Civilsdaily

Author: Atul@CD

  • Next 75-day strategy for UPSC Prelims 2024 – Gain a competitive edge | Webinar by IPS, Divyank (AIR 357)

    Next 75-day strategy for UPSC Prelims 2024 – Gain a competitive edge | Webinar by IPS, Divyank (AIR 357)

    Target 110+ in the next 75 days. Strategy for UPSC Prelims 2024

    Join IPS, Divyank’s FREE Webinar on 1st April, 7:00 pm

    First 100 will get personalized study plan and mentorship session

    Register Now!

    UPSC Prelims has been postponed and with ~75 days left for UPSC Prelims 2024, you need a shift in your approach.

    While this rescheduling has given you more time but it has also disturbed your planning.

    Remeber you need to peak at the right time. And for that precision and strategy become our guiding stars.

    You need to refocus on certain topics, themes, all the while continuing with your revision and tests.

    See UPSC Prelims has evolved, demanding more than ever in the last 3-4 years.

    It’s not the time for rote learning and aimless strategies, if you really want to go beyond 70-80s range in Prelims.

    IPS, Divyank Gupta will be LIVE with you to share the next 2.5 months strategy for UPSC Prelims 2024.

    Register for IPS, Divyank’s UPSC Prelims 2024 webinar

    Register Now!

    Read what Divyank Gupta, IPS has to say about his Prelims experience and approach for UPSC Prelims 2024

    “I have not just cleared UPSC with an IPS rank but consistently improved upon my Prelims score from 75 to 109 to 125 in Prelims Paper 1.

    I know how crucial and tough this UPSC Prelims exam has become over the last few years.

    Throughout my journey, I’ve learned the critical role of logical paper-solving skills, ability to take risks, and the use of common sense for solving Prelims MCQs.

    With more time to Prelims 2024, you actually have an opportunity to go beyond 110+ marks. Understand, this time advantage might push the cut-off. You need to squeeze out the max from this time.

    In my upcoming Zoom masterclass, on 1st April at 7:00 pm, I’ll be sharing the approach and strategy for next 75 days and how to gain the competititve edge.

    This session is particularly crucial for those stuck in the 70-80s mark range in Prelims and mock tests, aiming for a leap of 30+ marks.

    We’ll delve into how to enhance your logical paper-solving abilities and use common sense and solve questions that otherwise you would leave or mark wrong. This isn’t just a preparation technique; it’s a game-changer that can significantly impact your scores.”

    Register for IPS, Divyank’s UPSC Prelims 2024 webinar

    Register Now!

    In this masterclass, you will get:

    1. Insightful Strategies: Learn the precise strategies and logical paper-solving skills that incorporate common sense that IPS, Divyank Gupta used to consistently crack UPSC Prelims, offering a blueprint to significantly improve your scores.
    2. Risk-taking: Learn the technique of taking calculated risks to go 30+ marks beyond the prelims cut-off
    3. 75-day strategy for UPSC Prelims: Gain actionable advice tailored for aspirants aiming to jump from the 70-80s mark range to scoring 30+ marks higher in the Prelims, through focused preparation and strategic practice.

    By the end, you’ll have razor-sharp clarity and a clear roadmap for approaching and qualifying your UPSC 2024 prelims exam with confidence and near-perfect certainty. 

    IPS, Divyank Gupta

    (Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until April 24)

    upsc prelims mains

    These masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these webinars for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.

    Ready to attend the UPSC Webinar?

    Register Now!

    Not sure yet?

    We recommend you register here. It takes less than 10 seconds to register.

    • No spam! Once in a while, we’ll only send you high-quality exam-related content. 
    • We will inform you about the upcoming Masterclasses that might benefit you.
    • You can demand one free mentorship call from verified Civilsdaily mentors. 
    • You can always choose to unsubscribe. 
  • How to write topper-level Introductions to UPSC Mains Answers?

    How to write topper-level Introductions to UPSC Mains Answers?

    Writing an impactful introduction to UPSC Mains Answer

    Join Arvind sir’s FREE webinar on 28th March, 6 pm

    First 100 will get Civilsdaily’s Mains Toolkit

    Click for direct Zoom link


    A strong introduction is your first step to standing out in UPSC Mains.

    The opening lines of your answer can captivate or lose the examiner’s interest.

    It’s not just an introduction; it’s your chance to make a memorable first impression.

    Crafting the perfect start is an art that sets the tone for your entire answer.

    An impactful introduction reflects a deep understanding of the question and its context.

    It’s about more than answering the question; it’s about showcasing your analytical prowess.

    But what makes an introduction truly engaging and effective?

    Join Arvind Sir as he reveals the strategies IAS toppers use to craft winning introductions in UPSC Mains answers.

    Read what Arvind Agrawal sir has to say about UPSC Answer Writing

    “Hi everyone,

    I’m Arvind Agrawal, leading the UPSC Mains Program. Today, I want to share something important about writing answers in UPSC Mains, especially how you start them.

    The first few lines of your answer can really catch the examiner’s eye. It’s like making a first good impression. Whether the question is about government reforms or women’s rights, starting right matters.

    It’s also about making things clear from the beginning. Mentioning a recent event when talking about climate change, for example, can make your answer more relevant. Answering the question directly, like when discussing Indian federalism’s challenges, shows you know what’s being asked.

    A good start can set up your whole answer, telling the examiner what to expect.

    It’s about engaging the reader, sparking interest with a pertinent fact or quote, perhaps something thought-provoking by Amartya Sen on development.

    But it’s not just about grabbing attention. It’s about showing you understand the question and can think deeply about it. This is what we’re going to focus on in our upcoming webinar. We’ll look at how IAS toppers write their introductions to make their answers stand out.

    I’ll share tips on how to do this yourself, making sure your answers are not just read but remembered. This webinar is for anyone looking to improve their scores by writing better answers from the very first line.

    I hope you’ll join me. It’s a chance to learn something that could really make a difference in your UPSC Mains preparation.

    See you at the webinar!

    Best, Arvind Agrawal”

    Attend FREE Webinar on UPSC answer writing by Arvind sir

    Register Now!
    GS 2 Mains Syllabus Keyword-Based Note Making

    In this masterclass, you will get:

    1. Understand how to start your UPSC Mains answers effectively, making a strong first impression on the examiner.
    2. Learn strategies to clearly present your understanding and frame your arguments in the introduction.
    3. Gain insights into incorporating broader perspectives and values into your introductions, setting the tone for a high-scoring answer.

    Join Arvind sir’s FREE webinar on 28th March, 6 pm

    First 100 will get Civilsdaily’s Mains Toolkit

    Register Now!

    By the end, you’ll have razor-sharp clarity and a clear roadmap for writing introduction to mains answers.

    Arvind Agrawal sir

    (Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until June 24)

    upsc prelims mains

    These masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these webinars for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.

    Not sure yet?

    We recommend you register here. It takes less than 10 seconds to register.

    • No spam! Once in a while, we’ll only send you high-quality exam-related content. 
    • We will inform you about the upcoming Masterclasses that might benefit you.
    • You can demand one free mentorship call from verified Civilsdaily mentors. 
    • You can always choose to unsubscribe. 
  • How to score 90+ in UPSC CSAT 2024? Detailed Strategy by Zeeshan sir and Dinesh sir | 18th March 2024, 7 pm

    How to score 90+ in UPSC CSAT 2024? Detailed Strategy by Zeeshan sir and Dinesh sir | 18th March 2024, 7 pm

    CSAT Strategy for 90+ score in UPSC Prelims 2024

    Attend FREE webinar on 18th March, 7 pm

    First 100 will get access to Zeeshan sir’s CSAT Telegram group

    Register Now!

    In the last 3 years, a lot of things have changed about UPSC-CSE

    Especially the ‘CSAT’ paper in the prelims

    The mysterious, unpredictable, and devious nature of CSAT paper spares no one, not even the IIT-IIM grads.

    It’s time to look at CSAT from a different perspective

    No more is it about just practicing and solving math problems

    It is about crafting a ranker’s process and following right strategy

    Zeeshan sir and Dinesh sir will be LIVE on 18th March at 7 pm for a FREE webinar where they will share exactly how you can ensure 90+ score in UPSC CSAT

    Read what Zeeshan sir has to say about UPSC CSAT

    “Hey UPSC aspirants, this is Zeeshan from Civilsdaily. I want to address a crucial aspect of your UPSC journey – the CSAT paper.

    It’s increasingly becoming a major decider, and I’ve noticed that many aspirants, irrespective of their educational background, find it challenging.

    Whether you’re from an IIT, a local college, a science or arts background, rural or urban areas, it doesn’t matter. What matters is your strategy and preparation approach.

    Anyone can score above 90 in the CSAT with the right mindset and smart preparation.

    This Monday I’ll be LIVE along with Dinesh Sharma sir, and we’ll be discussing how to tackle maths and logical reasoning questions, select high-scoring topics, and employ smart elimination techniques in CSAT, regardless of your academic background.

    Join us LIVE on Zoom and transform your approach to CSAT. See you there!“

    Sureshot CSAT program by Zeeshan sir and Dinesh sir starts 19th March

    https://prelims.civilsdaily.com/sureshot-csat-2024/

    Attend FREE Webinar on UPSC CSAT Strategy for Prelims 2024

    Register Now!

    In this masterclass, you will get:

    1. A 60-minute deep dive on how to tackle UPSC CSAT paper for Prelims 2024 and ensure a 90+ score.
    2. How UPSC CSAT has been evolving, changing patterns and difficulty levels?
    3. Insider tips that only the top IAS and IPS rankers know and apply in every attempt

    Attend FREE webinar on 18th March, 7 pm

    First 100 will get access to Zeeshan sir’s CSAT Telegram group

    Register Now!

    By the end, you’ll have razor-sharp clarity and a clear roadmap for approaching and qualifying UPSC CSAT paper with ease.

    Zeeshan sir

    (Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until April 24)

    upsc prelims mains

    Ready to attend the UPSC Webinar?

    Register Now!

    Not sure yet?

    We recommend you register here. It takes less than 10 seconds to register.

    • No spam! Once in a while, we’ll only send you high-quality exam-related content. 
    • We will inform you about the upcoming Masterclasses that might benefit you.
    • You can demand one free mentorship call from verified Civilsdaily mentors. 
    • You can always choose to unsubscribe. 
  • 5 hr/day UPSC prep strategy for working IAS aspirants | FREE Webinar by Pravin Garje sir

    5 hr/day UPSC prep strategy for working IAS aspirants | FREE Webinar by Pravin Garje sir

    UPSC 5hr/day prep strategy Masterclass at 7 PM on Saturday, 16th March 2024

    First 100 will get personalized UPSC Studyplan designed by Pravin sir

    Register Now!

    In the world of UPSC CSE preparation, time is a luxury not everyone can afford.

    Especially for the working professionals who are preparing for UPSC.

    Gone are the days of dedicating 10-12 hours a day for UPSC prep.

    Today, it’s about making every hour count, efficiently.

    The 5-hour daily study strategy is the new reality for aspirants with a serious time crunch.

    Pravin Garje sir, the Head of Mentorship program at Civilsdaily will share this innovative approach with you.

    He will share the art of effective, time-constrained preparation.

    Why juggle aimlessly when you can strategize like a topper?

    It’s not about the hours you put in, but how you use them.

    Read what Pravin sir has to say about UPSC prep with serious time crunch

    “Hey guys, I am Pravin Garje, the mentor of 50+ UPSC rankers and head of UPSC Mentorship program at Civilsdaily. I’m here to let you in on how to effectively utilize a 5-hour daily study window for UPSC prep, crucial for those balancing work or college.

    The UPSC exam’s complexity has only increased over the years. It’s no longer just about the hours of study but about strategic and adaptive preparation.

    I will unveil strategies focusing on critical syllabus areas, analytical thinking, and effective time management.

    In my masterclass, I’ll dive into breaking down the syllabus into manageable chunks, prioritizing essential topics, efficiently navigating the vast terrain of current affairs, and mastering GS material.

    I’ll also discuss balancing UPSC Prelims and Mains preparation, tackling the Optional subject, and enhancing answer writing skills within a limited timeframe.

    Join me on this coming Saturday over Zoom (link will be emailed to you).

    See you there”

    Get 5-hour prep strategy for working UPSC aspirants

    Register FREE!

    In this masterclass, you will get:

    1. 45 minutes of topic-by-topic deep dive 5hr/day UPSC preparation strategy for Working professionals and College aspirants.
    2. Masterclass on time management, designing your UPSC study plan and a target-based time table.
    3. Insider tips that only the top IAS and IPS rankers know and apply in every attempt

    UPSC 5hr/day prep strategy Masterclass at 7 PM on Saturday, 16th March 2024

    First 100 will get personalized UPSC Studyplan designed by Pravin sir

    Register Now!

    By the end, you’ll have razor-sharp clarity and a clear roadmap for UPSC preparation with a full time job or college

    Pravin Garje

    (Don’t wait—the next time management masterclass won’t be until June 24)

    Ready to attend the Masterclass?

    Let’s make your preparation effective and efficient. You deserve this.

    Register Now!

    Not sure yet?

    We recommend you register here. It takes less than 10 seconds to register.

    • No spam! Once in a while, we’ll only send you high-quality exam-related content. 
    • We will inform you about the upcoming Masterclasses that might benefit you.
    • You can demand one free mentorship call from verified Civilsdaily mentors. 
    • You can always choose to unsubscribe. 
  • UPSC Preparation Based On – Original Prep Content, Rigorous Mentorship & Result-Driven Programs

    UPSC Preparation Based On – Original Prep Content, Rigorous Mentorship & Result-Driven Programs

    Led by a team of experienced and rigorously trained (for the latest UPSC requirements and pattern) Faculties and Mentors, Civilsdaily is the first and only platform that introduced deeply researched UPSC-CSE content and programs led by real-time 1:1 Mentorship. 

    As a UPSC aspirant, you live in a world populated with infinite sources churning out countless content themes endlessly, adding only short-term value to your preparation, if at all. Giving you false hope that your preparation is moving forward. All this is in the name of FREE preparation content. We chose not to play that game.

    Instead, we create only limited content themes and programs every week. But content and program that is original, rigorously researched for UPSC requirements by trained faculties and led by Mentors. Just what is actually required to qualify CSE, it’s something we continue to do. 

    At Civilsdaily, we treat Mentorship as a specialization. Not every Mains or interview candidate can be a mentor. Most such mentors will suggest cosmetic changes and will only help you evolve slowly. It is easy to find comfort in sentences like ‘every topper is different’ and’ they have their own path’. Finding what’s different about you and then figuring out your own path is why Mentorship is essential. We walk the talk by helping you craft your own way of preparation. A method that enhances your probability of qualifying UPSC-CSE in a single attempt. We give you that near-perfect certainty. Delivering this consistently to hundreds of aspirants (now rankers) in the past was challenging. We still stick to it and keep getting better at it with each passing year. 

    Fill up This Mentorship Form (Free for the next 24 hours) to connect with our mentors.

    At CD, we understand the science and the art of everything UPSC. If you have a problem, we will sit with you and find a solution. If that doesn’t work, then we try solution 2. Eventually, we will make sure you end up making progress. What’s the point of any content, program and Mentorship without progress? This is precisely why aspirants trust they have the best shot at clearing the exam with Civilsdaily. 

    Part of this content and programs are free and completely accessible exclusively to our students(enrolled in mentorship programs). We put a lot of time, effort, and energy into creating lectures, notes, and tests and understanding your needs as an aspirant. We take it seriously because, after all, your future depends on it. 

    The heart of the Civilsdaily platform is the Foundation Program and Ultimate Assessment Program (UAP). For years, aspirants have enrolled here because they couldn’t find such depth and passion towards quality content and Mentorship anywhere. Their search inevitably ends at Civilsdaily. Enrollment in these programs and Mentorship also makes us accountable to aspirants for the value they get. 

    In the past few years, we’ve worked quietly in the background with hundreds of aspirants; many now serve as IAS, IPS, IFS and more. We are very proud of what we’ve achieved. Here are some of the recent rankers showing us gratitude.

    Fill up This Mentorship Form (Free for the next 24 hours) to connect with our mentors.

    Click Here
  • [13 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Intra-group caste variances, equality and the Court’s gaze

    [13 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Intra-group caste variances, equality and the Court’s gaze

    Subjects: , , ,
    GS Papers: , , , ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains:
    1. Whether the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine (2018)

    2. What are the two major legal initiatives by state since Independence, addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (ST)? (2017)

    3. Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (2016)

    Prelims:
    Under the Indian Constitution, the Concentration of Wealth violates​ (2021)
    a) the Right to Equality​
    b) the Directive Principles of State Policy​
    c) the Right to Freedom​
    d) the Concept of Welfare
    From The Hindu

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Minority sections of the society and their Empowerment; Judiciary; State government;

    Prelims: Fundamental rights; Important judgements by SC; State government;

    Mentor comments: Recently, the case of ‘State of Punjab vs Davinder Singh’ revolves around the question of whether State governments can make sub-classifications within Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for public employment. The Supreme Court is set to deliver a judgment on this matter, addressing the issue of intra-group variances and the power of States to recognize them. We need to analyze this issue as it is sub-classified SC reservations which are leading to legal challenges and subsequent legislative actions.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    The SC is set to deliver a judgment on whether State governments can make sub-classifications within SCs and STs, addressing the varying levels of development and discrimination within these groups. 

    Context:

    • The ongoing case of State of Punjab v Davinder Singh has brought to light the complexities surrounding sub-classification within reserved categories.
    • The central question revolves around whether a group within a reserved category can be further sub-classified and granted reservations.
    • Proponents argue that sub-classification is necessary to ensure adequate representation of the most disadvantaged groups, addressing the issue of backwardness within backwardness.
    • On the other hand, opponents contend that the existing reservation scheme already ensures adequate representation for historically disadvantaged groups, making sub-classification unnecessary.
    JUDICIARY ON SUB-CATEGORIZATION WITHIN RESERVED CATEGORIES:

    1) State of Punjab vs Davinder Singh case (1975):

    – In 1975, the Government of Punjab issued a circular that reserved 50% of SC seats for Balmikis and Mazhabi Sikhs, leading to legal challenges culminating in the Supreme Court’s involvement.

    – The case questions whether sub-classifications are constitutionally permissible within SCs and STs, challenging the notion that these groups are homogenous.

    – The debate involves revisiting past judgments like E.V. Chinnaiah vs State of Andhra Pradesh, which prohibited sub-classifications within SCs but recognized such distinctions within Other Backward Classes (OBCs).

    2) Indra Sawhney vs Union of India Case (1992):

    – The SC cited its judgment which arose out of the Mandal Commission’s report. There, a nine-judge Bench had held that sub-classifications within socially and educationally backward classes (OBCs) for services under the government was permissible.

    – The case introduced the concept of the “creamy layer,” excluding affluent sections within backward classes (limited it to not exceed 50%) from reservation benefits.

    – The genesis of this debate dates back to 1980 when the Second Backward Classes Committee, chaired by BP Mandal, recommended 27% reservation for OBCs and 22.5% for Scheduled Castes.

    3) About E.V. Chinnaiah vs State of Andhra Pradesh Case (2004):

    – A five-judge Bench quashed the Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (Rationalization of Reservations) Act, 2000. The Act was challenged before the High Court and later the Supreme Court, which declared it ‘ultra vires the Constitution’ as it offended Article 341 of the Constitution.

    – This provision allows the President of India to notify a list of SCs for each State, and stipulates that the list can only be modified by Parliament.

    – The case prohibited sub-classifications within SCs as it was found to violate constitutional provisions but recognized such distinctions within Other Backward Classes (OBCs). It emphasized that SCs and STs are homogeneous groups incapable of further regrouping or classification.

    – The Court found that the State government had no power to tinker with the list because it was clear on a bare reading of Article 341 that such authority vested only with Parliament.

    What is the difference between a homogenous class and a sub-classification within reserved categories?

    • A homogenous class refers to a group that is considered uniform or undifferentiated, where all individuals within the group are treated equally.
    • The Sub-classification within reserved categories involves categorizing a larger group into smaller sub-groups based on specific criteria, allowing for differential treatment or preferences within the overall category.
    • The distinction lies in how individuals within a larger reserved category are treated – either uniformly as a single homogenous group or with differentiated preferences based on sub-classifications.

    What are the arguments for and against sub-classification within reserved categories?

    Arguments for Sub-classification:

    • Ensuring Adequate Representation: Proponents argue that sub-classification is necessary to ensure adequate representation of the most disadvantaged groups within reserved categories.
    • Tailoring Criteria for Sub-classification: The court needs to tailor criteria for sub-classification to prevent leaving out certain groups while granting benefits to the most backward.
    • State’s Ability to Identify Backwardness: The states needs to be best positioned to judge the backwardness of communities and should have the authority to create sub-classifications within reserved categories without violating constitutional provisions.

    Arguments against Sub-classification:

    • Presumption of Backwardness: Opponents argue that while there is a presumption of backwardness with Scheduled Castes (SCs), individual castes within SCs cannot be considered separate classes under Article 16(4), suggesting that making laws for specific castes within SC lists could violate Article 16(2).
    • Violation of Equality Principle: Critics assert that sub-classification would violate the right to equality by treating communities within the category differently, potentially leading to discrimination based on caste, which is prohibited under Article 16(2).
    • Stigma and Exclusion: Those against sub-classification argue that if certain Scheduled Castes do not receive reservation benefits, they may be left with the stigma of being a Scheduled Caste without access to affirmative action measures, highlighting concerns about exclusion and inequality.

    What are the challenges faced by Sub-Classifications within Reserved Categories in India?

    • Lack of Equal Opportunities: Articles 14 to 16 of the Constitution promises of substantive equality. The absence of sub-classification perpetuates inequality within reserved categories, hinders the framing of appropriate government policies.
    • Legal and Constitutional Complexities: The states face challenges as they lack legislative competence to create sub-classifications within reserved categories, raising questions about the constitutionality of such measures.
    • Addressing Backwardness: The issue of “backwardness within backwardness” has been acknowledged, emphasizing the need to address the most disadvantaged communities effectively.

    Way Forward

    Considering the above challenges, they highlight the complexities and nuances involved in addressing sub-classifications within reserved categories in India. Hence it is necessary to emphasize on careful consideration and legal clarity in policy-making and implementation. The SC’s decision in cases like ‘State of Punjab vs Davinder Singh’ will play a crucial role in shaping affirmative action discourse and addressing issues of social justice within reserved categories

  • [12 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Central transfers — arresting the decline in shares of some States

    [12 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Central transfers — arresting the decline in shares of some States

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:
    Prelims:
    The Government of India has established NITI Aayog to replace the [UPSC CSE 2015]
    a) Human Rights Commission
    b) Finance Commission
    c) Law Commission
    d) Planning Commission

    Mains:
    1. How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal position? [UPSC CSE 2021]

    2. How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you know about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss. [UPSC CSE 2018]

    3. Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favor of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. [UPSC CSE 2014]
    From The Hindu

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Finance Commission; Centre-State relations;

    Prelims: Recommendations by Finance Commission;

    Mentor comments: The issue of declining shares of some States in central transfers, is particularly affecting southern States like Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, stems from factors like the income distance criterion and changes in population data used for calculations. The income distance criterion, which rewards states further from the highest income state, has led to losses for southern States. To address this issue, we need to reduce the weight of the income distance criterion and limiting cesses and surcharges of the Centre’s gross tax revenues. Overall, today’s debate is over central transfers who need to have a balanced approach that considers various criteria like income distance and population while ensuring equitable distribution among all states.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    The Southern States have been facing a decline in their share out of the resources transferred from the Centre to the States. Considering this situation, there are many issues that the Sixteenth Finance Commission will have to deal with.

    Background:

    • The revenue sharing through the Finance Commission between Centre and the Southern States has fallen over the last two decades.
    • The share of states in combined revenue receipts rose but has since fallen, highlighting the need for fair distribution mechanisms.
    • Additionally, the shift in population data from 1971 to 2011 has impacted tax devolution, with some southern states feeling disadvantaged.
    What is the income distance criterion and how does it affect state shares?
    The income distance criterion in the context of Finance Commission allocations is a measure of the distance between a state’s income and the state with the highest income, calculated based on the average per capita Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP).
    States with lower per capita income receive a higher share to ensure equity among states.

    Significance of this criteria:

    It remains crucial for ensuring fair distribution among states.
    It also plays a significant role in determining the distribution of union taxes to each state, with states further from the highest income state receiving a higher share.

    What are the 3 major challenging observations in Centre-State Tax Devolution?

    1) Issue of share with states in Tax Devolution:

    • Firstly, we need to look at which States have been gaining and which are losing their share over time; the criteria of horizontal distribution which has led to some States steadily losing their share; and what can be done to reverse this trend.
    • In Table 1, the shares of groups of States and those for selected States are shown, for the 12th FC to the 15th FC (final report).
      • Southern States have been on a steady fall in their share, from 19.785% to 15.800%. The northern and eastern States have also lost. The ‘gainer States’ were the hilly, central, and western States including Maharashtra.
      • The low-income States such as Bihar and Uttar Pradesh show, in terms of their overall share, a loss of 0.970% points and 1.325% points.
      • The main reason for the loss to the southern States due to the distance criterion amounted to 8.055% points, although the overall loss was much less at 3.985% points, implying that there was a gain under other criteria.

    2) Issue over the Income Distance:

    • Inconsistency: Table 2 provides a list of the different criteria used by Finance Commissions, from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth.
    • Decreasing weight: The distance criterion has been accorded the highest weight amongst these criteria. Its weight was reduced from 50% to 47.5% by the 13th FC and further reduced to 45% by the 15th Fifteenth FC.
    • Hampering equalization: The above two observations challenge the Socio-economic justice principles which has always been regarded as a key principle in governing distribution.

    3) Issue over the Population:

    • Data Updation issue: Until the Fourteenth Finance Commission, the data for the population in 1971 was used. For the Fifteenth Finance Commission, data for the population in 2011 was used.
    • Mismatched data: In order not to penalize States 15th FC showed better performance in reducing fertility rates, and the demographic change criterion was eventually introduced.
    • The joint impact of these two changes has been marginal for all groups of States. For Tamil Nadu, the joint impact was marginally positive.
    Recommendation for Sixteenth Finance Commission:

    Balanced allocation approach: Need to consider reducing the weight of the income distance criterion by 5% to 10% points.
    On Cesses and Surcharges: Need to evaluate and potentially impose an upper limit on cesses and surcharges to safeguard the divisible pool size and states’ revenue shares.

    What steps need to be taken? (Way Forward)

    • Maintain Income Distance Criterion: The income distance criterion is essential for equitable distribution among states and should not be abandoned. We need to consider reducing its weightage while enhancing other criteria to balance allocations.
    • Manage Divisible Pool Size: We need to limit cesses and surcharges to 10% of the Centre’s gross tax revenues to prevent reducing the size of the divisible pool. The increase in states’ share from 32% to 42% by the Fourteenth Finance Commission should not be offset by additional levies.
    • Review Revenue Sharing Trends: Need to analyze the impact of changing criteria on state shares over time to ensure fair and balanced distribution. Further, we also need to address concerns raised by states experiencing declining shares due to existing allocation mechanisms.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/central-transfers-arresting-the-decline-in-shares-of-some-states/article67939930.ece

    https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-01/Report%20on%20CENTRAL%20TRANSFERS%20TO%20STATES%20IN%20INDIA.pdf

    https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/central-transfers-to-states-role-of-the-finance-commission

    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/economic-policy/can-gsdp-exclude-export-incomes-implications-for-finance-commission-devolution/

  • [11 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: France’s exceptional women, their imprint on diplomacy

    [11 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: France’s exceptional women, their imprint on diplomacy

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: , , , , ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:
    Mains:
    1. Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Right to Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    2. ‘Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view. (UPSC CSE 2018)nt in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country? [UPSC CSE 2016]
    From The Hindu

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Social Issues and Justice; Women Issues;

    Prelims: Women’s rights in the Indian Constitution;

    Mentor comments: France became the first country to enshrine the freedom of women to voluntarily terminate a pregnancy in its Constitution. This decision is rooted in the groundbreaking work of French feminist icon Simone de Beauvoir, who in 1949 published “The Second Sex,” a philosophical work advocating for women’s right to choose and challenging societal norms around motherhood and abortion. Secondly, France’s commitment to women’s rights is reflected in its feminist foreign policy, advocating for gender equality globally. Through this Article, we need to study the collaboration between France and India that holds great potential to further advance women’s rights on a global scale, building on their shared commitments to gender equality and empowerment.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    On March 4, 2024, France became the first country to enshrine the “freedom of women to voluntarily terminate a pregnancy” in its Constitution, marking a historic moment that sends a universal message of solidarity to women worldwide.

    What is the recent groundbreaking Work on Women’s Rights in France?

    Legalization of Abortion in France: The constitutional amendment aims to safeguard abortion access amidst global threats and challenges to reproductive health rights. This step is crucial for ensuring autonomy and informed decision-making regarding sexual and reproductive health care, including abortion.

    • Women’s right to choose: Simone de Beauvoir (1949), in her “The Second Sex,”(seminal work in feminist philosophy) challenged traditional views of women as solely mothers and caregivers, advocating for women’s right to choose.
    • Right to abortion: Simone de Beauvoir highlighted the need for free, safe, and legal abortion services to empower women in controlling their destinies. On this background, France recently enshrined the right to abortion in its constitution, a historic move to protect reproductive rights.

    What are the major two criticisms and challenges ahead?

    • Prevalent inequalities: Despite progress, France still faces barriers to abortion care and other women’s rights issues like violence and discrimination.
    • On setting priorities: The move has sparked debates about the government’s priorities and the actual accessibility of abortion services for all French women.
    What other rights are protected by the French constitution?
    The French Constitution protects a range of rights beyond the recent inclusion of the right to abortion.

    1. Safeguarding individual liberties: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, a foundational document in French constitutional history, outlines key rights and principles.
    – These include the recognition that all men are born free and equal in rights, with social distinctions based only on public utility.
    – The aim of political associations is to preserve the natural and inalienable rights of man, which encompass liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression

    2. Promoting equality: The French Constitution emphasizes equality before the law for all citizens without distinction and guarantees fundamental freedoms such as freedom of speech, religion, and opinion.

    3. Ensuring accountability: It establishes the right to property as inviolable unless public necessity requires its deprivation with just compensation.

    Additionally, the Constitution ensures that public taxes are equally apportioned among citizens according to their means and that society has the right to hold public agents accountable for their actions.

    What is France’s Commitment on feminist foreign policy?

    • France champions a feminist foreign policy, prioritizing gender equality and women’s rights in its diplomatic efforts.
    • The country integrates gender perspectives into bilateral relations, development aid, and advocacy at international forums.
    • France’s co-chairing of the Generation Equality Forum in 2021 underscores its dedication to advancing women’s rights globally.

    Impacts of such decisions:

    • Global Impact and Scenario:
      • France’s decision sets a precedent globally, emphasizing the importance of securing reproductive rights as fundamental freedoms.
      • The amendment reflects a broader international focus on advancing women’s rights and addressing gender disparities worldwide.
    • Indian Scenario:
      • India has a history of supporting women’s rights internationally, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 5 and participating in initiatives for Gender Equality.
      • India’s recent membership in the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women highlights its commitment to promoting gender equality on a global scale.

    Conclusion

    At a moment when women’s rights are under threat in many regions of the world, this decision also sends out a universal message of solidarity to women across the globe.

    • Learnings and Collaborative Potential:
      • There is significant potential for France and India to collaborate on advancing women’s rights worldwide through joint initiatives and partnerships.
      • By leveraging their shared values and commitments to gender equality, France and India can amplify their impact on promoting women’s empowerment and rights internationally.

    References

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/frances-exceptional-women-their-imprint-on-diplomacy/article67936231.ece

    https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/05/france-protects-abortion-guaranteed-freedom-constitution

    https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/france-abortion-right-constitution-international-womens-day-rcna142406

    https://www.thecollector.com/simone-de-beauvoir-and-feminism-contributions-and-controversies/

  • [9 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: India’s suboptimal use of its labor power

    [9 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: India’s suboptimal use of its labor power

    Subjects: ,
    GS Papers: , ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Prelims:
    Disguised unemployment generally means (UPSC CSE 2013)
    a) A large number of people remain unemployed
    b) Alternative employment is not available
    c) Marginal productivity of labor is zero
    d) Productivity of workers is low

    Mains:
    1. Account for the failure of the manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labor-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labor-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports. [UPSC CSE 2017]

    2. How globalization has led to the reduction of employment in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country? [UPSC CSE 2016]

    3. The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favor of your answer. [UPSC CSE 2015]

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Sectors of Indian Economy; Employment;

    Prelims: Types of Employment;

    Mentor comments: India’s labor market is grappling with issues such as underemployment, low-quality jobs, and high unemployment rates. In such a scenario, we need to focus on creating high-wage jobs and improving the quality of employment opportunities to tackle rising unemployment rates and disparities across regions, gender, and generations. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that focuses on creating better job opportunities across various sectors while preparing the workforce for the future.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    According to the recent Labour Force Participation Rate, India’s labor market faces challenges with a vast majority of the population earning income through informal employment, lacking job security and benefits. 

    What is the current state of the Indian Labor market?

    • According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), the labor force participation rate is 50%, with a lower female participation rate of 23% compared to 67% for males.
    • In 2017–18, 90.7% of employment was in the informal sector, marked by low productivity and underemployment. Self-employment accounts for 52% of workers, while only 23% are regular salaried workers.

    Context:

    • Although the recent data shows an increase in labor force participation and a decrease in unemployment rates in the Indian Market, the growth is primarily driven by self-employment and unpaid family workers.
    • There has been stagnation in real earnings for wage/salaried workers and the self-employed. The dominance of low-quality work in India’s labor market poses macroeconomic growth concerns and highlights the need for creating better job opportunities.

    What are the current major shifts in the Indian Labor Market?

    • Dynamics of job creation and loss: India’s job market is characterized by a scarcity of good jobs, with a large portion of the workforce employed in informal, low-wage, and insecure sectors like agriculture.
      • Services sector: It contributes significantly to both job creation and loss, with wholesale and retail trade playing a substantial role.
      • Construction sector: It is known for insecure working conditions and low pay, generates a significant number of new jobs, raising concerns about job quality. Unemployment rates have been high even before the pandemic, with challenges exacerbated by the COVID-19 crisis.
    • Improvements in Labour Market:
      • Labour Force Participation and Unemployment Rates: LFPR increased steadily from 52.35% in 2017-18 to 58.35% in 2021-22, driven notably by rural women. Overall unemployment rate decreased from 6.2% in 2017-18 to 4.2% in 2021-22, with a similar downward trend for youth unemployment.
      • Self-Employment Dynamics: LFPR and unemployment rate improvements largely attributed to self-employment. Rise in unpaid family workers and own-account workers reflect a decline in job quality within the workforce.
    • Earnings:
      • Earning Trends:
        • Aggregate Earnings: All-India average real daily earnings increased by around ₹10 between 2017-18 and 2021-22, a 4% increase.
        • Rural and Urban Earnings: Both rural and urban daily earnings increased by an average of ₹10 to ₹14.
        • Earnings Disparities: Wage and salaried workers had the highest earnings, followed by self-employed and casual workers. Salaried and self-employed earnings stagnated, while casual workers saw a 20% increase.
      • Employment Trends:
        • Self-Employment Growth: Self-employed workers saw the highest growth in employment between 2017-18 and 2021-22. The subcategory of unpaid family workers experienced significant growth in numbers.
        • Earnings Disparities: Top 20% of salaried workers experienced a drop in real daily average earnings.
      • Structural Transformation:
        • Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) rose, but closer examination reveals disparities in employment types.
        • Notable rise Female Workforce Participation driven by self-employment in agriculture.
        • Sectoral Shifts: Movement from agriculture to construction observed among male workers

    How can the challenges faced by the Indian Labor Market can be addressed?

    • Building Quality over Quantity: Government needs to explore innovative solutions to generate demand and create employment opportunities. Secondly, it also needs to support skill development initiatives, by bridging the skill gap by enhancing the industry-academia linkages, fostering internships, and encouraging entrepreneurship for better absorption of skilled labor.
    • Need for Labor Reforms: Advocate for rational and progressive labor reforms that consider the interests of both workers and employers.
    • Building good Work Culture: Promoting transparency, responsible business practices, and fair labor market operations through effective leadership and employee engagement initiatives is the need of the hour.
    • Need for constructive work: Strive for constructive dialogue, collaborative decision-making, and a cooperative environment to address disguised unemployment, seasonal unemployment, and educated unemployment through policies promoting job creation.

    Conclusion: According to NITI Aayog, India has potential to grow at 8% as the country is labor-rich with enough institutional maturity of a functioning democracy. In simpler terms, the Investment to GDP ratio is the area where we need to focus as it plays a crucial role in the demand-side of the economy.

    References

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-suboptimal-use-of-its-labour-power/article67929725.ece

    https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/india/8-major-problems-faced-by-labour-market-in-india/19131

    https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4609381

    https://www.adb.org/publications/demographic-dividends-india-evidence-and-implications-based-national-transfer-accounts

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9848021/

    https://www.theindiaforum.in/economy/quantity-vs-quality-long-term-trends-job-creation-indian-labour-market

    https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/india-is-a-labour-rich-country-with-enough-institutional-maturity-can-get-to-8-growth-niti-aayog-vice-chairman/article67613743.ece

  • Dominate Prelims Final Batch for UPSC Prelims 2024 | Zeeshan sir and IPS, Divyank (AIR 357)

    Dominate Prelims Final Batch for UPSC Prelims 2024 | Zeeshan sir and IPS, Divyank (AIR 357)

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  • The Hindu Op-ed: A bold step towards a cervical cancer-free future

    The Hindu Op-ed: A bold step towards a cervical cancer-free future

    Subjects: ,
    Distribution:
    PYQ Relevance:

    Prelims:
    ‘Mission Indradhanush’ launched by the Government of India pertains to (UPSC CSE 2016)
    a)  Immunization of children and pregnant women
    b)  Construction of smart cities across the country
    c)   India’s own search for the Earth-like planets in outer space
    d)  New Educational Policy


    Mains:
    1. What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of the society? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    2. Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (UPSC CSE 2016)

    3. In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Social Issues and Justice; Health issues; Women empowerment;

    Prelims: Interim Union Budget 2024-25;

    Mentor comments: Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer mortality in women and more than a quarter of its global burden is contributed by developing countries. In India, in spite of alarmingly high figures, there is no nationwide government-sponsored screening program. Wide-scale implementation and awareness is necessary in India. Hence, on an account of International Women’s Day we need to rethink our Primary Health Policies at grass root levels.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    On account of International Women’s Day (8th March), India’s interim Union Budget 2024-25 is reviewed as a beacon of hope, particularly in the realm of women’s health.

    • The encouragement and support for the vaccination of girls (from 9 to 14 years) against cervical cancer stands out as a pivotal move towards safeguarding women’s well-being.

    What does the Data say?

    According to the NCBI report, cervical cancer in India contributes to approximately 6–29% of all cancers in women. The age-adjusted incidence rate of cervical cancer varies widely among registries; highest is 23.07/100,000 in Mizoram state and the lowest is 4.91/100,000 in Dibrugarh district.

    Context:

    • Firstly, India’s Interim Union Budget 2024-25 has taken a significant step towards a cervical cancer-free future by prioritizing women’s health, particularly through the encouragement of HPV vaccination for girls aged 9 to 14 years.
    • Secondly, the World Health Organization is also aiming for high vaccination coverage, increased screening rates, and improved treatment for cervical cancer.

    What are major Challenges in India w.r.t Cervical Cancer?

    • High Mortality: Despite advances in health care, cervical cancer remains the second most common cancer among women in India, with 1.27 lakh cases and around 80,000 deaths being reported annually.
      • Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a primary reason in the development of cervical cancer. 
    • Supply Side Challenges: Access to vaccination services in underserved populations is imperative. Awareness campaigns are essential to improve demand.
    • Vaccine hesitancy and equitable access:  Addressing vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge. Ensuring equitable access to HPV vaccination is crucial. Efforts needed to engage communities and dispel misinformation.
      • Initiatives like U-WIN aim to enhance vaccination tracking and responsiveness nationwide.

    Initiatives taken for a comprehensive strategy of disease prevention and health promotion:

    • At Global level
      • World Health Organization: The WHO has outlined the ‘90-70-90’ targets by 2030 for 90% of girls to be fully vaccinated with the HPV vaccine by age 15, for 70% of women to undergo cervical cancer screening tests by the age of 35 and 45, and for 90% of women with cervical cancer to be treated.
        • These targets represent milestones in the global effort to eradicate cervical cancer and highlight the pivotal role of India’s call for HPV vaccination in achieving this goal.
      • Other countries: The success stories from countries like Scotland, Australia, and Rwanda highlight the effectiveness of HPV vaccination in reducing cervical cancer incidence. Bhutan is also one of the only low-middle income countries (LMIC) to have begun vaccinating boys as well (in 2021).
    • At National level:
      • Sikkim Model: Sikkim’s successful HPV vaccination campaign in 2018, with a 97% vaccination coverage, exemplifies an effective public health strategy. By educating teachers, parents, girls, healthcare workers, and the media about the benefits of the HPV vaccine, Sikkim demonstrated a targeted and impactful approach.
      • Indigenous vaccine: Developed by the Serum Institute of India – ‘Cervavac’, marks a significant stride towards ensuring accessibility and affordability. 
      • Interim Union Budget 2024-25: India’s inclusion of HPV vaccination in the interim Budget 2024-25 marks a significant step towards safeguarding women’s health against cervical cancer.

    Way Forward:

    • Enhancing Vaccine Acceptance: Improving awareness and tailoring messages to diverse communities are essential for successful HPV vaccination programs.
    • Networking on Vaccine Acceptance: Leveraging various communication channels and integrating HPV education in schools are key strategies. Collaborations between stakeholders are crucial for program success.
    • Promoting of Public-Private Partnerships: Public-private partnerships are vital for ensuring equitable access to vaccination services and safeguarding women’s health against cervical cancer.

    Conclusion

    Due to the lack of necessary infrastructure and quality control, high-quality cytology screening may not be feasible for wide-scale implementation. Hence, cervical cancer screening programs such as VIA/VILI should be adopted as an integral part of primary health-care.

    Practice Question:
    According to the recent survey, India contributes to a significant rate of cervical cancer in women. In this light, critically analyze the need for appropriate interventions in Primary Health Policies.

    Approach for the Answer:

    Introduction:
    Theme: Try to give some recent Reports/Statistics on Cervical Cancer.

    Body:
    Demand 1: Major Challenges;
    Demand 2: Initiatives taken by the Government;
    Demand 3: Suggest some Way Forward;

    Way Forward:
    Summarize along with value addition. Give overall summarization and provide some innovative solutions.

    References:

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-bold-step-towards-a-cervical-cancer-free-future/article67925836.ece

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5234166/

    https://www.who.int/news/item/05-03-2024-wave-of-new-commitments-marks-historic-step-towards-the-elimination-of-cervical-cancer

    https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/public/index.html

  • The Hindu Op-ed: The tale of ‘have money, buy miracle drug’

    Subjects: ,
    Distribution:
    PYQ Relevance:

    Prelims:
    Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of [UPSC CSE 2019]
    a)  Anti-malarial drug
    b)  Biodiesel
    c)   Pulp for paper industry
    d)  Textile Fibre


    Mains:
    1. Can overuse and free availability of antibiotics without Doctor’s prescription, be contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved. (UPSC CSE 2014)

    2. What do you understand about Fixed Dose Drug Combinations (FDCs)? Discuss their merits and demerits. (UPSC CSE 2013)

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Drug Regulation and Disease control in India;

    Prelims: Drugs in News;

    Mentor comments: The Semaglutide which works as ‘magic injections for weight loss’, is a drug not approved for sale in India. Doctors are administering these drugs to affluent patients without proper approval or clinical trials in India. The lack of clinical trials in India poses risks on Indian patients and potential interactions with other medications too. We need to study the challenges and mechanisms for monitoring and control of these unapproved drugs in India.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    Concerns are raised around the use of unapproved drugs like Semaglutide in India. 

    • The recent scandal involved spurious imported drugs like Adcetris which highlights the need for stricter controls and verification of imported medications to ensure patient safety.

    Statistics and Reports on unapproved drugs in India:

    The research revealed that around 64% of the 118 different formulations of fixed dose combination (FDC) drugs sold in the country between 2007 and 2012 were not approved by the national drugs regulator, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), even though the sale of unapproved new medicines is illegal in India.

    The current Major two Regulatory Challenges in India:

    1) No Clinical Trials in India:

    • Approval Process: Drugs are normally approved for sale in India after conducting clinical trials in the country. Once approved, the regulator mandates monitoring and reporting of adverse events for two years
    • Unapproved Drugs: Unapproved drugs have not undergone clinical trials in India, posing health risks and potential adverse reactions. Global pharma companies sometimes choose to stay out of the Indian market and not launch drugs in India.
    • Exceptional cases: Patients and hospitals can also apply for import licenses for unapproved drugs, but these are narrow exceptions to the rule.

    2) Professional issues with Doctors:

    • Ethical Dilemma with Medical Professionals: Doctors face ethical questions about prescribing unapproved drugs when patients demand these drugs based on miracle reports. In such situations, it usually influences their decisions regarding unapproved medications.
      • For example, recent scandals such as Adcetris (a drug used to treat a type of blood cancer) and imported drugs highlight the importance of doctors ensuring the authenticity and safety of medications before administration.

    Lack of Knowledge and Training: Many doctors have still not studied the full effects of these drugs and are trained to identify and treat adverse events. Doctors need to be cautious as patients may be using illegally imported drugs, raising concerns about safety and authenticity.

    Case study:

    Many decades ago, in the US, other types of weight loss drugs like ‘Rimonabant and Fen–Phen’ were marketed as a miracle weight loss cure. Soon, the miracle was demystified and pharma companies paid out approximately $4 billion in damages in mass tort litigation.

    What are the potential challenges of Unapproved Drugs on Patients in India?

    • Health Risks: Patients face potential health risks due to the unknown effects and interactions of unapproved medications, leading to adverse reactions and complications.
    • Antimicrobial Resistance: The use of unapproved antibiotics contributes to antimicrobial resistance, undermining efforts to combat infectious diseases and posing a global health threat.
    • Legal Implications: Patients may unknowingly receive medications that are not approved for safety and efficacy, raising legal concerns for healthcare providers and regulatory authorities.
    • Lack of Oversight: Patients receiving unapproved drugs may lack proper monitoring and oversight, increasing the risk of adverse events and inadequate treatment outcomes.

    What measures can be taken to prevent potential harm in India? (Way Forward)

    To address the importation of unapproved drugs in India several measures can be taken:

    • Implement Clear Guidelines: Establish clear guidelines and regulations regarding the importation and use of unapproved drugs, ensuring that healthcare providers adhere to approved medications and treatments.
    • Strengthen Regulatory Oversight: Enhance regulatory oversight by conducting thorough inspections of drug manufacturing facilities in India and abroad to prevent the importation of unapproved or counterfeit drugs.
    • Enforce Accountability: Hold accountable those involved in administering unapproved drugs, including healthcare providers who prescribe them, by enforcing strict penalties for violating regulations.
    • Increase Awareness: Raise awareness among healthcare providers, patients, and the public about the risks associated with unapproved drugs and the importance of using only authorized medications.

    Promote Compassionate Use Programs: Encourage the development of compassionate use programs that allow access to potentially life-saving drugs under specific circumstances while ensuring proper oversight and monitoring.

    Practice Question:
    The prescription of unauthorized “miracle drugs” by doctors highlights gaps in the regulatory framework. Examine the potential harm to patients and suggest regulatory measures to prevent that harm.

    Approach for the Answer:

    Introduction:
    Theme: Unapproved Miracle Drugs and their use by affluent people by doctors’ prescription

    Body:
    Demand 1: Highlight regulatory gaps in approval of Miracle drugs
    Demand 2: Enlist potential harms to patients
    Demand 3: Suggest regulatory measures to prevent harm

    Way Forward:
    Summarize along with value addition.

    References:

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-tale-of-have-money-buy-miracle-drug/article67921376.ece

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1151014/

    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7034137/

    https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98459

    https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/indias-use-unapproved-antibiotics-undermine-global-health/

    https://www.raps.org/News-and-Articles/News-Articles/2019/7/Indias-New-Drugs-and-Clinical-Trials-Rules-An-In

    https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/medications-containing-semaglutide-marketed-type-2-diabetes-or-weight-loss

  • How to make PYQ keyword-based UPSC Notes for Ethics GS paper 4? Learning how to apply Ethics | Get Recorded Session

    How to make PYQ keyword-based UPSC Notes for Ethics GS paper 4? Learning how to apply Ethics | Get Recorded Session

    Learning the skill of putting theoretical knowledge to solve practical real-life issues for Ethics paper

    Join Arvind sir’s FREE webinar on 8th March, 6 pm

    First 100 will get Civilsdaily’s Mains Toolkit

    Click here: Direct Zoom Link

    There is a difference between knowing Ethics and applying Ethics.

    Ethics GS 4 is all about using theories and knowledge to solve practical real-life (administrative-socio-political) issues that are asked in the UPSC paper.

    It’s important to understand its core purpose—not just as a segment of the UPSC syllabus but as a vital tool for real-world governance and decision-making.

    It’s about developing keen observational skills to spot ethical dilemmas and conflicts in everyday situations.

    It’s about applying ethical principles to make sound administrative decisions, transforming theoretical knowledge into practical wisdom.

    In the upcoming webinar Arvind Sir will guide you through the right strategies, from crafting notes that encapsulate the essence of previous years’ questions (PYQs) to writing answers that resonate with the UPSC examiner.

    upsc syllabus

    Read what Arvind Agrawal sir has to say about UPSC Notemaking for GS 4 paper

    “Hello aspirants, I’m Arvind Agrawal, I have mentored 100+ IAS rankers and lead the UPSC Mains program. Today, I will talk about Ethics paper and the right approach that almost 99% of aspirants miss out on.

    Understanding Ethics, covering the syllabus, and memorizing philosophers’ views is one thing. But applying this knowledge to real-life situations and ethical dilemmas you’ll face as an officer is where the true challenge – and opportunity – lies.

    The Ethics paper is not just about theoretical knowledge; it’s a test of your ability to navigate complex moral landscapes, make sound decisions based on ethical principles, and demonstrate a deep understanding of values in governance.

    I am taking up a webinar in which I’ll delve into the crux of developing observational skills to identify ethical dilemmas and conflicts in values, crucial for anyone aspiring to serve in public administration. It’s about bringing theory to life and using it to solve practical issues, a skill every successful candidate must master.

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    This isn’t just about scoring marks; it’s about preparing you to think and act like the future leaders our country needs.

    Join me as we break down the barriers between knowing and applying, between theory and practice.

    See you in the webinar.”

    Arvind sir will explain what differentiates a good UPSC Ethics notes from bad ones

    Attend FREE Webinar on Effective Notes Making for Ethics and Answer Content Enrichment

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  • The Hindu Op-ed: Green jobs and the problem of gender disparity

    The Hindu Op-ed: Green jobs and the problem of gender disparity

    Subjects: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Prelims:
    Which of the following gives ‘Global Gender Gap Index’ ranking to the countries of the world? (UPSC CSE 2017)
    a) World Economic Forum
    b)  UN Human Rights Council
    c)   UN Women
    d)  World Health Organization only


    Mains:
    1. Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (UPSC CSE 2016)

    2. Explain intragenerational and intergenerational issues of equity from the perspective of inclusive growth and sustainable development. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Note4Students:

    Mains: Social Justice; Women empowerment; Sustainable/Inclusive development

    Prelims: Global Gender Gap Index;

    Mentor comments: Increasing women’s representation in green jobs can lead to benefits such as boosting a low-carbon and environmentally sustainable economy. Only a third of leadership positions in climate-change negotiations are held by women, despite women being the most vulnerable to climate impacts. To overcome these challenges faced by women, several strategies can be studied and analyzed based on dimensions considering the Social Justice or Sustainable development aspect.

    Let’s learn.

    Why in the News?

    The transition to low-carbon development has the potential to add about 35 million green jobs in India by 2047.

    What is the Present Scenario of Indian women’s participation in Green jobs?

    • As India increased its renewable energy capacity by 250% (2015-21), women comprised merely 11% of workers in the solar rooftop sector. Women workers are mostly concentrated in industries such as apparel, textile, leather, food, and tobacco.
    • Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) 2019 report shows that men comprise 85% of the workforce in sectors such as infrastructure, transport, construction, and manufacturing.

    What are the challenges faced by Indian women?

    • Rigid Social Norms: According to the Skill Council (2023) for Green Jobs, 85% of the training for green skills was imparted to men while over 90% of women believed that social norms limited their participation in training for green jobs.
    • Underrepresentation: Women are often underrepresented in climate-related decision-making processes, leading to a lack of consideration for their specific needs and contributions.
    • Lack of Opportunities: Women are unsuitable for certain technical roles, safety concerns, lower representation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects, and familial constraints.

    Significance of Green Jobs for Indian Women:

    • As India transitions towards a low-carbon economy, increasing women’s representation in green jobs can lead to several benefits:
      • Addressing Gender Biases: Green jobs can help address gender biases in the Indian labor market and improve women’s labor force participation rates.
      • Long-term Empowerment: Over time, this can contribute to improving women’s agency and empowerment by creating economic, technical, and social opportunities

    What are some strategies to overcome the challenges faced by women? (Way Forward)

    • Addressing the gaps in data:
      • Create a Supportive Ecosystem: To address this disparity and empower women in green jobs, it is essential to challenge social norms that limit women’s participation in technical roles, and provide training opportunities tailored to women’s needs for their advancement.
      • Mapping Emerging Areas: Initiatives such as collecting sex-disaggregated data on green jobs, conducting gender analysis, and mobilizing resources to encourage women’s role in the green transition are crucial steps towards achieving gender equity in the workforce.
    • Supporting women entrepreneurs:
      • Incorporating Gender-focused Policies: Supporting women entrepreneurs through gender-focused financial policies, mentorship programs, financial literacy training, and access to credit can enhance their participation in the green economy.
      • Promoting women’s leadership: Encouraging women to take on leadership roles in decision-making processes concerning low-carbon development strategies is crucial for integrating gender-specific requirements and guaranteeing fair job opportunities.

    Conclusion

    An inclusive approach focusing on employment, social protection, skill development, and reducing care work burden is vital for a gender-equitable transition. Secondly, collaborating government, private sector, and stakeholders is crucial to utilize innovation, technology, and finance for the advancement of women entrepreneurs and workers.

    Practice Question:
    Green jobs can enhance women’s labor force prospects thereby reducing gender disparity. Identify the obstacles to their representation and the significance of green jobs for Indian women. Suggest measures to boost their presence in green jobs and support women entrepreneurs.

    Approach for the Answer:

    1. Introduction: 
    Theme: Define green jobs and provide data related to women’s participation in it.

    2. Body:
    Demand 1: Factors that form the obstacles to women’s representation in green jobs
    Demand 2: Significance of green jobs for Indian women
    Demand 3: Measures to support women in increasing their representation

    3. Conclusion:
    Summarize your answer along with highlighting the benefit of equitable job opportunities for everyone.

    References:

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/green-jobs-and-the-problem-of-gender-disparity/article67917596.ece

    https://www.undp.org/india/publications/green-jobs-and-eco-entrepreneurship-opportunities-women-india

    https://unglobalcompact.org/academy/how-to-advance-womens-leadership-in-climate-action

    https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/more-women-needed-in-climate-policymaking-leadership-by-laura-chinchilla-and-maria-fernanda-espinosa-2022-03

    https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/11/8491

    https://www.ucdavis.edu/climate/blog/womens-leadership-can-help-drive-climate-solutions

  • [5 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The quick transformation of Russia-North Korea ties

    [5 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The quick transformation of Russia-North Korea ties

    Subjects: ,
    Distribution:
    PYQ Relevance:

    Prelims:
    With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements:
    1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia.
    2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (UPSC CSE 2016)
    a) 1 only
    b) 2 only
    c) Both 1 and 2
    d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Mains:
    1. “The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, which is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    2. What is the significance of Indo-US defense deals over Indo-Russian defense deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Note4Students:

    Mains: Geopolitical and challenges over the Globe;

    Prelims: International Relations; Major Powers;

    Mentor comments: Russia and North Korea relationship has been strengthening since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, with both countries preparing for a summit between their leaders in 2024. Both countries share common challenges and strategic objectives. With Indian perspective, we need to be aware as these recent changes can lead to the beginning of a trio, Russia-North Korea-China, in the Asian continent.

    Let’s learn.

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the strengthening of Russia and North Korea ties can be a challenging geo-political factor through Global security.

    Context:

    • Recently, since the Russia-Ukraine war, North Korea and Russia have been discussing cooperation in sensitive areas.
    • They are exploring energy collaboration and have been engaged in infrastructure projects. The partnership has far-reaching implications for regional stability and global geopolitics.

    Common Challenges and shared strategic objectives between both Countries:

    • Energy collaboration: Energy collaboration has also formed another crucial aspect of the partnership. Russia has been a key supplier of fuel to North Korea.
      • Moscow needs arms, artillery, rockets, and missiles to sustain its invasion of Ukraine while Pyongyang is in dire need of commodities and food.  Therefore the mainstay of bilateral cooperation is the food-for-arms agreement.
      • This has raised concerns about the potential for increased belligerence on the part of Pyongyang, which could destabilize the Korean Peninsula and East Asia.
    • Resource cooperation: Russia has emerged as a potential savior for North Korean development in sectors such as energy and transportation, and even in addressing Pyongyang’s chronic food shortages.
    • Infrastructure cooperation: Infrastructure projects such as the Rajin-Khasan railway linking Russia to North Korea’s Rajin port, have bolstered economic cooperation.

    How does this relationship have far-reaching Implications for Regional Stability and Geopolitics?

    • The American factor: The strain in relations with Western countries has led Russia and North Korea to adjust their foreign policy priorities. Russia sees engagement with North Korea as a way to influence security dynamics in Northeast Asia, particularly concerning the US and its allies.
      • For example, The North Korean Foreign Minister in October 2023 observed that powerful ties between Moscow and Pyongyang could potentially offset the US-led efforts of a strong alliance between Washington (US), Tokyo (Japan), and Seoul (S. Korea).
    • The China factor: Russia, often in diplomatic collaboration with China, underscores a desire to shape regional security architecture independently of Western influence.
      • In Feb 2024, the US imposed sanctions on the producer of the car against Russia. The sanctions and trade restrictions also targeted Chinese firms that the U.S. said were assisting Russia’s war.

    What does it mean for the world? (Way Forward)

    • Need for Western strategy: The West’s strategic goals in the Ukraine war involve rationalizing with Russia, supporting democracy, and reconstructing Ukraine post-war.
    • Need for Trans-Atlantic alliance: While Russia has endured casualties and the long-term effects of sanctions, China has remained relatively unscathed. The war in Ukraine has highlighted the need for broader support beyond the trans-Atlantic alliance, including major economies like India.
    • Abiding by the Global South: Involving the Global South in Ukraine’s reconstruction and sanctions against Russia is seen as crucial for shaping postwar geopolitics.
    Practice Question:
    Russia- North Korea’s deepening ties are based on common challenges and shared strategic objectives. In the light of the above statement, discuss its far-reaching implication on global geo-politics.

    Approach for the Answer:

    1. Introduction: 
    Theme:  Russia-North korea Deepening ties

    2. Body:
    Demand 1: Common challenges and shared objectives of their deepening ties
    Demand 2: Implication on global geopolitics of their deepening ties

    3. Way Forward:
    Give suggestions to address the negative implications of their ties on global geo-politics.

    References:

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-quick-transformation-of-russia-north-korea-ties/article67914078.ece

    https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/a-timeline-of-the-complicated-relations-between-russia-and-north-korea/article67298589.ece

    https://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/2023/the-surge-of-activity-in-relations-between-north-korea-and-russia/

    https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/russia-ukraine-war-change-in-global-power-dynamics/article67882861.ece

    https://www.voanews.com/a/us-china-discuss-russia-north-korea-cooperation-says-state-department/7500184.html

  • The Hindu Op-ed: Mountains of plastic are choking the Himalayan States 

    The Hindu Op-ed: Mountains of plastic are choking the Himalayan States 

    Subjects: ,
    Distribution: ,
    PYQ Relevance:

    Prelims:
    Q1. Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of [UPSC CSE 2019]

    a) Anti-malarial drug
    b) Biodiesel
    c) Pulp for the paper industry
    d) Textile fiber

    Q2. If the National Water Mission is properly and completely implemented, how will it impact the country? [UPSC CSE 2012]

    1. Part of the water needs of urban areas will be met through the recycling of wastewater.
    2. The water requirement of coastal cities with inadequate alternative sources of water will be met by adopting appropriate technologies that allow for the use of ocean water.
    3. All the rivers of Himalayan origin will be linked to the rivers of peninsular India.
    4. The expenses incurred by farmers for digging bore wells and for installing motors and pump sets to draw groundwater will be completely reimbursed by the Government.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
    a) 1 only
    b) 1 and 2 only
    c) 3 and 4 only
    d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

    Mains:
    1. How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of development initiatives and tourism? ( UPSC CSE 2019)

    2. ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How will India be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India are affected by climate change? (UPSC CSE 2017)

    3. Bring out the relationship between the shrinking Himalayan glaciers and the symptoms of climate change in the Indian subContinent. (UPSC CSE 2014)
    From The Hindu

    Note4Students:

    Mains: Biodiversity Conservation strategies;

    Prelims: Plastic Pollution; Himalayan Ecosystem;

    Mentor comments:Plastic pollution is widespread, reaching from mountaintops to ocean depths, even infiltrating human lungs and placenta. Microplastics, resulting from the breakdown of larger plastic items, are found in various environments like the Himalayan mountains, rivers, and lakes. Unscientific plastic disposal is causing soil and water pollution in the Indian Himalayan Region and impacting its biodiversity, which is having an adverse impact on the fresh water sources that communities downstream depend on. Empowering local bodies and creating the necessary infrastructure for waste management in the Indian Himalayan Region need immediate attention.

    Let’s Learn.

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the NGT issued notices to the MoEFCC, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), and Himalayan states on waste dumping in eco-sensitive areas by tourists and commercial establishments. 

    What do the Recent Reports reveal about Himalayan Plastic Pollution?

    • The Himalayan Clean up that was conducted by the Integrated Mountain Initiative with Zero Waste Himalayas and the National Productivity Council of India’s waste audit results (2023) showed that 92.7% of trash was plastic, with 72% of waste being non-recyclable plastic.
    • The Social Development for Communities Foundation highlighted towns drowning in plastic waste, prompting notices from the National Green Tribunal to address waste dumping in eco-sensitive areas.

    About the recent Plastic Waste Crisis and the Changing Consumption Patterns:

    • Rapid Urbanization: Unplanned urbanization and altered production-consumption patterns contribute significantly to the plastic waste crisis in the Indian Himalayan Region. Local communities face challenges due to poor waste management practices, impacting their health and environment.
    • Tourism Impact: The surge in tourist numbers exacerbates the plastic waste issue, with over 400 million tourists visiting Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh since 2010. Plastic waste is found extensively in the region, affecting wildlife like Greater adjutant storks in Assam and causing pollution in rivers such as the Nambul in Manipur.

    Legal Mandate for Waste Management in the Indian Himalayan Region:

    Regulatory Framework:

    • Solid Waste Management Rules (SWM) 2016: Forms part of the regulatory framework for plastic waste management in India, emphasizing waste segregation at source.
    • Plastic Waste Management (PWM) Rules 2016 and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) 2022: Comprise the legal mandate for plastic waste management at the country level, with a focus on waste segregation and disposal.

    State Initiatives:

    • Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim Laws: Both states have enacted special laws banning plastics, with Himachal Pradesh implementing a buy-back policy for non-recyclable plastics.
    • Mizoram and Tripura: Mizoram has made by-laws under PWM, while Tripura has enacted municipal by-laws and established a State-level task force to combat single-use plastics.

    What are the Challenges being faced during Implementation?

    • Waste Segregation and Management Issues:
      • Mandate for Segregation: SWM/PWM/EPR collectively mandate waste segregation at the source, including different types of plastics, for effective disposal.
      • Reality Check: Despite the requirement on paper, landfills are overwhelmed with mixed waste, indicating a gap between policy and practice.
    • Implementation and Local Bodies:
      • Lack of By-laws: Only few states and local bodies have enacted necessary by-laws to implement waste management mandates effectively.
      • Power Devolution: Unclear collaboration mandates between local bodies and producers, importers, and brand owners (PIBOs) hinder effective waste management.
    • Infrastructure Challenges:
      • Deficient Infrastructure: Inadequate infrastructure impedes waste management efforts, leading to landfill overflow and environmental pollution.
      • Hill Areas Neglect: While SWM recognizes hill areas’ special needs, these considerations are often overlooked in mandates for local bodies and PIBOs under PWM and EPR.

    Way Forward:

    • Addressing Data gaps: Closing data gaps on waste generation, utilizing existing schemes like Swachh Bharat Mission and Finance Commission grants, and leveraging initiatives such as the Swachh Bharat Kosh Trust and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) can bolster waste management efforts in the region.
    • Allocating Resources: Empowering local bodies, establishing necessary infrastructure, promoting waste segregation through public education, and considering the unique challenges of mountain waste management are essential steps.
    • Supporting Biodiversity: Ensuring geographical fairness in Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) targets and valuing EPR certificates in the region can incentivize proper waste processing. Collaboration among various schemes like Smart Cities can further advance scientific waste management practices in the Indian Himalayan Region.
    How to start UPSC 2025 preparation from scratch? Phase-wise strategy by AIR 62, Vaishnavi Paul, IAS

    References:

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/mountains-of-plastic-are-choking-the-himalayan-states/article67910881.ece

    https://eprewastecpcb.in/

    https://lib.icimod.org/record/33878

    https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/plastic-garbage-becoming-threat-in-himalayan-regions-environment-scientist-123052700111_1.html

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969723011117

  • How to start UPSC 2025 preparation from scratch? Phase-wise strategy by AIR 62, Vaishnavi Paul, IAS

    How to start UPSC 2025 preparation from scratch? Phase-wise strategy by AIR 62, Vaishnavi Paul, IAS

    Phase-wise strategy for UPSC 2025

    Join AIR 62, IAS Vaishnavi Paul’s FREE Webinar on 6th March, 7:00 pm

    First 100 will get personalized study plan and mentorship session

    Register Now!

    Why is it that some aspirants seem to be confident about their preparation and successful in their first attempt, while the vast majority struggle attempt after attempt? 

    Three things stand out more than others: 

    1. Rankers have had a system in place since day zero. 
    2. Rankers developed a mindset, i.e., believing in the timetable and mock test accountability. 
    3. Rankers worked smart by taking weekly feedback from qualified mentors. 

    If you want results, you must approach things like a ranker, not a regular ‘go with the flow’ aspirant. You must learn to control the direction of your preparation. It all comes down to your approach.

    So, What’s the difference? Actually, there are many differences:

    • 99% of aspirants focus on completing the syllabus. Rankers focus on PYQ-based preparation. 
    • 99% of aspirants stop when they achieve a good mock score. Rankers sit with mentors to understand that the initial achievement is just a launchpad for the next step.
    • 99% of aspirants are reactive. Rankers are proactive.
    • 99% of aspirants want to win the mock tests. Rankers want to win in the exam, meaning they think long-term. 
    • 99% of aspirants wait for the exam result to tell their blindspots and issues; Rankers go to their mentors and take feedback. 
    • 99% of aspirants are kind of in. Rankers are all-in.
    • 99% of aspirants focus on the outcome. Rankers focus on the process.
    • 99% of aspirants think they are good at everything. Rankers understand their strength and weaknesses and use them to their advantage in exam. 
    • 99% of spirants see feedback as someone criticising who they are. Rankers know they have blind spots and seek out thoughtful criticism from mentors. 
    • 99% of aspirants value doing it once. Rankers value doing it consistently.
    • 99% of aspirants focus on being right. Rankers concentrate on getting the best outcome.
    • 99% of aspirants worry about what they see. Rankers worry about what they can’t see.
    • 99% of aspirants blame others. Rankers accept responsibility.
    • 99% of aspirants are intermittent. Rankers are consistent.
    • 99% of aspirants focus on speed. Rankers focus on velocity.

    Register for AIR 62, Vaishnavi Paul’s phase-wise strategy for UPSC 2025

    Register Now!

    Read what IAS, Vaishnavi Paul, AIR 62, UPSC 2022 has to say about UPSC preparation and approach

    “Hello students,

    Starting your UPSC preparation feels almost like you’ve been stranded in a desert. The right strategy, approach, and adaptive mindset are your compass and map.

    I’m Vaishnavi, and I’ve been through this journey from start to finish, 5 times. What I learned is pretty simple: you need a strategy, follow it and keep adapting it to the demands of the UPSC.

    My methods and scores were way different at the start compared to my last shot at it. It’s all about not just working hard, but working smart, and being ready to switch things up as you go.

    Staying static is not an option; adaptation is key.

    But how do you adapt without losing your essence? How do you ensure that your preparation is sustainable, not just for the exam but for you as an individual? These are questions many overlook in the heat of preparation, but they’re crucial for long-term success.

    So, I’m putting together a little get-together on the 6th of March, 2024, at 7 PM. We’ll chat about how to kick off your prep for UPSC 2025, focusing on strategies that grow with you. It’s about nailing the exam without letting it wear you down.

    I’m excited to share what worked for me, answer your questions, and maybe help you find your own way through this. Let’s make this journey one where you feel supported and ready to take on the world.

    Hope to see you there!

    Cheers, Vaishnavi Paul”

    Register for AIR 62, Vaishnavi Paul’s phase-wise strategy for UPSC 2025

    Register Now!

    In this masterclass, you will get:

    1. Starting from Scratch: Insights into how my preparation strategies evolved from my first to last UPSC attempt, leading to significant score improvements.
    2. Phase-wise strategy for UPSC 2025: Real-life tips for acing prelims, essays, and ethics papers, derived from my own experiences of hits and misses.
    3. How do first attempt IAS Rankers plan their weeks, months, and year?
    4. Balanced Preparation: Guidance on maintaining a healthy balance between intense study and personal well-being to ensure a stress-free journey toward your IAS goal.

    By the end, you’ll have razor-sharp clarity and a clear roadmap for approaching and qualifying your UPSC 2025 exam with confidence and near-perfect certainty. 

    Join AIR 62, IAS Vaishnavi Paul’s FREE Webinar on 6th March, 7:00 pm

    First 100 will get personalized study plan and mentorship session

    Register Now!

    (Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until May 24)

    upsc prelims mains

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  • The Hindu Op-ed: Change and continuity in India’s Palestine policy

    The Hindu Op-ed: Change and continuity in India’s Palestine policy

    Subjects: ,
    Distribution:
    PYQ Relevance:

    Prelims:
    The area known as ‘Golan Heights’ sometimes appears in the news in the context of the events is related to: (2015)
    a)      Central Asia
    b)      Middle East
    c)       South-East Asia
    d)      Central Africa

    Mains: 

    1. The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (2017)

    2. “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (2018))

    Note4Students:

    Mains: International issues; India-West Asia; 

    Prelims: Two-state solution; Israel-Palestine;

    Mentor comments: India has historically supported Palestine while also developing ties with Israel. Prime Minister Modi expressed solidarity with Israel after a Hamas attack but India’s stance on Palestine remains balanced. Over the years, India’s policy towards Palestine has evolved, recognizing Israel in 1950 but supporting a two-state solution. Recent UN votes show India’s continued support for Palestine despite abstaining from some resolutions. What are those?

    Let’s Learn.

    Why in the News?

    The strategic implications of recent events in West Asia have influenced India’s Foreign Policy towards Israel and Palestine, emphasizing the importance of stability and resolution in West Asia.

    Background: India’s historical policy towards Palestine:

    India’s solidarity with Palestine was rooted in anti-colonial and non-aligned principles, aligning with Arab states and advocating for Palestinian statehood. 

    • In 1947: Initially, India strongly supported the Palestinian cause, voting against the partition of Palestine and recognizing the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) as the legitimate representative of Palestinians. 

    • In 1992: Despite recognizing Israel in 1950, India did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1992.

    • In 2003: India co-sponsored the draft resolution on “the right of Palestinians to self-determination” and voted in favor of it during the 53rd session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). India also voted in favour of the UNGA Resolution in October 2003 against construction of the Separation Wall by Israel.

    • In 2011:  India voted in favor of including Palestine as a full member of UNESCO. 

    • India has further strengthened ties with Israel, marking a strategic shift towards closer relations. This shift is driven by structural imperatives like independent foreign policy, strategic goals, and counterterrorism efforts especially in defense and trade.

    Paradigm shift of India’s policy towards Palestine:

    While India has maintained its support for the Palestinian cause, it has also deepened its ties with Israel, particularly in defense and trade. 

    • In 1950: India recognized Israel in 1950 but did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1992. Since then, bilateral ties have grown significantly, with India becoming Israel’s top market for defense exports. 
    • In 2017-18: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government has been more public in its engagement with Israel, with Modi being the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Israel in 2017 and the first to visit Ramallah in 2018. 
    • In 2023: Barely three weeks after the Hamas attack, India abstained from a vote at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) that called for an “immediate, durable and sustainable humanitarian truce” in Gaza. 

    While India maintains support for a two-state solution and Palestinian rights, its alignment with Israel reflects a nuanced balancing act influenced by changing geopolitical dynamics and national interests. India has also faced criticism for its perceived shift towards Israel.

    Balancing the approach of India at UNGA after the terror attack:

    • Recognizing Palestinian rights: India supported resolutions affirming Palestine by condemning Israeli settlements in Palestine, expressing concern over Israel’s occupation of Golan Heights, and calling for a humanitarian ceasefire. It was neither a strong moral critic, like Brazil or South Africa, of the way Israel is conducting the war, nor a mute spectator or enabler of Israel, like the United States or the United Kingdom.
    • Supporting Two-state solution: This stance reflects India’s commitment to a two-state solution and a balanced approach in addressing the complexities of the Israel-Palestine conflict. Despite growing ties with Israel in defense and trade, India maintains support for Palestinian statehood while strategically engaging with Israel.

    What is the present Scenario and Indian Interests considering the present context?

    • Being Leader for Global South: India’s support for Palestine is rooted in National interests, including the humanitarian crises in Gaza and the need to maintain its reputation as a leader in the Global South.
    • Reflecting towards its commitment: India’s criticism of Israel’s action and its support for a two-state solution reflect its commitment to international law and stability in the Global south region.
      • The strategic implications of recent events in the region, such as the Abraham Accords and the crises in Gaza, have influenced India’s Foreign policy towards Israel and Palestine, emphasizing the importance of stability and resolution in West Asia.

    Way Forward

    Supporting a two-state solution requires ending violence, promoting dialogue, condemning settlements, and upholding Palestinian self-determination. India aligns with this approach, emphasizing diplomacy over conflict. In contrast, the U.S., despite claiming support for a two-state solution, votes against relevant UN resolutions and fails to endorse ceasefire calls.

    References:

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/change-and-continuity-in-indias-palestine-policy/article67904383.ece

    https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bilateral_Brief-Sept_2019.pdf

    https://thediplomat.com/2023/11/india-once-was-a-strong-ally-of-palestine-what-changed/

    99% of UPSC aspirants have a goal. Rankers have a system | Next 14-month strategy for a Top-50 rank in UPSC 2025 | AIR 48, Aaditya’s Webinar

    References: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-economic-case-for-investing-in-indias-children/article67896821.ece

  • The Hindu Op-ed: E-evidence, new criminal law, its implementation

    The Hindu Op-ed: E-evidence, new criminal law, its implementation

    Subjects: ,
    Distribution:
    PYQ Relevance:

    1. Impact of digital technology as a reliable source of input for rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically evaluate with suitable examples. (2021)

    2. Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in light of the latest judgment of the Supreme Court on the Right to Privacy. (2017)
    From The Hindu

    Note4Students:

    Mains: Important Legislations and Amendments.

    Prelims: Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita; Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam;

    Mentor comments: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and State governments are preparing for a smooth transition of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) which was passed in December 2023 and will be in effect from 1st July 2024. While some changes have been made in the BNSS in connection with investigation and police functioning, the scope of secondary evidence has been slightly broadened and some changes have been made in the provisions relating to electronic evidence in the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam

    Let’s Learn.

    Why in the News?

    Some changes have been made in the provisions relating to electronic evidence in the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023, which is to replace the Indian Evidence Act.

    Context of the News:

    • The three newly enacted criminal laws, the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita (to replace the IPC), the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (to replace the CrPC), and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (to replace the Indian Evidence Act) are to come into force on July 1, 2024.
      • Significantly, Section 106(2) of the BNS, which prescribes 10 years imprisonment for fatal accidents if they are not immediately reported to the police, has been put on hold, as notified by the Central government.
      • Some changes have been made in the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) in connection with the investigation and police functioning.

    The scope of secondary evidence has been slightly broadened and some changes have been made in the provisions relating to electronic evidence in the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam.

    Key Highlights of the Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS) Act, 2023:

    1. The Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita retains most offenses from the IPC (1860). It adds community service as a form of punishment.

    2. Sedition is no longer an offense.  Instead, there is a new offense for acts endangering the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
      
    3. The BNS adds terrorism as an offense.  It is defined as an act that intends to threaten the unity, integrity, security or economic security of the country, or strike terror in the people.

    4. Organized crime has been added as an offense.  It includes crimes such as kidnapping, extortion, and cyber-crime committed on behalf of a crime syndicate.  Petty organized crime is also an offense now.

    5. The BNS retains the provisions of the IPC on rape and sexual harassment.  It does not consider recommendations of the Justice Verma Committee (2013) such as making the offense of rape gender-neutral and including marital rape as an offense.

    The BNS omits Section 377 of IPC which was read down by the Supreme Court.  This removes rape of men and bestiality as offenses.

    6. Murder by a group of five or more persons on grounds of certain identity markers such as caste, language, or personal belief will be an offense with a penalty of life imprisonment or death, and with a fine.

    7. Most importantly, it criminalizes ‘deceitful’ promises to marry.

    The Clarity specified on New Provisions related to Electronic Records is as follows:

    • On Electronic Records: Definition of “document” includes electronic records on emails, server logs, documents on computers, laptops or smartphones, messages, websites, locational evidence, and voice mail messages stored on digital devices, etc.
    • On Primary Electronic Evidence: Video recordings stored in electronic form are primary evidence. This may help the investigating agencies in fixing the culpability of a cyber-criminal.
      • Section 63: ‘Semiconductor memory‘ and ‘communication device’ don’t change the impact of the provision. However, the IT Act, 2000 has a definition of “electronic form” in a broad view.

    Present Dilemma on Data Integrity:

    • Admissibility of Electronic Records: The law regarding the use of electronic records is clear, with specific requirements for their admissibility. A recent Supreme Court judgment emphasized the necessity of a certificate under Section 65-B (4) for electronic records to be admissible.
      • This certificate, now under Section 63(4) of the BSA, must be signed by two individuals: the person in charge of the device and an expert. While timely submission of this certificate is preferred, its absence can be rectified without harming the accuser’s rights.
    • Ensuring Data Integrity: The certificate includes a hash value obtained through a specific algorithm to ensure data integrity. The use of secure hash algorithms like SHA256 is recommended to safeguard data integrity, as opposed to potentially vulnerable algorithms like MD5 and SHA1.

    Challenges associated with preparedness to adopt New Format:

    • Preparedness with Cyber Environment: Expert certification for electronic records admission will increase cyber laboratories’ workload as most crimes involve smartphones, with call records and location data aiding investigations.
    • Lack of Human Resource: Requiring expert-signed certificates for every record may strain cyberlabs lacking manpower. For example, some cyberlabs (such as in Chhattisgarh) are not even notified under the IT Act to give expert opinion on electronic records.
    • Need Optimal Opinion: Expert opinion should be sought only when record integrity is disputed during trial.

    Way Forward:

    • Need for an Awareness Drive: A general awareness campaign on encryption methods is needed, especially for private agencies using electronic devices for security.
    • Infrastructure Readiness: Enforcement agencies must prepare infrastructure before July to handle increased responsibilities effectively.

    References:

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/e-evidence-new-criminal-law-its-implementation/article67900858.ece#:~:text=The%20three%20newly%2Denacted%20criminal,force%20on%20July%201%2C%202024.

    https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nyaya-second-sanhita-2023

    References: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-economic-case-for-investing-in-indias-children/article67896821.ece

  • 99% of UPSC aspirants have a goal. Rankers have a system | Next 14-month strategy for a Top-50 rank in UPSC 2025 | AIR 48, Aaditya’s Webinar

    99% of UPSC aspirants have a goal. Rankers have a system | Next 14-month strategy for a Top-50 rank in UPSC 2025 | AIR 48, Aaditya’s Webinar

    IAS Topper’s 14-month study plan for UPSC 2025

    Join AIR 48, IAS Aaditya Pandey’s FREE Webinar on 3rd March, 7:00 pm

    First 100 will get personalized study plan and mentorship session

    Register Now!

    Why is it that some aspirants seem to be confident about their preparation and successful in their first attempt, while the vast majority struggle attempt after attempt? 

    Three things stand out more than others: 

    1. Rankers have had a system in place since day zero. 
    2. Rankers developed a mindset, i.e., believing in the timetable and mock test accountability. 
    3. Rankers worked smart by taking weekly feedback from qualified mentors. 

    If you want results, you must approach things like a ranker, not a regular ‘go with the flow’ aspirant. You must learn to control the direction of your preparation. It all comes down to your approach.

    So, What’s the difference? Actually, there are many differences:

    • 99% of aspirants focus on completing the syllabus. Rankers focus on PYQ-based preparation. 
    • 99% of aspirants stop when they achieve a good mock score. Rankers sit with mentors to understand that the initial achievement is just a launchpad for the next step.
    • 99% of aspirants are reactive. Rankers are proactive.
    • 99% of aspirants want to win the mock tests. Rankers want to win in the exam, meaning they think long-term. 
    • 99% of aspirants wait for the exam result to tell their blindspots and issues; Rankers go to their mentors and take feedback. 
    • 99% of aspirants are kind of in. Rankers are all-in.
    • 99% of aspirants focus on the outcome. Rankers focus on the process.
    • 99% of aspirants think they are good at everything. Rankers understand their strength and weaknesses and use them to their advantage in exam. 
    • 99% of spirants see feedback as someone criticising who they are. Rankers know they have blind spots and seek out thoughtful criticism from mentors. 
    • 99% of aspirants value doing it once. Rankers value doing it consistently.
    • 99% of aspirants focus on being right. Rankers concentrate on getting the best outcome.
    • 99% of aspirants worry about what they see. Rankers worry about what they can’t see.
    • 99% of aspirants blame others. Rankers accept responsibility.
    • 99% of aspirants are intermittent. Rankers are consistent.
    • 99% of aspirants focus on speed. Rankers focus on velocity.

    Register for AIR 48, Aaditya sir’s webinar on 14 month blueprint for UPSC 2025

    Register Now!

    Read what IAS, Aaditya Pandey, AIR 48 sir has to say about UPSC preparation and approach

    “I’m Aaditya, got rank 48 in UPSC 2022. Guys, thinking and preparing for UPSC can feel exciting and a bit scary. I’ve been in your shoes, and now I want to help you through it.

    Whether you are someone who can immerse themselves in preparation for 7-8 hours daily, or a UPSC warriors balancing work or college with 4-5 hours of study, remember, it’s about quality, not just quantity.

    Join me on a Zoom session on 3rd March 2024 at 7 PM. It’s for everyone – whether you’re new to UPSC or you’ve tried before but targeting a Top-50 rank in UPSC 2025.

    In the session we will talk about how to start and strategize your prep for UPSC 2025. I will share precise step wise studyplan and apporach you should have for a top-50 rank. More than that I will also talk about the philosophy of UPSC prep, what UPSC expects, and how you should adapt towards meeting those expectations.

    We will deal with all the aspects for a comprehensive UPSC preparation.

    We’ll talk about how to start with the basics, NCERTs that aren’t just textbooks but your foundation stones. And how you will have to complement this with a disciplined approach to reading newspapers and covering CA. It’s not about skimming through; it’s about understanding the world around you, which is crucial for both Prelims and Mains.

    Gradually how to progress to standard books, but do so with a strategy. You don’t just read; but analyze and understand. And here’s where the mindset plays a massive role. Transforming from an aspirant to a top ranker isn’t just about hard work; it’s about smart work, the right attitude, and persistence.

    Focus on mastering answer writing should be from early on. Your notes should be concise, clear, and, most importantly, useful. You have to learn to weave current affairs with static portions seamlessly. This isn’t just preparation; it’s about building a habit, a discipline that will stand you in good stead not just for UPSC but for life.

    I’ve talked to thousands of UPSC hopefuls on YouTube and through Civilsdaily. I know what you’re up against because I’ve been there. In this webinar, I’ll also share my notes with you.

    See you in the webinar”

    Register for AIR 48, Aaditya sir’s webinar on 14 month blueprint for UPSC 2025

    Register Now!

    In this masterclass, you will get:

    1. A 45-minute deep dive on how to plan your UPSC 2025 strategy from scratch: Level-0 to IAS in 1st attempt
    2. How do first attempt IAS Rankers plan their weeks, months, and year?
    3. Insider tips that only the top IAS and IPS rankers know and apply in every attempt

    By the end, you’ll have razor-sharp clarity and a clear roadmap for approaching and qualifying your UPSC 2025 exam with confidence and near-perfect certainty. 

    Aaditya Pandey sir, IAS, AIR 48

    Join AIR 48, IAS Aaditya Pandey’s FREE Webinar on 3rd March, 7:00 pm

    First 100 will get personalized study plan and mentorship session

    Register Now!

    (Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until May 24)

    upsc prelims mains

    These masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these webinars for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.

    Ready to attend the UPSC Webinar?

    Register Now!

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    We recommend you register here. It takes less than 10 seconds to register.

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