that Parliament cannot make laws on “religious or social practices of the Mizos, Mizo customary law and procedure, administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Mizo customary law, ownership and transfer of land… unless the Legislative
    Assembly… by a resolution so decides”.
    Arunachal Pradesh (Article 371H, 55th Amendment Act, 1986)
     The Governor has a special responsibility with regard to law and order, and he shall, after consulting the Council of Ministers, exercise his individual judgment as to the action to be taken.
     Should a question arise over whether a particular matter is one in which the Governor is “required to act in the exercise of his individual judgment, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall be final”, and “shall not be called in question”
    Karnataka (Article 371J, 98th Amendment Act, 2012)
     There is a provision for the establishment of a separate development board for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region, the working of which will be reported annually to the Assembly.
     There shall be “equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure over the said region”, and “equitable opportunities and facilities” for people of this region in government jobs and education.
     An order can be made to provide for reservation “of a proportion” of seats and jobs in educational and vocational training institutions and state government organisations respectively in the Hyderabad-
    Karnataka region for individuals who belong to that region by birth or domicile.

  • Prelims Spotlight: Functions/powers of Judiciary

    Dear Aspirants,

    This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2022.

    You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here

    Session Details

    Morning 12 PM  – Prelims Spotlight Session

    Evening 06 PM  – TIKDAM/MCQs Session

    Evening 08 PM  – Tests on Alternate Days

    Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here

    14th Mar 2022

    Appointments:

    1. Parliament decide the number of judges of supreme court while president decide the numbers in high courts
    2. Both supreme court and high court judges are appointed as well as removed by president
    3. Salaries of high court judges is charged on CFS while pension is charged on CFI
    4. Appointment by collegium system (CJI plus 4 senior most supreme court judges) after 3rd judges case
    5. District judges are appointed by governor in consultation with high courts
    6. Both SC and HC judges need 10 year practice in high court but SC judge need 5 year judgeship in high court while HC judge needs 10 years of judgeship
    7. A distinguished jurist can be appointed as judges of supreme court but not high court
    8. Removal by special majority of parliament on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity
    9. SC judges can’t practice w/i india post retirement: high court judges can in supreme court or other high courts <but there is no bar on further appointments such as chairperson or members of NHRC etc>
    10. Constitution provided for 1 high court for each state but 7th amendment allowed parliament to establish common high courts

    Jurisdictions of courts

    Exclusive (original by default) Original <concurrent with high courts> Appellate Advisory
    Petition only in supreme court (directly by default) Directly in supreme court Appeals from high court President refers(art 143)
    Federal disputes, inter state matters, disputes regarding election of president, VP Writ under art 32 Appeals, SLP Not necessary to tender opinion except on pre constitutional matters

    Types of Writs

    Writ Habeas Corpus Mandamus Prohibition Certiorari Quo Warranto
    Meaning -To produce the body

    -Against arbitrary detention

    		 -We command

    -to perform Official duty

    		 -To forbid

    – from exceeding jurisdiction

    		 – to be certified

    -transfer a case or quash an order

    		 -by what authority

    -legality of claim to public office
    Issued against public as well as private authority Public official, court, tribunal Judicial, quasi Judicial Judicial, quasi Judicial and administrative authorities Substantive public office created by constitution or statute
    Can’t be issues against Lawful detention private Private, administrative, legislative Private, legislative Ministerial, private
    Who can file Aggrieved person Aggrieved person Aggrieved person Aggrieved person Any person

    Writ jurisdiction of Supreme court v/s High Court

    Court Supreme court High Court
    Article 32 226
    Scope Only for FRs FRs plus legal rights

    Powers of High Court and Supreme Court

    There are different types of jurisdictions and powers of the Supreme Court. Some of them are listed below :

    1. Original Jurisdiction

    Being a Federal court, the Supreme Court decides disputes between –

    • Two or more states
    • Centre and the state/states
    • Centre and states on one side and the other states on the other side

    In any of the above-mentioned disputes, the supreme court has the exclusive original jurisdiction.

    However, this jurisdiction does not apply to the following cases-

    • A dispute that arose out of any pre-Constitution treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, and or any other similar instruments.
    • Any Inter-state water disputes.
    • Matters that are referred to the Finance Commission.
    • Recovery of the damages by a state against the Centre.
    • An ordinary dispute that is commercial between the Centre and the states.
    • A dispute that arose out of any treaty, agreement, etc., which specifically provides that the said jurisdiction does not extend to such a dispute.
    • An adjustment of certain expenses and pensions between the Centre and the states.

    2. Writ Jurisdiction

    The Supreme Court is granted the power to issue writs, like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo-warranto, and certiorari for the enforcement of the fundamental rights of an aggrieved citizen.

    However, this jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is not exclusive as the High Courts are also granted the power to issue writs for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights.

    3. Appellate Jurisdiction

    Several appeals can be made in the Supreme Court of India. These appeals can be broadly classified into four categories, that are, Constitutional Matters, Civil Matters, Criminal Matters, and Special Leaves.

    4. Advisory Jurisdiction

    Under Article 143, the President of India has the right to seek the advice of the Supreme court when any question of law or fact of public importance which has arisen or is likely to arise or if any dispute is arising out of any pre-constitution treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, or other similar instruments.

    5. Court of record

    Herein, the Supreme Court of India has two powers, that are –

    • It is given the authority to punish for the contempt of court, either with simple imprisonment for a term up to six months or with fine up to 2,000 or both.
    • The judgments, proceedings, and acts of the Supreme Court are recorded for perpetual memory and testimony and they are recognized as legal precedents and legal references.

    Some of the Powers that are granted to the High Court are the following –

    1. Original Jurisdiction

    The high courts are empowered to issue writs to enforce fundamental rights, as and when needed. Adding to this, they have original jurisdiction in cases that are related to will, divorce, contempt of court, and admiralty. Furthermore, election petitions can also be heard in the High Court.

    2. Appellate Jurisdiction

    An appeal can be made to the High Court against a district court’s decision, in the civil cases. If the dispute involves a value that is higher than Rs. 5000/- or on a question of fact or law, then an appeal can be made from the subordinate court, directly.

    A person can move to the High Court if he has been awarded imprisonment of seven years and above under a criminal case. Appeals on constitutional matters can also be taken up in the High Court.

    3. Administrative Powers

    The high court is the controller of all the subordinate courts. It also has the right to ask for the details of the proceedings from the subordinate courts. The rules regarding the working of the subordinate courts are also issued by the High court.

    The High Court can also appoint its administration staff and determine their salaries and allowances, and conditions of service.

     

    4. Power of Judicial Review

    High Courts hold the power of judicial review. They have the right to declare any law or ordinance as unconstitutional if it is found to be against the Constitution of India.

    5. Power of Cancellation

    A High Court alone can choose to certify the cases that it feels are fit for an appeal before the Supreme Court of India.

    Qualification and Appointment

    The Qualification that is needed to be a Judge in the Supreme Court of India are that he/she –

    1. Should be a citizen of the country.
    2. Should have been the judge of one of the high courts of the country for at least 5 years.
    3. The president of the country shall consider him to be a distinguished jurist.
    4. Should have been an advocate in any one of the high courts of the country for a period of 10 years.

    It shall be noted that no minimum age of a Judge of the Supreme Court has been mentioned in the Indian Constitution.

    The Qualification that is needed to be a judge in the Judge in the high court of the country is that he/she should –

    1. Have held a judicial office in the Indian territory for 10 years, OR
    2. Have been an advocate of the high court(s) for a minimum period of ten years.

    Removal procedure

    1. A Supreme Court or a High Court Judge shall be removed from his post concerning an order passed by the President of the Country. However, this order of removal can only be issued after the Parliament presented and addressed him on the same matter.
    2. The address in the parliament shall need a majority of two-thirds of the members that are present and voting in the house.
    3. The two grounds on which a Supreme Court or a High Court judge shall be removed are proved misbehavior or incapacity.
    4. The procedure relating to the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court is regulated by The Judges Enquiry Act (1968).
    5. It must also be noted that to date, no judge of the Supreme Court of India has been impeached by the Parliament and the President.

    Constitutional Provisions

    Articles 13, 32, 131-136, 143, 145, 226, 246, 251, 254, and 372 are the constitutional provisions that guarantee judicial review of legislation.

    1. Article 13 considers any law void which contravenes any of the provisions of the part of Fundamental Rights.
    2. Article 372 talks about the judicial review of the pre-constitution legislation.
    3. Both Articles 32 and 226 entrusts the roles of the protector of the constitution and guarantor of fundamental rights to the Supreme and the High Courts.
    4. Article 246 (3) makes sure that of the state legislature’s exclusive powers on matters that are about the State list.
    5. Article 245 of the Indian Constitution says that the powers of both Parliament and State legislatures are subject to the provisions of the constitution.
    6. All Articles from 131 to 136 entrusts the Indian court with the power to adjudicate the disputes between the individuals, between the individuals and the state, between the states and the union. However, the court may be required to interpret the provisions of the constitution and the interpretation that is given by the Supreme Court becomes the law that shall be honored by all courts of the land.

    Recent Controversies

    1. Back in the year 2016, Justice Nagarjuna Reddy of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana got all lights on him when 61 Rajya Sabha members moved a petition for his impeachment on charges of him misusing his position to “victimize” a “Dalit” judge. However, later, nine of the 54 members of the Rajya Sabha, who proposed the initiation of proceedings against him, withdrew their signatures.
    2. On 20 April 2018, a petition seeking impeachment of CJI Dipak Misra was submitted by seven opposition parties to the Vice President, Venkiyah Naidu. The petition was rejected by the Vice President.
    3. On 19 April 2019, a junior court assistant and a former employee in CJI Gogoi’s office sent a complaint-letter attached with a detailed affidavit to 22 Judges of the Supreme Court of India, narrating a series of events, spelling out how CJI Gogoi had allegedly sexually harassed her.

  • Prelims Spotlight: Functions/powers of executive

    Dear Aspirants,

    This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2022.

    You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here

    Session Details

    Morning 12 PM  – Prelims Spotlight Session

    Evening 06 PM  – TIKDAM/MCQs Session

    Evening 08 PM  – Tests on Alternate Days

    Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here

    11th Mar 2022

    Executive

    Titbits

    1. President, VP both elected indirectly by proportional representation by means of single transferable vote and voting is by secret ballot
    2. Electoral college of president contains elected MPs and elected MLAs (including that of UTs of Delhi and Puducherry) while that of VP includes all MPs (nominated MPs and nominated MLAs not included in presidential electoral college where as nominated MPs are included in Vice presidential but none of the MLAs )
    3. MLCs not included in electoral college of either president or VP
    4. Value of votes of all elected MPs = Value of votes of all elected MLAs
    5. Min age 35 years for both president and VP (LS, MLA = 25, RS, MLC = 30, local bodies =21)
    6. Oath to preserve, protect and defend the constitution to president by CJI while by president to VP
    7. Impeachment for violation of constitution by ⅔ absolute majority
    8. Vacancy in presidential office, VP and in his absence CJI
    9. President acts in accordance with aid and advice of CoM except where situational discretion is necessary (govt losing no confidence motion, no clear majority)
    10. President appoints judges of supreme court as well as high court
    Issue President Governor
    Head Head of the country, head of govt is PM Head of a state, head of govt is CM
    Executive power All executive action in his name Same
    Oath Preserve, protect and defend the constitution Same
    Appointment Indirect election Nominated by president; representative of union in states
    Removal Impeachment President can remove him any time/ pleasure principle
    Grounds of removal Violation of constitution No grounds mentioned
    Advice of council of minister Binding (42nd amendment), can return the advice once (44th amendment) binding save for exceptional circumstances (various supreme court judgements)
    Ordinance Art 123, when either house is not in session, not for CAB Art 213, same
    Ordinary bill Can be sent for reconsideration once to parliament, bound to give assent after that same
    Money bill Can’t send for reconsideration (after all president himself recommends the bill) same
    Constitution amendment bill Has to give his assent (24th amendment) No role
    if governor reserves the bill for president (article 200) Can assent/ withhold assent or send the bill for reconsideration (except money bill which can’t be resent) (article 201) No further role of governor
    If house sends the bill back in the same form Not bound to give assent <governor is bound to give assent after repassage> No role
    Clemency power Can pardon death sentence and court martial sentences Can’t pardon death sentence, no role in military matters

    Bills which must be reserved for President’s consideration

    1. bills derogating the powers of the High Court (art 200)
    2. imposition of taxes on water or electricity in certain cases (Article 288)
    3. during a Financial Emergency (art 360)

    Bills which may be reserved for President’s consideration and assent for specific purposes

    a). To secure immunity from operation of Articles 14 and 19. These are Bills for

    1. acquisition of estates, etc.  (Article 31A(I (b))
    2. giving effect to Directive Principles of State Policy (Article 31C)

    (b) A Bill relating to a subject enumerated in the Concurrent List, to ensure operation of its provisions despite their repugnancy to a Union law or an existing law, by securing President’s assent in terms of Article 254(2)

    (c) Legislation imposing restrictions on trade and commerce

    Titbits

      1. President (governor) appoints the leader of the majority party as PM (CM). Discretion in case of no clear majority.
      2. Ministers are appointed on the advice of PM or CM (no discretion)
    • CM of UTs is appointed by President not Lt. Governor
    1. Ministers hold office during pleasure of president (governor) and are collectively responsible to house of people
    2. Total strength of CoM including PM (CM) not to exceed 15% of membership of LS (91st CAA)
    3. Ministers can be appointed w/o being part of LS or RS but have to get elected w/i 6 months
    4. Ministers/ Attorney general who are not member of a house/ committee can attend the meetings but can’t vote
    5. The cabinet is a subset of CoM and includes only ministers of cabinet rank (article 352)

    Governor of state  v/s LG of Delhi

      Governor/ state LG/ Delhi
    Appointment of CM/ ministers By governor By president
    Ministers hold office till pleasure of Governor President
    Discretion Very limited Can refer any matter to president if not satisfied
    Who can make Laws on state list Only state legislature ordinarily Parliament as well as state legislature

    Civil services

    While ministers are political executives, civil servants are permanent executives as they don’t have to seek the mandate of people every five years.

    All India Services: Common to both centre and states

    1. Recruitment by the centre, serve under states
    2. 3 all India services – IAS, IPS and Indian forest services <created in 1968>
    3. Parliament can create a new IAS if RS passes a resolution by ⅔ majority
    4. Central govt makes service rules in consultation with state govt
    5. Work under the pleasure of the president with safeguards

  • Prelims Spotlight: Functions/powers of legislature

    Dear Aspirants,

    This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2022.

    You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here

    Session Details

    Morning 12 PM  – Prelims Spotlight Session

    Evening 06 PM  – TIKDAM/MCQs Session

    Evening 08 PM  – Tests on Alternate Days

    Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here

    10th Mar 2022

     

    Legislature

    Parliament –

    Loksabha (house of people) + RajyaSabha (Council of states) + President

      LokSabha RajyaSabha
    Other names Lower house, house of people Upper house, council of states
    Total strength (state+UT+nominated) 530+13+2
    (Nomination
    Discontinued)    		 229 elected from states + 4 from UTs + 12 Nominated by president
    Maximum strength (state+UT+nominated) 530+20+2
    (Nomination
    Discontinued)    		 238 +12
    Mode of election Direct election – First past the post Indirect by MLAs – proportional representation by single transferable vote
    Life cycle 5 yr or until dissolved Continuing chamber (6 year of MP)
    Min age to contest polls 25 30
    Presiding officer Speaker Vice President (Ex officio
    Who can be nominated Anglo Indians
    Special knowledge in Literature, art, science,social service  
      LS RS
    Money Bill, certification and voting on it Introduced here, speaker certifies can vote and amend Can’t be introduced, can’t vote, can only send recommendation within 14 days
    Estimate committee members All 30 from LS No role
    Joint sitting presided by Speaker > deputy speaker Not by VP
    National emergency discontinuation Resolution by LS No role
    No confidence motion, censure motion adjournment motion Only in LS  
      RS LS
    Parliamentary law on state list Authorizes (Art 249)  
    Creation of new AIS Authorizes (Art 312)  
    Introduction of motion to remove VP Introduced here and passed by effective majority LS – simple majority required

    Presiding officers

    Speaker of previous LS vacates post before first meeting of new LS

    President appoint speaker Pro Tem – usually senior most member

    Presides over first meeting, oath to members, election of speaker

    Speaker is elected and pro tem cease to exist

    Speaker fixes the date for election of deputy speaker

    Nominates panel of =<10 chairpersons to preside in his/ deputy’s absence

     

    Election and removal (Speaker, deputy and vice CP) and salary

    Election -By the members of particular house by simple majority

    Removal – 14 days notice and effective majority of house

    Charged on CFI and thus non votable

    Titbits:

    1. President is part of parliament but not the presiding officer of any house
    2. VP is not the part of parliament yet presiding officer and ex officio chairperson of RS
    3. President can not chair joint sitting even in the absence of speaker and deputy speaker. Deputy CP chairs the sitting in such eventuality
    4. Being elector of same state is not a requirement to contest election of RS or LS (elector in any constituency in India)
    5. Bills introduced by ministers are public bills, those by other members (including members of ruling party) are private bills

    Unique provisions

    1. Question hour and not Zero hour is first hour of parliamentary proceeding.
    2. Indian innovation – Zero hour and Calling attention motion
    3. Not mentioned in rule of procedure – Zero hour (calling attention motion is in rules)
    4. Censure motion should state the reasons and can be initiated against individual minister as well; no such requirement for no confidence motion, only against CoM
    5. Adjournment motion is extraordinary device to draw attention to urgent matter of public importance
      Ordinary Bill Money bill CAB
    Government approval No Required (introduced by minister only) No
    Introduction Either house Only LS Either house
    Passage Simple majority Simple Special
    Amendments Simple majority RS only recommends changes within 14 days Special majority
    Deadlock President can call Joint session after 6 month LS doesn’t have to accept recommendations, bill is passed as such No joint sitting
    Returning by President Can return once for reconsideration or withhold assent Can’t return, either assent or reject Shall assent

    Titbits:

    1. Only 3 joint sittings so far – dowry bill, banking services bill and POTA bill
    2. Only 14 private member bills have been passed so far, last bill (supreme court enlargement of jurisdiction bill )was in 1968
    3. Right of transgender persons bill was passed by RS (1st private member bill to get the nod of upper house in 45 years)

    Budget (Annual Financial Statement, Article 112)

    1. Presentation of budget by FM
    2. General discussion – discuss as a whole
    3. Scrutiny by departmental committees – for 3 to 4 weeks
    4. Voting on demand for grants – voting only in LS and only on non charged expenditure (cut motions at this stage). On last day all remaining demands are put together and put to vote – guillotine
    5. Passing of appropriation bill – voted demands plus charged expenditure, no amendments can be moved here
    6. Passing of finance bill – financial proposals (taxes), amendments to reduce taxes can be moved
    Fund Consolidated fund Contingency Public accounts
    What comes All receipts and payments Money comes from CFI to meet unforeseen expenditure All public money except CFI (provident fund, remittances etc)
    Parliamentary approval Yes No. finance secretary on behalf of president Not required, executive operates

    Titbits:

    1. Charged expenditure can be discussed but not voted
    2. Salary and allowance of SC judges, UPSC members, CAG, President, VP, Speaker, deputy, vice CP etc are charged on CFI
    3. Salaries and Expenditure of election commission is not charged on CFI
    4. Salary of high court judges is charged on CF of states while their pension in charged on CFI

    State legislative assembly (Vidhansabha)

    Vidhan Sabha is equivalent to LS and Vidhan Parishad to RS

    Differences are mentioned below

    Vidhan Parishad (legislative council): 7 states, Andhra, Bihar, J&K, K’taka, Maharashtra, Telangana, UP

    Creation and Abolition of Vidhan Parishad: Vidhan Sabha passes resolution by special majority and Parliament agrees to that resolution by simple majority

    Titbits:

    1. Bill passed by Vidhan Sabha – Vidhan Parishad can amend w/i 3 months – Vidhan Sabha accepts or rejects amendments – Vidhan Parishad can hold the bill for 1 more month
    2. Bill passed by Vidhan Parishad – Vidhan Sabha rejects – bill is killed
    3. No provision for joint sitting in states
    4. Maximum strength of Vidhan Parishad ⅓ of Vidhan Sabha, min 40
    5. ⅚ indirectly elected, ⅙ nominated

    Governor can reserve all the bills for presidential assent

    Once he reserves the bill, his role is over and president can assent, hold back, reject or send the bill for reconsideration

    Situations where Parliament can pass bill on state subject

    Condition Duration
    National emergency 6 months after expiry of emergency
    President’s rule Indefinitely but legislature can repeal or modify
    International treaty/ agreement Indefinitely
    RS passes a resolution by ⅔ majority 1 year of resolution plus 6 months <resolution can be passed again>
    2 or more states pass the resolution <applicable only ti those states> Indefinitely

    Types of majority

    Eg. Total seats – 545

    Vacancies due to death and resignation – 10

    Absence – 20

    Total vote cast – 500 ( 15 present did not cast vote)

    Type Simple Effective Absolute ⅔ majority Special Absolute ⅔
    Definition 50% present and voting +1 50% of (total – vacancies) +1 50% of total + 1 ⅔ present and voting +1 Absolute and ⅔ simultaneously ⅔ of total +1
    Example (500/2) +1 (545-10)/2 +1 (545/2) +1 (⅔*500) +1   (⅔*545)
    Used Ordinary bill, money bill Removal of speaker, deputy speaker in LS, VP and vice Cp in RS No where Art 249, 312, 169 Art 368, removal of judges of supreme court, high court, CAG Impeachment of president

    Parliamentary committees

    Committee Estimates committee Public accounts committee Departmentally related standing committees (24)
    Membership 30 (LS) 22 (15+7) 21+10
    Appointment Elected every year by proportional representation Elected every year by proportional representation Nominated by Speaker and CP
    Chairperson Ruling party member Opposition member from 1967  
    Role Examine estimates included in budget and suggest economies in expenditure Examines audit report of CAG Demand for grants and bills

    Other Standing Committees in each House, divided in terms of their functions, are:

    • Committees to Inquire:
      • Committee on Petitions examines petitions on bills and on matters of general public interest and also entertains representations on matters concerning subjects in the Union List; and
      • Committee of Privileges examines any question of privilege referred to it by the House or Speaker/Chairman;
    • Committees to Scrutinise:
      • Committee on Government Assurances keeps track of all the assurances, promises, undertakings, etc., given by Ministers in the House and pursues them till they are implemented;
      • Committee on Subordinate Legislation scrutinises and reports to the House whether the power to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, bye-laws, etc., conferred by the Constitution or Statutes is being properly exercised by the delegated authorities; and
      • Committee on Papers Laid on the Table examines all papers laid on the table of the House by Ministers, other than statutory notifications and orders which come within the purview of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation, to see whether there has been compliance with the provisions of the Constitution, Act, rule or regulation under which the paper has been laid;
    • Committees relating to the day-today business of the House:
      • Business Advisory Committee recommends allocation of time for items of Government and other business to be brought before the Houses;
      • Committee on Private Members’ Bills and Resolutions of the Lok Sabha classifies and allocates time to Bills introduced by private members, recommends allocation of time for discussion on private members’ resolutions and examines Constitution amendment bills before their introduction by private members in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha does not have such a committee. It is the Business Advisory Committee of that House which recommends allocation of time for discussion on stage or stages of private members’ bills and resolutions;
      • Rules Committee considers matters of procedure and conduct of business in the House and recommends amendments or additions to the Rules; and
      • Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House of the Lok Sabha considers all applications from members for leave or absence from sittings of the House. There is no such Committee in the Rajya Sabha. Applications from members for leave or absence are considered by the House itself;
    • Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, on which members from both Houses serve, considers all matters relating to the welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes which come within the purview of the Union Government and keeps a watch whether constitutional safeguards in respect of these classes are properly implemented;
    • Committees concerned with the provision of facilities to members:
      • General Purposes Committee considers and advises Speaker/Chairman on matters concerning affairs of the House, which do not appropriately fall within the purview of any other Parliamentary Committee; and
      • House Committee deals with residential accommodation and other amenities for members;
    • Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament, constituted under the Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act, 1954, apart from framing rules for regulating payment of salary, allowances and pension to Members of Parliament, also frames rules in respect of amenities like medical, housing, telephone, postal, constituency and secretarial facility;
    • Joint Committee on Offices of Profit examines the composition and character of committees and other bodies appointed by the Central and State governments and Union Territories Administrations and recommends what offices ought to or ought not to disqualify a person from being chosen as a member of either House of Parliament;
    • The Library Committee consisting of members from both Houses, considers matters concerning the Library of Parliament;
    • On 29 April 1997, a Committee on Empowerment of Women with members from both the Houses was constituted with a view to securing, among other things, status, dignity and equality for women in all fields;
    • On 4 March 1997, the Ethics Committee of the Rajya Sabha was constituted. The Ethics Committee of the Lok Sabha was constituted on 16 May 2000.

  • Polity Titbits: Important articles/schedules of Constitution

    Dear Aspirants,

    This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2022.

    You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here

    Session Details

    Morning 12 PM  – Prelims Spotlight Session

    Evening 06 PM  – TIKDAM/MCQs Session

    Evening 08 PM  – Tests on Alternate Days

    Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here

    9th Mar 2022

    The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. 

    It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950. The constitution replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the country’s fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the Republic of India. To ensure constitutional autonomy, its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395. 

    The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavors to promote fraternity. The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a helium-filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi. The words “secular” and “socialist” were added to the preamble in 1976 during the emergency.

    The Indian constitution is the world’s longest for a sovereign nation. At its enactment, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. At about 145,000 words, it is the second-longest active constitution – after the Constitution of Alabama – in the world.

    Articles in Indian Constitution: As the written constitution is a compact document like a book, it has various parts, parts have various chapters, chapters have various articles.

    The constitution has a preamble and 395 articles, which are grouped into 25 parts. With 12 schedules and five appendices, it has been amended 103 times; the latest amendment became effective on 14 January 2019. Despite various amendments, the number of articles in the Constitution still remains 395. There is nothing like Article 396. The new articles are always inserted in between i.e. Article 31A.

    IMPORTANT TITBIT:  If counted separately there are 444 Articles but in the Constitution of India there are only 396 Articles. The rest are merely clauses or sub-clauses added later. The reason behind this is that there is a rule that no one can alter the basic structure of the COI. Now a problem came up, which was how to include more articles as you cannot add a 397th article as it would be against the Basic Structure Doctrine, so a solution that came up, which was that to include the new articles in clauses or sub-clauses of the existing articles.

    Here are the lists of various important Articles of the Indian Constitution. 

    S.No

    Article

    Deals with
    1 1 Name and Territory of Union
    2 3 New States Formation, Alteration of Boundaries, etc.
    3 13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights
    4 14 Equality before Law (popularly known as Right to Equality)
    5 15 Prohibition of Discrimination (on basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth)
    6 16 Equality in case of Public Employment
    7 17 Abolition of Untouchability
    8 18 Abolition of Titles
    9 19 Protection of Certain Rights to Freedom (popularly known as Right to Freedom)
    10 19a Freedom of Speech & Expression
    11 19b Right to Peaceful Assembly
    12 19c Freedom of Association
    13 19d Right to Move Freely through India
    14 19e Freedom of Settlement & Residence
    15 19f (Omitted as a fundamental right – governed by article 300A.) Right to Own Personal Property.
    16 19g Freedom to Practise any Profession, Occupation, Trade or Business
    17 21 Right to Life and Personal Liberty
    18 21A Right to Education
    19 23 Prohibition of Human Trafficking and Forced Labour
    20 24 Prohibition of Child Labour
    21 25 Freedom to Practise & Propagate Religion Freely
    22 29 Protection of Interests of Minorities
    23 32 Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights including writs
    24 44 Uniform Civil Code
    25 50 Separation of Judiciary from Executive
    26 51 Promotion of International Peace and Security
    27 51A Fundamental Duties
    28 72 Powers of President to Grant Pardons etc.
    29 76 Attorney-General of India
    30 78 Duties of Prime Minister
    31 85 Sessions of Parliament, Prorogation and Dissolution
    32 93 The Speaker & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
    33 100 Voting in Houses
    34 105 Powers, Privileges, etc. of Members of Parliament
    35 106 Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament
    36 108 Joint Sitting of both Houses of Parliament
    37 109-110 Money Bills
    38 112 Budget
    39 123 President’s Power to Promulgate Ordinance while Parliament in Recess
    40 127 Appointment of ad hoc Judges in the Supreme Court
    41 139 Supreme Court’s Powers to Issue Certain Writs
    42 141 Supreme Court’s Law Binding on All Courts
    43 148-149 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
    44 155 Appointment of Governor
    45 161 Power of Governors to Grant Pardon etc.
    46 165 Advocate-General for the State
    47 167 Duties of Chief Minister
    48 224 Appointment of Additional & Acting Judges in High Courts
    49 224A Appointment of Retired Judges in High Courts
    50 226 Power of High Courts to issue writs
    51 280 Finance Commission
    52 312 All India Services
    53 324 Election Commission
    54 335 SCs and STs claim to Services and Posts
    55 343 Official Language
    56 352 National Emergency
    57 356 President’s Rule in case of Failure of Constitutional Machinery in States
    58 360 Financial Emergency
    59 368 Power of Parliament to Amend the Constitution
    60 370 Temporary provisions with respect to the state of Jammu and Kashmir
    61 392 Power of the President to remove difficulties

    Schedules of the Indian Constitution:

    Like a book contains appendices to explain things and provide extra info, the constitution contains various schedules. They are Lists that categorize and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government. They are kept separate because it is a lengthy document and hence, not included in the original text of constitution but they are very much part of the constitution. 

     

    Important Titbits:

    1. Originally they were 8 in number, now they are 12. 
    2. The 4 new schedules were added: IX through the 1st Constitution Amendment Act 1951); X through Anti-Defection Law 52nd CAA 1985; XI through the 73rd CAA Panchayati Raj 1992 and XII through the 74th CAA Municipality 1992.
    3. Matters added to the 9th schedule after 24th April 1973 (Kesavananda Bharati Case) are not immune to judicial review (I.R. Coelho case)

    Schedules of Indian Constitution

     

    Numbers

    Subject Matter
    First Schedule
    1. Names of the States and their territorial jurisdiction.
    2. Names of the Union Territories and their extent.
    Second Schedule Provisions relating to the emoluments, allowances, privileges and so on of:

     

    1. The President of India
    2. The Governors of States
    3. The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha
    4. The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
    5. The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in the states
    6. The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council in the states
    7. The Judges of the Supreme Court
    8. The Judges of the High Courts
    9. The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
    Third Schedule Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for:

     

    1. The Union ministers

    2. The candidates for election to the Parliament

    3. The members of Parliament

    4. The judges of the Supreme Court

    5. The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

    6. The state ministers

    7. The candidates for election to the state legislature

    8. The members of the state legislature

    9. The judges of the High Courts
    Fourth Schedule Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and the union territories.
    Fifth Schedule Provisions relating to the administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes.
    Sixth Schedule Provisions relating to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
    Seventh Schedule Division of powers between the Union and the States in terms of List I (Union List), List II (State List) and List III (Concurrent List). Presently, the Union List contains 100 subjects (originally 97), the state list contains 61 subjects (originally 66) and the concurrent list contains 52 subjects (originally 47).
    Eighth Schedule Languages recognized by the Constitution. Originally, it had 14 languages but presently there are 22 languages. They are: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri (Dongri), Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Mathili (Maithili), Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. Sindhi was added by the 21st Amendment Act of 1967; Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added by the 71 st Amendment Act of 1992; and Bodo, Dongri, Maithili and Santhali were added by the 92nd Amendment Act of 2003.
    Ninth Schedule Acts and Regulations (originally 13 but presently 282) 19 of the state legislatures dealing with land reforms and the abolition of the zamindari system and of the. Parliament dealing with other matters. This schedule was added by the 1st Amendment (1951) to protect the laws included in it from judicial scrutiny on the ground of violation of fundamental rights. However, in 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the laws included in this schedule after April 24, 1973, are now open to judicial review.
    Tenth Schedule Provisions relating to the disqualification of the members of Parliament and State Legislatures on the ground of defection. This schedule was added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985, also known as Anti-defection Law.
    Eleventh Schedule Specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities ofPanchayats. It has 29 matters. This schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.
    Twelfth Schedule Specifies the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities. It has 18 matters. This schedule was added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992.
     

  • Gender equality today for a sustainable tomorrow || International Women’s Day 2022

    Since 2011, the International Women’s Day is observed every year on March 8 to celebrate women’s rights and their social, economic, cultural and political achievements in various spheres. The day also symbolises a focal point in the women’s rights movement, attention to issues such as gender equality, reproductive rights, violence and abuse against women, and also action for accelerating gender parity. As the United Nations quoted “This International Women’s Day, let’s claim Gender equality today for a sustainable tomorrow”.

    This year our students, and Team Members have shared their messages on this day.

    #Breakthebias.
    Forget all the major things happening around the world and question yourself what are you contributing to it?
    By breaking the stereotypes of gender norms and roles, are we able to look at woman’s gender from the broader stance of her being a being first?


    If we just start looking at gender from a being perspective. This debate of biasness, empowerment would take a backseat and then we will be moving towards a just society beyond compartmentalisation.


    We’ll be able to look at being’s values, virtues, capabilities, hard work beyond any lens of gender identity.


    It doesn’t matter to what gender you belong to, trans/woman/man, all have equal responsibility to empower women they’re surrounded with.


    It has to start at home, build it to the nation, make it worldwide.
    Woman- refers to every individual who identifies herself as being a woman.
    #inclusive


    Varsha Earth
    Mentor Civilsdaily

    6 months of focus and hard work can put you 5 years ahead of life. Never underestimate the power of passion and consistency.

    Shilpa
    CD Team member

    WOMEN. This is our identity which makes us strong.  Like we study many subjects in upsc , we also manage every subject in our lives . Like a plant, since we are born , we grow with so many different branches of emotions , like history we grow up listening to real empowered women and we ourselves want to become that one , like geography and nature , we beautifully embrace our all biological clocks that come with so many emotional and physical challenges . When we become a woman from a girl ,like fearless leaders we want a better growing world with an open mind just like our constitution, ethics.  UPSC journey is not only about subjects or  , we can create a more beautiful world by standing all together not just for a gender but for all just like our selfless mothers, wives , daughters , sisters and many more . For this we need to work hard with a balance just like UPSC teaches us . So to all my fellow aspirants , keep going , just sail through all hardship today , a clear shining sky is waiting tomorrow. 
    Take care . Happy women’s day.

    Shraddha Vyas
    Student UAP 22

    So when the storm comes, instead of fighting the waves, ride them. Ride and awake that undaunting spirit in your heart to fight all the destructive energies which you’ve created in your mind. This negative energy is barely of perishable nature at your mental level. This is not in your heart. This must decay. The pious energy within you shall always be stronger to win in the end. This soulful energy has a permanent nature. This must strengthen. Also, there’s glory in actions. Give your best performance today.
    Live that happy woman in your everyday life!

    Ritika Nigam
    Student Smash Prelims

    Healing the society from sharp moral rupture…..
    She extrapolated a way better picture!
    Marginalized from mainstream,no right to vote…..
    She turned herself into the right antidote!
    They presumed their brilliance she never could tackle……
    They’ve been warming up and she’s at the pinnacle!
    Submitting to customs was a cliched repeat……
    She rose from the ashes defying defeat!
    And guiding mankind from graphite to ink…..
    She plays the character that makes men think!!!

    NEO
    Student Nikaalo Prelims

    The dreams of achieving big,
    The belief of doing great,
    Your way of scaling heights,
    The society has become more proud of you!
    The sacrifices you have made,
    The courage you have shown,
    The achievements you did despite all odds,
    The world has become more Harmonious because of you!
    The delight in your eyes,
    The chantness of joy in the voice,
    The love and faith you have manifested,
    The Earth has become more lively because of you!

    Abhishek
    Student MEP

    Woman being a single word itself is a sum of many words, be it patience, selfless love and care or immense strength. I totally agree with the saying that women are just like those tea bags , one can not realize its strength and potential unless it is poured in hot water. And this has been time and again proved when women were given this hot water like opportunities. So this women’s day i wish  a very happy women’s day to all those women who come forward to fulfill their dreams, who stand against all odds of life, and who dare to raise their voice for their dignity and self respect.

    Kaminee Sinha
    Student Super 25 Prelims

    A sustainable future for the whole world is often looked at as a priority but one important aspect of it is often overlooked and that is ‘equal opportunity for women’. Since many years, owing to the persistent attitude of women in fighting for their place, rights and protection ,has been changing the deeply rooted flawed beliefs of society. It is the responsibility of every individual, nation, and organisation to help bring equality to each and every woman. And to achieve this , apart from institutional frameworks , there is a need for people and a woman herself to recognise and celebrate each and every milestone ,however big or small,  achieved. The world needs women heroes but more importantly, the world needs to celebrate small heroic moves of every woman. This women’s day , lets celebrate the countless heroic moves of every woman in making a place for herself in this world.

    Anonymous 
    Student UAP-2022


    Women’s day line- Role of women has been of immense significance since time immemorial, be it domestic domain or work life, everywhere women have a significant roles to play and the COVID situation has impactfully highlighted the hard work and efforts put in by women counterparts in household work and the work-life balance along with deligently raising children.   we should all work together towards the path of gender equality, leading into the world; in lines of Rabindranath Tagore ” Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high, where knowledge is free and where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic wall” ( here in reference to women fragmentation and domestic walls pertains to old customs beliefs and practices which held back women from progressing and having equal fair chance in various aspects of life).

    Sweety raj 
    Student UAP 2022

    When God created woman he was working late on the 6th day.
    An angel came by and asked, “Why spend so much time on her?”
    The Lord answered, “Have you seen all the specifications I have to meet to shape her?
    She must function in all kinds of situations.
    She must be able to embrace several kids at the same time.
    Have a hug that can heal anything from a bruised knee to a broken heart.
    She must do all this with only two hands.
    She cures herself when sick and can work 18 hours a day.”
    The angel was impressed, “Just two hands…impossible!
    And this is the standard model?” Koi
    The angel came closer and touched the woman.
    “But you have made her so soft, Lord.”
    “She is soft”, said the Lord,
    “But I have made her strong. You can’t imagine what she can endure and overcome.”
    “Can she think?” The angel asked.
    The Lord answered, “Not only can she think, she can reason and negotiate.”
    The angel touched her cheeks.
    “Lord, it seems this creation is leaking! You have put too many burdens on her.”
    “She is not leaking…it is a tear” the Lord corrected the angel.
    “What’s it for?” Asked the angel.
    The Lord said, “Tears are her way of expressing her grief, her doubts, her love, her loneliness, her suffering and her pride.”
    This made a big impression on the angel,
    “Lord, you are a genius. You thought of everything. A woman is indeed marvellous!”
    Lord said, “Indeed she is.
    She has strength that amazes a man.
    She can handle trouble and carry heavy burdens.
    She holds happiness, love and opinions.
    She smiles when she feels like screaming.
    She sings when she feels like crying.
    Cries when happy and laughs when afraid.
    She fights for what she believes in.
    Her love is unconditional.
    Her heart is broken when a next-of-kin or a friend dies but she finds strength to get on with life.”
    The angel asked: “So she is a perfect being?”
    The Lord replied, “No. She has just one drawback…she often forgets what she is worth.”

    *HAPPY* *WOMEN’S* *DAY*

    Manu Rao
    Student Nikaalo Prelims


                                                                      

                                                                           

  • Streak Daily Initiative: Question Hour – Day 9

    Questions for the Day:

    Try these Mains Questions :

    Q: Bring out the philosophy of the Indian polity as enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian constitution. (10)

    Q: ‘Separation of powers’ is essential to ensure individual liberty. Discuss this with regard to the provisions in the constitution and practices adopted so far.(15)

    Try these Prelims Questions :

    Q 1. Article 1 describes India as a Union of States. Which of the
    following given below are implied by this?

    1. Indian Federation is the result of an agreement by the
      states.
    2. No state has the right to secede from the federation.

      Select the correct answer using the codes given below

    A. 1 only

    B. 2 only

    C. Both 1 and 2

    D. Neither 1 nor 2

    Q 2. Which of the following statements about the Constitution of
    India is/are correct?

    1. Popular sovereignty and adult franchise are the basic
      features of the Constitution.
    2. The Constitution, in so far as the division of powers
      between the Centre and the States is concerned, is rigid.
    3. The Constitution recognises the interdependence of civil
      and economic rights.
    4. The Constitution mentions direct control by the people such
      as referendum, initiative and recall.

    Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

    (a) Only 1

    (b) 1, 2 and 4

    (c) 2, 3 and 4

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Q 3. Which of the following is/are central tenet(s) of the Constitution of India?

    1. Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion
    2. Gives official status to certain religions
    3. Provides freedom to profess any religion
    4. Ensures equality of all citizens within religious
      communities

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 1, 3 and 4

    (c) 2, 3 and 4

    (d) 2 only

    Q 4. Consider the following statements about the Preamble of the Constitution and state which of them are correct with the help of given codes

    1. The objective resolution proposed by Pt. Nehru ultimately became the Preamble.
    2. It is not justiciable in nature.
    3. It cannot be amended.
    4. It cannot override the specific provisions of the
      Constitution.

    Codes:

    (a) Only 1 and 2

    (b) Only 1, 2 and 4

    (c) Only 1, 2 and 3

    (d) Only 2, 3 and 4

    Q 5. Consider the following statements about the Preamble of the Constitution and state which of them are correct with the help of given codes

    1. The objective resolution proposed by Pt. Nehru ultimately became the Preamble.
    2. It is not justiciable in nature.
    3. It cannot be amended.
    4. It cannot override the specific provisions of the
      Constitution.

    Codes:

    (a) Only 1 and 2

    (b) Only 1, 2 and 4

    (c) Only 1, 2 and 3

    (d) Only 2, 3 and 4

    Q 6. Which of the following statements with regard to citizenship provisions of the Constitution of India is/ are correct?

    1. No person shall be a citizen of India by virtue of Article 5, or be deemed to be a citizen of India by virtue of Article 6 or Article 8, if he /she has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any foreign State.
    2. The Parliament has power to make any provision with
      respect to the acquisition and termination of citizenship and
      all other matters relating to citizenship.
    3. Indian Citizenship law is based on principle of jus soli only

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c)1 and 2 only

    (d) None of above

    Sukanya madam’s video would be out at 7:00 PM and Santosh sir would provide the video at 9:00 PM.

    Watch this space for more updates exclusively for you.

  • Complete Entire Environment Syllabus For FREE!

    MCQs, Hot Topics, Study Material, Discussions, Everything!

    Dear Aspirants,
    The environment is a big part of the Prelims syllabus and is highly dynamic in nature. You don’t want to miss out on these questions! Complete the entire syllabus of Environment for Prelims at absolutely NO CHARGE!

    What will you get?

    1) Complete Coverage Of Environment

    2) Latest MCQs and Most Expected Questions.

    3) Relevant Study Material.

    4) Complete concept clear and doubt clear sessions.

    5) Instant feedback from the mentor.

    And more…

    All of this for absolutely no charge!

    This is available for absolutely FREE but we request you not to miss it!

    It’s Absolutely FREE, Join Now!

    What do you have to do?

    1. Join Habitat For Absolutely Free Sessions!
    2. Read The Discussions Happening On The General Page.
    3. Click On The Blue Box To Join The Discussion.
    4. Participate, Ask Questions, Engage, And Learn!

    Don’t Miss Out On The Questions That May Help You Succeed!

    Join Now And Start Learning!

    Here is a list of topics and discussions you can join immediately:

    Revise Economics for IAS PrelimsRavi Ranjan11:00 am
    English WritingAnand Prakash12:30 pm
    Science and TechDr. Keerti1:00 pm
    Samadhan CSATRavi Ranjan2:00 pm
    UPSC EPFORohit Yadav3:00 pm
    Chat pe News: Current AffairsAnjum Sharma4:30 pm
    Polity Laxmikant Amoghavarsha5:30 pm
    Indian society and Social IssuesSiddharth 6:00 pm
    Abhyaas: Answer WritingGarima7:00 pm
    Samvad: Indian AgricultureRadhika Didwania7:30 pm
    Prelims HeistParth Verma8:30 pm
    Parakram Answer Writing sessionRohit Yadav9:30 pm
    Post dinner MCQs for IAS prelimsAmitB10:15 pm

    And many more…

    Whatever you need, we have it here.

    Join the club of your choice here (for free)

    How to join a discussion?

    After you have joined/registered on Habitat for free, go to the General club. Click on the blue box of the session you want to attend.

  • Complete Entire ‘Social Issues’ Syllabus For Absolutely FREE! Study Materials, Daily Classes, Live Interaction With Mentor And Doubt Clearing

    Dear aspirants,

    Complete the entire syllabus of ‘Social Issues’ through ‘Social Learning’ with Siddharth Sir for absolutely FREE! Social Issues can help you write high-scoring answers, detailed essays, and crack Prelims with a high score!

    Here’s what you get:

    1. Daily sessions.
    2. Revisions and study material.
    3. Tips and techniques to score more. 
    4. Learning to improve your answer-writing.
    5. Fodder for essay writing.

    And more…

    Session at 6.30 P.M.

    All of this for absolutely no charge!

    This is available for absolutely FREE but we request you not to miss it!

    It’s Absolutely FREE, Join Now!

    What do you have to do?

    1. Join Habitat For Absolutely Free Sessions!
    2. Read The Discussions Happening On The General Page.
    3. Click On The Blue Box To Join The Discussion.
    4. Participate, Ask Questions, Engage, And Learn!

    Don’t Miss Out On The Questions That May Help You Succeed!

    Join Now And Start Learning!

    Here is a list of topics and discussions you can join immediately:

    Revise Economics for IAS PrelimsRavi Ranjan11:00 am
    English WritingAnand Prakash12:30 pm
    Science and TechDr. Keerti1:00 pm
    Samadhan CSATRavi Ranjan2:00 pm
    UPSC EPFORohit Yadav3:00 pm
    Chat pe News: Current AffairsAnjum Sharma4:30 pm
    Polity Laxmikant Amoghavarsha5:30 pm
    Indian society and Social IssuesSiddharth 6:00 pm
    Abhyaas: Answer WritingGarima7:00 pm
    Samvad: Indian AgricultureRadhika Didwania7:30 pm
    Prelims HeistParth Verma8:30 pm
    Parakram Answer Writing sessionRohit Yadav9:30 pm
    Post dinner MCQs for IAS prelimsAmitB10:15 pm

    And many more…

    Whatever you need, we have it here.

    Join the club of your choice here (for free)

    How to join a discussion?

    After you have joined/registered on Habitat for free, go to the General club. Click on the blue box of the session you want to attend.

  • Let’s Become the Arjun of UPSC Mahabharata! Catch the First Basic Polity Mains Test (21st June) to Re-imagine How You Look At UPSC Mains

    If UPSC is Mahabharat, let’s become Arjun of it

    Shweta Mishra, Mains Test series Coordinator

    Hitting the fish’s eye, and winning over the Mains hurdle.

    Where is the fish’s eye?- an exact understanding of what’s been asked and answering to the point and not beating around the bush!

    Where do you miss the war of the Mains Exam?

      • Not getting the essence of the question.
      • Getting confused with the directives used in the question
      • Whether to write in points or in paragraph
      • How to structure the answer in the best possible way
      • Diagram- where, how, and why?
      • Making yourself presentable even in your absence
      • Intro and Conclusion- how to gain mastery in this

    These are the most probable questions which almost every UPSC aspirant has in her/his mind, especially regarding the Mains paper. And believe me, it’s not so easy! But then, it’s not impossible also 🙂

    Then what NEXT? How to break this Chakravyuha!!!

    Not much… we only need some faith in yourself and Civilsdaily and a lot of practice.

    “An ounce of practice is worth more than tons of Reading”

    How Civils Daily Mains essential Program is going to solve your dilemmas???

    1. Evidence-based question Framing- keeping in mind the wheel of UPSC

    Question Formulation

    Q). How is the Law Commission of India Constituted and what are its mandates? Analyze the role of the Law Commission in legal reforms in India. (CIVILS DAILY)

    Why this question?

    A similar question has been asked by UPSC in 2018 regarding Finance Commission i.e. “How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you know about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss.”

    • Question Formulation

    Our questions will now specifically state the following

    • Whether they are straightforward or thought-provoking/analytical.
    • Whether they have subparts.
    • Why this question – similar previous year questions, the importance of the theme, etc.

    CD Innovation – Rather than the regular uninspiring questions, we have gone the extra mile and crafted unique, intellectually-stimulating questions. These will reward analytical ability and critical thinking.

    Example:

    (Q.) Intra-party democracy is indispensable for substantive democracy in India. Comment 

    2. Structured answers with holistic explanation

    Model Answers

      • For ‘thought-provoking/analytical’ type of questions, we’ll provide the best way to approach them.
      • Alternate introductions
      • Sub-headings and categorization to enhance readability and answer structure.
      • OTB – Out of the box points for additional marks- with colour coding

    (a.) Use of Question appropriate subheadings- to bring clarity in your thoughts

    Sample from our test series:

    Q.) What do you understand by price deficiency payment? Can it be a solution to end farmers’ woes in India? Critically Examine. (10 marks)

      • What is Price Deficiency Payment system?
      • Woes of Farmers
      • How can PDP Solve these woes
      • Challenges in front of PDP
      • Balanced Other reforms needed along with PDP to end the farmer’s woes

    (b.) Continuous flow- so as to bring newness and avoid fragmentation

    Taking a cue from the same Question we used in the second part:

    How Farmers Will Be Benefited By PDPS:

    MSP – The MSP system has many flaws in execution which include:

      • limited geographical coverage.

    Better Cropping Pattern: The PDP system may be more effective than MSPs at ensuring that cropping patterns in India respond to consumer needs.

      • The price deficiency system may incentivize farmers to diversify beyond the conventional cereals.

    Bypassing the need of storage facilities: 

      • It will help curb food grain losses due to lack of adequate storage,

    (c) Use of multiple Dimensions- PESTEL Approach

      • P- Political
      • E- Economy
      • S- Social 
      • T- Technology
      • E- Environment
      • L- Legal/ case laws

    Example

    (Q.) Recently Article 370 has been repealed by the Parliament. Critically discuss the implications of Abrogating Article 370, 35A For The People In Jammu & Kashmir? 

    Implications

      • Political
      • Administrative
      • Economic
      • Social 
      • Security

    (d.) Use of relevant diagrams and figures

    (Q.) What is the importance of Green Finance? So far, how has India performed in terms of Green Finance? 

     (e.) Colour coding

    RED COLOUR TEXT– THESE POINTS ARE NON-NEGOTIABLE. ABSENCE OF THESE MEANS THAT YOU WILL GET BELOW AVERAGE MARKS

    GREEN COLOUR TEXT: THESE ARE VALUE ADDED/INNOVATIVE POINTS, WHICH MAY FETCH YOU MORE MARKS IF USED.

    Example of Green colour point:

    (Q.) Despite its environmental costs, coal is expected to retain its important position in India’s energy mix. 

    In this answer majority of candidates will mention how coal is abundant in India, how Renewable energy infrastructure is not yet developed enough to meet our energy needs.

    However, a Green colour point here will be

    How the people of Chota Nagpur region are dependent on coal and their job opportunities will take a hit if we stop using coal. This could further worsen the Naxalite problem in that region. You have added an internal security angle in a geography Question. This is what we mean by an innovative point.

    Example of a red color point

    Importance of Green Finance

      • Ecology savior: The environmental benefits include, for example, reductions in air, water and land pollution, reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, improved energy efficiency while utilizing existing natural resources, as well as mitigation of and adaptation to climate change and their co-benefits.
      • Green finance involves the effective management of environmental risks across the financial system.

    (f.) Different styles of answering so as to reduce monotonicity

      • Read the Question carefully and in your mind, divide the Question into sub-parts and all of these sub-parts need to be addressed in a structured way.
    3 ways(types) to start your introduction:
      • 1 st way is the Context: A question asked on lateral entry.
        • you can write little context to it like recently the govt has introduced lateral entry for the post of Joint secretary. You can always start with the context
      • 2nd-way definition based: A question asked on do you think competitive federalism is working in India? 
        • In this defining what is competitive federalism in the introduction part and after defining you can come to the main body that is it working or not and the solution. You can start by defining the concept.
      • 3rd way is the Background based/Historical background: There is a question on all India judicial services.
        • you can start with its background that it was first recommended by law commission 1950s and after that other commissions had recommended this. So you can start with the history of the topic.

    3. Experts to evaluate your weaknesses- who have already written Interviews and scored outstanding marks in GS papers

    Answer-copy evaluation in the industry has become stagnant. The focus is restricted to superficial, memory-based lapses rather than on analytical excellence and cross-domain inter-linkages.

    Our stress will be on the following –

        1. Superior introduction and conclusion.
        2. Usage of subject-specific vocabulary.
        3. Question comprehension: Answer alignment, Question Directive, Breaking down of the Questions into parts.
        4. Articulation proficiency.
        5. Substantiating evidence like Government and International Reports and Indices.
        6. Prominent and contemporary examples.
        7. Presentation: Use of Flowcharts, Tables, Graphs, Data, etc

    4. Habitat chat group- in touch with mentors

    But why to chat?

      • Because a single mentor cannot give a 360-degree view for all subjects
      • Subject wise division of group
      • Current Affairs based discussion- to provide you the idea of upcoming Questions
      • Inter-linkages of Paper 1, 2,3 and 4
      • Resolving Preparation related queries
      • Group learning

    CD Habitat is where everything comes together learning, doubt clearing, notes, references, mentors, and a focussed community. You’re going to learn and discuss like never before. How will your queries be resolved? The moment you have a query, you post it in the group.

    5. Video discussion after every test – to give a humanistic touch to your queries and bringing a new at every point

     

    Together we can and together we will. We are here to become Guru Dronacharya. You must be ready to become ARJUN- The Warrior.

    This is what our students have to say..

    Kamya Misra, Mains Test series, UPSC 2018

    Kunal Aggarwal Civilsdaily IAS UPSC Mains
    Kunal Aggarwal, Mains Test Series, UPSC 2018

    IAS Mains 2020 2021 UPSC Civilsdaily Mains Test series
    Read the full review here

    Mains Test Series Community: Testimonials

    Click here to enroll for MEP 2021 – Starting 21st June 2020

    For any query reach out to us at  +91 89299 87787 or email at  hello@civilsdaily.com.

  • *URGENT- Mock Interview this week(29 Feb & 1 Mar 2020)- Register now!

    We hope your preparation is going well. 

    Mock Interviews at Civilsdaily form a crucial part of UPSC interview preparation. The quality and diversity of the panel helps prepare an aspirant for the actual interview at UPSC. 

    Aspirants have benefited greatly from the mock interview and the feedback they got from the panel members after their mock interview. At the same time, we work with the aspirants to improve upon the areas highlighted by the panel.  

    Aspirants will also get a personalized DAF based questionnaire based on extensive research and linkages with the issues of national and international importance. 

    The schedule of Mock Interviews for this week has been fixed. 

    Date: 29th Feb and 1st March 2020 (Book your slot)   

    Time: 10 a.m. – 7 p.m.  

     Venue: Civilsdaily HQ, 1LGF, Apsara Arcade, Karol Bagh 

    Interview slots will be allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.  

    Special lectures and Group Discussion sessions have been planned at the Civilsdaily Center. Details will be updated soon on the website.

    Panelists for Mock Interviews: 

    1. Lt. Gen (retd.) Rameshwar Roy
    2. Shri R. P. Singh, IPS (retd.)
    3. Shri V. P. Singh, IRPS
    4. Shri T. N. Thakur, IAAS (retd.)
    5. Dr.MakhanSaikia, Senior Editor, The Pioneer  
    6. Mr. Rakesh Dalal, Core Faculty, Civilsdaily 
    7. Mrs.AditiGupta, Corporate Leadership Specialist 
    8. Mr. Himanshu Arora, Economist, JNU, PMEAC  

    Tentative: Shri Harsh V. Pant (Observer Research Foundation), Shri SN Tripathi, IAS (Director IIPA), Shri Yogesh Narain (Retd. Defence Secretary), Shri Dipankar Gupta (Indian Sociologist) and others.   

     You all are supposed to submit your DAFs and selfie videos answering four questions provided to you. These will form the basis for mock interviews, DAF analysis, and personalized DAF-based questionnaire.  

     Note- For any query/sending DAFs and videos reach out to atul@civilsdaily.com 

      

  • *URGENT-Get registered- ‘One-to-One’ session with Shri V. P. Singh, IRPS on 6th Feb 2020

    Students appearing for interviews make a note.

    A One-to-One session will be held on 06 Feb 2020 (Thursday)  in which aspirants will get an opportunity for detailed DAF analysis with V. P. Singh Sir and get clarity on all of their UPSC interview related doubts.

    Aspirants will get a check on their approach and strategy for UPSC interview preparation.

    Get registered by filling this form: 

    https://forms.gle/yT9korqtN6FLkakr7

    Date: 6th Feb 2020

    Time: 03:00 p.m to 07:30 pm.

    Venue: Civilsdaily IAS center

    1LGF, Apsara Arcade, Karol Bagh, New Delhi

    Note: Limited seats available. Preference for seat allotment will be given to aspirants on the basis of their interview dates.

    *Mock Interviews for this week will be held on 7th Feb and 9th Feb 2020.